CMG Tutorial PDF

2000
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(Errors may exist. Use at your own risk.)
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:\U_Guides \Sim \CMG \IMEX \Mult_Lat.ppt.
Rev 11/1/00
Laine & Associates, Inc.

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2000
Introduction
to
Black-Oil Reservoir Simulation

featuring
IMEX
from the
Computer Modelling Group, Ltd

with offices in
Canada, Brasil, Venezuela, Barbados, China, United Kingdom, & United States
You may copy this document (including all 2000, Laine & Associates, Inc. copyright marks) as is, but only for non-profit, personal use. See license agreement for details.
2000
Preface
Thank you for visiting www.EricLaine.com.
The primary purpose of this document is to serve as a memory aid for the author.
Thus, the author is also the target audience. (In other words, the quality of the
composition is 100% sufficient for me to understand what I wrote.)
The secondary purpose is to share this tutorial with the public. I appreciate the
possibility that the general public may have some difficulty understanding the my
personal abbreviations and my intuitive logic.
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Preface
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Agreement (1 of 2)

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Laine & Associates, Inc. LICENSE AND WARRANTY NOTICE

LAINE & ASSOCIATES, INC. (Laine) LICENSES THIS SOFTWARE TO YOU ONLY UPON THE CONDITION THAT YOU ACCEPT
ALL OF THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS CONTAINED IN THIS LICENSE AGREEMENT. PLEASE READ THESE TERMS
CAREFULLY. IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO THESE TERMS, PLEASE DESTROY THE DOCUMENT(S) YOU HAVE DOWNLOADED
IMMEDIATELY.
The software and documents which accompany this license (Software) are the property of Laine or its licensors and is protected by
copyright law. While Laine continues to own the Software, you will have certain rights to use the Software after your acceptance of this
license.
Except as may be modified by a license addendum which accompanies this license, your rights and obligations with respect to the use
of this Software are as follows:
YOU MAY:
(i) have limited permission to copy and distribute this Software, but only for non-profit, personal use, provided there is no charge, fee,
etc. for said distribution, and further provided that all copyright marks and all references to Laine & Associates, Inc. and to
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.com and to Eric Laine are included in the distribution;
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(ii) agree that any decision to use some or all of the contents of this Software rests exclusively on your professional and competent
judgment of the suitability of this Software for your intended purpose. Furthermore you understand and acknowledge that this Software
was originally intended only to be useful to the author, and that you may experience difficulty understanding or using this Software;
and,
(iii) use the Software on a network.
LIMITED WARRANTY:
Laine does not warrant that the Software will meet your requirements or that operation of the Software will be uninterrupted or that the
Software will be error free. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED AS IS, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF PERFORMANCE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
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THE AUTHOR EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY, WHETHER WRITTEN OR ORAL, THAT THIS
SOFTWARE WILL BE ERROR FREE OR UNAMBIGUOUS. YOU ACKNOWLEDGE THAT USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IS AT YOUR
SOLE RISK, AND YOU AGREE THAT ANY INFORMATION, SERVICE OR PRODUCT, WHETHER BASED IN PART OR IN WHOLE
ON THIS SOFTWARE, IS WITHOUT WARRANTY, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED.
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Laine & Associates, Inc. LICENSE AND WARRANTY NOTICE, continued

DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES:
IN NO EVENT WILL LAINE BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ANY SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, INDIRECT OR SIMILAR DAMAGES,
INCLUDING ANY LOST PROFITS OR LOST DATA ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE SOFTWARE, EVEN IF
LAINE HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. SOME STATES DO NOT ALLOW THE LIMITATION OR
EXCLUSION OF LIABILITY FOR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES SO THE ABOVE LIMITATION OR EXCLUSION
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THE DISCLAIMERS AND LIMITATIONS SET FORTH ABOVE WILL APPLY REGARDLESS OF WHETHER YOU ACCEPT THE
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Software with others. Those vendors have neither endorsed nor declined to endorse the contents of this Software.
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when new information is made available. Factual input, whether supportive and dissenting, is welcome. Your input will receive due
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devote to your communications.
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all of this Software to the conditions and limitations of this agreement.
This agreement is an integral part of this Software. Failure to include this entire agreement in any and all distributions of this Software
shall be a breach of this license agreement, and shall not sever, void, or nullify the meaning or the intention of this agreement.
This Agreement will be governed by the laws of the State of Texas. This Agreement may only by modified by a license addendum
which accompanies this license or by a written document which has been signed by both you and Laine.
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INTRODUCTION
This class is for people who want to be better reservoir simulators. You are
about to learn (or review):
1.
Basic petroleum-engineering concepts.
2.
Basic reservoir-simulation concepts.
3.
Detailed instructions for using IMEX (CMGs black-oil simulator)
to model realistic data.
This class is for Managers, Engineers, Technicians, and Students
representing oil and gas Exploration, Operations, Consulting, or Educational
institutions. Engineering, Geophysics, or Geology experience is helpful.
1.
2.
3.
4.
The minimum prerequisites are:

You know that profit predictions come from flow-rate predictions.
You know that simulation predicts oil rates, natural-gas rates,
water rates, reservoir pressures, and well pressures.
You know how to use a personal-computer mouse.
You know how use the page-down key to see the next slide.
This manual includes material copyrighted by the Computer Modelling Group, Ltd.
By accepting this manual, the user certifies that (s)he has legal access to a current
IMEX license from the CMG.
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THE PLOT
Congratulations, this is your first day on your new job. You are personally
responsible for the next phase of an ongoing black-oil reservoir-simulation study.
Fortunately, you are bright, aggressive, hard working, and you have good access to
the technical-support gurus for your software and for your project.
So much for the good news.
The previous study had a major problem with small timesteps and long run times.
This was caused by pinchouts along the length of the reservoir. The largest cells
had pore volumes over 1,000,000 ft3. The smallest cells had pore volumes under
20,000 ft3.
You have raw data in the form of contour maps, PVT tables, relative permeability
tables, capillary pressure tables, in-place volumes, etc. You also have wellcompletion data and production history.
The previous work included a history match, so you do not need pressure-history
data for this phase of the study.
Todays assignment is to create an IMEX data file, correct the small-timestep
problem, and complete a baseline run that realistically represents the reservoir,
matches history, and runs quickly.
IMEX is the Computer Modelling Group, Ltds IMEX (black-oil) simulator.
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IN-PLACE VOLUMES
Pore Volume
Total
Hydrocarbon
306,717
230,038
Fluids in Place
Stock Tank Oil
Total Gas
Free Gas
Water
Reservoir Oil
Reservoir Gas
Reservoir Water
144,876
M STB
142,963 MM SCF
0 MM SCF
76,645
M STB
230,038
M RB
0
M RB
76,679
M RB
Average Pressure
Total Pore Volume
HC. Pore Volume
2513.4
2513.4
M STB
M STB
psia
psia
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OVERVIEW
Reservoir simulation is similar to a material balance. In fact, simulation includes a
material balance for each grid (or cell) during every timestep.
Simulation has some advantages over a material balance. Not surprisingly,
simulation requires more input than a material balance.
Material balance predicts:
Global pressure versus total production and injection.
Global pressure versus time (given adequate history.)
Simulation also predicts:
Localized 3-phase flow (i.e., by grid block.)
Localized production and injection.
Localized pressure changes (given minimal history.)
Localized saturation changes (given minimal history.)
Not surprisingly, simulation requires more input than a material balance.
Material balance input data includes:
Volumetric and PVT data.
Global production, injection, and pressure history.
Simulation input also includes:
Permeability, relative-permeability, & capillary-pressure data.
Localized production, injection, and pressure history.
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SIMULATION INPUT-DATA SUMMARY

VOLUMETRIC PROPERTIES
Dimensions:
Pore space:
Saturations:
Formation volume factors:
Total pore volume, rb
Oil pore volume, rb
Standard oil volume, stb
area, gross thickness, & net thickness.

porosity.
oil, water and gas.
oil, water and gas.
= 7758.3 (A, ac2) (TNET, ft) (, decimal)
= (PV, rb) (SO, decimal)
= Oil PV, rb / (formation-volume factor, rb /stb)
PVT PROPERTIES
Bubble point:
Formation volume factors:
Viscosities:
Solution gas-oil ratio:
oil
oil, water and gas.
oil, water and gas.
gas dissolved in oil
ROCK PROPERTIES
Permeability:
absolute permeability.
ROCK and FLUID PROPERTIES

Relative permeability:
oil-water, liquid-gas (or water-gas)
Capillary pressure:
oil-water, oil-gas (or water-gas)
Contact depths:
water-oil, gas-oil
PRODUCTION and INJECTION HISTORY
Fluids:
oil, water, & gas rates plus cumulative volumes.
Pressure:
field and wells.
UPDATE the other versions Then Re-build this version
----- REALITY CHECK ----A newer IMEX version is now available.

