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The two basic surface waves are the Rayleigh and Love
waves. The Rayleigh wave (R-wave), first predicted
mathematically by Lord Rayleigh, causes surface particles
to describe an eliptical counter clockwise orbit being a push,
up, pu, down cyclic motion.
The Love wave (Q-wave), on the other hand, vibrates
particles in the transmitting material in a transverse direction
relative to the direction of wave advance. Q-wave have no
vertical component of motion and are confined to a shallow
surface zone. In comparison. Rayleigh waves do not
necessarily require a surface layer for their existance
although they generally extend wavelength, commonly 300
ft, into the transmitting material. The particle oscillation
decreases exponentially with depth for both of these surface
waves.
11
Strain
Change in Volume / unit Volume
14
Strain
Shear
Where the shear is given by the angle through which a
plane normal to the force is rotated.
These elastic moduli, combined with the material density,
can be used to determine the velocity of propagation of
the elastic waves through the transmitting medium.
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K 4 / 3 G
Vp
and
Where:
G
Vs
16
Vmax
d
K
1/ 2
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Morris (1950)
A three component seismograph such as a Leet
seismograph was used to record displacement versus time
in the longitudinal, vertical and transverse directions and a
typical Leet record is shown in figure 2. From traces such
as this the maximum resultant amplitude was determined
by vector addition. For instantaneous quarry shots is was
shown, in figure 3 illustrated, that
1/ 2
W
A
d
W 1/ 2
A K
d
21
22
1.25 K W
A
d
1/ 2
Where
w = maximum total charge weight/delay period in lbs.
Medium
Site factor, k
All rock
.05 to 0.1
0.1 to 0.2
0.1 to 0.2
All clay
0.2 to 0.3
24
25
Type of structure
Fragile
.004
.016
.008
.03
.03 max.
26
Crandell
Damage was assumed to be related to one energy in the
disturbance and this be related to the frequency and the
acceleration in the wave. Assuming a simple harmonic
wave motion, the displacement at a point can be
represented by:
Displacement A sin t
Where
= angular frequency = 2 frequency (n) the velocity, v = A
win (wt + /2) and the acceleration, a = -A 2 sin wt = A 2 sin
(wt +).
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W 2 W 2 2 2
K .E
V
A sin wt / 2
2g
2g
2
W a
2
2g
2
W
a
a
K .E
2
2 2
2 g 2 n
n
28
29
Edwards.
The best correlation was found to exist between the onset
of damage and peak particle velocity in any direction in
the wave and that 2/sec corresponded on the onset of
plaster cracking, this occurred at a value of d/w2/3 of
approximately 10. The effect of delys was not studied.
30
USBM.
33
34
36
vibratoria
es
Ep xQ
Donde:
E es la energa vibratoria, es decir, la invertida en
vibracin
Q es la energa total del explosivo (que depende de la
cantidad de explosivo detonada y del poder energtico del
mismo, ya que no todos los explosivos tienen la misma
energa)
p es la proporcin de energa total del explosivo empleada
en generar vibraciones (en voladuras convencionales en
las que no existe gran confinamiento, este valor es de 0.4,
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aproximadamente).
LEY DE LA TRANSMISIVIDAD.
V K Q
39
Donde:
V = Velocidad de vibracin (mm/s)
Q = Carga de explosivo (kg)
D = Distancia (m)
K, y son constantes que engloban la geologa del
macizo rocoso, la geometra de las cargas, las diferencias
de cota entre los puntos de la voladura y de medida, el
tipo de propagacin, el nivel de aprovechamiento de la
energa en generar vibraciones, etc.
40
D
Dr /
Q
42
Entonces:
D
/
Q
44
45
S/D
46
S/D
47
Onda
transversal
Onda
principal
Onda
vertical
S/D
48
49
50
52
V 2V
2
2 VP V
2
P
2
S
2
S
3V 4V
E V
V V
2
S
2
P
2
P
2
S
2
S
55
57
VELOCIDAD DE LA ONDA
58
59
K 4 / 3 G
VP
R
1/ 2
VS
R
1/ 2
60
R 3V 4V
Ed
VP2
2
VS 1
2
P
2
S
2V 1
2
VP
2
VS 1
2
P
2
S
61
Gd R
Ed
V
21
2
S
K R V 4V / 3
2
P
2
S
62
63
ESTIMACIN DE LA VELOCIDAD
El investigador Bollinger (1980) define cinco factores a
tener en cuenta en el momento de escoger valores
representativos de la velocidad, los cuales son:
1. Las tres componentes del sensor, longitudinal -L-,
Vertical -Z- y transversal -E, representan una
descomposicin vectorial del movimiento de la roca.
Para estimar la magnitud de este vector es necesario
medir la amplitud de cada una de las componentes y
sumarlas vectorialmente como aparece en la ecuacin;
tambin es comn realizar la suma vectorial de las
componentes horizontales (ecuacin 2), que son las
directamente relacionadas con la fuerza cortante en la
64
estructura y con el dao.
S res t S L t S z t S E t
2
67
S res h t S L t S E t
2
2
68
S m mx S L t mx S z t mx S E t
2
A
TV
t Mag
70
CALCULO DE LA VELOCIDAD.
72
Modulo de Young
Relacin de Poisson
1
E
x
73
Modulo de Bulk.
E
K
31 2
Modulo de rigidez.
E
G
21
74
Velocidad de la onda P
Velocidad de la onda S
3
E G
4
" Pw "
R
G
" Sw"
R
75