B GIO DC V O TO

CHNG TRNH CHUYN SU THPT CHUYN

MN: HA HC

H Ni, 12/2009

LP 10
I. MC CH:
Thng nht trn phm vi ton quc k hoch dy hc v ni dung dy hc mn Ho hc cho trng THPT
chuyn.
Thng nht trn phm vi ton quc ni dung bi dng hc sinh gii cp THPT
II. K HOCH DY HC:
Tng s tit: 150% s tit ca chng trnh nng cao, trong 50% dnh cho ni dung chuyn su
S TT

Ni dung

1
2

Nguyn t
Bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc v
nh lut tun hon
Lin kt ho hc
Phn ng ho hc
L thuyt v phn ng ho hc
Dung dch in ly
Nhm Halogen
Nhm Oxi
n tp u nm, cui nm, hc k
Kim tra
Tng

3
4
5
6
7
8

L
thuyt
12
9
12
5
7
12
10
10

Luyn Thc
tp
hnh
4
0
2
1
4
4
6
5
4
6

n tp

Kim tra

16
12

0
1
1
1
2
2
6

77

35

Tng

8
8

16
10
14
18
16
18
6
8
134

III. NI DUNG DY HC
n tp b sung, h thng ho kin thc ho hc trng THCS (2 tit)
CH
KIN
THC
C S
HO
HC
CHUNG

NI DUNG
1. Cc n v o lng v danh php ho hc
2. Nguyn t
2.1. Thnh phn nguyn t. Tnh cht sng ht ca vt cht
2.2. Ht nhn nguyn t (thnh phn, in tch, s khi, nguyn t khi, khi lng...)
2.3. Nguyn t ho hc. ng v. Nguyn t khi trung bnh.
2.4. S lc ho hc ht nhn
2.5. S chuyn ng ca electron trong nguyn t - Obitan nguyn t.
2.6. Nng lng ca electron trong nguyn t. Cu hnh electron trong nguyn t.
3. Bng tun hon v nh lut tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc
3.1. Bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc.
3.2. S bin i tun hon cu hnh electron nguyn t cc nguyn t ho hc
3.3. S bin i tun hon tnh cht cc nguyn t ho hc. nh lut tun hon.
3.4. ngha ca bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc.
4. Lin kt ho hc
4.1. Khi nim v lin kt ho hc. di lin kt. Nng lng lin kt. Momen lng
cc. Lc Van der Waals.
4.2. Mt s loi lin kt ho hc: lin kt ion, lin kt cng ho tr, lin kt cho nhn,
lin kt hidro. Phng php cp electron. m in v lin kt ho hc.
4.3. S lai ho cc obitan nguyn t v hnh dng ca phn t. S xen ph obitan to
thnh lin kt n, lin kt i v lin kt ba.
4.4. Lin kt kim loi.
4.5. Mng li tinh th phn t, nguyn t, ion.
5. Phn ng ho hc
5.1. Ho tr v s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t trong phn t
5.2. Phn ng oxi ho - kh. Phn loi phn ng oxi ho - kh.
3

GHI CH

5.3. Phn loi phn ng ho hc.

6. L thuyt v phn ng ho hc
6.1. Khi nim nhit trong ho hc.
6.2. Chiu v gii hn t din bin ca cc qu trnh
5.3. Cn bng ho hc v cc yu t nh hng. Hng s cn bng Kc.
6.4. Tc phn ng ho hc v cc yu t nh hng.
7. Dung dch S in ly
7.1. Khi nim v dung dch. S ho tan. tan.
7.2. nh lut Raoult 2. p sut thm thu.
7.3. S in ly. Cht in ly mnh, yu. in ly. Hng s in ly. nh lut bo ton
nng .
7.4. Tch s ion ca nc. Khi nim pH, ch th mu.
7.5. Thuyt axit baz ca Bronsted. Hng s axit baz. Cp axit baz lin hp.
Dung dch m. Tch s tan
7.6. Phn ng ca cc ion trong dung dch: phn ng axit baz, phn ng to hp cht
t tan, phn ng thu phn mui, phn ng oxiho - kh, phn ng to phc.
8. Nhm Halogen
HO
8.1. Khi qut v nhm halogen.
HC V 8.2. Clo. Cc hp cht c oxi v khng c oxi ca clo.
C
8.3. Cc halogen khc: Flo, Brom, Iot. Mt s hp cht c oxi v khng c oxi ca
brom, iot.
9. Nhm oxi (Cancogen)
9.1. Khi qut v nhm oxi.
9.2. Oxi - Ozon - Hiro peoxit.
9.3. Lu hunh.
9.4. Cc hp cht ca lu hunh: ihidro sunfua v mui sunfua
Lu hunh ioxit, lu hunh trioxit.
4

 Axit sunfuric v mui sunfat

S lc mt s axit c oxi khc ca lu hunh.
THC
HNH
HA
HC

N TP,
LUYN
TP

KIM
TRA

1. Mt s thao tc c bn trong thc hnh th nghim ho hc. Bng tun hon cc

nguyn t ho hc v nh lut tun hon.
2. Phn ng oxi ho- kh.
3. Tc phn ng v cn bng ho hc.
4. Dung dch in ly
5. Tnh cht ca halogen
6. Tnh cht cc hp cht ca halogen. Nhn bit ion Cl- Br-, I-.
7. Tnh cht ca oxi, lu hunh
8. Tnh cht cc hp cht ca lu hunh.
n tp u nm, hc k 1, cui nm
n luyn tp v cha bi tp.
1. Bi luyn tp 1, 2, 3, 4: Nguyn t
2. Bi luyn tp 5, 6 : Bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc v nh lut tun hon.
3. Bi luyn tp 7, 8, 9, 10: Lin kt ho hc.
4. Bi luyn tp 11, 12, 13, 14: Phn ng oxi ho- kh
5. Bi luyn tp 15, 16, 17, 18: L thuyt phn ng ho hc
6. Bi luyn tp 19, 20, 21, 22, 23: Dung dch in ly
5. Bi luyn tp 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29: Nhm Halogen.
6. Bi luyn tp 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35: Nhm Oxi.
- Kim tra 45 pht: 6 bi, mi hc k 3 bi
- Kim tra hc k I v cui nm: 2 bi

IV. CHUN KIN THC V K NNG

1. N V O LNG V DANH PHP TRONG HO V C
1)

Ni dung
n v o lng

2)

Danh php

Mc cn t

Ch

Kin thc
Bit:
- Cc n v o lng theo h SI v s lin h gia cc n v
K nng
- Bit s dng v chuyn cc loi n v
Kin thc
Bit:
- Cch gi tn cc n cht, nguyn t, hp cht c hai, ba nguyn t.
K nng
- Bit cch gi tn cc n cht, nguyn t, hp cht c hai, ba nguyn t
theo danh php IUPAC.

2. NGUYN T
Ni dung
1)

Thnh phn
nguyn t

Mc cn t
Kin thc
Hiu:
- Nguyn t gm ht nhn nm tm nguyn t mang in tch dng v v
electron ca nguyn t gm cc electron mang in tch m; chuyn ng
xung quanh ht nhn. Ht nhn gm cc ht proton v ntron.
Khi lng nguyn t tp trung ht nhn, khi lng cc electron l khng
ng k.
6

Ch

Bit:
- n v khi lng, Kch thc ca nguyn t; K hiu, khi lng v in
tch ca electron, proton v ntron.
- Tnh cht lng tnh sng ht ca vt cht.
K nng
- Quan st m hnh cc th nghim, rt ra nhn xt.
- So snh khi lng ca electron vi proton v ntron.
- So snh kch thc ca ht nhn vi electron v vi nguyn t.
- Tnh c khi lng v kch thc ca nguyn t.
2)

3)

Ht nhn nguyn
t

Kin thc

ng v

Kin thc
Bit c:
- Khi nim ng v, ng v bn, nguyn t khi trung bnh ca mt
nguyn t. Khi nim nguyn t ho hc
- Nguyn t khi tng i thng vit gn l nguyn t khi v khng c
th nguyn.
K nng
Gii c bi tp: tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca nguyn t c nhiu
ng v, tnh t l % khi lng mi ng v v mt s bi tp khc lin
quan.

Nguyn t khi
trung bnh.

Hiu:
- S lin quan gia in tch ht nhn, s p v s e, s khi v s n v in
tch ht nhn v ntron.
- Nguyn t khi v khi lng ht nhn nguyn t
K nng
- Xc nh c s electron, s proton, s ntron khi bit k hiu nguyn t
v s khi ca nguyn t v ngc li.

4)

5)

6)

S lc v ho
hc ht nhn

Kin thc
Bit c:
- ht khi. Nng lng lin kt ca ht nhn.
- Khi nim v hin tng phng x, h phng x, phng x, nh lut
bo ton s khi. nh lut bo ton proton, nh lut phn r phng x, chu
k phn r ca ng v phng x. ng dng ca ng v phng x.
- Khi nim v phn ng ht nhn
K nng
- Bit cch tnh ht khi v nng lng lin kt ht nhn
- Bit vit phng trnh phn r phng x v phn ng ht nhn da vo cc
nh lut
- Bit cch tnh cng phng x, thi gian phn r phng x (tui), lng
cht cn li sau khi phn r phng x, thi gian bn r v.v...
S chuyn ng
Kin thc
ca electron
Bit c:
trong nguyn t . - M hnh hin i v s chuyn ng ca electron trong nguyn t..
Obitan nguyn t Obitan nguyn t, hnh dng cc obitan nguyn t S, Px, Py, Pz.
- Khi nim lp , phn lp electron v s obitan trong mi lp v mi phn
lp. Cc s lng t, gi tr cc s lng t v ngha ca chng.
K nng
- Xc nh c th t cc lp electron trong nguyn t, s obitan trong
mi lp, mi phn lp.
- Xc nh c mi lin h gia electron, lp electron vi cc s lng t.
Nng lng ca
Kin thc
cc ellectron
Hiu c:
trong nguyn t. - Mc nng lng obitan trong nguyn t v trt t sp xp.
Cu hnh electron - Cc nguyn l v quy tc phn b electron trong nguyn t: Nguyn l
nguyn t .
vng bn, nguyn l Pauli, qui tc Hun.
8

- Cu hnh electron v cch vit cu hnh electron trong nguyn t.

- S phn b electron trn cc phn lp, lp v cu hnh electron nguyn t
ca 20 nguyn t u tin.
- c im ca lp electron ngoi cng.
K nng
- Vit c cu hnh electron di dng lng t ca mt s nguyn t
- Da vo cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t suy ra tnh cht
c bn ca nguyn t l kim loi, phi kim hay kh him.
3. BNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HO HC - NH LUT TUN HON
1)

2)

Ni dung
Mc cn t
Bng tun hon
Kin thc
cc nguyn t ho Hiu c:
hc
- Nguyn tc sp xp cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon.
- Cu to ca bng tun hon: , chu k, nhm nguyn t (nhm A, nhm B),
cc nguyn t h Lantan, h Actini.
- nguyn t gm: k hiu, tn nguyn t, s hiu nguyn t, nguyn t
khi, cu hnh electron, m in.
K nng
- T v tr trong bng tun hon ca nguyn t (, nhm, chu k) suy ra cu
hnh electron v ngc li.
S bin i tun Kin thc
hon cu hnh
Hiu c:
electron ca
- c im cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc nguyn t
nguyn t cc
nhm A.
nguyn t ho
- S bin i tun hon cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc
hc
nguyn t trong chu k.
- S bin i tun hon cu hnh electron nguyn t cc nguyn t chnh l
nguyn nhn ca s bin i tun hon v tnh cht cc nguyn t.
9

Ch

3)

S bin i tun
hon tnh cht
cc nguyn t ho
hc.