Fortunately, the author finds this tutorial continues to be useful.

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SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)

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0.
GETTING STARTED
A.
GridBuilder
B.
ModelBuilder
C.
IMEX
D.
Results (3D, Graph, and Report)
1.
RESERVOIR DESCRIPTION (GRID)

A.
General data (fluid model, units, and start date)
B.
Volumetric properties
i.
Maps and values of thickness and area
ii.
Grid
C.
Rock properties
i.
Porosity
ii.
Permeability
D.
Visualization (2D and 3D grids)
E.
Null blocks (pore-volume and porosity cutoffs)
F.
Multi-lateral well (perforation locations)
2.
FLUID (PVT) MODEL

A.
Oil and gas tables
i.
Solution ratio (RS)
ii.
Formation-volume factors
iii.
Viscosity
B.
Water values
C.
Pressure-dependence (oil viscosity, compressibility)
3.
ROCK and FLUID

A.
Oil-water
i.
Relative permeability (KRW and KROW)
ii.
Capillary pressures (PCOW)
B.
Liquid-gas
i.
Relative permeability (KRG and KROG)
ii.
Capillary pressures (PCOG)
NUMERICAL METHODS
4.
5.
INITIAL CONTITIONS
A.
Contact depths (water-oil and gas-oil)
B.
Reference pressure at gas-oil contact
C.
Bubble-point pressure
6.
WELLS and RECURRENT DATA

A.
Select wells and dates
B.
Initial well (operational) status
C.
Production history and units
D.
Well-type definitions and patterns
E.
Multi-lateral (horizontal) well perforations
F.
Constraints
7.
VALIDATION
A.
Run validation
B.
Warnings and errors
8.
PROOF READING
A.
Read the input file
B.
Understand the input file
C.
Correct in-place volumes (peculiar to this example)
9.
HISTORY MATCHING (versus time)

A.
Global (total-withdrawal) rates (by well)
B.
Global (average field) pressure
C.
Local (oil, gas, and water) rates (by well)
D.
Local (average well) pressures
10.
PREDICTIONS
A.
Stimulation (acid & fracture to increase well index)
B.
Infill drilling
C.
Pressure Maintenance (water or gas injection)
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SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
0.
GETTING STARTED
A. GridBuilder
B. ModelBuilder
C. IMEX
D. Results (3D, Graph, and Report)
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Temp storage for outline.

In process of moving to interior of tutorial.
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SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
2.
FLUID (PVT) MODEL

A.
Oil and gas tables
i.
Solution ratio (RS)
ii.
Formation-volume factors
iii. Viscosity
B.
Water values
C.
Pressure-dependence (oil viscosity, compressibility)

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SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
3.
ROCK and FLUID

A.
Oil-water
i.
Relative permeability (KRW and KROW)
ii.
Capillary pressures (PCOW)
B.
Liquid-gas
i.
Relative permeability (KRG and KROG)
ii.
Capillary pressures (PCOG)

SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
4.
NUMERICAL METHODS
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SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
5.
INITIAL CONTITIONS
A.
Contact depths (water-oil and gas-oil)
B.
Reference pressure at gas-oil contact
C.
Bubble-point pressure
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SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
6.
WELLS and RECURRENT DATA

A.
Select wells and dates
B.
Initial well (operational) status
C.
Production history and units
D.
Well-type definitions and patterns
E.
Multi-lateral (horizontal) well perforations
F.
Constraints

SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
7.
VALIDATION
A.
Run validation
B.
Warnings and errors
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SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
8.
PROOF READING
A.
Read the input file
B.
Understand the input file
C.
Correct in-place volumes (peculiar to this example)

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SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
9.
HISTORY MATCHING (versus time)

A.
Global (total-withdrawal) rates (by well)
B.
Global (average field) pressure
C.
Local (oil, gas, and water) rates (by well)
D.
Local (average well) pressures

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SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
10. PREDICTIONS
A.
Stimulation (acid & fracture to increase well index)
B.
Infill drilling
C.
Pressure Maintenance (water or gas injection)

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COMING UP
0. GETTING STARTED
A.
B.
C.
D.
GridBuilder
ModelBuilder
IMEX
Results (3D, Graph, and Report).
Introduce idea of four primary sections.

Point out that some primary sections are covered
by more than one of the major sections (1 to 10).
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COMING UP
0.
GETTING STARTED
A.
B.
C.
D.
GridBuilder - Reservoir Description

1. Reservoir description
ModelBuilder
IMEX
Introduce GridBuilder section.

Identify which section numbers
contribute to GridBuilder.
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COMING UP
0.
GETTING STARTED
A.
GridBuilder
B.
C.
D .
ModelBuilder
2. Fluid (PVT) model

3. Rock and fluid (KR and PC)model
4. Numerical methods
5. Initial conditions
6. Wells and recurrent data
7. Validation
8. Proof reading
IMEX
Introduce ModelBuilder section.

contribute to ModelBuilder.
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COMING UP
0.
GETTING STARTED
A.
GridBuilder
B.
ModelBuilder
C.
D.
IMEX
9.
History matching
10.
Predictions
Introduce IMEX section.

contribute to IMEX.
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COMING UP
0.
GETTING STARTED
A.
GridBuilder
B.
ModelBuilder
C.
IMEX
D.

11. 3D
12. Graph
13. Report
Introduce Results section.

contribute to Results.
COMING UP
major section #1: GridBuilder
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Getting Started
0.
GETTING STARTED
A.
B.
C.
D.
GridBuilder
1.
Reservoir description
ModelBuilder = ALL OTHER INPUT DATA

IMEX = SIMULATION RUN
Results
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2000
Getting Started
Start the Launcher
2. Double Left-click the

CMG Launcher icon,
OR
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3. Left click the Start button.

A.
Left click Programs.
B.
Left click CMG.
C.
Left click Launcher.
Getting Started
2000
1. Left double-click the GridBuilder icon.
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Getting Started
REVIEW
1. There are four primary sections
A.
Reservoir description
B.
The other inputs
C.
Simulation
D.
Results
2. GridBuilder is now running.
COMING UP
1. Input general data
A.
Simulator selection
B.
Working units
C.
Porosity model
D.
Start date
General data
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SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
1.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
Volumetric properties (maps and values)

Rock properties (KX, KY, KZ)
Calculate grid (cell) values
Save and exit
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General data
1. Left Click the IMEX simulator.
2. Left Click Field Working Units.
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3. Set the date to August 1, 1991.
General data
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1. Verify the selections.
2. Left click the OK button.
General data
REVIEW
1. General data was input.
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COMING UP
1. Input volumetric properties.
A.
Area
B.
Grid definition
C.
Structural top
D.
Gross thickness
E.
Net-to-gross-thickness ratio
F.
Porosity
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SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
1.

