Cervical Cancer

Pre- invasive cancer is limited to the cervix

Invasive cancer is in the cervix and other pelvic
structures
Metastasis usually is confined to the pelvis, but
distant metastasis occurs through lymphatic spread
Pre malignant changes are described on a continuum
from dysplasia, which is the earliest premalignant
change.

PRECIPITATING
FACTORS

Low socioeconomic groups

Early first marriage
Early and frequent intercourse
Multiple sex partners
High parity
Poor hygiene

EARLY
DETECTION
The practice of good perineal needs must be
emphasized
Avoid in sex in an early age, avoid numerous
partners, and practice the use of condom
Cancer warning signs: abnormal vaginal bleeding and
spotting after having sex
Early detection includes Pap smear for women over
age 18.

ASSESSMENT
Painless vaginal bleeding postmenstrually and
postcoitally
Foul-Smelling or serosanguinous vaginal discharge
Pelvic, lower back, leg or groin pain
Anorexia and weight loss
Leakage of urine and feces from the vagina
Dysuria
Hematuria
Cytological changes on Papanicolaous Test

INTERVENTION
S

Nonsurgical
Chemotherapy
Cryosurgery
External Radiation
Internal Radiation Implants
Laser Therapy
Surgical
Hysterectomy
Pelvic Exenteration

POST-OPERATIVE
CARE
ESTROGEN replacement immediate post op if the
ovaries were removed
No vaginal entry, douching, or intercourse for 4-6
weeks
Avoid bending knees

OVARIAN
CANCER
Ovarian cancer grows rapidly, spreads fast and is
often bilateral.
Metastasis occurs by direct spread to the organs in
the pelvis, by distal spread through lymphatic
drainage or by peritoneal seeding
Prognosis is usually poor because the tumor usually
is detected late.
An exploratory laparotomy is performed to diagnose
and stage the tumor

ASSESSMENT

Abdominal discomfort or swelling

Gastrointestinal disturbance
Dysfunction vaginal bleeding
Abdominal mass

INTERVENTION
S
External radiation is used if the tumor is invaded
other organs
Chemotherapy is used postoperatively for all stages
of ovarian cancer.
Intraperitoneal chemotherapy involves the instillation
of chemotherapy into the abdominal cavity.
Immunotherapy alters the immunological response of
the ovary and promotes tumor resistance.
Total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingooophorectomy may be necessary.