364 12. Steam-Water Circulation in Boilers Unheated risers 10 tubes x 54 mm ID 972m 13.15 m. Heated risers: 20 tubes x 54 mm ID Downcomers: 2 tubes x 95 mm ID A Fioure 12-7, Diagram of a steam-water circuit in a natural circulation boiler This term is called lack of heating or saturation shortfall. Since the saturation enthalpy depends on pressure, one must find the static pressure at the point in the riser where water is to reach saturation If the heat flow to the lower section of height Hj, is Q, and the flow rate of recirculating water is G, we have heat absorbed in the economizer section of riser = saturation short fall = Ml -G (12-40) The height, Hy, can be found by substituting the above equations into Eq. (12-40). 12-5 Worked-Out Example Determine the circulation velocity and check the reliability of circulation in the front water wall of a steam generator whose details are given in the table below. General dimensions of the steam generator is shown in Figure 12-7. Sub- cooled water from the drum (C) descends through the downcomers (CA). During12-3 Worked-Out Example 365 this flow it overcomes hydraulic resistance in the exit from the drum, bends, and elbows and then while entering the bottom header (A). From the header the water is split into several riser tubes. Although this part of the tube receives furnace heat steam is not immediately formed in it. Water travels up to a certain height (E) before it reaches saturation temperature at the pressure existing at that point. So, this part of the riser tube (A-E) should be considered a part of the downcomer, and when calculating the motive head only the vertical distance of the drum water above this level should be considered. As the water travels up the riser tubes (E-B), progressive amounts are converted into steam, As a result the specific weight of the mixture and therefore the velocity continuously changes along the height. To make the matter more complex the furnace heat flux which is responsible for evaporation of water also changes along the height. In the present example the furnace is divided into two zones with two heat fluxes. After leaving the furnace the riser tubes join together to form a smaller number of tubes and they pass through unheated space (B-C) terminating into the drum, SOLUTION The problem is solved using the following spreadsheet-type calculations shown below: An example of circulation calculation in a natural circulation boiler (Fig. 12-8) Parner Symbol Unis Eyunon Catan vine Diancerofwtes ors abe rm Gen ra Nombe of tes . Given » ich om Given © Wath fhe ston om Given 1820 Tota ested gh wom Given on ‘fester all ToalareoPeaing AL mim yO UROFNO.T? Las setae Tal wes of ont “ acs ayaxssioNOy 2 AE LETOSINS OOK “een a tubes Thuliengmotiees Ie Given no Lenphof west ier lh Gren a Number of 0 bed Given 10 Toul heghiofereut Mm Gren nis trom bes ear tothe wae level inthe dom ented part er Leste ues fom Ries ae cones with es er coming ou fhe ere) Diane es ea oven sto “oa mur fies nen 10 Average erg lies Gren xo aber f tend Given 2% Teal How cous awe we oom secvonarea (54/100) Average aceaton degree Gen ” ane Hei nbeaed Hor Given a366 12, Steam-Water Circulation in Boilers Parmer Dowacomer Diameter of tbes ‘sie Somber of tes Toa neigh of dnencomers Number of bows Flow rss Symtal Data for Thermal Calculations Pressure i the dram ‘Suuraton emperatre Enalpy of war Specie wigd of Specie weight of tured ean ‘evaporation Enalpy of sated team “Tempers of steering Enhalpy of water fering dram avo of increase of rthalpy of water toinenae of pressures 360 Mean eat axon er eating serie ‘Tout heat absorption (Coefiient of eat hcoion Specific beat absomtion of oper ster all Toul eat absorption in wpperquanee Hea absorption per mot upper qarer Heat absonsion in esto pat ofwall Absorption ge Lm ‘of botom par ‘Circulation Caleaaons Seam geverted in ‘he whole water wall Seam upper secu othe ner wall Steam geected in ° ts e v n anor ° y oy ‘Une aes = eae adm kein weal hg calig € calig allan eatin? als calls cas els als als Taxation Chelation Given Given Given Gwen Geen 3 184¢95/1000)"2/4 Given From stom table From seam bie From seam bie From seam abi From sean abe From sean uble From steam uble tar 88000" 14.57 3600 upper quer w suse 9s pl roi sys 65.4/.74/8) O- ae 38-054 Qe! BICRTINI YA) uN my) 3886 1568-4 2365) Qalth BY 684/15694~ 251) o- 803 0.2 Waive %s0 20 6 20 30 oo12 360 280 213 100 m7 a8 694 200 2s ake ini acon the manunyjorm het it the furnace the frmace dade into pe zones with no average heat lates, ars 2616 ue 0.806 0156 oe12-5 Worked-Out Example 367 ame Symtor_ Ue Equa Giese Wie Toa Toad? Tad TRIAL FOR CIRCULATION Asse velaiy Wo mis a) ‘fercaaion ‘Toul vou of| ve