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
Volumetric properties (maps, values and grid)

i. Area (from gross thickness map)
ii. Grid
iii. Structural top
iv. Gross thickness
v. Net-to-gross ratio
vi. Porosity
Save and exit
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Volumetric - area (TGROSS)
1. Left click File.
2. Left click Open Map File...
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1. Verify the units.
2. Left click Browse...
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3. ...\CMGTutor\IMEX\Mult_Lat\input
4. Left click the gross net pay map.
5. Left click the Open button.
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1. Verify the WINDIG File selection.
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Map
scale is in
the way.

1. Left click View.
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EVEN BETTER
3. Right click on the
map scale.
2. Left click Properties.

1. Left click the Map
Scale tab.
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2. Change 55 to 5.
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1. Observe.

1. Left click Grid.
3. Left click Non-orthogonal Grid.

2. Left click Corner Point.
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1. Read the text.
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2. Left click the Next>> button.
1. Read the text.
2. Left click the first boundary

point. (This is the first of
four line segments.)
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BOUNDARY points
1 -3500.0 55000.0
2 10000.0 63000.0
3 62000.0
0.0
4 52000.0 -6000.0
5 -3400.0 54000.0
2. Left click the end of the

Top-most boundary line.
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1. Highlighted dot.
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BOUNDARY points
1 -3500.0 55000.0
2 10000.0 63000.0
3 62000.0
0.0
4 52000.0 -6000.0
5 -3400.0 54000.0
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1. Highlighted line.
2. Left click the Next Line button.
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2. Read the text.
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BOUNDARY points
1 -3500.0 55000.0
2 10000.0 63000.0
3 62000.0
0.0
4 52000.0 -6000.0
5 -3400.0 54000.0
3. Left click the end of

the Right-most
boundary line.
1. Observe.
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2. Delay boundary-line
adjustments until later.
1. Read the text.
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BOUNDARY points
1 -3500.0 55000.0
2 10000.0 63000.0
3 62000.0
0.0
4 52000.0 -6000.0
5 -3400.0 54000.0
2. Left click the end of the

Bottom-most boundary
line.
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1. Highlighted
line.
1. Read the text.
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2. Left click the end of

the Left-most
boundary line.
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BOUNDARY points
1 -3500.0 55000.0
2 10000.0 63000.0
3 62000.0
0.0
4 52000.0 -6000.0
5 -3400.0 54000.0
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2. There are no map features to add.
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1. There are four highlighted

boundary lines.
Volumetric - grid
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1. Read the text.
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3. Create 40 or 20(not10)
divisions parallel to the rightand left-most boundaries.
2. Note: the right- and

left-most boundary
lines turned black.
Volumetric - grid
2000
1. Left click the Next

Section button.
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Volumetric - grid
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2. Create 160 or 80 (not30)

divisions parallel to the rightand left-most boundaries.
1. Note: the top- and bottommost boundary lines turned

black.
Volumetric - grid
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Volumetric - grid
1. Read the text.

3. Left-mouse-down and drag the corner
points until all the net pay is inside
the boundaries.
2. The right-most control line

should include all net pay.
However, we know from
previous study that this edge
pinches out.
Volumetric - grid
2. Read the text.
2000
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3. Create four layers.

WARNING: There is an
indication that there is
only one flow unit. If true,
then fewer layers will work
well. Perhaps there
should only be one layer.
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1. This is better.
Volumetric - grid
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4. (Optional) Use the Grid, Refine Grid, Select

Box, etc. menu as needed (e.g., define
regions, local grid refinement, etc.)
1. Review the layers.
3. ???Feel free to save

the data file at this
point. You may then
experiment with grid
refinement. Open
the saved data file to
continue without grid
refinements.
5. Left click the

Finish button.
2. Read the text.
Volumetric - grid
2000
1. This is immediately after

clicking the Finish button.
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Volumetric - structural top

Property-Box
2000
Property-Box Notation:
_ = neither specified nor interpolated
B = both specified and interpolated
S = specified only
V = value only (not specified)
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????
Only 1
layer?
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GRID TOP
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1. How about setting GROSS PAY? NET

thickness. Then let net-to-gross = con = 1.
Maybe can do min PV cutoff this way. YES
GRID TOP
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GRID TOP
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Determined from first

line of *.dig file
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GRID TOP
3.
Thickness properties are subdivided by layers
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Volumetric - net-to-gross ratio
2000
1. Add net-to-gross ratio= YES
Mention possibility of importing net-thickness maps
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Volumetric - porosity
Highlight POROSITY (not

pressure.)
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REVIEW
1. Some properties were imported as contour maps
Area
Structural top
Gross thickness
Porosity
2. One properties were entered as constants.
Net-to-gross (thickness) ratio
3. Any property may be input as a contour map or as a constant.
4. Layered properties may be input as two or more maps.
COMING UP
1. Input rock properties.
Rock properties
2000
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SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
1.

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.

i.
KX
ii.
KY
iii.
KZ

Save and exit
Rock properties - KX
2000
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1. 180 md.
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Rock properties
REVIEW
1. Some properties were imported as contour maps
Area
Structural top
Gross thickness
Porosity
2. Some properties were entered as constants.
Net-to-gross (thickness) ratio
Permeabilities (KX, KY, KZ)
3. Any property may be input as a contour map or as a constant.
4. Layered properties may be input as two or more maps.
COMING UP
1. Calculate Properties (I.e., populate the grid with values.)
Calculate grid values
2000
SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
1.

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
Calculate grid values (populate cells)

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1. Left double-click the

GridBuilder icon.
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Inv wt avg = 1/ (1/a^2 + 1/b^2 + 1/c^2 + .)^0.5
2000
REVIEW
1. Grid values were calculated from map and constant input data for:
Grid thickness
Grid top
Permeability (KX, KY, KZ)
Porosity
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COMING UP
1. Review 2D and 3D grid maps.
Visualization
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SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
1.

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.

i. Grid top
ii. Grid thickness
iii. Permeability (KX, KY, KZ)
iv. Porosity

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Visualization - grid thickness
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1. Left double-click the GridBuilder

icon.
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top
1. LeftVisualization
double-click-the
icon.

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Visualization
REVIEW
1. Grid maps (layers and slices) display
volumetric and rock properties.
Grid top
Grid thickness
Permeability (KX, KY, KZ)
Porosity
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COMING UP
1. Null blocks
A.
Porosity cutoff
B.
Net-pay-thickness cutoff
C.
Pore-volume cutoff
Null blocks
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SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
1.

