VIJNAN STUDY CIRCLE-TRIGNOMETRY-FORMULA AND CONCEPTS

BY K.H. V.
AN ANGLE: An angle is the amount of rotation of a revolving line w.r.t a fixed straight line (a figure
T
sid erm
e( ina
ar l
m
)

formed by two rays having common initial point.) The two rays or lines are called the sides of the angle and
common initial point is called the vertex of the angle.
Rotation of the initial arm to the terminal arm generates the angle.
+ve

Rotation can be anti clock wise or clockwise.

angle

Angle is said to be +ve if rotation is anti clockwise.

Initial

Angle is said to be -ve if rotation is clockwise.

-ve angle
side(arm)

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES:

b) Centisimal system of angles:
a) Sexagesimal system:
1 right angle =100 grades =100g
1 grade =100 minutes =100'
1' = 100 seconds =100''

In sexagesimal system of measurement,

the units of measurement are degrees, minutes and
seconds.
1 right angle =90 degrees(90o);
1 degree = 60 minutes (60')
1 minute = 60 seconds (60'')

c) RADIAN OR CIRCULAR MEASURE : In this system units of measurement is radian.

A radian is the measure of an angle subtended at the center of a circle by an arc whose length is equal
to the radius of the circle. one radian is denoted by 1c

VIGNAN CLASSES
Do You know?
When
no
unit
is
mentioned with an angle,
it is understod to be in
radians. If the radius of
the circle is r and its
circumference is C then
C=2r C/2r =
for any circle
Circumference/diameter
= which is constant.
=3.1416(approximately)

1 radian =570 161 22''

A radian is a Constant angle. And
radians = 1800

Arc

AB be the Arc, Let the length

of the arc =OA=radius

----r----- A

angle AOB =1 radian

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEGREES AND RADIANS:
180 o
radians =180o 1 radian= 1c =

1c = 570 17' 45''; 10 =

radian=0.01746 radian
180 o
(approximately)

x Degree measure i.e. To convert degrees into radians Multiply by

180 o
180 o
Degree measure=
x Radian measure. i.e. To convert radians into degrees Multiply by

Radian measure=

180 o
180 o

NOTE: 1. Radian is the unit to measure angle 2. It does not means that stands for 1800 , is real number,
where as c stands for 1800

LENGTH OF ARC OF A CIRCLE:

If an arc of length s subtends an angle radians at the center of a circle of radius 'r', then
S =r i.e. length of arc = radius x angle in radians (subtended by arc)

arc
S
=
radius
r

No of radians in an angle subtended by an arc of circle at the centre =

arc length of magnitude of r

radius of r
AREA OF A SECTOR OF A CIRCLE:(sectorial area)
1c(1 radian) =

The area of the sector formed by the angle at the center of a circle of radius r is

1
2

r2 .

RADIAN MEASURE OF SOME COMMON ANGLES:

0
(
Degrees)
c
Radians

150

22 300 450

600

750

900

1200

1350

1500 1800 210 2700 3600

0

12

5
12 2

2
3

3
4

5
6

7 3 2
6
2

SOME USEFUL FACTS ON CLOCKS:

1. Angle between two consecutive digits of a

clock is 300 or
radians.
6
2. Hour hand of the clock rotates by an angle

of 300 or
radians in one hour
6
1 0

and
or
radians in one minute.
2
360
3. Minute hand of the clock rotates by an

angle of 60 or
radians in one minute.
30

DO YOU KNOW:
In a regular polygon
i) All the interior angles are equal
ii) All the exterior angles are equal
iii) All the sides are equal
iv)Sum of all the exterior angles is 3600
v) Each exterior angle =
3600/number of
exterior angles
vi)Each interior angle =
1800 -exterior angle
vii) For a polygon with n sides
a) the sum of internal angles is
(2n-4) right angles, where a rightnangle
=900
b) the number of diagonals is n(n-3)/2

TRIGNOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OR RATIOS AND FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONS.

1. If is an acute angle of a right angled triangle OPM
We define Six trigonometric ratios(t-ratios) as
P
opposite side
adjacent side
sin =
;
cos =
s
u
hypotenus
hypotenus
ten
Opposite side
o
p
opposite side
hypotenus
y
H
tan =
; cosec =

adjacent side
opposite side
O
M
Adjacent side
hypotenus
adjacent side
sec =
; cot =
adjacent side
opposite side
2. Let be an angle in standard position. If P(x,y) is any point on the terminal side of and
OP= x2 y2 =r ; then
P
y
x
y
sin =
cos =
tan =
r
r
x
r
r
x
cosec =
sec =
cot =
O
M
y
x
y

