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Application Note
Introduction
Integrating A/D converters have two characteristics in
common. First, as the name implies, their output represents
the integral or average of an input voltage over a fixed period
of time. Compared with techniques which require that the
input is frozen with a sample-and-hold, the integrating
converter will give repeatable results in the presence of high
frequency noise (relative to the measurement period). A
second and equally important characteristic is that they use
time to quantize the answer, resulting in extremely small
nonlinearity errors and no possibility of missing output
codes. Furthermore, the integrating converter has very good
rejection of frequencies whose periods are an integral
multiple of the measurement period. This feature can be
used to advantage in reducing line frequency noise, for
example in laboratory instruments (Figure 1).
AN017
30
20
NMR (dB)
February 1999
10
T = MEASUREMENT PERIOD
f = INPUT FREQUENCY
0
0.1T
1T
10T
INTEGRATION CAP.
VIN
AMP
COMP
VREF
CONTROL LOGIC
AND CLOCK
1-888-INTERSIL or 321-724-7143
V
PHASE I
PHASE II
PHASE III
AUTO-ZERO
SIGNAL
INTEGRATE
REFERENCE INTEGRATE
LA
V IN
FI
XE
D
LL V IN
SMA
SL
OP
E
FIXED NUMBER
OF CLOCK
PULSES
NUMBER OF CLOCK
PULSES PROPORTIONAL
TO VIN
VREF IN
100k
ANALOG
GND
0.47F
100k
27
1F
100k
100K
SIGNAL
INPUT
28
27
26
25
24
23
0.1F
+5V
0V
22
1F
CLOCK IN
120kHz
ICL7135
ANODE
DRIVER
TRANSISTORS
DISPLAY
21
20
10
19
11
18
12
17
13
16
14
15
SEVEN
SEG.
DECODE
VREF (-10,000V)
INTEGRATOR
BUFFER
Sw4
VIN
Sw5
Sw1
CREF
1F
Sw2
+
100K
CINT
0.2F COMPARATOR
ZERO
CROSSING
DETECTOR
Sw6
CSTRAY
CAUTO-ZERO
1F
Sw3
Summary
Error analysis of the circuit using typical values shows four
types of errors. They are (1) an offset error of 2.5V due to
charge injection, (2) a full scale rollover error of 30V due to
CSTRAY, (3) a full scale rollover error of 5 to 30V due to
buffer nonlinearity and (4) a delay error of 40V for the first
count. These numbers are in good agreement with actual
results observed for the lCL7135. Due to peak-to-peak noise
of 20V around zero, it is possible only to say that any
offsets are less than 10V. Also, the observed rollover error
is typically 1/2 count (50V) with the negative reading larger
than the positive. Finally, the transition from a reading of
0000 to 0001 occurs at 50V.
00
0)
(-4
AT
O
R
R
O
M
PA
R
G
TE
3s DELAY
IN
R
O
AT
5s
50V IN
C
O
IN
TE
G
R
AT
O
R
M
PA
R
AT
O
R
(-4
00
0)
t
50V IN
Noise
The peak-to-peak noise around zero is approximately 20V
(peak-to-peak value not exceeded 95% of the time). Near full
scale, this value increases to approximately 40V.
Since much of the noise originates in the auto-zero loop,
some improvement in noise can be achieved by putting gain
in the buffer. A gain of about 5X is optimum. Too much gain
will cause the auto-zero switch to misbehave, because the
amplified VOS of the buffer will exceed the switch operating
range.
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