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.

i. Pinchout adjustment
ii. Porosity cutoff
iii. Net-pay-thickness cutoff
Iv. Pore-volume cutoff
Save and exit
2000
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Null blocks - pinchout adjustment

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Pinchout versus Run Time

The run time for the previous simulation study was too long.
The long run time was caused by the small pore-volume
cells. The small PV cells are caused by the pinchout at the
edge of the -thickness maps.
One way to deal with this is to eliminate the pinchout while
maintaining the same total pore volume.
See the next slides for details.
20
10
2000
Plan View
25
20
Thickness
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Small PV cells at pinchout

require small timesteps (to
limit maximum pressure
and saturation change per
timestep.)
10
5
0
Pinchout Cross-section View
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RULE-of-THUMB (for small PV cells):

Conserve total pore volume
1.
Move the small volumes to
adjacent cells.
2.
Classify the small-volume
cells as null (inactive) cells.
3.
Total volume is unchanged.
10
20
Move the small volumes to

adjacent cells. (The total
volume is unchanged.)
Plan View
2000
25
20
Thickness
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10
5
0
Revised Cross-section View
Pinchout Cross-section View

Bracket existing contours with control contours. (I.e., move the small
volumes to adjacent cells, and maintain the same total volume.)
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0
0
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20
Revised Plan View
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REVIEW
The previous example moved the small pore volumes by adding a pair of control
contours. Control contours allow the engineer to force a new reality onto the
underlying maps. This example added control contours with values of 0.0 and 10.0
very close to the 5.0 contour.
The thickness maps you are using for this tutorial are modified versions of the
original maps. The original maps were modified by adding pairs of control-contour
lines. The control contours were added mid-way between the zero contour and the
adjacent contour. The control contour closer to the zero line was assigned a value
of nearly zero. The other control contour was assigned a value slightly below the
adjacent contour.
As it turns out, the mid-way location of the control contours actually increased the
total pore volume. This is fine for now. Later, we will find out that there is still a
short-timestep (i.e., long-run-time) problem. We will eventually solve this by adding
null cells (with the pore-volume cutoff.) Then we will correct the total pore volume
with a linear adjustment.
COMING UP
There are easy ways to fine tune the total volume
AND learn more about the reservoir:
The porosity cutoff,
The net-pay thickness cutoff, and
The pore-volume cutoff.
Null blocks - porosity cutoff
2000
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RULE of THUMB
Use the log-analysis cutoffs. Nominal values might be:
four percent for sandstones, and
two percent for carbonates.
The reservoir engineer probably has some values for you.
2000
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COMING UP
Use the porosity cutoff to locate areas of low
porosity. This may be important when planning the
field-development strategy.
This tutorial takes a short cut by setting a
different porosity cutoff for each layer. In general,
the layers will not be identical.
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Show step-by-step setting of different porosity cutoff

values for each layer. Layer 1.
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values for each layer. Layer 2
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Calculate property button ????
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1. Select the probe mode.

2. Review the porosity maps.
5. Review all layers.
3. Left click on cells to
show cell porosity.
2000
A few cells have low porosity.

These may require short timesteps
(for a small portion of the run.)
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Layer 2
Show map(s) of (different) cutoff values.
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Layer 3
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Layer 4
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REVIEW
The porosity cutoff considers a single criterion.
It is easy to imagine a situation where thickness may be
too thin, even though the porosity is above the cutoff.
Using the thickness cutoff is an option.
The thickness cutoff requires net thickness maps (or
net-to-gross-thickness-ratio maps.)
COMING UP
Using the net-pay-thickness cutoff.
Null blocks - net-pay cutoff
Show final step for setting different net-pay cutoff values

for each layer.
2000
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What about net thickness (net-to-gross ratio) ????

2. Review the Grid thickness maps.
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3. Left click on a
cell to show
corner
thicknesses
There are a few thin cells. These
may require short timesteps (to
avoid large pressure or saturation
changes in small pore-volume
cells.
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REVIEW
The thickness cutoff (like porosity) only considers a one criterion.
It is easy to imagine a situation where porosity may be too thin,
even though the thickness is above the cutoff.
Using the pore-volume cutoff is more general.
The pore-volume cutoff requires net thickness maps (or net-togross-thickness-ratio maps.)
FOR SELF STUDY
This tutorial skips using the net-pay cutoff to locate areas of low
net pay.
Be sure to include this step in a real study, because this may be
important when planning the field-development strategy.
COMING UP
Using the pore-volume cutoff to fine tune the total pore volume,
and to locate the large-size pore-volume areas.
Null blocks - pore-volume cutoff
1. Click drop-down box.
2. Select Null
Blocks.
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Click Specify Property.
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DISCUSSION
The locations of the areas with large-size pore volumes may be
important when planning the field-development strategy.
Specify a large-size PVCUTOFF value.
This tutorial has identical layers; so, we can set different cutoffs
for each layer. (In general, layers are different.)
The total pore volume is 306,000,000 stock tank barrels. The
grid has 6,400 cells. The average pore volume per cell is about
270,000 ft3 /cell.
Try 0, 250,000, 500,000, and 750,000 cubic feet for the largesize pore-volume cutoff.
This helps better understand the reservoir.
The actual run will use only a small-size pore-volume cutoff.
Now have net-to-gross ratio, so can NULL

based on pore volume.
Show final step for setting different LARGE-size

pore-volume cutoff values for each layer.
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3. Review NULL-block maps by layer 1.

2. Use the modified-block-volume maps.
3. Left click on cells to show
pore volumes by cell.
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A few cells have small pore

volumes. These may require
short timesteps (for a small
portion of the run.)
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3. Review modified-block-volume maps by

layer 2.
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3. Review modified-block-volume maps by layer 3.
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3. Review modified-block-volume maps by layer 4.
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DISCUSSION
The largest pore-volumes appear to be on the order of
500,000 ft3.
This provides the upper limit for a ratio of small-to-largesize pore volumes.
This ratio is an indicator of the need for limiting saturation
and pressure changes with small timesteps.
COMING UP
Repeat the process and identify the small-size PVCUTOFF.
Only the small-size cutoff is used during simulation.
Select Null Blocks.
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Click Specify Property.
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DISCUSSION
The locations of the areas with small-size pore volumes may
be important when planning the field-development strategy.
Specify a small-size PVCUTOFF value.
This tutorial has identical layers; so, we can set different cutoffs
for each layer. (In general, layers are different.)
The total pore volume is 306,000,000 stock tank barrels. The
grid has 6,400 cells. The average pore volume per cell is about
270,000 ft3 /cell.
Try 0, 10,000, 20,000, and 30,000 cubic feet for the small-size
pore-volume cutoff.
Now have net-to-gross ratio, so can NULL

based on pore volume.
Show final step for setting different small-size pore-volume
cutoff values for each layer.
2000
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layer 1.
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layer 2.
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layer 3.
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layer 4.
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DISCUSSION
The big change (in area) is between 0 and 10,000
ft3. This suggests 10,000 ft3 as a good starting point
for the small-size PVCUTOFF.
COMING UP
Specify the pore-volume cutoff.
Analyze the small-size to large-size
pore-volume ratio.
2. Specify low-end pvcutoff range at 10,000 ft3.
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3. Calculate property
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PORE-VOLUME CUTOFF
A 10,000 to 500,000 ft3 (50:1) ratio of minimum pore volume to
maximum pore volume is large. This may require short timesteps.
At test run will be necessary to verify this.
If the 10,000 ft3 minimum pore volume is still too small, then we can
manually edit the input-data file to increase the pore-volume cutoff (e.g.,
PVCUTOFF 25000.)
Several test runs may be required.
PORE-VOLUME MODIFICATION
It is also necessary to maintain the same total pore volume.
The test run also calculated the total pore volume.
If the new total pore volume is within a few percent of the old total, then
manually adding a volume-modification command will fine tune the total
pore volume (e.g., VOLMOD 6400*1.03.)
Several test runs may be required.
Multi-lateral well
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SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
1.

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.

i. Locate
ii. Specify
iii. Map
Locate
Add the multi-lateral well (15-34), but only layer 3.
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Locate

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Locate
1. Left click on the

mode dropdown
box to select the
probe mode.
OR
1. Right click on the map to select
the probe mode.
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Locate
13,44,3
14,44,3
15,44,3
16,44,3
13,45,3
13,46,3
13,47,3
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Locate

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Specify
Will delete the corner marks later
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Specify

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Specify
Vertical well (four layers

completed from top to
bottom.)
1 26,90,3 connect to surface Laine & Associates, Inc.

1 27,90,3 connect to 1
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2000
1 26,92,3 connect to 10
1 26,93,3 connect to 11
1 26,94,3 connect to 12
1 26,95,3 connect to 13
1 26,96,3 connect to 14
1 26,97,3 connect to 15
1 26,98,3 connect to 16
1 26,99,3 connect to 17
1 26,100,3 connect to 18
1 14,44,3 connect to
surface
1 14,44,3 connect to
surface
Specify

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I,J,K Slab toolbar
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Map

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SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
1.