RELATIONS BETWEEN TRIGNOMETRIC RATIOS

BASIC IDENTITTIES:
a) sin2 + cos2 =1;
DEDUCTIONS:
2
2
b) 1+ tan = sec ;
cos2 = 1 -sin2; sin2 = 1- cos2;
c) 1+ cot2 = cosec2 ;
sec2 -1 = tan2; cosec2 -1 = cot2;
sec2 - tan2 =1; cosec2 - cot2 =1
RECIPROCAL RELATIONS
1
1
1
cosec =
; sec =
cot =
;cosec.sin =1 ; sec. cos =1 ; cot. tan =1
sin
cos
tan
QUOTIENT RELATIONS
sin
1
cos
=
tan =
; cot =
cos
tan sin
SIGNS OF TRIGNOMETRIC FUNCTIONS :
I

II III IV

(QUADRANT RULE)
a) In First quadrant, all

sin

cos

tan

cosec +

c) In Third quadrant tan and cot

are +ve

sec

cot

d) In Fourth quadrant, only cos

and sec are +ve.

t-ratios are +ve.

b) In Second quadrant
sin , cosec are +ve.

The following approximate values are quite helpful:

2 = 1.41;
3 =1.73;
1/ 2 =0.7;
3 /2 =0.87 ;
1 /3 =0.58
2/ 3 ==1.154

0
A
090

9001800
18002700 27003600
T

A=All are +ve

S=Sin & cosec are +ve
T=Tan & Cot are +ve
C=Cos & Sec are +ve
Short Cut to remember:
ALL STUDENTS TAKE
COFFE

TO DETERMINE THE VALUES OF OTHER TRIGNOMETRIC RATIOS WHEN ONE

TRIGNOMETRIC RATIO IS GIVEN:
If one of the t-ratio is given , the values of other t-ratios can be obtained by constructing a right angled
triangle and using the trigonometric identities given above

For ex. sin=1/3, since sine is +ve in Q1 and Q2(II quadrant), we have cos=

1
9

2 2
3

ie.

or

1
or
9

2 2
according as Q 1 or Q2
3

We can find other ratios by forming a rightangled traingle.

, then since in Q3, sine and cosine both are negative,

2

Let tan=4/3,

4
3
; cos=
5
5
For acute angled traingle, we can write other t ratios in terms of given ratio:

we have sin=-

Let

1s

cos= =

1s

sin

1sin2 ; tan=

perp
s
sin=s=
=
hyp
1

1sin
2

; sec=

1sin
2

1
; cot=
sin

; cosec=

1sin
2

sin

We can express sin in terms of other trigonometric functions by above method:

sin=

1cos =
2

tan

1tan

1
=
cosec

sec 1
2

sec

1tan

tan

MAXIMUM AND MININUM VALUES :

1. since sin2A+cos2A =1, hence each of sinA and cosA is numerically less than or equal to unity, that is
|sinA|1 and |cosA|1 i.e. -1sinA1 and -1cosA1
2. Since secA and cosecA are respectively reciprocals of cosA and sinA, therefore the values of secA and
cosecA are always numerically greater than or equal to unity. That is
secA1 or secA-1 and cosecA1 or cosecA-1, In otherwords we never have -1<cosecA<1 and
-1<secA<1
3. tanA and cotA can assume any real value.
For all values of , -1sin 1 and -1cos 1
a)Max . sin =1; Min . sin =-1
b)Max . (sin cos )=Max

sin2
2

4.If y =a sinx + bcosx +c, then

c-

a b
2

yc+

r=

a b
2

a b
2

1
; Min. (sin cos ) =Min
2

a , b , cR , we can write y=c+

Where a= r cos b=r sin

tan = b
a

sin2
2

a b
2

1
2

sin(x+)

; since -1sin (x+ )1

Hence Max. (a sinx + bcosx +c) =c+

Min (a sinx + bcosx +c)= c-

5. sin >cos >0 for

=-

a b
a b
2

and

; 0<sin <cos for 0

4
2
4

4.The following formulae of Componedndo and Dividendo must be noted:

If p/q =a/b then by componendo and dividendo we can write

pq ab
=
or
pq ab

PERIODICITY: sin(2n + ) =sin , cos(2n + )=cos , tan(n + )= ( n being any integer). All
Trigonometrical functions are periodic. The period of sine , cosine, cosec, sec is 2 and that of
tangent and cot is .
sin is periodic with period 2

sink is periodic with period

cos is periodic with period 2

tan is periodic with period

tank is periodic with period

2
k

TRIGNOMETRIC RATIOS OF STANDARD and QUANDRANTAL ANGLES:

Radians
0
Degrees

0 300

sin
0
cos

450

600

1
2

1
2

1
2

1
2

1
3

tan

900

1800

2700

150

-1

-1

750

31
2 2
31
2 2
23

5
12

12

3600

3
2

31
2 2
31
2 2
23

Approximate values of sin , cos and tan when is small (OUT OF SYLLUBUS)
Let be small and measured in radian, then sin , cos 1; tan .
These are first degree approximations. The second degree approximations are given by
1 2
, tan
2

sin ; cos 1-

VALUES OF T-FUNCTIONS OF SOME FREQUENTY OCCURING ANGLES.