wa ost 007 00% 005s oon ‘exer ough te cic Toul aus + BAB of GS kels oo 7 lS 280 ‘ste trough Ciao ao x apse we yo $822 ea rei De ealrg @sisa6s386 40 0s 02746 ong wert en of water We mis Wad oxyo1 ase 32s ass 220 indowacome: Hydra rstance Dowacomer Enc to dram fen as 0s os os nim drimio header fen 30 30 3040 Eom fe ox2+ 013 070707 a Frcion (rom ule fortuly ff fy Come i96/o5 4044 rout on Tal resstance ctns Kye Wslotlatly — Sa3047440 2 82282 Feswe dp indowrcomess DRee kal? Ke" Woe"Daow/() APISHIHIO/I962 42535382 HOT T22 Head drop douncemer me Pstow 22025 /810 2a 63 Botiom section of er Reduced Setraetentalpy yg alk dN" rowel ~ DP” te {or Jowncomer vel BaVt01320| Maignefeonaicer section Hee mag Dh *Gitpg, A SIRT ASTM 18 Heighoteaporvesecion Hb mm 3/4H Hey re a a in lower mace Redvced vlc ofseamat Whagy Is Oag AO) s/c 018% 040 axa aD si oflower section Meanrecced veloity Way mls aa +02 wa+oy om 00 00040 inbocom evapoaer Rati of eee am and Wao a8 as 0 033087 ‘ilatonvelciy Fret y°2/d R sr2/0st ng 1S 26798 Natu of fom Reue 76 Fue 1238 022019 Is 02 spins F 8 Vo Cconetin ator fo presse Ky Figes 124 wok oe CConecied mative heat Pay I L0"s83 oie ae? eno section 10-177) Resunce fr er Exe te Tae 28 0 101040 Ehow ta Tie 23new 0202202 Tubetsuring ally tive 22 oo om 003 aon rug ret Hos) Tulsa fcr Rage leo2eoy ay oom (3 = 147084 Ressarceim coroner Pee gn? Ke Wy" 26082) 7 moe ans secon vos ero) Redstance for rer esperar sect Foon inesaporter Kg fetid mmrsaynse nay aaa 28 Teo phate ressunce fat Ko roe Ma i004" aos tans tones 05 row = ryM «ai0~ 172908 Resstunceincvaporior Fim? KhyKig iy "272g SItIauTt aay 9a] 1967 TH section ‘aesny368 12, Steam—Water Circulation in Boilers. Tanner Symbol__Une Eaton Galanos Vale ‘Thal thal? thats Upper section of ser eight appr er He mtd orn a4 MoM ot Reduccdstesmseisity 8 Woey MS Wg os Oe 08 Ox Recedesm vests WGaq ans GHA) 00858177) L0 eto Tesi or upper me Mea redid seloy Woah SG + MagthOE 09 09 0908 Veto aio Vice woe 908 nn a9 0718 Face Wy 2d FR wea S208 ng S879 Value of Free Bgwre 746 F Fork & Figwe i238 0383) OD ean &Viaw veloc rao Ccomection acta Tor pressure Kp FoF Pe Figure 12-4 vor 1m 107 1a Comecied motive neat at Pg FGM, easton e933 Sue 187 ‘poe section 0" = 109 ‘m0 127) Freon i tie fae aly ough f Roughvone Table 122 023023 00230023 ‘erhules ow) turbolence Frcton i upper evaporate Kg Fit aat24sust Lot tor 108108 Two phate esitancefstor Kp 1001 Vip see os sald MuRs 1263 (oom ro) ckl0— 172), Ressticeimevaporatr «Py Ag/m? KR GyKDgWy "2/28 LONTNGON"ONN2Y 576 G00 474 Tal motive headin ser Fo elm? P+ Pow oss 77s 7883 SORT MADBA_ IDOE Total esistnce a riser Pr elm? DP, + DP +DR, SK 6D2+9KH URS BL HG TT value headin rer Pe taf? Pe Pe 55318 Ise 1796 MR 17561 ‘Water walla dram section Redaced steam velocity in nis G/Awts) wooycE2977) 1.90 ti heated st elcity of iclaon Wo. mis Giaurrow wrycbiroon Lo 20024010 ek aio Yeu WoalWo ys nr eT er) Factor W218 rR 1s"2/088 cars) Male of From Rewre 7-6 Fie use aguas Fr & Vine conection factor for presure Kp Figure 24 Loo 100 49010 Gonetonfetor fr K r= 46%, 36 60% Figure 123 a) ‘rslinton of whe Conected moivehead Pu FAGKSHE osernsss 112s tosm 0075 tom section (oom 38 io 177), Fecioninwbe tor tally fe ane 22 oo2s ony om23 02s rough urbelet ow) Frecion mapper usheated Keg sr mnirnyass AP seo 32 “Tw phate retane factor Kyy rom + Vino nos 12 Ws 1508 N67 6 (iow oat 1810-12) Loca loses: xm irom header fey + fe hoor 1 oa elbow = Socow'+ fey ee 02410 2 mo irae drm Total resistance fst Ke fo =f an lureszesa 57 sy syst “te + Kip Resse inunteued rier Py gfe? KYW )2028 SIMGO2IT95) MONO SE 106 roan ‘Actale mative head Paw Helen? Pgs ~ Dow Hast 21S TH sist 8 ve ued ser Tul sabe ead Pa bela? Pas # Pave Isi6 = 215 sos 97s ‘stable ciclo from Ma ats ‘rapa soltion ireslaion Ylacty Avable eas Pressure up in downeomet Nelo heat mis gin’? kein"? "00. a7 maz a8 on 2ms m2 ro 35352 408 12 soo 0912-5. Worked-Out Example 369 Nomenclature A flow cross section of the tube, m? d tube diameter, mm f friction coefficient (Eq. 12-16) G total flow rate, kg/s G" steam leaving the circuit, kg/s cy flow rate of steam, kg/s Gy flow rate of water, ke/s H height of the circuit, m Kt enthalpy of saturated water ki/kg A” enthalpy of saturated steam, kI/kg. H, vertical height, m Hier enthalpy at the entrance, ki/kg, Haat saturation enthalpy, KI/kg K circulation ratio k loss coefficient (Eq. 12-16) L latent heat of vaporization, kJ/kg, ! tube length, m m mass velocity in tube, ke/m?s P pressure, bar Pay head available to force the mixture through the riser, kg/m? Pe critical pressure, bar Pn motive head, kg/m? q heat absorption, ki/s qs heat flux (Eq. 12-18), MW/m? or critical heat flux, MW/m? qm average heat flux, MW/m?