KIN TRC MY TNH

ET4270

TS. Nguyn c Minh

[Adapted from Computer Organization and Design, 4th Edition, Patterson & Hennessy, 2008, MK]
[Adapted from Computer Architecture lecture slides, Mary Jane Irwin, 2008, PennState University]

T chc lp
S tn ch

3 (3-1-1-6)

Ging vin

TS. Nguyn c Minh

Vn phng

C9-401

Email

minhnd1@gmail,com

Website

https://sites.google.com/site/fethutca/home

Sch

Computer Org and Design, 3rd Ed., Patterson &Hennessy, 2007

Digital Design and Computer Architecture, David Money Harris

Th nghim

3 bi

Bi tp

Theo chng, bi v bi gii xem trn trang web

Gii thiu

HUST-FET, 17/01/2011

im s

Bi thi cui k

70%

Bi thi gia k

30%

Gii thiu

Bi tp

20%

Th nghim

10%

HUST-FET, 17/01/2011

Lch hc
Thi gian:
T 14h00 n 17h20
15 bui x 135 pht / 1 bui
Thay i lch (ngh, hc b) s c thng bo trn website
trc 2 ngy

Gii thiu

HUST-FET, 17/01/2011

Pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin

Major
Technology
Generations
CMOS
nMOS
pMOS

Bipolar
Vacuum
Tubes

Relays
[from Kurzweil]

Electromechanical

Gii thiu

HUST-FET, 17/01/2011

Bt u

EDSAC, University of Cambridge, UK, 1949

Gii thiu

HUST-FET, 17/01/2011

Ngy nay
Cameras
Media
Players

Smart
phones

Set-top boxes
Robots

Sensor Nets

Routers

Laptops

Supercomputers

Servers
Automobiles

Gii thiu

My tnh c mt khp mi ni
7

HUST-FET, 17/01/2011

ng dng
Phng tin giao thng
Khi my tnh tr nn r hn, nh hn v c hiu sut cao hn, n c
s dng trong t, xe my tng hiu sut s dng nhiu liu, gim
nhim, tng an ton.

in thoi di ng, thit b vin thng

Gip con ngi giao tip d bt k u.

Bn gen
My tnh tr nn r v mnh hn 10-100 ln so vi cch y 10 nm
cho php trang b cc my tnh phn tch v nh x bn gen
ngi.

WWW
Nh s ph bin ca my tnh, cc thit b mng, Internet tr thnh mi
trng lm th gii trn ngp thng tin (th gii thng tin).

B tm kim
Google tr thnh 1 ng t v 1 ch.

Gii thiu

HUST-FET, 17/01/2011

Cc loi my tnh
My tnh bn (eng, Desktop computers)
Mt ngi dng; Chy nhiu ng dng khc nhau; i km mn hnh,
bn phm v chut; Yu cu gi thnh r, hiu nng cao

My ch (eng, Servers)
Nhiu ngi dng ng thi; Chy cc ng dng ln; Truy cp qua
mng, Yu cu n nh v an ton cao.

Siu my tnh (eng, Supercomputers)

Chy cc ng dng khoa hc v cng ngh cao cp; Gm hng
trm/nghn b x l, b nh v b lu tr dung lng ln; Yu cu hiu
nng cao v c gi thnh cao.
My tnh nhng (eng, Embedded computers (processors))
My tnh nm bn trong mt thit b khc, chy 1 ng dng xc nh
trc.

Gii thiu

HUST-FET, 17/01/2011

Tng trng doanh s in thoi di ng

Tng trng in thoi di ng >> Tng trng my tnh bn

Gii thiu

10

HUST-FET, 17/01/2011

c im ca my tnh nhng
ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau
Yu cu hiu nng rt khc nhau
Yu cu hiu nng ti thiu v va . V d?
Yu cu kht khe v gi thnh. V d?
Yu cu kht khe v nng lng tiu th. V d?
t chp nhn hng hc. V d?