Radians 0
Degrees

3
4

2
3
1200

1350

1
2

sin

cos

tan

1
2

e.g. cos(odd

)=0;
2

5
6
1500

1
2

(any

(-1)n
0
(-1)n

(odd )

1
2

-1

cos( odd

2n1

1
3

)=-1, cos(even

) =1

cos 2n1 =0, cos( 2n-1) =-1, cos(2n ) =1

2
sin(any
sin
sin(

) =0, tan(any

5
= sin
=sin
2
2
3
) = sin
2

) =0 sin n

=tan n =0 if

n=0,1,2

9
=.......=1
2

7
11
= sin
= ..........=-1
2
2

Some interesting results about allied angles:

1. cosn `=(-1)n , sin n =0

2)Sin(n + ) =(-1)n sin ;

cos(n + )=(-1)n cos

3) cos(

n
+)=(-1)n+1/2 sin if n is odd
2

4)sin(

=(-1)n/2 sin if n is even

n
+)=(-1)n-1/2 cos if n is odd
2
=(-1)n/2 cos if n is even

DOMAIN AND RANGE OF TRIGNOMETRIC FUNCTIONS:

Function

Domain

Range

sine

[-1, 1]

cosine

[-1, 1]

tangent

R-{(2n+1)

}: n Z
2

R-{n }; nZ

cotangent
secant

R-{(2n+1)

}: n Z
2

(- ,-1] [1,

R-{n }; nZ

cosecant

(- ,-1] [1,

ASTC RULE:(QUADRANT RULE):ASTC rule to remember the

signs allied angles

)
)

A denotes all angles are positive in the I quadrant

S says that sin (and hence cosec) is positive in the II quadrant.
The rest are negative.

T means tan (and hence cot) is positive in the III quadrant. The rest are negative.
C means cos (and hence sec) is positive in the IV quadrant. The rest are negative.

The trignometric ratios of allied angles can be easily remembred from the
following clues:
90
1. First decide the sign +ve or -ve depending upon the quandrant in which
n.360 +
90+
the angle lies using QUADRANT RULE.
180-
2. a) When the angle is 90+

or 270, the trignometric ratio changes

from sinecosine, cosinesine, tancot, cottan, seccosec,

cosecsec.

180+
270-

360-
270+
-

Hence the sine and cosine, tan &cot, sec & cosec are called co - ratios.
b) When the angle is 180+ or 360 , -, the trignometrc ratio is remains the same. i.e
sin sine, cosinecosine , tantan, cotcot, secsec, coseccosec.

ALLIED ANGLE FORMULAE:Trignometrc ratios of allied angles

sin

cos

tan

sec

cosec

cot

-sin

cos

-tan

sec

-cosec

-cot

900 -

cos

sin

cot

cosec

sec

tan

90 +

cos

-sin

-cot

-cosec

sec

-tan

1800 -

sin

-cos

-tan

-sec

cosec

-cot

1800+

-sin

-cos

tan

-sec

-cosec

cot

2700 -

-cos

-sin

cot

-cosec

-sec

tan

2700 +

cos

-sin

-cot

-cosec

sec

-tan

-sin

cos

-tan

sec

-cosec

cot

360 -

The above may be summed up as follows: Any angle can be expressed as n.90+ where n is any
integer and is an angle less than 900. To get any t. ratios of this angle
a) observe the quandrant n.90+ lies and determine the sign (+ve or -ve).
b) If n is odd the function will change into its co function ( i.e sinecosine; tancot; seccosec. If n is
even t-ratios remains the same.(i.e sinsin, coscos etc)
ILLUSTRATION: 1. To determine sin(540-), we note that 5400 - =6 x 900 - is a second quadrant
angle if 0<<900. In this quadrant , sine is positive and since the given angle contains an even multiple of

, the sine function is retained . Hence sin(540- ) =sin .

