001-036_cengel_ch01.

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CHAPTER 1

PROBLEMS*
Introduction, Classification, and System
11C What is a fluid? How does it differ from a solid?
How does a gas differ from a liquid?
12C Define internal, external, and open-channel flows.
13C Define incompressible flow and incompressible fluid.
Must the flow of a compressible fluid necessarily be treated
as compressible?
14C Consider the flow of air over the wings of an aircraft.
Is this flow internal or external? How about the flow of gases
through a jet engine?
15C How is the Mach number of a flow defined? What
does a Mach number of 2 indicate?
16C Consider the flow of air at a Mach number of 0.12.
Should this flow be approximated as being incompressible?
17C What is the no-slip condition? What causes it?
18C What is forced flow? How does it differ from natural
flow? Is flow caused by winds forced or natural flow?
19C What is a boundary layer? What causes a boundary
layer to develop?
110C What is the difference between the classical and the
statistical approaches?
111C What is a steady-flow process?
112C Define stress, normal stress, shear stress, and pressure.
113C What are system, surroundings, and boundary?
114C When is a system a closed system, and when is it a
control volume?
115C You are trying to understand how a reciprocating air
compressor (a piston-cylinder device) works. What system
would you use? What type of system is this?
116C When analyzing the acceleration of gases as they
flow through a nozzle, what would you choose as your system? What type of system is this?

* Problems designated by a C are concept questions, and

students are encouraged to answer them all. Problems designated
by an E are in English units, and the SI users can ignore them.
Problems with the
icon are solved using EES, and complete
solutions together with parametric studies are included on the
enclosed DVD. Problems with the
icon are comprehensive in
nature and are intended to be solved with a computer, preferably
using the EES software that accompanies this text. Problems with
the
icon are solved using the FlowLab CFD program.

117
A small two-dimensional circular
cylinder is placed in a room with a large volume of (initially)
still air at 300.0 K. The cylinder is either heated or cooled.
(a) Describe what happens to the air when the cylinder is
heated (some sketches may be helpful). Classify this type
of flow is it natural or force convection? Is it an internal
or external flow? (b) Describe what happens to the air
when the cylinder is cooled. (c) Run FlowLab with the
template Convection_natural_temperature. Vary the cylinder
temperature from Tc = 290 K (cooled cylinder) to 310 K
(heated cylinder). For each case, compute and record
the maximum vertical air velocity Vmax. Observe the temperature contour plot for each case (Post-Contour-Activate).
Plot Vmax as a function of Tc. Discuss the relationship
between Vmax and Tc (is the relationship linear, quadratic,
etc.?).
118
A small two-dimensional circular cylinder is placed in a large wind tunnel with air at 300.0 K. The
cylinder is heated to a constant temperature of 302.5 K. (a)
Classify the type of flow for two extreme cases zero air
flow and fairly high speed air flow. Describe what happens as
air speed is increased. (b) Run FlowLab with the template
Convection_mixed_velocity. Vary air speed within the limits
of the software. For each case, generate and save a temperature contour plot (Post-Contour-Activate). Print out at least
three cases (zero speed, medium speed, and maximum available speed).
119
Consider the fully developed flow region
of steady, incompressible laminar flow in a circular (round)
pipe. (a) Classify this flow is it internal or external? Is it
1-D, 2-D, or 3-D? Explain. (b) Run FlowLab with the template Pipe_1d_Reynolds at Reynolds number Re = 1500.
Record the number of computational cells used in the CFD
solution, the pressure drop per unit length, the maximum
velocity, the average velocity, and the required CPU time.
Repeat with template Pipe_2d_Reynolds. Repeat with template Pipe_3d_Reynolds.
Compare and discuss the results from the three cases. In
particular, do the results differ significantly? What about the
number of cells and the CPU time? Is there any advantage to
the 2-D or 3-D simulation compared to the 1-D simulation
for this flow?
120
Consider the entrance region of steady,
incompressible laminar flow in a circular (round) pipe (the
flow is not fully developed). (a) Classify this flow is it
internal or external? Is it 1-D, 2-D, or 3-D? Explain. (b) Run
FlowLab with the template Pipe_2d_developing at Reynolds
number Re = 150. Record the number of computational cells
used in the CFD solution, the pressure drop from inlet to outlet, and the required CPU time. Repeat with template
Pipe_3d_developing. Compare and discuss the results from