Gii thiu

11

HUST-FET, 17/01/2011

Mc tiu mn hc
Kin thc v h thng my tnh:
Giao din gia phn mm v phn cng
Qu trnh bin dch chng trnh phn mm
Cu to v hot ng ca phn cng my tnh
Phng php nh gi nh lng v hiu nng my
tnh
nh hng ca cc thnh phn ln hiu nng my
tnh
K s phn mm: tn dng u im ca phn cng v
la chn phn cng ti u
K s phn cng: nh hng ca phn cng ln phn
mm
Gii thiu

12

HUST-FET, 17/01/2011

KIN TRC MY TNH

Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh
[Adapted from Computer Organization and Design, 4 th Edition, Patterson & Hennessy, 2008, MK]
[Adapted from Computer Architecture lecture slides, Mary Jane Irwin, 2008, PennState University]

Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

Phn mm
Phn mm ng dng
Phn mm h thng
Phn
cng

Phn mm h thng
H iu hnh gim st, giao tip gia phn cng v phn mm ng
dng (nh Linux, MacOS, Windows)
iu khin cc hot ng vo ra c bn
Cp pht b nh
Cung cp s chia s c bo v gia cc ng dng

B bin dch chuyn i cc chng trnh ngn ng bc cao (nh

C, Java) thnh cc cu lnh phn cng c th thc hin

Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

14

HUST-FET, 17/01/2011

Trnh bin dch

High-level language program (in C)
swap (int v[], int k)
(int temp;
temp = v[k];
v[k] = v[k+1];
v[k+1] = temp;
)

one-to-many

C compiler

Assembly language program (for MIPS)

swap:

sll
add
lw
lw
sw
sw
jr

$2, $5, 2
$2, $4, $2
$15, 0($2)
$16, 4($2)
$16, 0($2)
$15, 4($2)
$31

one-to-one

assembler

Machine (object, binary) code (for MIPS)

000000 00000 00101 0001000010000000
000000 00100 00010 0001000000100000
, , ,

Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

15

HUST-FET, 17/01/2011

u im ca ngn ng bc cao
Ngn ng bc cao

Chng trnh c vit ngn ng t nhin v ph hp vi

tng ng dng (V d: Fotran, Lisp, Java)

Tng nng sut lp trnh vin m chng trnh d hiu, d

g li, d kim tra

Tng kh nng bo tr chng trnh

Chng trnh c lp vi phn cng s thc hin chng

trnh

Chng trnh c ti u ha cho tng loi phn cng nh

cc thut ton ti u trong trnh bin dch

t chng trnh cn c pht trin bng hp ng

Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

16

HUST-FET, 17/01/2011

Phn cng
Phn mm
ng dng

5 thnh phn ca h thng

my tnh:

Phn
cng

Phn
mm
h thng

ng d liu (eng,
datapath)
Khi iu khin
B nh
Khi vo
Khi ra

CPU =
ng d liu
+ khi iu khin

Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

17

HUST-FET, 17/01/2011

512KB L2

512KB L2

Core 1

Core 2

4 nhn, ngoi
th t

ng h: 1,9
GHz

Cng ngh
65nm

3 mc b m
(L1, L2, L3)

Tch hp b
iu khin cu
bc

Core 3

512KB L2

Northbridge
512KB L2

2MB shared L3 Cache

B x l a nhn AMDs Barcelona

Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

Core 4

18

HUST-FET, 17/01/2011

Kin trc vonNeumann

Memory
(ROM/RAM)

Central
Processing
Unit (CPU)

I/O
Devices

Bus d liu

PCI
PCIe
SCSI
USB

Bus iu khin

Bus a ch

B nh
Memory
DRAM
SRAM
ROM
EEPROM
Flash

B x l
trung tm
CPU

Phi ghp
vo/ra
(I/O)

Intel 80X86
Motorola 680X
PowerPC
ASIP

Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

19

Thit b
vo/ra
Mn hnh
My in
Bn phm
Con chut
cng
Sensor,
Actor

HUST-FET, 17/01/2011

Kin trc Havard

Bus d liu
Bus iu khin
Bus a ch

B x l
trung tm
CPU

B nh
d liu

Phi ghp
vo/ra
(I/O)

Thit b
vo/ra

Bus a ch
Bus iu khin
Bus d liu

B nh
lnh

Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

20

HUST-FET, 17/01/2011

Kin trc tp lnh (ISA)

Kin trc tp lnh (eng, Instruction Set Architecture - ISA), hay kin
trc: l giao din tru tng gia phn cng v cc phn mm
lp thp nht, bao gm tt c cc thng tin cn thit vit chng
trnh ngn ng my nh: cc ch th my, thanh ghi, bn b
nh, phng php vo ra,
Giao din nh phn ng dng (eng, Application Binary Interface
ABI) bao gm cc ch th my c bn ngi dng c th s dng
v cc hm h thng cp thp do h iu hnh cung cp.
Kt lun:
My tnh gm cc lp phn cp theo mc tru tng.
Kin trc tp lnh l mt lp then cht trong h thng my tnh.
Cc trin khai phn cng khc nhau tun theo cng chun v kin trc tp
lnh c th thc hin cng mt phn mm ging nhau.

Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

21

HUST-FET, 17/01/2011

Cu trc ni dung mn hc
Chng 2. Giao din gia phn mm v phn cng
Kin trc tp lnh
Biu din d liu
T chc v truy cp b nh
Lnh vo ra

Chng 3. Cu trc b x l
Thit k b x l trung tm
K thut ng ng

Chng 4. B nh
Phn cp v thit k b nh

Chng 5. Vo ra
Thit b, c ch vo ra
Cu trc bus
Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

22

HUST-FET, 17/01/2011

nh gi v so snh cc my tnh
Quyt nh mua my tnh
Trong s cc my tnh, my no c
hiu nng tt nht?
gi thnh r nht?
t l gi thnh/hiu nng tt nht?

La chn thit k my tnh

Trong cc la chn thit k, thit k no
cho ci tin tt nht v hiu nng?
gi thnh thp nht?
t l gi thnh/hiu nngtt nht?

Yu cu:
Cn c so snh
Thng s nh gi

Mc tiu: nm r s
nh hng ca cc nhn t trong kin trc my tnh ti hiu
nng ton h thng;
vai tr quan trng tng i v gi thnh ca cc nhn t ,
Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

23

HUST-FET, 17/01/2011

Hiu nng (eng. Performance)

Thi gian p ng (thi gian thc thi) l khong thi
gian gia thi im bt u thc hin v thi im hon
thnh mt nhim v
Quan trng i vi 1 ngi s dng yu cu h thng thc hin
1 nhim v

Thng lng (di thng) l tng s nhim v c th

c hon thnh trong 1 khong thi gian
Quan trng i vi ngi iu hnh trung tm d liu

Cn cc h o lng khc nhau cho hiu nng ca my

tnh cng nh cn 1 tp hp cc ng dng khc nhau
kim chun cc my tnh nhng, my tnh bn
(thng ch trng n thi gian p ng) v cc my
ch (thng ch trng n thng lng
Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

24

HUST-FET, 17/01/2011

V d 1.1 Ci tin hiu nng

nh hng ca b x l ln thi gian p ng v thng
lng
Nu ta thay i cu trc my tnh nh sau th thi gian
p ng v thng lng ca my tnh thay i th no?
Thay th b x l bng b x l nhanh hn
B xung 1 b x l thc hin cc nhim v tch bit (nh
trong h thng tm kim WWW)

Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

25

HUST-FET, 17/01/2011

nh ngha hiu nng (tc )

Hiu nng (tc ) ca my tnh X:

1
Performance x
Execution Time x
My tnh X nhanh hn my tnh Y, n ln:

Performance x ExecutionT ime y

n
Performance y ExecutionT ime x

ti a ha hiu nng, cn ti thiu ha thi gian thc

hin

Gim thi gian p ng thng s tng thng lng

Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

26

HUST-FET, 17/01/2011

V d 1.2 So snh hiu nng

Nu my tnh A thc hin 1 chng trnh mt 10s v
my tnh B chy cng chng trnh mt 15s, my
tnh A nhanh hn my tnh B bao nhiu ln?

Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

27

HUST-FET, 17/01/2011

o hiu nng o thi gian thc hin

C 3 loi thi gian dng tnh hiu nng
Thi gian p ng (thi gian ng h, thi gian tri
qua):
Tng thi gian hon thnh 1 nhim v
Bao gm: thi gian truy cp a, b nh, thi gian vo ra, thi
gian cho h iu hnh

Thi gian b x l (CPU time)

Thi gian CPU ngi dng
Thi gian CPU h thng

Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

28

HUST-FET, 17/01/2011

Cc yu t tnh hiu nng

Thi gian CPU thi gian b x l dng thc hin 1
nhim v
Khng bao gm thi gian ch vo/ra hay thi gian thc hin cc
chng trnh khc
Thi gian CPU cho 1 chng trnh, Tcpu c tnh t s chu k
ng h CPU thc hin chng trnh P v thi gian 1 chu k
ng h:

Tcpu C Tc or Tcpu C / f c
Hiu nng c th ci thin bng cch gim s chu k 1
xung ng h hoc gim s chu k cn thit thc
hin chng trnh

Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

29

HUST-FET, 17/01/2011

Xung nhp ng h
CPU hot ng ng b theo ng h

1 chu k
ng h Tc

10 nsec clock cycle => 100 MHz clock rate

5 nsec clock cycle => 200 MHz clock rate

2 nsec clock cycle => 500 MHz clock rate

1 nsec (10-9) clock cycle => 1 GHz (109) clock rate
500 psec clock cycle => 2 GHz clock rate

Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

30

HUST-FET, 17/01/2011

V d 1.3 Ci thin hiu nng

My tnh A vi xung ng h 2GHz thc hin 1
chng trnh ht 10 giy. thc hin chng
trnh trong 6 giy bng my tnh B, ta cn
tng tc xung ng h ca my B. Tuy nhin,
tng tc xung ng h cng lm tng s chu
k cn thit ln 1,2 ln. Xc nh tc xung
ng h my tnh B.

Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

S xung ng h
S xung ng h thc hin 1 chng trnh:

C I CPI

Trong :

I l s ch th my cn thc hin trong chng trnh

CPI (eng. Clock cycles per Instruction) l s xung ng h trung
bnh cn thc thi 1 ch th my,

CPI c th dng so snh cc my tnh khc nhau

cng trin khai 1 kin trc tp lnh.
V d: c 3 loi lnh A, B, C khc nhau trong 1 kin trc
tp lnh. Mi lnh trong tng loi c CPI tng ng:

CPI

A
1

Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

CPI for this instruction class

B
2
32

C
3

HUST-FET, 17/01/2011

V d 1.4 So snh da trn CPI

My tnh A v B cng trin khai 1 kin trc tp
lnh. My A c chu k ng h l 250ps, v CPI
hiu dng cho 1 chng trnh P l 2,0. My B c
chu k ng h l 500ps, v CPI hiu dng cho
cng 1 chng trnh P l 1,2. My tnh no
nhanh hn v nhanh hn bao nhiu?

Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

CPI hiu dng (trung bnh)

CPI hiu dng c tnh bng cch xt tt c cc lp
ch th c trong chng trnh v ly trung bnh vi trng
s l t l xut hin ca lp ch th trong chng trnh
n

CPI (CPI i ICi )

i 1

Trong :
ICi l t l (%) s ch th thuc lp i c thc thi
CPIi l s chu k (trung bnh) cn thc hin 1 ch th thuc
thuc lp i
N l s lp ch th

CPI hiu dng ph thuc vo t l ch th trong mt

chng trnh (tn sut ng ca cc ch th trong 1 hoc
nhiu chng trnh)
Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

Cng thc hiu nng

Cng thc hiu nng c bn:

Tcpu I CPI Tc

Tcpu

I CPI

fc

Cng thc trn phn tch 3 yu t nh hng n hiu

nng my tnh
Cho php o CPU c o bng cch chy chng
trnh:
Tc ng h c cho trc
S ch th I c o bng cch dng cng c profilers/m phng
s thc hin chng trnh m khng cn trin khai phn cng
CPI ph thuc vo loi ch th, trin khai phn cng chi tit

Cho php so snh 2 trin khai phn cng hoc nh gi

la chn gia 2 thit k
Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

35

HUST-FET, 17/01/2011

Cc yu t quyt nh hiu nng CPU

Tcpu I CPI Tc
I
Algorithm
Programming
language
Compiler
ISA
Core organization
Technology

Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

CPI

Tc

V d 1.5 So snh on m chng trnh

Ngi thit k mt my tnh trin khai kin trc tp lnh
gm 3 loi ch th A, B, C c CPI nh sau:
CPI

Vi 1 cu lnh ngn ng bc cao, ngi vit trnh bin

dch c th la chn 2 on ch th my gm c tn sut
cc loi ch th nh sau:
on m

on m no gm nhiu ch th hn? on m no
nhanh hn? Tnh CPI ca tng on m.
Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

37

HUST-FET, 17/01/2011

V d 1.6 Ci tin hiu nng

Cho mt my tnh thc hin 1 chng trnh gm 4 loi ch
th my c cc thng s v tn sut v CPI nh sau:
Op

ALU
Load
Store
Branch

Tn sut (ICi)
50%
20%
10%
20%

ICi x CPIi

CPIi

1
5
3
2
=

Nu ta c b m d liu lm gim thi gian np (Load)

xung 2 chu k, my tnh s nhanh ln bao nhiu ln?
Nu ta c khi d bo r nhnh cho php tit kim 1 chu
k khi r nhnh, hiu nng s th no?
Nu ta c 2 khi ALU thc hin 2 ch th ALU ng thi?
Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