2
2. To determine cos(6300 - ), we note 6300 - =7 x 900 - is a third quadrant angle if 0< <900. In

this quadrant cosine is negative and, since the given angle contains an odd multiple of
, cosine is
2
replaced by sine. Hence cos(6300 - ) = -sin .
5

Short cut: Supposing we have to find the value of t- ratio of the angle
Step1: Find the sign of the t-ratio of , by finding in which quadrant the angle lies. This can be done
by applying the quadrant rule, i.e. ASTC Rule.
Step 2: Find the numerical value of the t-ratio of using the following method:
t-ratios of =
t- ratio of (1800- ) with proper sign if lies in the second quandrant
e.g.: cos1200 = -cos600 = -1/2
t-ratio of ( -180) with proper sign if lies in the third quandrant
e.g: sin2100 = -sin300 = -1/2
t-ratio of (360- ) with proper sign if lies in the fourth quandrant
e.g: cosec3000= -cosec600 =

2
3

t-ratio of -n (3600 ) if >3600

d) If is greater than 3600 i.e. =n.3600 + , then remove the multiples of 3600 (i.e. go on subtracting
from 3600 till you get the angle less than 3600 ) and find the t-ratio of the remaining angle by applying
the above method. e.g: tan10350 =tan6750 (1035-360) =tan3150 = -tan450 =-1

COMPLIMENTARY AND SUPPLIMENTARY ANGLES:

- is its complement angle and the angle

2

If is any angle then the angle

- is its

supplement angle.
a) trigonometric ratio of any angle = Co-trigonometric ratio of its complement
sin = cos(90- ), cos = sin(90- ), tan = cot(90- ) e.g. sin600 =cos300 , tan600 =cot300 .
b) sin of(any angle) = sin of its supplement ; cos of ( any angle) = -cos of its supplement
tan of any angle = - tan of its supplement i.e. sin 300 =sin 1500 , cos 600 =-cos 1200

CO-TERMINAL ANGLES: Two angles are said to be co terminal angles , if their terminal sides
are one and the same. e.g. and 360+ or and n.360+ ; - and 360- or - and n.360-
are co terminal angles : a) Trig functions of and n.360+ are same
b) Trig functions of - and n.360- are same .
TRIGNOMETRIC RATIOS OF NEGETIVE ANGLES:
For negative angles always use the following relations:

c) sin(- ) = -sin cos(- ) = cos , tan(- )= -tan , cosec(- )= -cosec ; se(- ) =sec ;
ci) cot(- ) =sec (V.IMP)

TRIGNOMETRICAL RATIOS FOR SUM AND DIFFERENCE:

COMPOUND ANGLE FORMULAE: (Addition and Subtraction formulae)

1. Sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B

2. sin (A B) = sin A cos B cos A sin B
3. Cos (A + B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B
4. cos (A B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B

5. tan (A + B) =

tan Atan B
1 tan A tan B

6. tan (A B) =

tan A tan B
1tan A tan B

DEDUCTIONS:
7. sin(A-B)sin(A-B) =sin2A-sin2B

11.Cot(A-B) =

=cos B -cos A
2

8. cos(A+B)cos(A-B) =cos2A-sin2B

(A#n, B#m, A-B#k)

=cos B -sin A
2

9. tan(A+B)tan(A-B)=
10.Cot(A+B) =

cotAcotB1
cotBcotA

tan Atan B
1 tan 2 A . tan2 B

cotAcotB1
cotAcotB

12. tan(A+B)=

sin AB
cos AB

13. tan(A-B)=

sin AB
cos AB

14.

(A#n, B#m, A+B#k)

tanA tanB
sin AB
=
tanA tanB
sin AB

15. 1+tanA tanB=

cos AB
cosA cosB

1-tanA tanB=

cos AB
cosA cosB

21.The cot(A+B+C) =

cotA.cotB.cotCcotAcotBcotC
cotAcotBcotB.cotCcotC.cotA1

16. tanA+tanB=tan(A+B)(1-tanA.tanB)
=

sin AB
cosA. cosB

tanA-tanB=tan(A-B)(1-tanA.tanB)=

sin AB
cosA. cosB

22. sinA+cosA=

2 sin 4 A

sinA-cosA=

2 sin 4 A

17.tan(/4 + A) =

1 tanA
1 tanA

cosA+sinA=

2 cos 4 A

18.tan(/4 - A) =

1 tanA
1 tanA

cosA-sinA=

2 cos 4 A

19.cot( /4 + A )=

cotA 1
cotA 1

20.cot( /4 - A )=

cotA 1
cotA 1

23. sin(A+B+C)
=SinA.cosB.CosC +sinB.cosC.cosA + SinC.cosA.cosB
-sinA.sinB.sinC
=one sine and two cos - three sines
= sinA.sinB.sinC [cotA.cotB-1]

21. tan(A+B+C)

24. cos(A+B+C) =cosA.CosB.cosC -sinA.sinB.cosC

-sinBsinCcosA -sinCsinAcosB

tanA tanB tanC tanA.tanB.tanC

=
1 tanAtanBtanB.tanCtanC.tanA
=

=Three cos - one cos and two sines

S 1 S 3
1S 2

=cosAcosBcosC[1-tanAtanB-tanBtanC-tanCtanA]