4)

S bin i tun
hon tnh kim
loi phi kim ca
nguyn t ho
hc.
nh lut tun
hon.

Bit - c im cu hnh electron ho tr ca nguyn t cc nguyn t

nhm B.
K nng
- Da vo cu hnh electron ca nguyn t nhm A, suy ra cu to nguyn
t, c im cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng.
- Da vo cu hnh electron, xc nh nguyn t s, p, d.
Kin thc
- Bit khi nim v quy lut bin i tun hon ca bn knh nguyn t,
nng lng ion ho, i lc electron, m in ca mt s nguyn t trong
mt chu k, trong nhm A.
K nng
- Da vo qui lut chung, suy on c s bin thin tnh cht c bn
trong chu k (nhm A) c th, th d s bin thin v: m in, bn knh
nguyn t, nng lng ion ho, i lc electron.
Kin thc
- Hiu c khi nim v quy lut bin i tnh kim loi, tnh phi kim trong
mt chu k, trong nhm A .
- Hiu c s bin i ho tr ca cc nguyn t vi hiro v ho tr cao
nht vi oxi ca cc nguyn t trong mt chu k.
- Bit s bin i tnh axit, baz ca cc oxit v hiroxit trong mt chu k,
trong mt nhm A.
- Hiu c ni dung nh lut tun hon.
K nng
Da vo qui lut chung, suy on c s bin thin tnh cht c bn trong
chu k ( nhm A) c th, th d s bin thin v:
- Ho tr cao nht ca nguyn t vi oxi v vi hiro.
- Tnh cht kim loi, phi kim.
Vit c cng thc ho hc v ch ra tnh axit, baz ca cc oxit v
hiroxit tng ng.
10

5)

ngha ca bng
tun hon cc
nguyn t ho
hc

Kin thc
Hiu c:
- Mi quan h gia v tr cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon vi cu to
nguyn t , gia v tr vi tnh cht c bn ca nguyn t .
- Mi quan h gia tnh cht ca mt nguyn t vi cc nguyn t ln cn
K nng
T v tr ( nguyn t) trong bng tun hon cc nguyn t, suy ra:
- Cu hnh electron nguyn t
- Tnh cht ho hc c bn ca n cht v hp cht nguyn t .
- So snh tnh kim loi, phi kim ca nguyn t vi cc nguyn t ln cn.

4. LIN KT HO HC
1)

2)

Ni dung
Khi nim lin
kt ho hc. Mt
s d kin v lin
kt.

Mt s loi lin
kt ho hc.
m in v lin
kt ho hc.

Mc cn t
Kin thc
Bit c:
- Khi nim lin kt ho hc, qui tc bt t.
- di lin kt. Nng lng lin kt. Lc Van der Waals. Momen lng
cc.
K nng
- Bit cch xc nh phn t c cc hay khng phn cc da vo di lin
kt, Nng lng lin kt. Lc Van der Waals. Momen lng cc.
Kin thc
Hiu c:
- S to thnh ion m (anion), ion dng (cation), ion n nguyn t, ion a
nguyn t, s to thnhlin kt ion.
- S hnh thnh lin kt cng ho tr, nh ngha lin kt cng ho tr.
Phng php cp electron
11

Ch

3)

4)

5)

- S hnh thnh lin kt cho nhn, S hnh thnh lin kt hidro

- Mi quan h gia m in vi mt s loi lin kt
K nng
- Vit c cu hnh electron ca ion n nguyn t c th.
- Xc nh ion n nguyn t, ion a nguyn t trong mt phn t cht c
th. Vit c cng thc electron, cng thc cu to ca mt s phn t c
th. D on c kiu lin kt ho hc c th c trong phn t gm 2
nguyn t khi bit hiu m in ca chng.
S lai ho obitan Kin thc
nguyn t v
Hiu c:
hnh dng ca
- S xen ph cc obitan nguyn t trong s to thnh phn t n cht ( H 2,
phn t.
Cl2), to thnh phn t hp cht ( HCl, CO2)
S xen ph cc
- S lai ho obitan nguyn t. sp, sp2, sp3 v dng hnh hc ca phn t
obitan.
- S xen ph trc, s xen ph bn cc obitan nguyn t, lin kt v lin
kt .
K nng
- V s hnh thnh lin kt v lin kt , lai ho sp, sp2, sp3.
- Xc nh c trng thi lai ho ca nguyn t v dng hnh hc ca phn
t.
Lin kt kim loi Kin thc
Bit:
- Khi nim lin kt kim loi.
- Mt s mng tinh th kim loi v tnh cht ca tinh th kim loi.Ly th d
c th.
Mng tinh th
Kin thc
nguyn t, mng Bit c:
tinh th phn t
- Khi nim tinh th nguyn t, tinh th phn t, tinh th ion, mng li tinh
v mng li tinh th ion.
12

th ion

- Tnh cht chung ca hp cht c tinh th nguyn t, tinh th phn t v hp

cht ion.
K nng
- Da vo cu to loi mng tinh th, d on tnh cht vt l ca cht.

5. PHN NG HO HC
1)

2)

Ni dung
Mc cn t
Ho tr. S oxi Kin thc
ho
Bit c:
- Khi nim in ho tr v cch xc nh in ho tr trong hp cht ion .
- Khi nim cng ha tr v xch xc cng ho tr trong hp cht cng ho
tr.
- Khi nim s oxi ho ca nguyn t. Nhng quy tc xc nh s oxi ho
ca nguyn t.
K nng
Xc nh c in ho tr, cng ha tr, s oxi ho ca nguyn t trong mt
s phn t n cht v hp cht c th.
Phn ng oxi
Kin thc
ho- kh
Hiu c:
- Phn ng oxi ho - kh l phn ng ho hc trong c s thay i s oxi
ho ca nguyn t.
- Cht oxi ho l cht nhn electron, cht kh l cht nhng electron. S
oxi ho l s nhng electron, s kh l s nhn electron.
13

Ch

3)

Phn loi phn

ng trong ho
hc v c.

Bit c: Cc bc lp phng trnh phn ng oxi ho - kh.

- ngha ca phn ng oxi ho - kh trong thc tin.
- Cch phn loi cc phn ng oxiho - kh: bnh thng, nh mi trng,
t oxiho - kh, oxiho - kh ni phn t, c nhiu nguyn t tham gia...
K nng
- Phn bit c cht oxi ha v cht kh, s oxi ho v s kh trong phn
ng oxi ho - kh c th.
- Lp c phng trnh phn ng oxi ho - kh da vo s oxi ho
- Thnh tho cn bng phng trnh phn ng oxiho - kh theo phng
php thng bng electron v phng php ion electron.
- Gii c bi ton c phng trnh phn ng oxiho - kh
Kin thc
Hiu c:
- Cc phn ng ho hc c chia thnh 2 loi: phn ng oxiho - kh v
khng phi l phn ng oxiho - kh.
K nng
- Xc nh c mt phn ng thuc loi phn ng oxiho - kh da vo s
thay i s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t.
- Gii c bi tp ho hc c lin quan

6. L THUYT V PHN NG HO HC
1)

Ni dung
Khi nim nhit
trong ho hc

Mc cn t
Kin thc
Bit c:
- Nhit phn ng l g? Phn ng to nhit, phn ng thu nhit? Nhit sinh
chun, nhit chy chun, nhit chuyn pha... ca mt cht.
- nh lut Hees v cc h qu.
- Cch tnh hiu ng nhit ca mt phn ng.
14

Ch

2)

3)

K nng
- Bit biu din phng trnh nhit ho hc c th.
- Tnh c nhit phn ng t mt trong hai loi d kin l: Nhit to thnh
v Nng lng lin kt.
Chiu v gii hn Kin thc
t din bin ca
Bit c:
cc qu trnh
- Cc khi nim bin thin entanpi H, bin thin entropi S v bin thin
th ng p (hay nng lng Gibls) G
- Cc biu thc biu din mi quan h gia cc i lng trn.
- iu kin qu trnh t xy ra l G < 0
K nng
- Gii c mt s bi tp xc nh chiu xy ra ca phn ng
Cn bng ho hc Kin thc
Hiu c:
- nh ngha phn ng thun nghch v nu th d .
- nh ngha v cn bng ho hc v i lng c trung l hng s cn
bng (biu thc v ngha) trong h ng th v h d th.
- nh ngha v s chuyn dch cn bng ho hc v cc yu t nh hng
- Ni dung nguyn l L sa- t- li v vn dng trong mi trng hp c th.
- Tiu chun v cn bng v t din bin ca qu trnh G0 = RT ln K
K nng
- Quan st th nghim rt ra c nhn xt v phn ng thun nghch v cn
bng ho hc.
- D on c chiu chuyn dch cn bng ho hc trong nhng iu kin c
th.
- Vn dng c cc yu t nh hng n cn bng ho hc xut
cch tng hiu sut phn ng trong trng hp c th.
15

4)

1)

- Gii c bi tp: Tnh hng s cn bng K nhit nht nh ca phn

ng thun nghch bit nng cc cht trng thi cn bng v ngc li;
bi tp khc c ni dung lin quan.
Tc phn ng Kin thc
ho hc
Bit c:
- nh ngha tc phn ng, tc trung bnh, biu thc tnh tc trung
bnh.
Hiu c:
- Cc yu t nh hng n tc phn ng: nng , p sut, nhit ,
din tch b mt cht rn v cht xc tc.
K nng
- Quan st th nghim c th, hin tng thc t v tc phn ng, rt ra
c nhn xt.
- Vn dng c cc yu t nh hng n tc phn ng lm tng
hoc gim tc ca mt s phn ng trong thc t i sng, sn xut theo
hng c li.
7. DUNG DCH S IN LY
Ni dung
Khi nim v
dung dch.

Mc cn t
Kin thc
Bit c:
- nh ngha dung dch, cc loi dung dch (lng, rn, keo, huyn ph, nh
tng, bo ho v.v...)
- S ho tan, c ch s ho tan. tan
- Cc loi nng dung dch
- nh lut Raoult 2. p sut thm thu.
K nng
- Tnh c tan ca cht tan v nng ca dung dch to ra bo ho
16

Ch

2)

S in ly

3)

Thuyt axit
baz

4)

Phn ng ca

hoc cha bo ho.

