CONTENTS

FOREWORD

iii

UNIT I : DEVELOPMENT POLICIES

CHAPTER 1:

AND

EXPERIENCE (1947-1990)

1-35

INDIAN ECONOMY ON THE EVE OF INDEPENDENCE

LOW LEVEL OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT UNDER THE COLONIAL RULE
A GRICULTURAL S ECTOR
INDUSTRIAL SECTOR
F OREIGN TRADE
D EMOGRAPHIC C ONDITION
O CCUPATIONAL S TRUCTURE
I NFRASTRUCTURE

3
4
5
7
8
9
10
11

CHAPTER 2 : INDIAN ECONOMY 1950-1990

THE GOALS OF FIVE YEAR PLANS
A GRICULTURE
INDUSTRY AND TRADE
TRADE POLICY: IMPORT SUBSTITUTION

UNIT II : ECONOMIC REFORMS

SINCE

16
19
22
27
30

1991

36-56

CHAPTER 3 : LIBERALISATION, PRIVATISATION AND GLOBALISATION :

BACKGROUND
LIBERALISATION
PRIVATISATION
G LOBALISATION
INDIAN ECONOMY DURING REFORMS: AN ASSESSMENT

UNIT III: CURRENT CHALLENGES FACING

THE

CHAPTER 4 : POVERTY
WHO ARE THE POOR?
HOW ARE POOR PEOPLE IDENTIFIED?
THE NUMBER OF POOR IN INDIA

INDIAN ECONOMY

AN

APPRAISAL

38
39
41
44
45
48

57-178
59
60
63
66

WHAT CAUSES P OVERTY?

POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES TOWARDS POVERTY ALLEVIATION
POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMMES A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT

CHAPTER 5 : HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION IN INDIA

WHAT IS HUMAN CAPITAL?
SOURCES OF HUMAN CAPITAL
HUMAN CAPITAL AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION IN INDIA: GREAT PROSPECTS
EDUCATION SECTOR IN INDIA
FUTURE PROSPECTS

68
72
75
82
84
84
90
91
92
94

CHAPTER 6 : RURAL DEVELOPMENT

WHAT IS RURAL DEVELOPMENT?
CREDIT AND MARKETING IN RURAL AREAS
AGRICULTURAL MARKET SYSTEM
DIVERSIFICATION INTO PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ORGANIC FARMING

99
100
101
104
106
110

CHAPTER 7 : EMPLOYMENT: GROWTH, INFORMALISATION AND OTHER ISSUES

WORKERS
AND E MPLOYMENT
PARTICIPATION OF PEOPLE IN EMPLOYMENT
SELF-EMPLOYED AND HIRED WORKERS
EMPLOYMENT IN FIRMS, FACTORIES AND OFFICES
GROWTH AND CHANGING STRUCTURE OF EMPLOYMENT
INFORMALISATION OF INDIAN WORKFORCE
UNEMPLOYMENT
GOVERNMENT AND EMPLOYMENT G ENERATION

116
118
119
120
123
124
127
130
132

CHAPTER 8 : INFRASTRUCTURE
WHAT IS INFRASTRUCTURE?
RELEVANCE OF INFRASTRUCTURE
THE STATE OF INFRASTRUCTURE IN INDIA
ENERGY
HEALTH

139
140
141
141
144
149

xii

CHAPTER 9 :
ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENT DEFINITION AND FUNCTIONS
STATE OF INDIAS ENVIRONMENT
S USTAINABLE D EVELOPMENT
STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

UNIT IV : DEVELOPMENT EXPERIENCES

WITH NEIGHBOURS

OF

INDIA : A COMPARISON

CHAPTER 10 : COMPARATIVE DEVELOPMENT EXPERIENCES

INDIA AND ITS NEIGHBOURS
DEVELOPMENTAL PATH A SNAPSHOT VIEW
D EMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT AND SECTORS
INDICATORS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES AN APPRAISAL

OF

162
163
167
171
172

179-197
181
182
185
186
189
190
198-206

GLOSSARY

xiii