If S1 = tanA + tanB +tanC

S3 =tanA.tanB.tanC

S2 =tanAtanB +tanB.tanC +tanC.tanA

MULTIPLE ANGLE FORMULAE: T ratios of multiple angles

2tanA
2
1 tan A

1.Sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A =

2.cos 2A = cos
=

A sin

DEDUCTIONS:

1 2 sin2A
2

= 2cos 2A 1 =
3.

tan 2A =

1 tan A
1 tan2 A

1+cos2A =2cos2A;

cos2A =

1
1cos2A
2

1-cos2A =2sin2A;

cos2A =

1
1cos2A
2

1 cos2A
=tan2A;
1 cos2A

2 tan A
1 tan 2 A

1 cos2A
=cot2A
1 cos2A

1+sin2A =(sinA +cosA)2

1-sin2A =(sinA -cosA)2
cotA -tanA = 2 cot2A
tanA+cotA=2 cosec 2A

TRIPLE ANGLES: T - ratios of 3 in terms of those of

Sin 3A = 3 sin A 4 sin3A ;

DEDUCTIONS:

cos 3A = 4 cos3A 3 cos A ;

4 sin3A =3 sin A -Sin 3A ;

tan3A =

3tanA tan A
;
13tan2 A

sin3A =

1
( 3 sin A -Sin 3A ).
4

4 cos3A =3 cos A +cos 3A;

cos3A =

TRIGNOMETRC RATIOS OF HALF

ANGLES-t ratios of sub multiple angles

1
( 3 cos A +cos 3A )
4

=1-2sin2

a) sin =2sin
cos
=

2
2
1 tan 2
2
2 tan

b) cos=cos 2

2
1 tan 2
2
1 tan 2

2
c)tan=

1 tan 2
2
2 tan

-sin2
=2cos2
-1
2
2
2

DEDUCTIONS:

1 sin

2
= cot

1 sin
4 2

; 1-cos=2sin2
2
2

1+cos=2cos 2

1 cos
=tan2
1 cos

1 cos

;
=cot2
2
1 cos

1 sin

2
= tan

1 sin
4 2

sin

=tan
;
2
1 cos

sin

=cot
2
1 cos

cos

= tan

1 sin
4 2

cos

= cot

1 sin
4 2

Transformation formulae:

a)

SUMS AND DIFFERENCE TO PRODUCT FORMULAE:

Formula that express sum or difference into products

2sin

Sin C + sin D =

CD
CD
cos
2
2

Sin C sin D =

2cos

CD
CD
sin
2
2

CD
CD
cos
2
2

Cos C cos D =

2sin

CD
DC
sin
2
2

2cos

Cos C + cos D =

2sin

or

CD
CD
sin
2
2

b) PRODUCT-TO-SUM OR DIFFERENCE FORMULAE :formula which express

products as sum or Difference of sines and cosines.
2 sin A cos B = sin (sum) + sin (diff) i.e 2 sinA cosB = sin(A+B) + sin(A-B)
2 cos A sin B = sin (sum) sin (diff) i.e 2 cosA sinB = sin(A+B) - sin(A-B)
2 cos A cos B = cos (sum) + cos (diff) i.e. 2 cosA.cosB = cos(A+B)+cos(A-B)
2 sin A sin B = cos (diff) cos (sum) i.e. -2 sinA.sin B = cos(A+B)-cos(A-B)
OR 2 sinA.sin B = cos(A-B)-cos(A+B)

VALUES OF TRIGNOMETRICAL RATIOS OF SOME IMPORTANT ANGLES:

Angle

1
2

150

180

22

1
2

360

750

Ratio

sin

82 62 2
4

or
cos

1
22
2

31
2 2

51

31
2 2

1
1
102 5
2 2
4
2

1
102 5
4

31
2 2

1
51
4

31
2 2

4 6 2
2 2

82 62 2
4

or

4 6 2
2 2

tan

6 432

2-

or

2510 5

21

52 5

2+

5 2 5

21

2-

42 2

51

21

;cot22 0=

3 2 21
cot

6 432

or

2+

3 2 21
sec

1610 28 36 (6 62

sin220 =

1
22 ;
2

tan220 =
sin180 =

1
cos220 =
22 ;
2

2
5

1
51 =cos720 ;
4

62

21

cos180 =

1
102 5 =sin720 ;
4

cot70=

1
102 5 =cos540 ;
sin360 =
4
1
51
cos360 =
4

6 432

tan7 0=

6 432
3 535

sin90 =

=sin540

cos90 =

3 535
4

EXPRESSION FOR Sin(A/2) and cos(A/2) in terms of sinA:

A
A
cos
2
2

sin

A
A
sin cos
2
2

=1+sinA

so that

sin

=1-sinA so that

A
A
cos
= 1 sinA
2
2

sin

A
A
cos
= 1 sinA
2
2

By addition and subtraction, we have

2 sin

A
= 1 sinA 1 sinA ; 2
2

Using suitable signs , we can find

sin

A
2

cos

A
= 1 sinA
2

cos

1 sinA

A
2

IDENTITTIES CONNECTED WITH TRAINGLE:

If A,B,C are angles of a traingle,
sin(sum of any two) =sin(third); e.g.:sin(B+C) =sinA;
cos(sum of any two)= -cos(third); e.g.: cos(A+B)= -cosC]
tan(sum of ny two) = -tan(third) e.g. : tan(A+B) =-tanC
sin

AC
1
1
B
(sum of any two) = cos
(third); e.g sin
=cos
)
2
2
2
2

cos

BC
1
1
A
(sum of any two) = sin
(third), e.g: cos
=sin
)
2
2
2
2

If A is any angle of traingle and lies between 00 and 1800 , then

sinA=sin A = or 1800- ; cosA=cos = ; tanA=tan =

SOME IMPORTANT IDENTITTIES:

If A+B+C =1800 , then
1) sin2A +sin2B+sin2C=4sinAsinBsinC i.e.

sin2A

cos2A

2)cos2A+cos2B+cos2C=-1-4cosAcosBcosC i.e.

B
A
C
cos
cos
2
2
2

3)sinA+sinB+sinC=4cos
i.e.

sinA

=4cos

cosA

=-1-4cosAcosBcosC
VIGNAN CLASSES

B
A
C
cos
cos
2
2
2

4)cosA+cosB+cosC=1+4sin
i.e

= 4sinAsinBsinC

=1+4sin

A
B
C
sin
sin
2
2
2

A
B
C
sin
sin
2
2
2

tanA = tanA.tanB.tanC
6)cotB.cotC+cotC.cotA+cotA.cotB =1 i.e. cotA.cotB =1
5)tanA+tanB+tanC=tanA.tanB.tanC i.e.

7)cot

B
A
B
C
A
C
+cot
+cot
=cot
cot
cot
2
2
2
2
2
2
i.e.

8)tan

cot 2

=cot

B
A
C
cot
cot
2
2
2

A
B
B
C
C
A
tan
+tan
tan
+tan
tan
=1 i.e.
2
2
2
2
2
2

Note: If A, B, C are the angles of a traingle , then

sin(A+B+C) =sin=0,

cos(A+B+C) =cos = -1 and tan(A+B+C) =0;

9

tan 2 tan 2

=1

GRAPHS OF TRIGNOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

I quadrant
sin

increases
from 0 to 1

II quadrant
decreases
from

III quadrant

IV quadrant

decreses from

increases from

0 to -1

-1 to 0

1 to 0
cos

decreases from decreases

from
1 to 0

increases from increases from

-1 to 0

0 to 1

0 to -1
tan

increases from increases from increases from increases from

0 to

cot

to 0

decreases from decreases

from
to 0

0 to

to 0

decreases from decreases from

to 0

0 to

0 to
sec

increses from
1 to

cosec

increases from decreases from decreases from

to 1
to -1 -1 to

decreases from increases from increases from decreases from

to 1

1 to

to -1

-1 to -infinity

Graph of sinx

Graph of cosecx

Graph of cosx

Graph of secx

Graph of tanx

Graph of cotx
y

f(x)=cot(x)

8
6
4
2

x
-8

-6

-4

-2

2
-2
-4
-6
-8

10

RELATION BETWEEN THE SIDES & ANGLES OF A TRIANGLE:

A traingle consists of 6 elements, three angles and three sides. The angles of traingle ABC
are denoted by A,B, and C. a,b, and c are respectively the sides opposite to the angles A,B
and C.
In any traingle ABC , the following results or rule hold good.
1 Sine rule: a = 2R sin A, b = 2R sin B, c = 2R sin C ie

a
b
c
=
=
=2R Where R is
sinA sinB sinC

the circum radius of circum circle that passes through the vertices of the traingle.
2

cos A =

b c a
2bc

b2 =a2 +c2 -2ac cosB or

cos B =

c a b
2ca

c2 =a2 +b2 -2ab cosC or

cos C =

a2 b2 c2
2ab

2.Cosine rule: a2 =b2 +c2 -2bc cosA or

3.Projection rule:
a = b cos C + c cos B; b = c cos A + a cos C; c = a cos B + b cos A

4.Napier's formula or Law of Tangents:

tan

tan

B C b c
A
=[
]cot
2
bc
2

BC
bc
2
=
bc
BC
tan
2

or

tan

AB
ab
2
=
ab
AB
tan
2

A B a b
C
=[
]cot
or
2
ab
2

tan

etc.