- Bit p dng cc nh lut gii bi tp
Kin thc
Hiu c:
- Khi nim v s in ly, c ch ca s in ly.
- Cht in ly mnh, yu. in ly. Hng s in ly. nh lut bo ton
nng .
- Tch s ion ca nc, ngha Tch s ion ca nc. pH v nh ngha
mi trng axit, mi trng trung tnh v mi trng kim.
- Cht ch th axit - baz : qu tm, phenolphtalein v giy ch th vn nng
K nng
- Vit c phng trnh in ly cc cht
- Xc nh in ly ca cc cht in ly yu. Xc nh c mi quan h
gia in ly, pH ca mt dung dch da vo hng s in ly
- S dng ch th mu trong phn tch dung dch
Kin thc
Bit c:
- Ni dung thuyt axit baz ca Bronsted. Hng s axit baz. Cp axit
baz lin hp.
- Khi nim v dung dch m.
- Khi nim v tch s ho tan, hng s to phc.
K nng
- Xc nh c cc axit, baz theo Bronsted
- Bit cch s dng hng s axit baz trong dung dch m
- Bit cch s dng tch s tan v hng s to phc trong cc phn ng to
cht kt ta v to phc cht
Kin thc
17

cc cht trong
dung dch

Bit c:
- Cc loi phn ng trong dung dch in ly: phn ng axit baz, phn ng
to cht t tan, phn ng thu phn mui, phn ng oxiho - kh, phn ng
to phc...
K nng
- Vit thnh tho cc phng trnh ho hc dng ion
- Biu din c cc cn bng cc loi trong dung dch in ly
- p dng thch hp cc loi hng s cho mi loi cn bng tnh ton c.
- Gii c cc bi tp lin quan

8. NHM HALOGEN
1)

Ni dung
Khi qut v
nhm halogen

Mc cn t
Kin thc
Hiu c:
- V tr nhm halogen trong bng tun hon.
- S bin i m in, bn knh nguyn t, nng lng ion ho th nht
v mt s tnh cht vt l ca cc nguyn t trong nhm.
- Cu hnh electron nguyn t v cu to phn t ca nhng nguyn t trong
nhm halogen. Tnh cht ho hc c bn ca cc nguyn t halogen l tnh
oxi ho mnh.
- S bin i tnh cht ha hc ca cc n cht trong nhm halogen.
K nng
- Vit c cu hnh lp electron ngoi cng dng lng t ca nguyn t
F, Cl, Br, I trng thi c bn v trng thi kch thch.
- D on c tnh cht ha hc c bn ca halogen l tnh oxi ha mnh
da vo
cu hnh lp electron ngoi cng v mt s tnh cht khc ca nguyn t.
- Vit c cc PTHH chng minh tnh cht oxi ho mnh ca cc nguyn
18

Ch

t halogen, quy lut bin i tnh cht ca cc nguyn t trong nhm.

- Gii c bi tp: Tnh % th tch hoc khi lng ca halogen hoc hp
cht ca chng trong hn hp; bi tp khc c ni dung lin quan.
2)

Clo

3)

Hiro clorua Axit clohiric

Kin thc
Bit c:
- Tnh cht vt l, trng thi t nhin, ng dng ca clo, phng php iu
ch clo trong phng th nghim v trong cng nghip.
Hiu c: Tnh cht ho hc c bn ca clo l tnh oxi ho mnh (tc dng
vi: kim loi, hiro, mui ca cc halogen khc, hp cht c tnh kh); clo
cn c tnh kh.
K nng
- D on, kim tra v kt lun c v tnh cht ha hc c bn ca clo.
- Quan st cc th nghim hoc hnh nh th nghim rt ra nhn xt v tnh
cht, iu ch clo.
- Vit cc PTHH minh ho tnh cht ho hc v iu ch clo.
- Gii c bi tp: Tnh khi lng nguyn liu cn thit iu ch th tch
kh clo ktc cn dng; cc bi tp khc c ni dung lin quan.
Kin thc
Bit c:
- Tnh cht vt l ca hiro clorua; hiro clorua tan rt nhiu trong nc to
thnh dung dch axit clohiric.
- Phng php iu ch axit clohiric trong phng th nghim v trong cng
nghip.
- Tnh cht vt l, ng dng ca mt s mui clorua, phn ng c trng ca
ion clorua.
Hiu c:
- Cu to phn t HCl.
19

4)

Hp cht c oxi
ca clo

5.

Flo, brom, iot.

- Dung dch HCl l mt axit mnh. HCl c tnh kh

K nng
- D on, kim tra d on, kt lun c v tnh cht ca axit HCl.
- Vit cc PTHH chng minh tnh cht ho hc ca axit HCl.
- Phn bit dung dch HCl v mui clorua vi dung dch axit v mui khc.
- Gii c mt s bi tp tng hp c ni dung lin quan n tnh cht, ng
dng v iu ch HCl.
Kin thc
Bit c:
- Cc oxit v cc axit c oxi ca clo, s bin i tnh bn, tnh axit v kh
nng oxi ho ca cc axit c oxi ca clo.
- Thnh phn ha hc, ng dng, nguyn tc sn xut mt s mui c oxi
ca clo.
Hiu c:
- Tnh oxiha mnh ca mt s hp cht c oxi ca clo (nc giaven, clorua
vi, mui clorat)
K nng
- Vit c cc PTHH minh ho tnh cht ha hc v iu ch nc Giaven,
clorua vi, mui clorat.
- S dng c hiu qu, an ton nc Gia-ven, clorua vi trong thc t.
- Gii c mt s bi tp ho hc c ni dung lin quan n tnh cht, ng
dng v iu ch.
Kin thc
Bit c:
- Tnh cht vt l, trng thi t nhin, ng dng, iu ch flo, brom, iot
- Thnh phn phn t, tn gi, tnh cht c bn, mt s ng dng, iu ch
mt s hp cht ca flo, brom, iot.
20

Hiu c:
- Tnh cht ho hc c bn ca flo, brom, iot l tnh oxi ho mnh v gim
dn t flo n clo, brom, iot; nguyn nhn tnh oxi ho gim dn t flo n
iot.
K nng
- D on, kim tra v kt lun c tnh cht ho hc c bn ca flo, brom,
iot.
- Quan st th nghim, hnh nh...rt ra c nhn xt v tnh cht ho hc.
- Vit c cc PTHH chng minh tnh cht ho hc ca flo, brom, iot v
tnh oxi ha gim dn t flo n iot.
- Gii c mt s bi tp ho hc c ni dung lin quan n tnh cht, ng
dng v iu ch.
9. NHM OXI
1)

Ni dung
Khi qut v
nhm oxi

Mc cn t
Kin thc
Hiu c:
- V tr nhm oxi trong bng tun hon.
- S bin i m in, bn knh nguyn t, nng lng ion ho v mt s
tnh cht vt l ca cc nguyn t trong nhm.
- Cu hnh lp electron ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc nguyn t nhm oxi
tng t nhau; cc nguyn t trong nhm (tr oxi) c nhiu s oxi ho khc
nhau.
- Tnh cht ho hc c bn ca cc nguyn t nhm oxi l tnh oxi ho. S
khc nhau gia oxi v cc nguyn t trong nhm. S bin i tnh cht ha
hc ca cc n cht trong nhm oxi.
- Tnh cht ca hp cht vi hiro, hiroxit.
21

Ch

2)

Oxi

3)

Ozon v
peoxit

K nng
- Vit c cu hnh lp electron ngoi cng dng lng t ca nguyn t
O, S, Se, Te trng thi c bn v trng thi kch thch.
- D on c tnh cht ha hc c bn ca nhm oxi l tnh oxi ha da vo
cu hnh lp electron ngoi cng v mt s tnh cht khc ca nguyn t.
- Vit c cc PTHH chng minh tnh cht oxi ho ca cc nguyn t
nhm oxi quy lut bin i tnh cht ca cc nguyn t trong nhm.
- Gii c mt s bi tp ho hc c ni dung lin quan n tnh cht n
cht v hp cht nhm oxi lu hunh.
Kin thc
Bit c:
- Tnh cht vt l, phng php iu ch oxi trong phng th nghim, trong
cng nghip, s to ra oxi trong t nhin.
Hiu c:
- Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng dng lng t ca oxi, cu to phn t
oxi.
- Tnh cht ho hc: Oxi c tnh oxiho rt mnh (oxiho c hu ht kim
loi, phi kim, nhiu hp cht v c v hu c), ng dng ca oxi
K nng
- D on tnh cht, kim tra, kt lun c v tnh cht ho hc ca oxi.
- Quan st th nghim, hnh nh...rt ra c nhn xt v tnh cht, iu
ch...
- Vit PTHH minh ho tnh cht v iu ch.
- Gii c mt s bi tp tng hp c ni dung lin quan .
hiro
Kin thc
Bit c:
22

4)

Lu hunh

- Ozon l dng th hnh ca oxi, iu kin to thnh ozon.

- Tnh cht vt l ca ozon. Ozon trong t nhin v ng dng ca ozon.
- Tnh cht vt l v ho hc, ng dng ca hiro peoxit.
Hiu c:
- Cu to phn t, tnh cht oxiho rt mnh ca ozon
- Cu to phn t, tnh cht oxiho v tnh kh ca hidro peoxit
K nng
- D on tnh cht, kim tra, kt lun c v tnh cht ho hc ca ozon,
hidro peoxit .
- Quan st th nghim, hnh nh...rt ra c nhn xt v tnh cht...
- Vit PTHH minh ho tnh cht ca ozon v hiro peoxit.
- Gii c mt s bi tp : Tnh % th tch kh ozon to thnh, khi lng
hidro peoxit tham gia phn ng, bi tp khc c ni dung lin quan.
Kin thc
Bit c:
- Hai dng th hnh ph bin (t phng, n t),.nh hng ca nhit i
vi cu to v tnh cht vt l ca lu hunh, ng dng v sn xut lu hunh .
Hiu c:
- V tr, cu hnh electron lp electron ngoi cng dng lng t ca
nguyn t lu hunh trng thi c bn v trng thi kch thch. Cc s oxi
ho ca lu hunh.
- Tnh cht ho hc: Lu hunh va c tnh oxi ho (tc dng vi kim loi,
hiro), va c tnh kh (tc dng vi oxi, cht oxi ho mnh).
K nng
- D on tnh cht, kim tra, kt lun c v tnh cht ho hc ca lu
hunh.
- Tin hnh th nghim hoc quan st th nghim, hnh nh... rt ra c
nhn xt v tnh cht ho hc ca lu hunh.
- Vit PTHH chng minh tnh oxi ho v tnh kh ca lu hunh.
23

5)

Hiro sunfua.
Axit sunfuhidric

6)

Lu hunh
ioxit- Lu
hunh trioxit.
Axit sunfuric-

- Gii c mt s bi tp : Tnh khi lng lu hunh tham gia phn ng

v sn phm tng ng; cc bi tp tng hp c ni dung lin quan
Kin thc
Bit c:
- Tnh cht vt l, trng thi t nhin v iu ch ca hiro sunfua.
- Tnh axit yu ca axit sunfuhidric
- Tnh cht cc mui sunfua.
Hiu c:
- Cu to phn t. tnh cht kh mnh ca hidro sunfua.
K nng
- D on, kim tra, kt lun c v tnh cht ho hc ca H2S.
- Vit PTHH minh ho tnh cht ca H2S.
- Phn bit H2S vi kh khc bit nh kh oxi, hiro, clo..
- Gii c bi tp: Tnh % th tch hoc khi lng kh H 2S trong hn hp
phn ng hoc sn phm; bi tp tng hp c ni dung lin quan.
Kin thc
Bit c:
- Cng thc cu to, tnh cht vt l, trng thi t nhin, tnh cht oxit axit,
ng dng, phng php iu ch SO2.
- Cng thc cu to, tnh cht vt l, ng dng v iu ch lu hunh trioxi,
axit sunfuric.
- Tnh cht ca mui sunfat, nhn bit ion sunfat.
Hiu c:
- Cu to phn t, tnh cht ho hc ca Lu hunh ioxit (va c tnh oxi
ho va c tnh kh).
- H2SO4 c tnh axit mnh (tc dng vi kim loi, baz, oxit baz v mui
ca axit yu FeS...).
- H2SO4 c, nng c tnh oxi ho mnh (oxi ho hu ht kim loi, nhiu phi
kim v hp cht).
24

K nng
- Quan st th nghim, hnh nh...rt ra c nhn xt v tnh cht, iu ch
lu hunh ioxit, axit sunfuric.
- Vit PTHH minh ho tnh cht v iu ch.
- Phn bit mui sunfat , axit sunfuric vi cc axit v mui
khc( CH3COOH, H2S ...)
- Gii c bi tp: Tnh nng hoc khi lng dung dch H2SO4 tham
gia hoc to thnh trong phn ng, khi lng H2SO4 to thnh theo hiu
sut; bi tp tng hp c ni dung lin quan.