Chng trnh o kim chun

Benchmarks l tp hp cc chng trnh to nn 1
workload c chn o hiu nng
SPEC (System Performance Evaluation Cooperative)
to ra 1 tp cc benchmark chun bt u t SPEC89.
Chun mi nht l SPEC CPU2006 gm 12 chng
trnh s nguyn (CINT2006) v 17 chng trnh s thc
(CFP2006)
www.spec.org
Ngoi ra, cn c cc tp cc workload o kim nng
lng (SPECpower_ssj2008), mail (SPECmail2008),
hay a phng tin (mediabench),

Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

Cc chng trnh o kim

Integer benchmarks

FP benchmarks

gzip

compression

wupwise

Quantum chromodynamics

vpr

FPGA place & route

swim

Shallow water model

gcc

GNU C compiler

mgrid

Multigrid solver in 3D fields

mcf

Combinatorial optimization

applu

Parabolic/elliptic pde

crafty

Chess program

mesa

3D graphics library

parser

Word processing program

galgel

Computational fluid dynamics

eon

Computer visualization

art

Image recognition (NN)

perlbmk

perl application

equake

Seismic wave propagation

simulation

gap

Group theory interpreter

facerec

Facial image recognition

vortex

Object oriented database

ammp

Computational chemistry

bzip2

compression

lucas

Primality testing

twolf

Circuit place & route

fma3d

Crash simulation fem

sixtrack

Nuclear physics accel

apsi

Pollutant distribution

Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

SPEC CINT2006 on Barcelona (Tc = 0,4 x 109)

Name

Ix109

CPI

ExTime

RefTime

SPEC ratio

perl

2 118

0,75

637

9 770

15,3

bzip2

2 389

0,85

817

9 650

11,8

gcc

1 050

1,72

724

8 050

11,1

mcf

336

10,00

1 345

9 120

6,8

go

1 658

1,09

721

10 490

14,6

hmmer

2 783

0,80

890

9 330

10,5

sjeng

2 176

0,96

837

12 100

14,5

libquantum

1 623

1,61

1 047

20 720

19,8

h264avc

3 102

0,80

993

22 130

22,3

omnetpp

587

2,94

690

6 250

9,1

astar

1 082

1,79

773

7 020

9,1

xalancbmk

1 058

2,70

1 143

6 900

6,0

Geometric Mean
Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

11,7

So snh v tng kt hiu nng

Tng kt hiu nng cho 1 tp tiu chun thnh
mt s duy nht:
Thi gian thc hin c chun ha thnh
SPECRatio (t s ln c ngha l nhanh hn)
Ly trung bnh nhn ca cc SPECRatio:

GM n

SPEC ratio
i 1

Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

Cc thng s hiu nng khc

Nng lng tiu th l mt thng s quan

trng, c bit vi th trng h nhng
(thi lng pin l quan trng vi h thng)

Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

Lut Amdahl
Khi thc hin ci tin mt c im ca h thng, tc
dng ca vic ci tin b gii hn bi c im c ci
tin
Tcpu sau khi ci tin =

Tcpu nh hng bi s ci tin

T l ci tin

+ Tcpu khng nh hng

Lut c bn tnh ton nh lng s ci tin

Khi ci tin, cn ch trng n cc trng hp thng
dng
t ra gii hn s lng b x l hot ng song song

Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

44

HUST-FET, 17/01/2011

V d 1.7 - Lut Amdahl

1 chng trnh thc hin bi 1 my tnh trong 100 giy.
Trong , 80 giy c dng thc hin php nhn.
Vy cn phi tng tc php nhn ln my ln c
th tng tc thc hin chng trnh ln 5 ln?
Tcpu sau khi ci tin =

Tcpu nh hng bi s ci tin

T l ci tin

+ Tcpu khng nh hng

Khng th ci tin tng tc c 5 ln

Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

45

HUST-FET, 17/01/2011

Kt lun chng
H thng my tnh c xy dng t phn cp cc lp tru
tng. Cc chi tit trin khai lp di b che khut khi lp trn.
Kin trc tp lnh lp giao tip gia phn cng v phn mm
mc thp l lp tru tng quan trng trong h thng my tnh.
Phn cng my tnh gm 5 thnh phn: ng d liu, khi iu
khin, b nh, khi vo, v khi ra. 5 thnh phn kt ni vi
nhau bng h thng bus theo m hnh vonNeumann hoc m hnh
Havard.
Phng php nh gi hiu nng mt h thng my tnh l dng
thi gian thc hin 1 chng trnh. Thi gian thc hin chng
trnh c tnh bng cng thc:

Tcpu I CPI Tc
Chng 1 Thnh phn c bn ca my tnh

46

HUST-FET, 17/01/2011