INTRODUCTION

Freshwater fish are one of the most important food sources for Malaysia. Variety of
different species makes it suitable to be cultured. The freshwater fish can be
identified via their differences in physical appearances and some special
characteristics.
Freshwater fish are those that spend some or all of their lives in fresh water, such
as rivers and lakes, with a salinity of less than 0.05%. These environments differ
from marine conditions in many ways, the most obvious being the difference in
levels of salinity. To survive fresh water, the fish need a range of
physiological adaptations. 41.24% of all known species of fish are found in fresh
water. This is primarily due to the rapid speciation that the scattered habitats make
possible.
Saltwater fish are fish that spend some or all of their lives in salt water such
as oceans or salt lakes, generally with a salinity of more than 0.05%. Since the
supply of saltwater fish is not constant, we have been cultivated it so that the
supply is more stable and more abundant.

LABORATORY REPORT
Aquakultur

SUPERVISOR:
PN. SHAFEEQA BINTI SHAHRUDDIN

PREPARED BY:

SYAIFUL MIRZA BIN KAMAROSZAMAN

D20132065308

CONCLUSION
This assignment has been a great experience for me. For a city boy like myself,
only few types of fish that I can identify due to frequently eating it. Looking at the
assignment, there are many types of fish that are cultured in Malaysia a food
sources for the people. This variety of fishes helps to suit the need of different
appetite that Malaysia have.
We also learn the physical differences of the fishes and the common and
scientific name the better understand different types of fish. By the end of this
semester I really hope that I can identify more type of fish that are breed and
cultured in Malaysia.

Penaeus monodon
Common name: Udang
Habitat
Its natural distribution is the Indo-Pacific, ranging from the eastern coast of Africa
and the Arabian Peninsula, as far as Southeast Asia, the Sea of Japan, and northern
Australia.
It is an invasive species in the northern waters of the Gulf of Mexico.
Description
Females can reach approximately 33 centimeters long, but are typically 2530 cm
long and weight 200320 grams; males are slightly smaller at 2025 cm long and
weighing 100170 g.

Lutjanus sanguineus
Common name: Jenahak
Habitat
Lutjanus sanguineus is a saltwater fish . The fish prefers a tropical climate and has
spread across the Pacific and Indian Ocean . The depth range is 9 to 100 meters
below the surface.
Description
Dorsal profile of head angular, snout steeply sloped. Preorbital bone broad, with
horizontal grooves behind and below the eye. Anterior and posterior nostrils
widely spaced. Preopercular notch and knob poorly developed. Scale rows on back
rising obliquely above lateral line. Juveniles with a broad brown bar from upper
jaw to beginning of dorsal fin and a series of reddish horizontal lines on sides.

Oreochromis niloticus
Common name: Tilapia Merah
Habitat
Africa: naturally occurring in coastal rivers of Israel, Nile basin (including lake
Albert, Edward and Tana), Jebel Marra, Lake Kivu, Lake Tanganyika, Awash
River, various Ethiopian lakes, Omo River system, Lake Turkana, Suguta River
and Lake Baringo. In West Africa natural distribution covers the basins of the
Senegal, Gambia, Volta, Niger, Benue and Chad, with introduced specimens
reported from various coastal basins. Widely introduced for aquaculture, with
many existing strains. Several countries report adverse ecological impact after
introduction.
Description
The Nile tilapia has distinctive, regular, vertical stripes extending as far down the
body as the bottom edge of the caudal fin, with variable coloration. Adults reach up
to 60 cm in length and up to 4.3 kg. It lives for up to 9 years. It tolerates brackish
water and survives temperatures between 8 and 42 C. It is an omnivore, feeding
on plankton as well as on higher plants. Introduced tilapia can easily become
an invasive species. It is a species of high economic value and is widely introduced
outside its natural range; probably next to the Mozambique tilapia (O.
mossambicus), it is the most commonly cultured cichlid. In recent research done in
Kenya, this fish has been shown to feed on mosquito larvae, making it a possible
tool in the fight against malaria in Africa.

Oreochromis mossambicus
Common name: Tilapia Hitam
Habitat
GIFT tilapia is farmed at present in various countries such as Israel, China, Taiwan,
Vietnam, Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia and also in Bangladesh. Super
Tilapia, otherwise known as GIFT (Genetic Improvement of Farmed Tilapia) was
developed by the scientists at WorldFish Center (formerly known as ICLARM)
through selective breeding of several strains of Nile Tilapia. This grows faster and
survives better than the original fish.
Description
This fish lowers the farmers cost of production, thereby optimizing their income.
It also allows them to practice low cost, environmentally friendly aquaculture.
GIFT survives well even in polluted waters. It can be farmed well under extensive
systems too, avoiding even the application of commercial feeds, it is said. At the
same time, it is stated that the fish also responds well when extra feed is given.
GIFT benefits both the rich and poor farmers. GIFT was developed by WorldFish
Center (former ICLARM) from several strains of Nile Tilapia, a popular farmed
fish in Asia, adopting traditional selective breeding techniques. It is neither
genetically modified nor transgenic. Tilapia farming is popular because it is
vigorous and tolerates crowding incredibly well in fish ponds, it is pointed out.