25

8. THC HNH HO HC
1)

2)

Ni dung
Mt s thao tc
trong phng th
nghim.
S bin i tnh
cht ca nguyn
t trong chu k
v nhm.

Phn ng oxi ho
- kh

Mc cn t
Kin thc
- Bit c mc ch, cc bc tin hnh, k thut thc hin ca cc th
nghim:
- Rn mt s thao tc thc hnh th nghim: ly ho cht, trn ho cht, un
nng ho cht, s dng mt s dng c ho hc thng thng.
- S bin i tnh cht nguyn t trong nhm: phn ng gia Na, K vi
nc.
- S bin i tnh cht nguyn t trong chu k: phn ng gia Na, Mg vi
nc.
K nng
- S dng dng c v ho cht tin hnh an ton, thnh cng cc th nghim
trn.
- Quan st hin tng, gii thch v vit cc PTHH.
- Vit tng trnh th nghim.
Kin thc
Bit c mc ch, cc bc tin hnh, k thut thc hin ca cc th
nghim:
+ Phn ng gia mt s kim loi Fe, Cu vi H2SO4 long hoc c, nng
+ Phn ng gia kim loi Mg vi dung dch mui CuSO4.
+ Phn ng gia oxiho - kh gia kim loi vi oxit (Mg + CO 2) nhit
cao..
+ Phn ng oxi ho - kh trong mi trng axit (Cu + KNO3 + H2SO4).
K nng
- S dng dng c v ho cht tin hnh an ton, thnh cng cc th nghim
trn.
- Quan st hin tng, gii thch v vit cc PTHH.
26

- Vit tng trnh th nghim.

3)

4)

5)

Tnh cht ca cc Kin thc

halogen.
Bit c mc ch, cc bc tin hnh, k thut thc hin ca cc th
nghim:
+ iu ch axit clo, tnh ty mu ca clo m
+ So snh tnh oxiho ca clo vi brom v iot.
+ Tc dng ca iot vi h tinh bt.
K nng
- S dng dng c v ho cht tin hnh an ton, thnh cng cc th nghim
trn.
- Quan st hin tng, gii thch v vit cc PTHH.
- Vit tng trnh th nghim.
Tnh cht ca cc Kin thc
hp cht halogen Bit c mc ch, cc bc tin hnh, k thut thc hin ca cc th
nghim:
+ Tnh axit ca axit HCl
+ Tnh ty mu ca nc Giaven.
+ Bi tp thc nghim nhn bit cc dung dch NaCl, NaBr, NaI.
K nng
- S dng dng c v ho cht tin hnh an ton, thnh cng cc th nghim
trn.
- Quan st hin tng, gii thch v vit cc PTHH.
- Vit tng trnh th nghim.
Tnh cht ca oxi Kin thc
v lu hunh
Bit c mc ch, cc bc tin hnh, k thut thc hin ca cc th
nghim:
+ Tnh oxi ho ca oxi v lu hunh (tc dng ca H2 + CuO ; Fe + S).
27

6)

7)

+ Tnh kh ca lu hunh (tc dng ca S + O2)

+ S bin i trng thi ca lu hunh theo nhit .
K nng
- S dng dng c v ho cht tin hnh an ton, thnh cng cc th nghim
trn.
- Quan st hin tng, gii thch v vit cc PTHH.
- Vit tng trnh th nghim.
Tnh cht cc hp Kin thc
cht ca lu
Bit c mc ch, cc bc tin hnh, k thut thc hin ca cc th
hunh
nghim:
+ Tnh kh ca hidro sunfua (tc dng ca H2S + O2)
+ Tnh kh v tnh oxi ho ca lu hunh ioxit.
+ Tnh oxi ho v tnh ho nc ca H2SO4 c.
K nng
- S dng dng c v ho cht tin hnh an ton, thnh cng cc th nghim
trn.
- Quan st hin tng, gii thch v vit cc PTHH.
- Vit tng trnh th nghim.
Tc phn ng Kin thc
v cn bng ho
Bit c mc ch, cc bc tin hnh, k thut thc hin ca cc th
hc.
nghim:
+ nh hng ca nng n tc phn ng
+ nh hng ca nhit n tc phn ng
+ nh hng ca din tch b mt cht rn n tc phn ng
+ nh hng ca nhit n cn bng ho hc
K nng
- S dng dng c v ho cht tin hnh an ton, thnh cng cc th nghim
trn.
- Quan st hin tng, gii thch v vit cc PTHH.
28

- Vit tng trnh th nghim.

V. Gii thch v hng dn thc hin

Chng trnh chuyn su mn Ha hc lp 10 c xy dng da trn mt s c s sau y:
- Mc tiu gio dc ca loi hnh THPT chuyn ni chung v chuyn Ha hc ni ring.
- Ni dung dy hc mn Ha hc trng THPT chuyn nm 2001.
- Chng trnh mn Ha hc THPT nng cao.
1. K hoch dy hc
Ngoi ni dung dy theo chng trnh THPT nng cao, tng thi lng dnh cho ni dung Ha hc chuyn su lp 10 l
khong 43 tit c phn b c th theo ni dung cc ch thuc kin thc c s ha hc chung v ha hc v c, n
luyn tp v thc hnh.
2. Ni dung dy hc
Ngoi ni dung ha hc nng cao thao chng trnh THPT nng cao ha hc 10, ni dung dy hc chuyn su ha
hc10 gip pht trin nng lc nhn thc v t duy khoa hc Ha hc to iu kin cho HS tip tc i su v pht trin
hng th hc tp, nim say m nghin cu ha hc to iu kin HS tip tc theo hc chuyn ngnh Ha hc hoc
KHTN c lin quan.
Ni dung dy hc chuyn su to c s cho HS tham gia cc k thi HSG quc gia, quc t gp phn pht hin v bi
dng nhn ti Ha hc v cc ngnh khoa hc t nhin.
Ni dung dy hc Ha hc 10 chuyn su bao gm cc ni dung c lin quan sau y:
- Ha i cng gm mt s kin thc c s ha hc chung: Tnh cht sng ht ca vt cht, S lc ho hc ht
nhn, Khi nim v lin kt ho hc. di lin kt. Nng lng lin kt. Momen lng cc. Lc Van der Waals. lin
kt hidro. Phng php cp electron, Chiu v gii hn t din bin ca cc qu trnh.
Mt s loi lin kt ho hc: lin kt ion, lin kt cng ho tr, lin kt cho nhn, lin kt hidro. Phng php cp
electron.
Ngoi ra c b sung thm ni dung v dung dch v s in ly Ha hc 11 gm:
- Khi nim v dung dch. S ho tan. tan.
- nh lut Raoult 2. p sut thm thu.
29

- S in ly. Cht in ly mnh, yu. in ly. Hng s in ly. nh lut bo ton nng .
- Tch s ion ca nc. Khi nim pH, ch th mu.
- Thuyt axit baz ca Bronsted. Hng s axit baz. Cp axit baz lin hp. Dung dch m. Tch s tan
- Phn ng ca cc ion trong dung dch: phn ng axit baz, phn ng to hp cht t tan, phn ng thu phn mui,
phn ng oxiho - kh, phn ng to phc.
- Ha v c : Cc ni dung chuyn su v hp cht ca cc halogen, oxi, lu hunh, th d: S lc mt s axit c
oxi khc ca lu hunh.
ng thi tng cng ni dung n, luyn tp gii bi tp v thc hnh th nghim.
3. Phng php v phng tin dy hc
Phng php dy hc cn pht huy cao tnh tch cc, ch ng c lp, sng to ca HS trong vic t hc, t c ti
liu tham kho, tm tt ni dung v lm cc bi tp ha hc chuyn su.
T chc cc hot ng c nhn v nhm gii quyt mt s vn l thuyt, thc hnh, thc tin c lin quan n ha
hc.
S dng cc phng tin dy hc c th ca b mn Ha hc v phng tin dy hc hin i gip HS khm ph vn
dng kin thc mt cch thng minh, sng to.
Ch bi dng phng php thu thp thng tin v x l thng tin mt cch linh hot, sng to.
4. nh gi kt qu hc tp ca hc sinh.
Tng cng nh gi k nng thc hnh th nghim ha hc c bn v nng cao theo chng trnh chuyn su.
Ch trng nh gi nng lc khm ph, vn dng kin thc, rn luyn k nng ha hc mt cch c lp, sng to
gii quyt vn c m phng trong bi tp ha hc, mt s vn hc tp ha hc c lin quan n thc tin sn
xut v i sng.
VI. Ti liu tham kho
1. o Hu Vinh - Nguyn Duy i - Ti liu gio khoa chuyn Ha hc 10. Tp 2. NXBGD H ni 2005.
2. Nguyn Duy A- o Hu Vinh. Ti liu gio khoa chuyn Ha hc THPT. Bi tp Ha hc i cng v v c.
NXBGD H ni 2003.
3. Nguyn Tinh Dung. Gio trnh Ha hc phn tch 1: Cn bng ion trong dung dch. NXB HSP H ni 2005.
4. Nguyn Hnh - C s l thuyt ha hc. NXB Gio dc H ni 1997.
30

5. Nguyn Duy i, Nguyn Tinh Dung, Trn Thnh Hu, Trn Quc Sn, Nguyn Vn Tng... Mt s vn chn lc
ca Ha hc. Tp 1,2,3. NXB Gio dc H ni 2005.
6. Hong Nhm- Ha hc v c. Tp 1,2, 3. NXB Gio dc H ni 2005.