5.Half-angle rule: In any traingle ABC, a+b+c =2s, where 2s is the perimeter of the

traingle. sin

A
s b s c
=
2
bc

cos

A
s s a
=
2
bc

tan

A
sb sc
=
2
s sa

sin

B
s a s c
=
2
ac

cos

B
s s b
=
2
ac

tan

B
sa sc
=
2
s sb

C
s a s b
=
2
ab

cos

sin

C
s s c
=
2
ab

6. Formula that involve the Perimeter: If S=

C
sasb
=
2
s sc
abc
, where a+b+c is the perimeter of
2
tan

a traingle, R the radius of the circumcircle, and r the radius of the inscribed circle, then
6. Area of traingle: =
=

s sa sb s c

;(HERO'S FORMULA)

1
1
1
abc
a.b.SinC =
b.c. sinA =
c.a.sinB=
2
2
2
4R
2

1 a sinB. sinC
1 a 2 sinB. sinC
1 b 2 sin.C sinA
1 c 2 sinA. sinB
=
=
=
=
2
sinA
2
sinB
2
sinC
2 sinBC
DEDUCTIONS:
sinA=

2 2
= s sa s b sc
bc bc

sinB=

2
ca

SinC=

2
ab

tan

s c
s a
s b
A
B
B
C
C
A
tan
=
; tan
tan
=
; tan
tan
=
.
2
2
2
2
2
2
s
s
s

tan

A
B
C
B
C
A

tan
=
cot
; tan
tan
=
cot
;
2
2
2
2
2
2
s
s

tan

C
A

tan
=
cot
2
2
s

B
.
2

11

NOTE WORTHY POINTS: In a traingle ABC

If cotA +cotB +cotC=
traingle is equilateral

If sin2 A +sin2B + sin2 C =2 then

traingle is equilateral

If cosA + cosB +cosC =3/2 then traingle

is equilateral

In a traingle a sinA =b sinB, then

traingle is isosceles

If cotA cotB cotC>0 then traingle is

acute angled traingle

If a cosA = bcosB then traingle is

isosceles or rightangled

If in atraingle 8R2 =a2 +b2 +c2 then

traingle is rightangled.

then

a
b
c
=
=
cosA cosB cosC

If in a traingle

then traingle is equilateral

If cos2 A+cos2 B +cos2C =1 then

traingle is rightangled traingle

SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES
To solve a triangle a) when all the 3 sides are given :
GIVEN

REQUIRED

a,b, c

i) Area of =
sinA=

s sa sb sc

, 2s = a+b+c

2
2
2
, sinB=
, sin C=
OR
bc
ac
ab

iii) First, find two of the three angles by cosine formula, then the third angle is
determined by using the relation A+B+C=180 0. It is advisable to find the smallest
angle first. (angle opposite to the smallest side).
b) When two sides and an included angle is given:
GIVEN
a , b and C

REQUIRED
i)Area of traingle==

1
a.b.SinC ;
2

tan

A B a b
C
=[
]cot
2
ab
2

AB
C
asinC
=900 ; c=
2
sinA
2
ii) Use cosine rule to find the third side. then find the smaller of the two angles
by cosine formula. Use A+B+C=1800 to find the third angle
iii)Use Napier's formula and find two angles, then the third side can be
determined sine rule or cosine rule or by projection rule.
c)when one side and two angles A and B are given:
GIVEN
a A and B

REQUIRED
i) C =180-(A+B) ; b=

asinB
asinC
;c=
sinA
sinA

d) When two sides and an angle opposite to one of them is given.

Let us assume that a,b, and A are given. Now we are required to find c,B and C. We just
cannot find c or C directly before finding B. There exist only one relation with which we can
find B i.e. by using sine Rule. sinB =

b sinA
asinC
; C=180-(A+B); c=
a
sinA

CASES:i)When A is acute angle and a<bsinA; In this relation sinB=

b sinA
gives us that
a

sinB>1, which is impossible. then there exists no solution or no traingle.

ii)When A is acute angle and a=bsinA: In this case only one traingle is possible
which is rightangled at B. If a=bsinA , sinB =1, then B=900 there exist only one
solution or one traingle since A is given, we can find C using A+B+C=1800 . we can
find 'c' by any one of the rules.
iii)When A is acute angle and a>bsinA, sinB<1, then there exist two sub cases.
a) If ab, then AB, B must be acute. Thus there exists only one solution.
b) if ba, then BA., there exist two values to B for which this can be true .
one being acute and the other being

obtuse.