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
Save and exit
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1.H
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Old
1.H
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1.H
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1.H
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1.H
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REVIEW
Done with GridBuilder.
COMING UP
Start ModelBuilder.
Execute
2000
2.
FLUID (PVT) MODEL
A.
Execute
B.
C.
D.
Oil and gas PVT

Water PVT
Pressure-dependence
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Execute
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1. Left mouse-down on
the icon for the
GridBuilder data file.
2. Drag and drop the data icon

on the ModelBuilder icon.
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2.A
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2. OK
1. OK
Execute

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2.A
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2.A
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2.
FLUID (PVT) MODEL

A.
B.
C.
D.
Execute
Oil and gas PVT
Water PVT
Pressure-dependence
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Oil and gas PVT

icon.
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Oil and gas PVT
1. Left double-click the input-folder icon.
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2. Left click the pvt.xls icon.
3. Left click the open button.
2.B
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Oil and gas PVT

Note: EG = 1/BG.
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Oil and gas PVT

1. Highlight the data (to be imported.)
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2.B
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Oil and gas PVT

1. Review PVT data.
2. Double left-mouse click on individual data points to do manual editing.
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Replace (to show data

in table.)
Oil and gas PVT
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Replace (to show data

in table.)
Oil and gas PVT
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1. View plots:
A. RS vs P
B. BO vs P
C. EG vs P
D. O vs P
E. G vs P
Remove OK button click

Oil and gas PVT
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icon.
2.B
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2.B
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Oil and gas PVT
1. Left mouse-down and drag

individual points to shift the PVT
data vertically.
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2.B
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Oil and gas PVT
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1. Left click the Apply button.

Oil and gas PVT
Green light (success.)
2000
A note
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icon.
Oil and gas PVT
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1. Type 4.E-06 <tab>
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2. Type 1.01 < tab >

3. Type 150 < tab >

Oil and gas PVT
2000
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icon.
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2.
FLUID (PVT) MODEL

A.
Execute
B.
Oil and gas PVT
D.
Pressure-dependence
C.
Water PVT
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Water PVT

icon.
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1. Type 4.2E-06 <tab>

Water PVT
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2. FLUID (PVT) MODEL

A.
Execute
D.
Pressure-dependence
i. Oil viscosity
ii. Oil compressibility
B.
C.
Oil and gas PVT

Water PVT
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Pressure-dependence
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???

icon.
Pressure-dependence
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icon.
Pressure-dependence
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icon.
Pressure-dependence
Save now (generic)
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Rock and fluid properties
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3. ROCK and FLUID

A. Oil-water
i. Relative permeability (KRW and KROW)
ii. Capillary pressures (PCOW)
B. Liquid-gas
i. Relative permeability (KRG and KROG)
ii. Capillary pressures (PCOG)
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icon.
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icon.
Oil-water properties
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icon.
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icon.
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icon.
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icon.
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icon.
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icon.

icon.
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icon.
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1. Left click on Sheet1
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2. Confirm data imported.
3. Left click Next.

2000
1. Right click the

blank header.
2. Left click the
heading.
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2000
1. Right click the

blank header.
2. Left click the
heading.
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2000
1. Right click the

blank header.
2. Left click the
heading.
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2000
1. Right click the

blank header.
2. Left click the
heading.
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1. Left click the first

value.
2. Hold the shift key
down.
3. Press the rightarrow key 3 times.
1. Continue holding the

shift key down.
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2. Press the downarrow key 12 times.
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1. Stop holding the shift

key down.
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2. Left click the

horizontal scroll-bar
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1. Left click Next.

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1. Use the scroll bars and

confirm that the correct
data imported.
2. Left click Next.

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3.A.

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3.A.

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icon.
2000
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3.A.

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Liquid-gas properties
2000
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3.B.

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3.B.

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1. Left click Apply.
2000
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3.B.

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2000
1. Left click OK.
2000
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3.B.

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1. Left click OK.
2000
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3.B.

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2000
2000
2. Finished with Rock Fluid properties.

3. Start on Numerical Methods.
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1. Scroll down to NCUTS.
2. Left click OK.
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2000
2000
3. Finished with Numerical Methods.

4. Start on Initial Conditions.
A. Contact depths.
B. Reference pressure & depth.
C. Bubble point pressure.
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2000
Success.
2. Left click
initial
conditions.
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1. Left click the Miscellaneous tab.
2000
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1. Left click PVT Region Parameters.
2000
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2000
1. Left click PVT Region 1.
2. Type 15000 tab.

3. Type 600 tab.
4. Type 4500 tab.
5. Type 2500 tab. Initial
Pressure.
1. Verify entry unites.

2. Verify entry values.
2000
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2000
Initial pressure.
PCOG.
PCOW.
6. Left click OK.
For output and reports.
?????
2000
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Success.

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2000
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2000
1. Review the bubble-point settings.
2000
2. Left click File.

3. Left click Close.
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Success.
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1. Left mouse-down and drag the

vertical scroll slider.
2. Review the grid properties.
2000
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2. Review the grid

properties.
1. Left mouse-down and drag the

vertical scroll slider.
2000
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1. Review the grid

properties.
2. Left click OK.

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Success.

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2000
2000
4. Finished with Initial Conditions.

This a good time to SAVE AS.
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2000
1. Left click File.
2000
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2. Left click Save

Document As.
1. Left click Browse.
2000
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2. Name the file.
3. Left click Save.
1. Confirm the path and filename.
2000
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2. Check (or uncheck.) Small files

are suitable for single files.
3. Left click OK.

2000
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4. Finished saving .
5. Start on Wells and Recurrent Data.
A. Select well dates and wells.
B. Set initial well status.
C. Import production history.
D. Save production history.
E. Define wells.
a. Types and Patterns
b. Perforations
2000
1. Left click wells &

recurrent data.
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1. Right click Wells.

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5A. Select well dates and wells.
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1. Select Properties.
OR
3. An alternative is to
A. click the Wells folder (????)
B. click the Wells menu
C. click the Properties option.
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2000
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1. Click Select Dates.

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2000
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1. Click OK.

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2000
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1. Click Select Wells.

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2000
9. Click the right-arrow button.
2000
1. Click well 15-34.

2. Hold the Ctrl key down.
3. Click well 16-7.
4. Click well 11-5.
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2000
5. Click well 4-6.

6. Click well 6-4.
7. Release the Ctrl key.
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Wells may be selected in any order.

1. Confirm the selections.
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2. Click OK.
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2. Click Apply.

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2000
1. Review the selections.
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2. Click Apply.
2000
5B. Set initial well status to SHUTIN.

i.
ii.
No wells are producing on August 1, 1991

Only well 6-7 has been drilled by August 1, 1991
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1. Left click the General tab.
2000
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2000
1. Click the Status box.
3. Left click SHUTIN.
4. Confirm SHUTIN.
2000
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2. Click the dropdown box.
5. Click OK.
5C. Import production history.
2000
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2000
1. Click Tools.
2. Click Production
Data Wizard.
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2000
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1. Click Browse.

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2000
1. Click the input folder.
2000
2. Double-click the
prod.prd file.
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2000
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1. Confirm the path

and filename.
2. Click Next.
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2. Click Preview file.

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2000

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2000
Note column numbers, data types and units.
2000
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Clean up the data file to show fixed

column spacing.
Note units for all 5 data columns.