31

LP 11
I. Mc ch
Thng nht trn phm vi ton quc:
- K hoch dy hc v ni dung dy hc mn Ha hc cho trng THPT chuyn.
- Ni dung bi dng hc sinh gii cp THPT.
II. K hoch dy hc: Tng s tit chuyn su: 53 tit
S Ni dung
L thuyt Luyn tp Thc
TT
hnh
1
n tp v b tc kin thc v dung
2
1
1
dch: Cn bng ion trong dung dch
2
Nhm nit
5
1
1
3
Nhm cacbon
3
1
4
i cng Ha hc hu c
4
1
5
Hirocacbon no
3
1
1
6
Hirocacbon khng no
3
1
7
Hirocacbon thm. Ngun
2
1
hirocacbon t thin nhin.
8
Dn xut halogen
2
1
1
9
Ancol- Phenol
2
1
10 Anehit- Xeton
2
1
1
11 Axit cacboxylic
3
1
12 n tp u nm, cui nm, hc k
13 Kim tra
Tng s tit
31
11
5
III. Ni dung dy hc
32

n tp

Kim tra

Tng s
tit
4
7
4
6
4
5
4

3
3

3
3

3
3
3
4
3
3
53

- Thi lng: 87 tit theo ni dung chng trnh THPT Ha hc nng cao lp 11.
- Thi lng 53 tit cn li thc hin cc ni dung chuyn su theo hng dn di y:
Ch
Ni dung chuyn su
1. n tp
v b tc
kin thc
v dung
dch: Cn
bng ion
trong dung
dch

1.1. Cn bng trong dung dch axit - baz

- Axit mnh, baz mnh. n axit, n baz yu.
- a axit, a baz. Cc hp cht lng tnh. Dung dch phc hiroxo ca cc ion kim loi.
- Dung dch m, tnh cht, cch pha ch.
- S lc l thuyt v chun axit- baz.
1.2.Cn bng to phc trong dung dch.
- Phc cht trong dung dch. Cn bng v tnh cht ca cc phc cht.
- Cc yu t nh hng n s to phc: lng thuc th d, pH.
- Gii thiu mt s phc cht thng gp.
1.3.Cc phn ng oxi ha- kh
- Cp oxi ha- kh v cht oxi ha- kh lin hp. Gii thch nh tnh v nh lng chiu
phn ng oxi ha- kh.
- Cn bng phng trnh phn ng oxi ha- kh theo phng php ion- electron.
1.4 Cn bng trong dung dch cha hp cht t tan
- tan v tch s tan. Tnh tan v tch s tan trong cc trng hp n gin.
- Cc yu t nh hng n tan ca cc hp cht t tan.
+ nh hng ca lng d thuc th.
+ nh hng ca pH.
+ nh hng ca cht to phc.
- iu kin xut hin kt ta.
- iu kin kt ta hon ton v cc yu t nh hng.
- S kt ta phn on.
- Chn thuc th ha tan cc kt ta kh tan.

33

Ghi ch
C
cp
hng s
cn
bng v
th ng
p ,
ng
nhit
chun
v c
vn
dng
trong
cc
trng
hp c
th.

2. Nhm
nitphotpho.
Hp cht
ca nit v
photpho

3. Nhm
cacbonsilic. Mt
s hp
cht ca
cacbon

2.1. Amoniac
Tnh cht to phc. Gii thiu mt s phc cht ca NH3 vi cc ion kim loi.
2. 2 Mt s oxit thng gp ca nit
Cu to phn t, tnh cht ha hc, cch iu ch.
2.3. Mui amoni
Phn ng axit yu ca mui amoni.
2.4. Axit nitr v mui nitrit
Cu to phn t. Tnh cht vt l. S phn hy bi nhit ca cc axit nitr v cc mui
nitrit. Tnh oxi ha- kh ca axit nitr.
2.5. Axit nitric v mui nitrat
Tnh cht oxi ha mnh ca axit nitric v mui nitrat. Nc cng thy.
2.6. Mt s hp cht khc c nhiu ng dng ca nit
Hirazin, hiroxylamin, mt s nitrua kim loi: Khi nim azit, s lc v cu to phn
t, tnh cht v ng dng.
2.7. Mt s hp cht khc c nhiu ng dng ca photpho
Photpho oxit, photpho halogenua, photphin, axit cha oxi( axit photphor,
hipophotphor): S lc v cu to phn t, tnh cht v ng dng.
3.1. Cac bua kim loi
S lc v cu to phn t, tnh cht v ng dng.
3.2. Hiro xianua
S lc v cu to phn t, tnh cht v ng dng.
3.3. Axit xianic, axit thioxianic v cc mui
S lc v cu to phn t, tnh cht v ng dng.

4. i cng v ho 4.1. Cc loi danh php hu c quan trng

34

hc hu c

5. Hirocacbon no

Khi nim v danh php na h thng, danh php trao i, danh php cng v
danh php tr.
4.2. Cc loi cng thc lp th
Cng thc lp th kiu" nt lin- ng cho" (sawhorse representation), cng
thc Niumen ( Newman), cng thc Fis (Fischer).
4.3. Cc loi hiu ng electron
Khi nim ( c minh ha) v quy lut v hiu ng cm ng v hiu ng lin
hp.
Khi nim ( c minh ha) v hiu ng siu lin hp.
4.4. Cc kiu phn ct lin kt cng ho tr. Cacbocation, cacbanion v
gc t do
Kiu phn ct d li to thnh cacbanion.
Khi nim, cu trc hnh hc, cu trc electron v bn tng i ca tng
loi tiu phn: Cacbocation, cacbanion v gc t do.
4.5. Khi nim c ch phn ng
Khi nim v minh ha v c ch phn ng. Phn loi s b c ch phn ng
( phn ng theo c ch gc t do, phn ng electrophin v phn ng
nucleophin).
5.1. Danh php ankan, ankyl, xicloankan
Danh php ankan v ankyl c mch phn nhnh. p dng quy tc" im khc
nhau u tin". Danh php xicloankan loi hai vng kiu spiro v kiu bixiclo.
5.2. Cu dng
Cu dng mt s ng ng trn ca etan: cc dng bn v dng khng bn,
cch biu din cu dng.
Hnh dng ca cc vng no t 3 cnh n 6 cnh. Xiclohexan: khi nim v
dng gh v dng thuyn, lin kt bin v lin kt trc.
5.3. Quan h gia cu to v mt s tnh cht vt l
Nhit si v nhit nng chy: Quy lut trong dy hirocacbon no, lin
h n cc dn xut ca ankan.
35

Khi nim
v ngha.

Vn dng
hiu ng
electron.

Khng
kho st
dn xut
th.

Tnh tan: Quy lut chung, vn dng vo dy hirocacbon no, lin h n cc

dn xut ca ankan.
5.4. C ch phn ng SR v s lin quan gia kh nng phn ng vi cu
to phn t
Quy lut th SR cc ng ng ca metan. Kh nng phn ng tng i v
cch tnh gn ng t l % sn phm ng phn.
6. Hirocacbon
khng no

7. Hirocacbon
thm v ngun
hirocacbon t
thin nhin

6.1. Cch gi tn hirocacbon khng no v gc khng no

Tn ca hirocacbon c 2 lin kt kp v tn ca cc gc khng no khng
phc tp.
6.2. ng phn hnh hc
Khi qut chung v iu kin xut hin ng phn hnh hc. Danh php cu
hnh: cis/trans v Z/E; khi nim v danh php syn/anti. So snh tnh cht ( t 0s,
t0nc, mo men lng cc...) gia hai ng phn hnh hc.
6.3. C ch cng electrophin v kh nng phn ng
Vn dng c ch AE v hiu ng electron, so snh kh nng phn ng gia
anken v ankin, gia etilen v ng ng.
6.4. C ch cng hiro v kh nng phn ng
C ch phn ng. So snh kh nng phn ng gia anken v ankin, gia etilen
v ng ng...
6.5. Phn ng oxi ho lin kt kp v phng php xc nh v tr ca lin
kt kp
Oxi ha gi nguyn mch cacbon; oxi ha ct mch cacbon; phng php xc
nh v tr lin kt kp da trn sn phm oxi ha ct mch.
7. 1. Cch gi tn aren v aryl
ng ng ca benzen v aren ngng t. Cc aryl tng ng.
7. 2. c im cu trc ca vng thm
36

C cp
quy tc CIP
v hn
cp.

u tin
phn ng
ozon phn.
Gii hn
aren ngng
t:
naphtalen,

8. Dn xut
halogen ca
hirocacbon

9. Ancol - Phenol

cp quy tc Huckel, cc h khc benzen nh ion tropili, d vng 5-6

cnh,v.v...

antraxen,
phenantren.

7.3. C ch th electrophin SE, quy tc th v nh hng ca cu to n

kh nng phn ng
C ch chung v c ch ca mt vi loi phn ng c th. M rng quy tc
th.
7.4. Ch bin du m bng phng php ho hc
Crackinh nhit v crackinh xc tc( bn cht, c ch phn ng),
hirocrackinh, rifominh( iu kin phn ng v 5 loi phn ng c bn).
8.1. Khi nim m u v nguyn t cacbon bt i v ng phn quang
hc
Khi nim v nguyn t cacbon bt i xng, t dn ti khi nim v tnh
khng trng vt - nh( chirality). ng phn quang hc trong trng hp phn
t ch c mt cacbon bt i xng.
8.2. C ch phn ng th nucleophin
Cc c ch SN2, SN1. Quan h gia cu to v kh nng phn ng.
8.3. C ch phn ng tch nucleophin
Cc c ch E2, E1. Quy tc v hng ca phn ng tch.
8.4. Phn ng to thnh hp cht c magie v ng dng trong tng hp
hu c
Phn ng to thnh v chuyn ha hp cht c magie.
9.1. Lin kt hiro v nh hng ti tnh cht ca hp cht hu c
Bn cht, phn loi v iu kin hnh thnh. nh hng n mt s tnh cht
( nhit si, nhit nng chy, tnh tan, bn...)
9.2. Tnh axit ca ancol, phenol v nh hng ca cu trc
Vn dng cc hiu ng electron so snh v gii thch.
9.3. C ch mt s phn ng ca ancol v phenol
Cc phn ng SN2, SN1, E2, E1 ca ancol. Phn ng SE ca phenol.

Ch c d
vng thm.

37

Vn dng
v pht
trin cc
kin thc
hc
trc .

