HEAT TRANSFER

OPERATIONS
General Heat Conduction Equation
Dr. Muhammad Rizwan
Assistant Professor
COMSATS

GENERAL HEAT CONDUCTION EQ:

For rectangular coordinates

It reduces to the following forms under specified conditions

GENERAL HEAT CONDUCTION EQ:

Example 2.2 (Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer by Incropera ):

GENERAL HEAT CONDUCTION EQ FOR

CYLINDRICAL COORDINATE SYSTEM:

Based upon basic energy balance equations

Figure:

Differential

volume,
conduction

control

dr.dz.rd,
analysis

for
in

cylindrical coordinates (r, ,

z).

After lengthy manipulations, we obtain

GENERAL HEAT CONDUCTION EQ FOR

CYLINDRICAL COORDINATE SYSTEM:

Based upon basic energy balance equations

Figure:

Differential

control

volume, dr.rSind.rd, for

conduction

analysis

in

spherical coordinates (r, , ).

After lengthy manipulations, we obtain

HOME WORK:

Problem 2.23 (Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer by Incropera ):

The steady-state temperature distribution in a one dimensional
wall of thermal conductivity 50 W/m. K and thickness 50 mm is
observed to be T (C) = a + bx2, where a = 200 C, b = -2000 C/m2,
and x is in meters.

(a)

What is the heat generation rate q in the wall?

(b)

Determine the heat fluxes at the two wall faces. In what manner
are these heat fluxes related to the heat generation rate?

ONE
DIMENSIONAL
CONDUCTION:

STEADY-STATE

One Dimensional Only one coordinate considered

Hence temperature gradient exists along only a single coordinate

direction.

At steady state conditions, temperature at each point is

independent to time.

One dimensional steady state models are simple but still provide
accurate representation of numerous engineering systems.

The objective is to determine expressions for the temp distribution

and heat transfer rate in common (planar, cylindrical and
spherical) geometries.

ONE
DIMENSIONAL
STEADY-STATE
CONDUCTION THROUGH PLANE WALL:

Temperature is a function of the x coordinate only and hence

heat is transferred exclusively in this direction.

Figure:

Heat

transfer

through a plane wall (a)

Temperature distribution
(b)

Equivalent

circuit.

thermal

ONE
DIMENSIONAL
STEADY-STATE
CONDUCTION THROUGH PLANE WALL:
Temperature Distribution

Temperature distribution can be determined by solving the heat

equation.

Steady state, no heat generation, one dimensional coordinates.

ONE
DIMENSIONAL
STEADY-STATE
CONDUCTION THROUGH PLANE WALL:
Thermal Resistance

Just as an electrical resistance is associated with the conduction of

electricity, a thermal resistance may be associated with the conduction
of heat.

Precisely, it is a ratio of driving potential to the corresponding transfer

rate.

ONE
DIMENSIONAL
STEADY-STATE
CONDUCTION THROUGH PLANE WALL:
Thermal Resistance

Thermal resistance is also associated with the convection heat

transfer.

Newtons law of cooling is:

Then thermal resistance for convection will be:

ONE
DIMENSIONAL
STEADY-STATE
CONDUCTION THROUGH PLANE WALL:
The Composite Wall

Figure: Equivalent thermal circuit for a series

composite wall

ONE
DIMENSIONAL
STEADY-STATE
CONDUCTION THROUGH PLANE WALL:
The Composite wall

The one dimensional heat transfer rate for this wall may be expressed
as:

Alternatively, the heat transfer rate can be related to the temperature

difference and resistance associated with each element:

ONE
DIMENSIONAL
STEADY-STATE
CONDUCTION THROUGH PLANE WALL:
The Composite wall

For composite systems it is often convenient to use overall heat

transfer coefficient, U:

Where,

ONE
DIMENSIONAL
STEADY-STATE
CONDUCTION THROUGH PLANE WALL:
Contact Resistance

Figure: Temperature drop due to the thermal contact resistance

ONE
DIMENSIONAL
STEADY-STATE
CONDUCTION THROUGH PLANE WALL:

Problem: A furnace is constructed with 0.2m of fire bricks, 0.1m

of insulated bricks and 0.2m of building bricks. The inside
temperature of the furnace is 1200 K and outside temperature is
330 K. If the thermal conductivities are 1.4, 0.21, 0.7 W/m2.K,
respectively, Determine the heat loss per unit area and the
temperature at the junction of fire bricks and insulated bricks?

ONE
DIMENSIONAL
STEADY-STATE
CONDUCTION THROUGH PLANE WALL:

Problem: A flat furnace wall is constructed of a 114mm layer of

silicon bricks with a thermal conductivity of 0.138 W/m.K backed
by a 229mm layer of common bricks of thermal conductivity 1.38
W/m.K. The temperature of the inner surface of the wall is 1033 K
and that of the outer surface is 349.6K.
1.

What is the heat loss to the wall?

2.

What is the temperature of the interface b/w refractory and

common bricks?
Supposing that the contact between the two bricks layer is

3.

poor

and that is contact resistance of 0.088 k.m2 is present.

What

would be the heat loss?

Thank You
for
Your
Attention