1. Date (format = Y M or Y M D)
2. Producing hours
3. Daily oil rate (stb/d)
4. Daily gas rate (Mscf/d)
5. Daily water rate (stb/d)
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2000
New screen capture needed
1. Left click File.
2000
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2. Left Close.
2000
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1. Read instructions
2. Click the first data line.
3. Review data
format options.
1. Click drop-down arrow.
2000
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2. Click Daily.
2000
1. Confirm units.
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2. Click OK.
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1. Confirm Delimited.
2. Confirm commas
separate data.
3. Click Next.
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2000
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1. Left click OK.

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2000
1. Observe the
delimiter settings.
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2. Click Next.
2000

2. Click the data type.
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2000

2. Drag the slider to
see more types.
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2000

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2000
1. Drag the horizontal scroll slider to fully expose column six.

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2000
1. Confirm headings.
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2. Click Next.
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2000
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1. Click Field Units.

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2. Click Next.

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2000
5D. Save production history.
2000
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1. Click Browse.

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2000
1. Click the dropdown box to

move up one directory level.
2000
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1. Enter the filename.(prod.fhf)
2. Click Save.
1. Confirm the path

and filename.
2000
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2. Confirm the
start date.
3. Click Finish.
5Ea. Define well types and patterns.
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1 of 3
1. Ignore production
controls for now.
4. These buttons set

the well types.
3. Observe the
well types.
2. Select All Wells.

2000
controls for now.
2 of 3

3. Observe the
import types.
the well types.
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2000
controls for now.
3 of 3

3. Observe the
import (well)
types.
the well types.
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1. Confirm correct Import (well)

Types (i.e., what is the
primary fluid for this well.)
2. Click Next.
Oil (and gas) fraction is for producing wells

Water fraction is for injection wells
1. Confirm 1.000 for all wells.
2000
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For future reference, a corner

wells in a 5-spot are 0.250.
2. Click Next.
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2. Click Next.

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2000
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5Ea. Well perforations.

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2000
1. Click Wells.
2. Click Perforations.
2000
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OR
3. Right click the Wells folder.
4. Click Properties.
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2. Click OK.

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2000
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Vertical well.
Centered well.
Kelly Bushing is at sea level.

No skin damage.
Do NOT use this feature for well 15-34. The

horizontal-well perforations were set while
defining the multi-laterals.
2000
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Input data
DO correct the vertical-well perforations:
16-7
layers 2, 3, and 4.
11-5
layers 2, 3, and 4.
4-8
layers 2, 3, and 4.
6-4
layers 2, 3, and 4.
2000
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Left double-click the numerical value below the Layer top heading.
Vertical well completions

default to all layers.
2000
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2. Click the upper-most

completion layer (2.)
3. Click OK.
1. No more 1st layer completion.
2000
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Apply the corrected perforations to the model.

2. Click Update perforations.
3. Click Current Well - All Perf Dates
2000
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2000
2. Repeat the perforation corrections for the other vertical wells. (6-4, 11-5, & 4-8)
1. Verify the perforations.
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REVIEW
The perforations are now correct in all five wells.
A. The four vertical wells have been corrected.
B. The horizontal well was already correct.
COMING UP
Save the perforation corrections.
Close the perforation file.
delete
2000
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Wise users will make a note to review the

completed data file to verify that the perforations
are correct.
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2000
1. Click File.
2000
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2. Click
Save As.
2000
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1. Verify the pathname.
2. Verify the filename.
2. Click Save.
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2000
1. Click File.
2000
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2. Click Exit.
OLD ???????
2000
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1. Left click No.
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2000
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2000
REVIEW
The perforations have been defined and saved.
2000
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COMING UP
Well constraints
A. Select the wells.
B. Delete the default, flowing-bottom-hole pressure constraint.
C. Add columns of information to the constraint window.
D. Review the constraints for each well.
E. Select the wells.
F.
Set a new flowing-bottom-hole pressure constraint.
G. Review the well constraints.
H. Close the Recurrent Data window.
I.
Save the Mult_Lat data file.
1. Right-click
the Wells.
2000
2. Click
Constraints.
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1. Click Wells.
OR
2. Click
Constraints.
1. Left click Select

all dates.
2000

one or more wells.
3. Left click Select Wells.
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2. Left click wells 11-5,

15-34, 16-7, 4-8, & 6-4.
4. Click right-arrow button.
2000
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1. Confirm well
selections.
2000
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1. Double-left-click the vertical lines to automatically set column widths.
2000
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2. Left-mouse-down and drag

the vertical scroll bar to verify
the well and date selections.
OR
2. Click above (or below)
the slider to scroll.
2000
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1. Left click the OK button to open the constraints window.

PROGRESS
All wells for all dates have been selected.
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COMING UP
Well constraints
F.
I.
1. Click the Defined-Constraints tab.
2000
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1. Read the instructions.

2. Left click the box.
3. Click OPERATE MIN
Pressure (Bottom-Hole).

Delete the constraint.
2000
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1. Click No. Well should be shutin.

PROGRESS
The default (PWF)MIN has been deleted.
2000
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COMING UP
Well constraints
F.
I.
Show more columns in the constraints window.
2000
2. Click View.
3. Click Columns.
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1. Hold the control key down.

2. Click the properties.
2000
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Click Constraints.
Click Well Status.

Click Well Type.
6. Click the right-pointing arrow.
1. Verify the selections.
2000
2. Click OK.
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PROGRESS
The additional constraint information has been added.
2000
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COMING UP
Well constraints
F.
I.
2000
1. Click the +.
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2. Click well
11-5.
Review the constraints.
2000
2. Click well
15-34.
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2000
2. Click well
6-7.
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2. Click well
4-8.
2000
2. Click well
6-4.
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PROGRESS
The well-by-well review is done.
2000
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COMING UP
Well constraints
F.
I.
2000
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Select all wells.
2. Click Wells.
3. Click Constraints.

all dates.
2000

one or more wells.
3. Left click Select Wells.
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2. Left click wells 11-5,

15-34, 16-7, 4-8, & 6-4.
2000
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1. Confirm well
selections.
2000
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1. Drag the vertical lines to change the column widths.
2. Drag the slider

to see more.
OR
2. Click the arrow

to see more.
2000
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1. Left click the OK button to open the constraints window.

PROGRESS
The well-selection is done.
2000
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COMING UP
Well constraints
F.
I.
2000
Add new (PWF)MIN constraints to all wells.
1. Click New Constraints.
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1. Click Add.

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Set the constraint.
2000
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2. Click the arrow.

3. Click OPERATE.
Set the property.
2000
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2. Click the arrow.
3. Click Pressure...
Set the bottom-hole pressure.
2000
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2. Type 500.
3. Press the Tab key.
4. Verify the units.
5. Click OK.
PROGRESS
The new constraint has been set.
2000
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COMING UP
Well constraints
F.
I.
2000
1. Verify the constraint.
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2. Click OK.
3. Left-click the No To All button.

Its the same five well-date combinations.
2000
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Review the well constraints.
2. Click the arrow.

3. Click a date.
1. Click Wells.
4. Review the constraints.
PROGRESS
The review is done.
2000
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COMING UP
Well constraints
F.
I.
2000
Close the Recurrent Data window.
2. Click File.
3. Click Close.
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Well 16-7 is OK.

2. Left-click OK.
Pt 1 and Pt 3 will soon be deleted (because they are not wells.)

They are convenient markers used to identify the grid boundaries (for this tutorial.)
4. Left-click OK.
4. Left-click OK.
6. Left-click OK.
7. Left-click OK.
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Delete the
non-wells .
2. Click wells and recurrent data.
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Delete the grid-boundary markers (Pt 1, etc.)
2. Click Wells.
3. Click Delete.
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2. Left click wells Pt 1 and

Pt 2.
2000
1. Confirm well
selections.
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Re-confirm each deletion.
2000
3. Click
Yes.
2. Click
Yes.
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Verify the non-wells are gone.
5. Click Wells.
Close the Recurrent Data window.
2000
2. Click File.
3. Click Close
Recurrent Data.
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Success .