9.4. Khi nim v ete v epoxit

Khi nim, danh php, tnh cht ha hc v ng dng.
9.5. Cc phn ng c trng ca poliol c 2 nhm OH lin k
To phc vi Cu(OH)2, vi H3BO3 v oxi ha bi HIO4.
Xt
glixerol c
lin h
etylen
glycol.
10. Anehit - Xeton 10.1. Danh php anehit
Anehit mch h cha 3 nhm anehit v cc anehit mch vng.
10.2. c im cu trc ca nhm cacbonyl trong phn t anehit v
xeton
c im hnh hc v cu trc electron. S lin quan gia c im cu trc
vi phn ng ca nhm C=O v ca gc hirocacbon.
10.3. Phn ng cng nucleophin
C ch, kh nng phn ng v ng dng trong tng hp hu c.
10. 4. Phng php ha hc nhn bit anehit xeton v mt s chc
khc
Nhn bit anehit xeton. Nhn bit ancol, phenol, dn xut halogen, anken,...
10.5. Khi nim v 1,3- ixeton v quinon
1,3-ixeton: Cch gi tn, tnh linh ng ca H v cn bng xeto-enol; s
to phc vi ion kim loi( nh Cu2+).
Quinon: Khi nim quinon v nhm quinoit; c tnh ha hc.
11. Axit cacboxylic 11.1. Cch gi tn axit v gc axyl
Tn ca axit cha nhiu nhm cacboxyl ni vi cacbon mch h v tn ca
axit cha nhiu nhm cacboxyl ni vi cacbon mch vng. Tn ca gc axyl.
11.2. Tnh cht axit v hiu ng cu trc
38

Cc axit no: Nguyn nhn tnh axit. Hiu ng cm ng ca nhm th gc

hirocacbon.
Cc axit khng no: nh hng ca lin kt kp; nh hng ca cu hnh
cis/trans.
Cc axit thm: nh hng ca cc nhm th trong vng.
11.3. Phn ng to thnh cc dn xut ca axit
Este, clorua axit, anhirit axit, amit.
11.4. Phn ng kh nhm cacboxyl v phn ng ecacboxyl ha
Phn ng kh nhm cacboxyl thnh ancol bc 1.
Phn ng ecacboxyl ha thnh hirocacbon v thnh xeton.
11.5. S lc v hiroxi axit
Khi nim, ng phn, danh php. Phn ng ca tng nhm chc ring r v
phn ng ca c hai nhm chc.
11.6. ng phn quang hc trong trng hp phn t c hai cacbon bt
i xng
ng phn quang hc v danh php cu hnh. Phn t c hai C* khc nhau v
phn t c hai C* ging nhau.

39

Trng tm
l este.

C suy ra
trng hp
c n C*
khc nhau.

Thc hnh Ha hc
Bi
Ni dung
1 Tnh cht axit baz ca mt s
cht.
Chun axit
-baz.
Cn bng to phc
trong dung dch.

Mc cn t

Ghi ch
Kin thc
Thi
Bit c mc ch, cc bc tin hnh, k thut thc hin ca cc th nghim gian 60
xc nh pH ca mt s axit, baz, mui, xc nh nng axit baz bng pht.
phng php chun .
+ Xc nh pH ca mt s dung dch ring bit c cng nng 0,01 M nh cc
axit HCl, CH3COOH; cc baz NaOH, NH3; cc mui CH3COONa, NH4Cl.
+ Chun axit baz dng ch th l qu tm, phenolphtalein, metylda cam
+ S to thnh phc cht [Cu(NH3)4]2+ v s phn hy phc cht [Cu(NH3)4]2+
bng axit.
+ S to thnh kt ta AgCl t dung dch AgNO 3 v dung dch HCl. Ha tan kt
ta AgCl bng dung dch NH3.
K nng
- Quan st mu sc ca giy ch th, xc nh c pH.
- Gii thch, vit PTHH v rt ra nhn xt so snh tnh axit- baz ca cc dung
dch cng loi trn.
- Thc hin cc thao tc th nghim : S dng ng ht nh git ly ha cht, nh
thuc th vo dung dch, thao tc chun dung dch, ...
- Quan st hin tng, m t hin tng to kt ta, hin tng ha tan kt ta,
gii thch hin tng to kt ta, ha tan kt ta, s thay i mu ca cht ch
th... v vit cc PTHH.
- Vit tng trnh th nghim.

40

2.

Tnh cht ca mt
s hp cht ca
nit ( NO2, HNO3).
Tnh cht ca
photpho v mt s
hp cht ca
photpho.
Tnh cht ca mt
s hp cht v vt
liu cha cacbon,
silic.

Kin thc
Thi
- Bit c mc ch, cc bc tin hnh, k thut thc hin ca cc th nghim: gian 60
+ Phn ng ca kh NO2 lm mt mu thuc tm v dung dch nc brom
pht.
+ Phn ng ca axit HNO3 vi mt s n cht v hp cht c tnh kh.
+ Phn ng to thnh P2O5 v tc dng ca P2O5 vi dung dch kim.
+ Phn ng ca mui photphat vi dung dch axit, nhn bit ion photphat trong
dung dch.
+ Phn ng ca natri silicat (thu tinh lng) vi axit.
+ Phn ng ca CO2 vi cc dung dch: kim, aluminat, hn hp bt nh v
nc.
K nng
- S dng dng c v ho cht tin hnh an ton, thnh cng cc th nghim
trn.
- Quan st hin tng, gii thch v vit cc PTHH.
- Vit tng trnh th nghim.

41

Mt s thao tc
th nghim ho hc
hu c.
Tnh cht vt l
ca mt s ankan,
olime no, tnh cht
ho hc ca metan.
Tnh cht ca mt
s hirocacbon
thm

Kin thc
Bit c mc ch, cc bc tin hnh cc th nghim:
+ Lm quen vi ni quy, quy nh v an ton th nghim ho hu c, mt s
dng c thu tinh, mt s my mc n gin; Chng ct thng, kt tinh cht
rn.
+ Th tnh cht vt l ca mt s ankan: kh nng tan ca xng, du ho, ... trong
nc v trong hexan.
+ Phn ng ca metan vi clo cc iu kin thch hp.
+ Th tnh cht chuyn t trng thi rn sang trng thi lng ca mt s polime
no (polietilen: PE cc loi, polipropilen: PP....)
+ Th tnh cht ca polime khng no nh cao su t nhin.
+ Th tnh tan v kh nng ho tan ca toluen v du ho trong nc v trong
hexan.
+ Phn ng chy ca toluen. Th tnh tan v tnh thng hoa ca naphtalen.
K nng
- S dng dng c v ho cht tin hnh an ton, thnh cng cc th nghim
trn.
- Quan st hin tng, gii thch v vit cc PTHH.
- Vit tng trnh th nghim.
Th nghim v dn Kin thc
xut halogen,
Bit c mc ch, cc bc tin hnh, k thut thc hin ca cc th nghim:
ancol v phenol
+ Phn ng ioofom t etanol.
+ Chng ct ru t ru 15 thu c cc loi ru v cn c nng
xc nh.
+ Phn ng ca ancol vi natri.
+ Phn ng ca ancol cc bc vi thuc th Lucas.
+ Th phn ng ca phenol vi dung dch kim, ca CO 2 vi dung dch
phenolat.
K nng
42

Thi
gian 60
pht.

Thi
gian 60
pht.

- S dng dng c v ho cht tin hnh an ton, thnh cng cc th nghim

trn.
- Quan st hin tng, gii thch v vit cc PTHH.
- Vit tng trnh th nghim.

Nghin cu tnh
cht ho hc ca
anehit - xeton,
axit cacboxylic

Kin thc
Bit c mc ch, cc bc tin hnh, k thut thc hin ca cc th nghim:
+ Phn ng oxi ho fomanehit bng thuc th Felinh.
+ Phn ng iodofom ca axeton. Phn ng ca axeton vi 2,4initrophenylhirazin.
+ Phn ng ca axit axetic vi ancol etylic.
+ Th tnh khng no ca axit oleic.
+ Phn ng iu ch CH3COOH t CH3COONa.
K nng
- S dng dng c v ho cht tin hnh an ton, thnh cng cc th nghim
trn.
- Quan st hin tng, gii thch v vit cc PTHH.
- Vit tng trnh th nghim.
Thc hnh t chn Kin thc
v Ho hc v c Bit c mc ch, cc bc tin hnh, k thut thc hin ca cc th nghim:
Xc nh hm lng bc, ng trong hp kim hn rng (amangam bc hay c
th thay bng hn hp 4 kim loi) bng phng php trng lng.
K nng
- S dng dng c v ho cht tin hnh an ton, thnh cng cc th nghim
43

Thi
gian 60
pht.

Thi
gian 90
pht

trn.
Ha tan hon ton a gam hp kim cha 4 kim loi l Ag, Cu, Sn v Zn trong
dung dch HNO3 long.
To kt ta v tch AgCl v dung dch Y. Chuyn AgCl thnh Ag v xc nh
khi lng Ag.
To kt ta dung dch Y, tch ly Cu(OH) 2 kt ta. Chuyn Cu(OH)2 thnh CuO.
Chuyn CuO thnh Cu v xc nh khi lng Cu trong hp kim.
Tnh phn trm khi lng %Ag, %Cu trong a gam hp kim.
- Quan st hin tng, gii thch v vit cc PTHH.
- Vit tng trnh th nghim.
7

Thc hnh t chn Kin thc

Thi
v Ho hc Hu Bit c mc ch, cc bc tin hnh, k thut thc hin ca cc th nghim:
gian 90
c
Xc nh hm lng axit axetylsalixylic (CH3COOC6H4COOH ) c trong thuc pht
aspirin (vin) bng phng php thu phn trong kim v chun ngc vi
dung dch chun l HCl hay dung dch H2SO4 v cht ch th phenolphtalein.
K nng
- S dng dng c v ho cht tin hnh an ton, thnh cng cc th nghim trn
v tnh c phn trm khi lng axit axetylsalixylic.
- Quan st hin tng, gii thch v vit cc PTHH.
- Vit tng trnh th nghim.

Thc hnh t chn Kin thc

Thi
v tng hp hu Bit c mc ch, cc bc tin hnh, k thut thc hin ca cc th nghim:
gian 90
c 2 giai on
Thc hin phn ng tng hp etylbenzoat qua 2 giai on:
pht
+ Giai on1: iu ch axit benzoic bng phn ng oxi ho toluen vi KMnO 4
nng.
+ Giai on 2: iu ch etylbenzoat bng phn ng este ho.
44

K nng
- S dng dng c v ho cht tin hnh an ton, thnh cng cc th nghim trn
v chng minh c sn phm l etylbenzoat.
- Quan st hin tng, gii thch v vit cc PTHH.
- Vit tng trnh th nghim.

IV. Gii thch v hng dn thc hin

Chng trnh chuyn su mn Ha hc lp 11 c xy dng da trn mt s c s sau y:
- Mc tiu gio dc ca loi hnh THPT chuyn ni chung v chuyn Ha hc ni ring.
- Ni dung dy hc mn Ha hc trng THPT chuyn nm 2001.
- Hng dn ni dung dy hc chuyn su Ha hc lp 10.
- Chng trnh mn Ha hc THPT nng cao.
1. K hoch dy hc
Ngoi ni dung dy theo chng trnh THPT nng cao, tng thi lng dnh cho ni dung Ha hc chuyn su lp 11 l
53 tit c phn b c th theo ni dung cc ch thuc kin thc c s ha hc chung, ha hcv cv ha hc hu
c.
45

2. Ni dung dy hc
Ni dung dy hc chuyn su 11 gip pht trin nng lc nhn thc v t duy khoa hc Ha hc to iu kin cho HS
tip tc i su v pht trin hng th hc tp, nim say m nghin cu ha hc tip tc theo hc chuyn ngnh Ha hc
hoc KHTN c lin quan.
Ni dung dy hc to c s cho HS tham gia cc k thi HSG quc gia, quc t gp phn pht hin v bi dng nhn ti
Ha hc v cc ngnh khoa hc t nhin.
Ni dung dy hc Ha hc 11 chuyn su bao gm cc ni dung c lin quan sau y:
- Ha i cng: Cn bng ion trong dung dch.
- Ha v c : Cc ni dung chuyn su v hp cht ca nit, photpho, cacbon, silic.
- Ha hc hu c: Cc ni dung chuyn su v: i cng ha hc hu c, hirocacbon v dn xut hirocacbon
( dn xut halogen, ancol, phenol, anehit, xeton, axit cacboxylic).
3. Phng php v phng tin dy hc
Phng php dy hc cn pht huy cao tnh tch cc, ch ng c lp, sng to ca HS trong vic t hc, t c ti
liu tham kho, tm tt ni dung v lm cc bi tp ha hc chuyn su.
T chc cc hot ng c nhn v nhm gii quyt mt s vn l thuyt, thc hnh, thc tin c lin quan n ha
hc.
S dng cc phng tin dy hc c th ca b mn Ha hc v phng tin dy hc hin i gip HS khm ph vn
dng kin thc mt cch thng minh, sng to.
Ch bi dng phng php thu thp thng tin v x l thng tin mt cch linh hot, sng to.
46

4. nh gi kt qu hc tp ca hc sinh.
Ch nh gi k nng thc hnh th nghim ha hc c bn v nng cao theo chng trnh chuyn su.
Ch nh gi nng lc khm ph, vn dng kin thc, rn luyn k nng ha hc mt cch c lp, sng to gii
quyt vn c m phng trong bi tp ha hc, mt s vn hc tp ha hc c lin quan n thc tin sn xut
v i sng.