Pangasius sutchi
Common name: Patin
Habitat
Iridescent sharks originate from the large rivers Chao Phraya and Mekong in Asia,
though they have been introduced into other rivers for aquaculture. They are
a freshwater fish that natively live in a tropical climate and prefer water with a 6.5
7.5 pH, a water hardness of 2.029.0 dGH, and a temperature range of 2226 C
(7279 F). They prefer large bodies of water similar to the deep waters of their
native Mekong river basin.
The iridescent shark is a migratory fish that moves upstream to spawn during the
flood season while the waters are high and returns downstream to seek rearing
habitats when the river water levels recede. Upstream migration in this species
appears to be triggered by receding waters. At the end of the flood season, the fish
migrate back downstream away from flooded waters. The dates of the migrations
vary depending on the river system. In the Mekong river basin, they migrate
upstream in May to July and return downstream during September through
December. South of the Khone Falls, upstream migration occurs in October to
February, with its peak in November to December.
Description
The fins are dark grey or black. Juveniles have a black stripe along the lateral line
and a second black stripe below the lateral line; they have a shiny, iridescent color
that gives these fish their name. However, large adults are uniformly grey and lack
the striping. Adults reach up to 130 cm in length and can weigh up to a maximum
of 44.0 kg.

Barbonymus gonionotus
Common name: Lampam
Habitat
The species occurs at mid-water to bottom depths in rivers, streams, flood plains,
and occasionally in reservoirs. It prefers living in standing water habitats instead
of flowing waters. Inhabits the flooded forest during high water periods. Feeds on
plant matter (e.g. leaves, weeds, Ipomea reptans and Hydrilla spp.) and
invertebrates. A local migrant which moves from the Mekong up into small streams
and canals and onto flooded areas during the rainy season and back again during
receding water; a short distance migrant. Some reports indicated that upstream
migration of this fish is triggered by the first rains and rising water levels. Does
well in reservoirs.
Description
The silver barb it is one of the five most important aquacultured freshwater species
in Thailand. The silver barb is a short-cycle species that, like tilapia, can be farmed
with low technology and relatively less effort than other species, being thus
popular as a farmed fish in Bangladesh, where it is known as Thai sharputi. In fish
farms, silver barbs rarely exceed 40 cm in length and 1.50 kg in weight. However,
a 2.80 kg specimen was caught in the Teak Tree Lake in Thailand and the rod &
reel record with a weight of 13 kg and a length of 90 cm was caught in Malaysia. It
is an important food fish in Thai, Lao and Cambodian cuisine. In Laos it is
commonly used as an ingredient for lap pa. In Thailand it is usually either pickled
as pla som or boiled in tom yam.

Epinephelus epistictus
Common name: Kerapu
Habitat
Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea, Kenya to South Africa; Oman, west coast of India,
Korea, Japan including Ogasawara Islands, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Indonesia,
Papua New Guinea, the Arafura Sea and northern Australia. Sometimes
misidentified as Epinephelus magniscuttis or Epinephelus heniochus.
Description
Like other groupers, the dotted grouper has a robust body with a spiny dorsal fin
and a rounded caudal fin. As its name suggests, small dark spots arranged in
irregular rows are conspicuous over the sides and upper parts of its pale brown to
greenish-grey body. In addition, some specimens have a broad dark band running
back from the eye to the operculum and two narrower bands running diagonally
across the cheek. Nothing has been published on the biology of the dotted grouper,
but like other Epinephelus species, it is probably a protogynous hermaphrodite,
meaning that individuals begin mature life as female and change sex later to
become male. Epinephelus species tend to be voracious predators, with fish and
crustaceans taken near the sea bottom forming the bulk of prey.

Pomadasys argenteus
Common name: Gerut-gerut
Habitat
This species is found in shallow coastal waters, around reefs and in estuaries; it
will enter mangroves. It breeds from mid May to early October and females spawn
about six times in one season. This species is distributed in the Indo-west Pacific,
from the Red Sea (Saudi Arabia, Yemen) to Gulf of Aden to India to Bangladesh to
the Philippines, north to southern Japan, and south to northern Australia, Papua
New Guinea, Vanuatu and New Caledonia.
Description
Silvery body with numerous scattered dark brown to blackish spots. Dark blotches
on the dorsal fin. Juveniles are pale brown with a lighter belly while the back has
irregular longitudinal streaks on alternate scale rows. The dorsal fin of juveniles
has dusky membranes. Gill covers on juveniles have a dark spot.