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REVIEW
Well constraints are done.
5. Wells and recurrent data window is closed.
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COMING UP
Well constraints
F.
I.
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Save the Recurrent and Well Data.
1. Click File.
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2. Click Save
Dataset As.
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The filename and path should still be correct. (Browse and change if needed.)
2. Verify path and name.
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3. Click Save all...

4. Click OK.
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1. Read the warning.
This is good. It is easier to

keep track of wells by name.
3. click OK.
REVIEW
5. Wells and Recurrent Data are
done.
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COMING UP
6. Validate the data.
A. It is never too soon to save the data (again.)
B. Review the validation message file.
C. Understand warnings. Fix errors (and warnings.)
D. Close the validation-message file.
E. Exit the ModelBuilder.
F.
It is never too soon to save the data (again.).
G. Proofread (and understand) every line in the data file.
(Be sure this data file does what you want it to do.)
2000
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1. Left-click Validate
Dataset.
WISDOM: It is NEVER TOO SOON to save the data again.
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2. Left-click Yes.
3. Left-click the OK button.

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1. Left-click OK.

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REVIEW
6A. The data has been saved (again.)
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COMING UP
i.
Understand warnings (and fix as needed.)
ii.
Fix errors.
C. Close the validation-message file.
D. Exit the ModelBuilder.
E. It is never too soon to save the data (again.).
F.
Proofread (and understand) every line in the data file.
1. Review the message file for errors or warnings.
OK.
2000
3. confirm that this

is OK.
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Confirm that the warning about setting the minimum

flowing bottom-hole pressure to 14.6959 psia is OK.
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There are at least two easy ways to confirm this.

1.
Open Mult_Lat.dat in an ASCII editor (e.g., WordPad.)
A. Search for 14.6959
It does not exist in the data file
B. Search for MIN BHP
There are several, all set to 500 psi.
2.
See the next slides.
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The following extract from Mult_Lat.out clearly shows that on August 1,

1991, the minimum PWF is set at 14.6959 psia. Well 16-7 is also shutin.
DATE 1991 08 01.

WELL 1 '16-7'
PRODUCER '16-7'
===================== WARNING (from subroutine: WMWTIN)
Minimum bottom hole pressure not specified for producer 16-7
(Well No. 1). Setting default MIN BHP of 14.6959 psia .
=====================================================
GEOMETRY K 0.354167 0.3700 1.0000 0.000
PERF GEO '16-7'
** if jf kf ff
5 54 2 1.000
5 54 3 1.000
5 54 4 1.000
SHUTIN '16-7'
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The following extract from Mult_Lat.out is the very next timestep. This
extract clearly shows that on September 1, 1991, the minimum PWF is
set at 500 psi. Well 16-7 is producing 2397.15 barrel per day.
No Wells have been operated in the Field.

======================================================
DATE 1991 09 01.
PRODUCER '16-7'
OPERATE MAX STO 2397.15
OPERATE MIN BHP 500 CONT
ON-TIME
'16-7'
1.00
Searching Mult_Lat.out confirms that the only time the minimum,
flowing bottom-hole pressure is 14.6959 is on August 1, 1991.
In summary, the warning about MIN BHP = 14.69659 is OK.

REVIEW
6B. The message review is done.
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COMING UP
i.
ii.
Fix errors.
Exit the ModelBuilder.
D. Proofread (and understand) every line in the data file.
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Close the message file.
2. Click File.
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3. Click Close.
1. Exit the ModelBuilder.
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1. It is NEVER TOO SOON to save the data again.
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2. Left-click Yes.
A. Automatically reuses the same directory.
B. Automatically reuses the same file name.
REVIEW
6C. The automated validation is done.
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COMING UP
i.
ii.
Fix errors.
Exit the ModelBuilder.
D. Proofread (and understand) every line in the data file.
2000
RULE OF THUMB:
Always understand every every line in the data file.
(Save time by avoiding unnecessary simulations.)
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?????
For example:
(see lines 7824-30)
*****************************************************************************************
** ModelBuilder has detected a conflict in well sequence numbers.
** The well sequence numbers are not increasing consecutively as
** required for the simulators. In order to ensure compatibility
** with simulators ModelBuilder has to re-number the wells.
** All references to wells in this dataset should be in terms of well names.
*****************************************************************************************
Calling wells by name simplifies things. It is no

longer necessary to also keep track of the
sequence numbers.
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REVIEW
6D. The proofreading is done.
COMING UP
7. Fix the volume-in-place values.
A. Trial run the data set as is.
(Note the volumes.)
B. Correct the in-place volumes.
(Manually edit the data.)
i.
PVCUTOFF.
ii.
VOLMOD.
iii. Maps from GridBuilder.
8. Run IMEX
A. Make the real IMEX run.
B. Exit the IMEX run window.
Review the IMEX results.
C. Save and exit.
1. Left-mouse-down and drag the data file to the IMEX icon.
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2. Release the mouse to start IMEX.

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1. You can watch IMEXs

progress as it runs.
Do it first with min vol too small

Experience the tiny timesteps.
Then give correct answer as
PVCUTOFF = 200,000 ft3
???
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Too much saturation

change in small PV cell.
1. This field has a pinch out. This means some cells have very small pore volumes.
2. The next slides show how to eliminate the small PV cells by editing Mult_MB.dat
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REVIEW
7A. The trial-run is done.
COMING UP
(Note the volumes.)
i.
PVCUTOFF.
ii.
VOLMOD.
8. Run IMEX
C. Save and exit.
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But first, get total pore volume, etc. right

Need to manually insert a STOP card near DATE 1Nov91.
This will allow us to search for TOTAL PORE VOLUME.
We want it to be too high.
Once know PV too high, remove STOP. Make run.
May need to increase PVCUTOFF to avoid 0.001 day
timesteps. This will reduce Total PV.
Once get decent minimum timestep (ie good run time) Do
VOLMOD to fine tune total PV.
2000
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PVCUTOFF
VOLMOD
case
ft3
n.a.
units
Minimum Timestep size days
Total Pore Volume.
M STB
HC. Pore Volume
M STB
Fluids in Place
Stock Tank Oil
M STB
Total Gas
MM SCF
Free Gas
MM SCF
Water
M STB
Reservoir Oil
M rbbl
Reservoir Gas
M rbbl
Reservoir Water
M rbbl
Average Pressure
Total Pore Volume
psia
HC. Pore Volume
psia
n.a. 250,000
1.00
1
Mult_MB.dat MultLatM
orig qty
0.0001
1
306,717 293,783
230,038 220,337
250,000
1.03
MultLatN
305,484
229,113
144,876
142,963
0
76,645
230,038
0
76,679
138,766
136,935
144,293
142,389
73,412
220,337
76,337
229,113
73,446
76,371
2513.4
2513.4
2513.4
2513.4
2513.5
2513.5
Help the class by pointing out

that we got this by putting
mult_lat.dat back into grid
builder.
1. The very small blocks tend to be at the edges.