47

48

Ti liu tham kho

1. o Hu Vinh - Nguyn Duy i - Ti liu gio khoa chuyn Ha hc 10. Tp 2. NXBGD H ni 2005.
2. Nguyn Duy A- o Hu Vinh. Ti liu gio khoa chuyn Ha hc THPT. Bi tp Ha hc i cng v v c.
NXBGD H ni 2003.
3. Trn Quc Sn. Ti liu gio khoa chuyn Ha hc 11-12. Tp 1- Ha hc hu c. NXBGD H ni 2008.
4. Nguyn Tinh Dung. Gio trnh Ha hc phn tch 1: Cn bng ion trong dung dch. NXB HSP H ni 2005.
5. Trn Quc Sn, ng Vn Liu. Gio trnh c s Ha hc hu c. Tp 1,2. NXB HSP H ni 2007.
6. Nguyn Hnh - C s l thuyt ha hc. NXB Gio dc H ni 1997.
7. Nguyn Duy i, Nguyn Tinh Dung, Trn Thnh Hu, Trn Quc Sn, Nguyn Vn Tng... Mt s vn chn lc
ca Ha hc. Tp 1,2,3. NXB Gio dc H ni 2005.
8. Hong Nhm- Ha hc v c. Tp 1,2, 3. NXB Gio dc H ni 2005.
9. Trn Quc Sn, Trn Th Tu. Danh php hp cht hu c. NXB Gio dc H ni 2008.
10. L Th Anh o, ng Vn Liu. Thc hnh ha hc hu c. NXB HSP H ni 2007.
11. Trn Quc Sn. Mt s phn ng ca hp cht hu c. NXB Gio dc H ni 2006.

49

LP 12
I. Mc ch
- Thng nht trn phm vi ton quc k hoch dy hc v ni dung dy hc mn Ha hc cho hc sinh chuyn
Ha hc cc trng THPT chuyn.
- Thng nht trn phm vi ton quc ni dung bi dng hc sinh gii cp THPT mn Ha hc.
II. K hoch dy hc:
Tng s tit: 150% s tit ca chng trnh nng cao, trong 50% l dnh cho ni dung chuyn su. Ty theo
iu kin tng trng ca a phng c th b tr thi gian trong hc k 1 v hc k 2 cho ph hp.
Bng 1. KHDH Ha hc 12 nng cao
2,5 tit x 35 tun = 87 tit
S
TT

Ni dung

1 Este - Lipit
2 Cacbohirat
3 Amin- Amino axit Protein
4 Polime v vt liu Polime
5 i cng Kim loi

L thuyt

Luyn tp

4
6
7

1
2
1

4
9

1
2
50

Thc hnh n tp u
nm, cui
nm, hc k
0
1
1
0
2

Kim tra

Tng

5
9
9
5
13

6 Kim loi Kim - Kim

th - Nhm
7 Crom, st, ng.
8 Phn bit mt s cht
v c. Chun dung
dch.
9 Ho hc v vn kinh
t x hi mi trng
n tp u nm, cui nm,
hc k
Kim tra
Tng

12

10
5

2
1

1
2

13
8

3
4

56

12

6
87

L thuyt

Luyn tp

Thc hnh

Kim tra

Tng

11
5

2
1

1
1

15
7

9
5
30

2
1
6

1
1
4

13
7
42

Bng 2. KHDH Ho hc 12 chuyn su: 42 tit

S
Chuyn
TT
1 Mt s vn v Ha hc hu c
2
3

i cng v Kim loi

Mt s vn v kim loi s, p v kim
loi chuyn tip d.
Mt s vn v Ha hc phn tch
Tng

51

III. Ni dung dy hc
3.1 Cu trc ni dung dy hc
+ Ni dung nng cao: c quy nh trong chng trnh nng cao mn Ha hc lp 12, ban hnh km theo Quyt
nh s 16/2006/Q-BGDT ngy 05 thng 5 nm 2006 ca B trng B Gio dc v o to.
Bng 3. Ni dung chng trnh Ha hc 12 nng cao
S TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Ni dung
Este Lipit
Cacbohirat
Amin- Amino axit Protein
Polime v vt liu Polime
i cng Kim loi
Kim loi Kim - Kim th - Nhm
Crom, st, ng.
Phn bit mt s cht v c. Chun dung dch.
Ho hc v vn kinh t x hi mi trng

52

3.2 Ni dung chuyn su

Ni dung chuyn su Ha hc 12 c trnh by theo cc chuyn
Bng 4. Ni dung chuyn su Ha hc 12
S TT

Chuyn

Mt s vn v Ha hc hu c

i cng v Kim loi

Mt s vn v Kim loi s, p v Kim loi chuyn tip d.

Mt s vn v Ha hc phn tch

53

CHUYN 1: MT S VN V HO HC HU C
Tng s tit : 14 tit (11 LTh + 2 LT + 1 TH)

54

TT

Ni dung
Dn xut ca axit cacboxylic Lipit
1.1. Cc phn ng thu phn v
kh nhm chc ca este v
cc dn xut khc ca axit
cacboxylic.
1.2.Mt s ng dng ca este
trong tng hp hu c.
1.3.Khi nim v cc ch s ho
hc ca cht bo.

Mc cn t
Kin thc:
Hiu c khi nim v cc dn xut ca axit cacboxylic, s
ging nhau v s khc nhau gia chng v phn ng thu phn v
v phn ng kh.
Bit c cc phn ng: tng hp malonic, ngng t Claisen,
ng vng icman, tng hp ancol bc ba t hp cht c magie.
Hiu c khi nim v cc ch s axit, x phng ho, este, iot.
K nng:
Vit c cng thc cu to v cc phn ng thu phn, kh cc
dn xut n chc v a chc ng nht ca axit.
Gii c cc bi tp tng hp hu c nhiu giai on, m
khng qu phc tp, c s dng ring r cc phn ng tng hp
malonic, Claisen, icman hoc tng hp c magie.
Gii c cc bi tp lin quan n cc ch s ho hc ca cht
bo.
Kin thc:
Hiu c khi nim ng phn lp th dng mch h v dng
mch vng ca monosaccarit.
Bit c nguyn tc tng hp tng mch Kiliani v tng hp
gim mch Ruff.
K nng:
Tnh c s ng phn lp th ca monosaccarit.
Vit c cng thc cu trc ca pentoz v hexoz dng
mch h v dng vng.
Gii c bi tp khng phc tp, c s dng phn ng Kiliani
v phn ng Ruff
55

Ghi ch

Tu tng
a phng,
c th b bt
ngng t
Claisen v
ng vng
icman.

CHUYN II: I CNG V KIM LOI

Tng s tit : 7 (5 LTh + 1 LT + 1 TH)

56

TT Ni dung

Mc cn t
Ghi ch
Kin thc:
Bit c s tn ti v phn b nguyn liu sn xut kim loi
trn th gii (tch hp vi cc kin thc a l).
Hiu c khi nim giu, ngho ca qung.
Hiu c mt s qu trnh lm giu, tuyn qung v tc ng
mi trng chng hn ch to boxit v x l bn .
Hiu c iu kin nhit ng hc v ng hc ca iu ch
v sn xut mt s kim loi quan trng.
K nng:
Vit c cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra khi ch bin
qung v sn xut kim loi.
Gii c cc bi tp iu ch kim loi qua nhiu bc tch.
Gii c cc bi tp tnh ton lng cht trong cc qu trnh
iu ch v sn xut kim loi

Kin thc:
Hiu c mi quan h gia th in cc v nng cc ion
trong dung dch, in cc loi 1 v loi 2, in cc chun.
Bit c s ph thuc ca sut in ng pin vo nng ,
pin chun dng o sut in ng ca pin.
57

58

CHUYN III: MT S VN V KIM LOI s, p V KIM LOI d

Tng s tit: 12 tit ( 9 LTh + 2 LT + 1TH)

59

TT Ni dung
1. Kim loi kim, kim th, nhm
v mt s hp cht quan trng
1.1. Tnh cht ca cc n cht
1.2. Tnh cht ca cc hp cht

Mc cn t

Ghi ch

Kin thc:
Hiu c:
S khc nhau v tnh kh ca cc n cht kim loi kim,
kim th v nhm: Phn ng vi mt s oxit kim loi, oxit phi
kim, mui clorua.
S to thnh cc hp cht ca kim loi kim: Hirua, peoxit
v supeoxit, nitrua, photphua, amiua v tnh cht c bn ca
chng.
- S bin i tnh cht axit-baz ca mt s oxit v hiroxit.
K nng:
So snh v cu to nguyn t, nng lng ion ha, th in
cc chun, tnh kh ca cc n cht kim loi kim, kim th
v nhm. So snh tnh axit-baz ca oxit v hiroxit.
D on v kim chng tnh cht ca hirua, peoxit v
supeoxit, nitrua, photphua, amiua, mt s mui sunfat Vit
cc PTHH.
Gii mt s bi tp phc hp c ni dung gn vi thc tin,
lin quan n vic vn dng tnh cht ca n cht v hp cht
ca kim loi s, p mt cch linh hot, sng to: Tinh ch kim
loi, s dng kim loi, nhn bit kim loi, kh cht thi c ion
kim loi chng nhim mi trng...
60

Ch cho
HS vn dng
mi lin h
gia cu to,
tnh cht,
phng php
iu ch v
ng dng
thc tin.

