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Cohesion
in
English

Cohesion
0 is the grammatical and lexical relationship within a text

or sentence
0 can be defined as links that hold a text together and
give it meaning

Types of Cohesion
0 Grammatical: it refers to the structural content

* reference, ellipsis, substitution

0 Lexical: it refers to the language content
* lexical cohesion and conjunction

3 Referential Devices
0 Anaphoric reference
0 Cataphoric reference
0 Exophoric reference
0 Homophoric reference

Anaphoric Reference
Anaphoric reference occurs when the writer refers back to
someone or something that has been previously identified, to
avoid repetition.
E.g.
* replacing "the taxi driver" with the pronoun "he" or
"two girls" with "they".
* formulas such as "as stated previously" or "the
aforementioned".

Cataphoric References
Cataphoric reference is the opposite of anaphora: a reference
forward as opposed to backward in the discourse.
Something is introduced in the abstract before it is identified.
E.g.: "Here he comes, our award-winning host... it's John Doe!"
Cataphoric references can also be found in written text, for
example "see page 10".

Exophoric Reference
Exophoric reference is used to describe generics or abstracts
found within the text or in the context of situation.
E.g. Generic word such as "everything".
That koala over there is really sleepy.

Homophoric Reference
0 Homophoric reference is used to refer to something known in

the context of culture.

0 E.g. When I woke up this morning, the sun was shining. (people
are supposed to know the sun the speaker is referring to)
* Have you fed the cat yet?

Ellipsis
0 Ellipsis is the absence of word(s), or when something is left

unsaid
E.g. * Joan bough some carnations, and Mary some
sweet peas.
* The younger child is very outgoing, the older
much more reserved.
A: Where are you going?
B: To town.

Substitution
0 Substitution happens when a word takes the place of

something that is being discussed.

E.g.
* Lets go and see the bears. The polar ones are over on that
rock.
* I dropped the ice ice-cream. It was the only one I had.

Conjunction
0 Conjunction creates cohesion using conjunction words:
Temporal (after, before, first, second etc.)
Causal ( because, due to etc.)
Coordinating (and)
Adversative (but, however)
Additive (further)
Discourse markers ( now, well, after all, right, etc.)

Taxis: Clause Complex

0Paratactic relation
0Hypotactic relation