2. An exception is near cell i=17, j=27 ,k=1 to 4.
2000
Large pore volume

~ 1,960,430 ft3
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Note: the multilateral well is close

to the pinchout
(34,90,3)
Acceptable min PV
~ 19,604 ft3 (100:1)
Small pore volume ~ 48 ft33

2000
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Changing the Pore-Volume Cutoff

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Make a copy of Mult_MB.dat

Rename the copy Mult_MBa.dat
Open Mult_MBa.dat in an ASCII editor.
Search for
RESULTS SECTION ROCKCOMPACTION
Add two lines after results section rock compaction.
PVCUTOFF 20000
This makes 20,000 ft3 the minimum pore volume.
VOLMOD 25600*1.00
This multiplies the PV in all 25,600 cells by 1.00.
Save Mult_MBa.dat
Go to next slide
Before
After

PVCUTOFF 20000
VOLMOD 25600*1.00
RESULTS SECTION MODEL

MODEL *BLACKOIL
RESULTS SECTION MODEL

MODEL *BLACKOIL
Changing the Pore-Volume Cutoff

8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
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16.
Go to the top of the file

Search for
1993 01
Replace a blank line above DATE 1993 01 01. with
STOP
Save Mult_MBa.dat
Close Mult_MBa.dat.
Run IMEX with Mult_MBa.dat
Open Mult_MBa.out in an ASCII editor.
Search for
HC. Pore Volume
Go to next slide
After
Before
1.00
1.00
STOP
DATE 1993 01 01.
DATE 1993 01 01.
PRODUCER '16-7'
PRODUCER '16-7'
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Record Pore Volumes, etc.

17. Verify Time = 0.0 days (for this particular HC. Pore Volume.)
18. Save key volume data.
This will help set the multiplier for VOLMOD 25600*1.__
19. Close Mult_MBa.out.
20. Use your best judgement to estimate the Minimum Time Step size.
PVCUTOFF
VOLMOD
case
ft3
n.a.
n.a. 20,000 50,000 100,000 100,000

1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.20
Mult_MB.dat_Mba.dat _MBc.da _MBe.dat
f.dat
units
orig qty rev qty rev qty
rev qty
rev qty
Minimum Timestep size
days
0.0001
0.01
.01
1
1
Total Pore Volume.
M STB
306,717 303,168 285,275 223,238 295,215
HC. Pore Volume
M STB
230,038 227,376 213,957 167,428 221,411
Fluids in Place
Stock Tank Oil
M STB
144,876 143,200 134,748 105,443 139,441
Total Gas
MM SCF
142,963 141,309 132,969 104,051 137,601
Free Gas
MM SCF
40e-13
Water
M STB
76,645 75,758 71,286 55,783 73,770
Reservoir Oil
M rbbl
230,038 227,376 213,957 167,428 221,411
Reservoir Gas
M rbbl
41e-13
Reservoir Water
M rbbl
76,679 75,792 71,319 55,809 73,804
Average Pressure
Total Pore Volume psia
2513.4 2513.3 2512.5 2508.5 2510.3
HC. Pore Volume
psia
2513.4 2513.3 2512.7 2508.5 2510.3
100,000 100,000
1.25
1.23+
f.dat
g.dat
rev qty
1
.002
312,753 305,628
234,565 229,221
147,725 144,360
145,775 142,454
78,152 76,372
234,565 229,221
78,188
76,407
2510.5
2510.5
2510.4
2510.4
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Record Pore Volumes, etc.

21. Go back to step 1
22. Repeat the steps for Mult_MBb.dat, Mult_MBc.dat, etc. until:
the nominal time-step size is acceptable,
the pore volumes are close enough, and
the fluid in-place-volumes are close enough.
23. Close enough means the customer, boss, etc. is satisfied.
Wisdom
Note:
Global use of VOLMOD is a convenient shortcut
It works because the water-oil contact below the reservoir,
and because the gas-oil contact is above the reservoir.
The rigorous way to deal with the small pore volumes
removed from the pinchout neighborhoods is to selectively
add the deleted PVs to the adjacent cells. This keeps the
deleted volumes as close as possible to their original locations.
2000
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REVIEW
7B. The in-place volumes are correct.
COMING UP
(Note the volumes.)
i.
PVCUTOFF.
ii.
VOLMOD.
8. Run IMEX
C. Save and exit.
2000
The warning means well 16-7 had been

drilled, but was not yet producing.
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1. Observe the initial average pressure.
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1. Observe the initial average pressure.
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icon.
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REVIEW
8A. The real IMEX run is done.
COMING UP
(Note the volumes.)
i.
PVCUTOFF.
ii.
VOLMOD.
8. Run IMEX
C. Save and exit.
2000
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1. Left mouse-down on Mult_MB.irf.

2. Drag Mult_MB.irf to the Results
3D icon.
2000
Put the review plots and maps here. 1 of ???
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REVIEW
8B. The IMEX results review is done.
2000
COMING UP
9. Predictions (another lesson.)
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DISCUSSION
Congratulations. Your first day at you new job was a big success.
You performed several functions.
Imported:
2000
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Set:
Corrected:
Analyzed:
Archived:
Map data.
PVT data.
Relative-permeability and capillary-pressures.
Production history.
Rock properties.
Well completions.
Well constraints.
Well completions.
The in-place volumes.
Data, warnings, and results.
Data and results.
Go ahead and congratulate yourself. You can now say that you have
created and ran a 6,400-cell black-oil model. This tutorial will help you
do it next time too.
You might even thank the boss for picking CMGs IMEX as the
companys preferred black-oil simulator.

CMG Tutorial PDF

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2000

See license agreement for limited user rights.

(Errors may exist. Use at your own risk.)

Created for Laine & Associates, Inc.

:\U_Guides \Sim \CMG \IMEX \Mult_Lat.ppt.

Laine & Associates, Inc.

Black-Oil Reservoir Simulation

Computer Modelling Group, Ltd

See license agreement for limited user rights.

(Errors may exist. Use at your own risk.)

Created for Laine & Associates, Inc.

:\U_Guides \Sim \CMG \IMEX \Mult_Lat.ppt.

Laine & Associates, Inc.

See license agreement for limited user rights.

(Errors may exist. Use at your own risk.)

Created for Laine & Associates, Inc.

:\U_Guides \Sim \CMG \IMEX \Mult_Lat.ppt.

Laine & Associates, Inc.

Laine & Associates, Inc. LICENSE AND WARRANTY NOTICE

See license agreement for limited user rights.

(Errors may exist. Use at your own risk.)

Created for Laine & Associates, Inc.

:\U_Guides \Sim \CMG \IMEX \Mult_Lat.ppt.

Laine & Associates, Inc.

Laine & Associates, Inc. LICENSE AND WARRANTY NOTICE, continued

See license agreement for limited user rights.

(Errors may exist. Use at your own risk.)

Created for Laine & Associates, Inc.

:\U_Guides \Sim \CMG \IMEX \Mult_Lat.ppt.

Laine & Associates, Inc.

The minimum prerequisites are:

See license agreement for limited user rights.

(Errors may exist. Use at your own risk.)

Created for Laine & Associates, Inc.

:\U_Guides \Sim \CMG \IMEX \Mult_Lat.ppt.

Laine & Associates, Inc.

See license agreement for limited user rights.

(Errors may exist. Use at your own risk.)

Created for Laine & Associates, Inc.

:\U_Guides \Sim \CMG \IMEX \Mult_Lat.ppt.

Laine & Associates, Inc.

See license agreement for limited user rights.

(Errors may exist. Use at your own risk.)

Created for Laine & Associates, Inc.

:\U_Guides \Sim \CMG \IMEX \Mult_Lat.ppt.

Laine & Associates, Inc.

See license agreement for limited user rights.

(Errors may exist. Use at your own risk.)

Created for Laine & Associates, Inc.

:\U_Guides \Sim \CMG \IMEX \Mult_Lat.ppt.

Laine & Associates, Inc.

SIMULATION INPUT-DATA SUMMARY

area, gross thickness, & net thickness.

ROCK and FLUID PROPERTIES

UPDATE the other versions Then Re-build this version

----- REALITY CHECK ----A newer IMEX version is now available.

Laine & Associates, Inc.

:\U_Guides \Sim \CMG \IMEX \Mult_Lat.ppt.

RESERVOIR DESCRIPTION (GRID)

FLUID (PVT) MODEL

ROCK and FLUID

WELLS and RECURRENT DATA

HISTORY MATCHING (versus time)