CHUYN IV: MT S VN V HA HC PHN TCH

Tng s tit: 7 tit (5 LTh + 1 LT + 1 TH)
Ni dung
Phn tch v c

Mc cn t

Kin thc:
Bit nguyn tc phn loi cc nhm cation theo phng
1.1. Tch v nhn bit mt s cation,
php axit-baz.
anion trong hn hp v trong
Hiu c:
dung dch ring bit.
Cch tch tng nhm cation t dung dch hn hp theo
1.2. Tch v phn bit mt s cht
thuc th nhm.
kh.
Cch tin hnh nhn bit mt s cation trong dung dch
ring bit v trong hn hp bng cc phn ng c trng.
1.3. Phn tch 1 mui rn nguyn
Cch nhn bit mt s anion (NO3-; CH3COO-, CO32-, SO32-,
cht v nhn bit ha cht mt nhn.
SO42-, S2-, CN-, Cl-, Br-, I-, AsO43-...) trong dung dch ring
1.
bit cng nh cch tch v nhn bit cc anion trong hn
hp
Cch tch v phn bit mt s kh (CO2, SO2, Cl2, NO2,
H2S, NH3, O2, H2, HCl, CO) bng cc phn ng c trng.
Nguyn tc phn tch 1 mui rn nguyn cht v cch nhn
bit ha cht mt nhn.
K nng:
Lp c s tch v nhn bit cc cht;
Chn thuc th thch hp tch v nhn bit cc cht,
da vo cc du hiu c trng.
61

Ghi ch

 Vit c cc phng trnh phn ng ha hc minh ha

cho phn ng nhn bit.
2. Phn tch hu c (nhn bit hp Kin thc:
cht hu c)
Bit c im cu to ca tng loi hirocacbon v nhm
2.1. Nhn bit mt s hirocacbon
chc phn bit chng.
thuc cc loi khc nhau.
2.2. Nhn bit mt s dn xut quan Hiu c:
trng ca hirocacbon.
S khc nhau v cu to dn n tnh cht ha hc khc
nhau ca tng loi nhm chc.
Cch nhn bit c tng loi nhm chc bng cc phn
ng ha hc c trng.
K nng:
Xy dng c quy trnh tch v nhn bit.
T hin tng th nghim, rt ra nhn xt v gii thch
hin tng.
Chn thuc th thch hp nhn bit cc loi nhm chc,
da vo cc du hiu c trng.
Phn bit v nhn bit c cc loi nhm chc bng
phn ng ha hc.
THC HNH HA HC
62

TT Ni dung
Mc cn t
Tnh cht ca mt s cht hu
Kin thc:
c.
Hiu c mi quan h gia cu to phn t, tnh tan
1.1.S thu phn ca cht bo hoc
v cc hin tng bin i khi xy ra phn ng ha
tinh bt hoc xenluloz bng kim
hc.
1 hay axit.
Hiu c kh nng phn ng ca cht bo hoc tinh
1.2. Xc nh ch s axit ca cht
bt hoc xenluloz vi kim hay axit.
bo; phn ng ca glucoz vi
Bit cc phn ng l c s cho vic xc nh ch s axit
thuc th Tolen, Felinh v nc
ca cht bo; phn ng ca glucoz vi thuc th
brom.
Tolen, thuc th Felinh v nc brom.
1.3. Mt s phn ng mu ca
Hiu c hin tng khi xy ra phn ng biure,
amino axit v protein.
ninhirin, xantoproteinic.
K nng:
Quan st hin tng xy ra khi tin hnh th nghim.
Gii thch, vit c cc PTHH v rt ra nhn xt. Vit
tng trnh th nghim.
S dng c cc dng c th nghim nh ng nh
git, un ng nghim c ha cht chy c.
S dng cc dung dch kim, axit, nc brom an ton.

63

Ghi ch
1 tit

C th ch
chn mt s
ni dung k
trn cho ph
hp iu kin
tng trng.

2 Tnh cht ca mt s kim loi v hp kim

Kin thc:

2.1. Phn bit niken, tn trng thic (thp trng), Hiu c cc phn ng ha hc lm c
km v tn trng km,
s phn bit :
+ niken v tn trng thic (thp trng),
+ km v tn trng km,

1 tit

Ty theo iu kin
c th ca trng
+ nhm v km bng dung dch kim,
m la chn cc
NH3.
th nghim ph
2.2. Phn bit hp kim ca ng, ca vng - bc - Nu cch phn bit c ng thau vi hp.
ng.
ng .
2.3. Phn ng ca cc kim loi: niken, thic, km, Nu cch phn bit c vng, bc v
nhm
hp kim vng - bc - ng bng mu sc
v bng phn ng ho hc.
2.4. Phn ng ca cc hp kim ng, vng bc- ng vi cc dung dch axit, kim.

K nng:
64
Rn k nng quan st mu sc ca kim

IV. Gii thch v hng dn thc hin

Chng trnh chuyn su mn Ha hc lp 12 c xy dng da trn cc c s sau y:
- Mc tiu gio dc ca loi hnh THPT chuyn ni chung v chuyn Ha hc ni ring.
- Ni dung dy hc mn Ha hc trng THPT chuyn nm 2001.
- Hng dn ni dung dy hc chuyn su Ha hc lp 10, 11.
- Chng trnh mn Ha hc THPT nng cao lp 12.
1. K hoch dy hc
- Ngoi ni dung dy hc theo chng trnh THPT nng cao, tng thi lng dnh cho ni dung ha hc chuyn su lp
12 l 42 tit c phn b c th theo ni dung cc chuyn thuc Ha hc hu c, Ha hc i cng - v c, Ha
hc phn tch v Thc hnh ha hc.
- Ty iu kin c th tng trng v trnh hc sinh c th thay i th t cng nh kt hp ni dung nng cao vi
ni dung chuyn su cho ph hp.
2. Ni dung dy hc
Bng 4. Ni dung chng trnh chuyn su Ha hc 12
Ni dung chuyn Ha hc 12
Ni dung nng cao
Ni dung chuyn su
Este - Lipit
Dn xut ca axit cacboxylic Lipit
Cacbohirat
Cacbohirat
Amin - Amino axit - Protein Amin, mui arendiazoni, d vng cha nit.
Amino axit, peptit
65

Ghi ch
Chuyn chuyn su
Chuyn 1.
Mt s vn v Ha hu c

Polime v vt liu Polime

i cng Kim loi

i cng v polime
Sn xut kim loi.
Ho hc v dng in.
Mt s vn v cc hp cht phc
Kim loi Kim - Kim th - Kim loi kim, kim th, nhm v mt s hp cht
Nhm
quan trng
Crom, st, ng.
Kim loi Pb, Sn v mt s hp cht quan trng.
S lc v mt s kim loi Mt s kim loi chuyn tip
quan trng
Phn bit mt s cht
Phn tch v c
v c. Chun dung dch. Phn tch hu c
Ho hc v vn
KTXH&MT
Thc hnh
Thc hnh

Chuyn 2. i cng kim

loi.
Chuyn 3.
Mt s vn v kim loi s,p
v kim loi chuyn tip d

Chuyn 4.
Mt s vn v phn tch ha
hc

Ni dung dy hc chuyn su Ha hc 12 gip pht trin nng lc nhn thc v t duy khoa hc to iu kin cho
HS th hin nng lc v Ha hc v pht trin hng th hc tp, nim say m nghin cu ha hc, tip tc theo hc
chuyn ngnh Ha hc v Khoa hc khc c lin quan.
Ni dung dy hc to c s cho HS tham gia cc k thi HSG quc gia, quc t , pht hin v bi dng nhn ti.
Ni dung dy hc Ha hc 12 chuyn su gm mt s ni dung nng cao, m rng v Ha hc hu c, Ha hc i
cng - v c v Ha hc phn tch so vi chng trnh THPT nng cao.
Ngoi ni dung thc hnh bt buc cn c ni dung thc hnh t chn dnh cho cc trng cc a phng
c iu kin c th thc hin thm gip nng cao k nng thc hnh cho HS chuyn Ha hc.

66

3. Phng php v phng tin dy hc

C th lng ghp ni dung chuyn su vo ni dung tng ng ca cc ch THPT nng cao hoc tch thnh
chuyn ring sao cho ph hp vi trnh nng lc ca GV v HS mi a phng.
Phng php dy hc cn pht huy cao tnh tch cc, ch ng c lp, sng to ca HS trong vic t hc,
t c ti liu tham kho, tin hnh th nghim, tm tt ni dung v gii cc bi tp ha hc chuyn su.
T chc cc hot ng c nhn v nhm gii quyt mt s vn l thuyt, thc hnh, thc tin c lin quan
n ha hc.
Ch bi dng phng php thu thp thng tin v x l thng tin mt cch linh hot, sng to.
Ngoi danh mc thit b dy hc ti thiu Ha hc 12 c B GD - T ph duyt, khuyn khch s dng cc
phng tin dy hc c th ca b mn Ha hc v phng tin dy hc hin i gip HS khm ph vn dng kin
thc mt cch thng minh, sng to.
4. nh gi kt qu hc tp ca hc sinh.
Ch nh gi nng lc khm ph, vn dng kin thc, nng lc lm vic c lp, sng to gii quyt
vn c m phng trong bi tp ha hc, mt s vn ha hc c lin quan n thc tin sn xut v i sng.
Ch hn vic nh gi k nng thc hnh th nghim ha hc c bn v nng cao theo chng trnh chuyn su.
Ni dung thi chn HS gii quc gia mn Ha hc cn m bo mc , phm vi ni dung khng vt qu chng
trnh chuyn su lp 10,11,12. Ni dung bi dng i tuyn Ha hc thi Olympic quc t cn tham kho thm ni
dung chng trnh thi Olympic quc t ni chung v tng nm ni ring.
Coi trng hnh thc nh gi qua bi kim tra t lun ca HS.
67

V. Ti liu tham kho

1. Trn Quc Sn. Ti liu gio khoa chuyn Ha hc 11-12. Tp mt - Ha hc hu c. NXB Gio dc H ni 2009.
2. o Hu Vinh - Nguyn Duy i - Ti liu gio khoa chuyn Ha hc 11-12. Tp 2. NXB Gio dc H ni 2005.
3. Nguyn Duy A- o Hu Vinh. Ti liu gio khoa chuyn Ha hc THPT. Bi tp Ha hc i cng v v c.
NXB Gio dc H ni 2009.
4. Nguyn Tinh Dung. Ha hc phn tch phn II: Phn ng ion trong dung dch nc. NXB HSP H ni 2008.
5. L Th Anh o, ng Vn Liu. Thc hnh ha hc hu c. NXB HSP H ni 2007.
6. Nguyn Th Thu Nga. Gio trnh Ha hc phn tch. Hng dn thc hnh. NXB HSP H Ni 2007.
7. Nguyn Duy i, Nguyn Tinh Dung, Trn Thnh Hu, Trn Quc Sn, Nguyn Vn Tng... Mt s vn chn lc
ca Ha hc. Tp 1, 2, 3. NXB Gio dc H Ni 2005.
8. Trn Quc Sn, ng Vn Liu, Nguyn Vn Tng. Gio trnh c s Ha hc hu c. Tp 3. NXB HSP H Ni 2007.
9. Hong Nhm. Ha hc v c. Tp 2, 3. NXB Gio dc H ni 2005.
10. Trn Quc Sn, Trn Th Tu. Danh php hp cht hu c. NXB Gio dc H Ni 2008.
11. Trn Quc Sn. Mt s phn ng ca hp cht hu c. NXB Gio dc H ni 2009.
12. Nguyn c Vn. Ha hc v c Tp 2. Cc kim loi in hnh. NXB KHKT H Ni 2008.
13. Trn Th , ng Trn Phch. C s l thuyt cc phn ng ha hc, NXBGD H Ni 2004.
14. Nguyn Duy i. Mt s phn ng trong ha hc v c, NXB Gio dc H Ni 2005.

68