When B is determined, we can find C using A+B+C =180 , then c by any one of the rules. this case is called
an ambiguous case since there exist no solution, one solution or two solutions depending on the cases.
0

Note: It is not advisable to use sine rule to find the angle in all other cases. since it always gives an ambiguous result.
Use sine rule to find the angle only when it is inevitable.

12

SUMMERY:
A unique traingle exists if I)three sides are given (b+c>a etc)
ii)one side and two angles are given
iii)two sides and included angle are given
iv)But two sides and angle opposite to one of these sides are given , the following
cases arise: a, b, A given
i)a<b sinA

No triangle

ii)a=b sinA

Right angled triangle

iii)b>a>bsinA

Two triangles

iv)a>b

one triangle

OTHER IMPORTANT FORMULA AND CONCEPTS:

1.To find the greatest and least values of the expression asin +bcos :
Let a=rcos. b=rsin , then a2 +b2 =r2 or r=

a b
2

asin +bcos = r(sin cos +cos sin ) = rsin( + )

a b
2

But -1sin( + )1 so that -r rsin( + )r. Hence -

asin +bcos

Thus the greatest and least values of asin +bcos are respectively
2

, minimum value of acos +bsec is 2

2
2
0

or
2

and -

For 0 , minimum value of a sin + bcosec is 2

For

a b

Similarly maximum value of asin -bcos is

For

a b

a b
a b

ab
ab

3
, minimum value of a tan +bcot is 2
2

2. cosA.cos2A.cos4A.cos8A............cos2

n-1

A=

ab

1
sin 2n A
2 sinA
n

(Remember)

n1

OR cos .cos2 .cos22 .cos23 ............cos2n =

sin 2 A
(Each angle being double of preceding)
2 n sinA

3. SUM OF THE SIN AND COSINE SERIES WHEN THE ANGLES ARE IN AP:
sin +sin(+) +sin( +2 ) +..........n terms
cos +cos(+) +cos( +2 ) +..........n terms

diff
2
diff
sin
2

sin n.
=

n
2
.sin or cos

sin
2

sin
=

. sin or cos

1st angle last angle

2

n1
2

(Remember the rule)

n
2
.sin or cos

sin
2

sin
=

n1

Note: is not an even multiple of i.e. #2n because in that case sum will take the form 0/0. Particular
case: Both the sum will be zero if

sin

n
=0 i.e.
2

n
2r
=r or =
or = even multiple of
2
n

then S=0
4. SOME RESULTS IN PRODUCT FORM:

1
sin3
4

sin sin(60+)sin(60-) =
cos cos(60+) cos(60-)

1
cos3
4

cos3A
4cosA

tan(600 -A) tan(600 +A) =

tan3A
tanA

tan2A tan3A tan5A=tan5A-tan3A-tan2A

cos cos(120+) cos(120-)

tanx tan2x tan3x =tan3x-tan2x-tanx

tan tan(60+ )tan(60- ) =tan3

sin(600 -A) sin(600 +A) =

cos(600 -A) cos(600 +A)=

(Use the above formula at time of integration)

sin3A
4sinA

tan(x-). tan(x+ ) tan 2x= tan2x-tan(x+ )-tan(x- )

13

cos2 n 1 cos 2 n1

(cos +cos ) (cos2 +cos2 ) (cos22 +cos22 ) .........(cos2n +cos 2n ) =

(2cos -1)(2cos2 -1)(2cos22 -1).......(2cos2n ) =

4. i) cosA sinA=
5. tan +
6.

2 sin 4 A

tan

2 cos cos

2cos2 n 1 1
2cos 1

2 cos 4 A

ii) tanA +cotA =

1
sinA.cosA

+ tan
=3tan3 ; tan + tan + tan =3tan3
3
3
3
3

2 2 2 2............ 22cos2

=2cos

nN

HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES-VIGNAN CLASSES

ANGLE OF ELEVATION AND ANGLE OF DEPRESSION
Suppose a st.line OX is drawn in the horizontal direction.
Then the angle XOP where P is a point (or the position
of the object to be observed from the point O of observation )
above OX is called Angle of Elevation of P as seen from O.
O
Similarly, Angle XOQ where Q is below OX, is called
angle of depression of Q as seen from O.
OX is the horizontal line and OP and OQ are called = Angle of
elevation of P
line of sights

Properties used for solving problems

related to Heights and Distances.

=Angle of

Q
Depression of Q
1. Any line perpendicular to a plane is
perpendicular to every line lying in the plane.
Explanation: Place your pen PQ upright on your notebook, so that its lower end Q is on the notebook.
Through the point Q draw line QA,QB,QC,....... in your notebook in different directions and you will
observe that each of the angles PQA,PQB,..PQC,.... is a right angle. In other words PA is perpendicular
to each of the lines QA, QB, QC, lying in the plane.
2.To express one side of a right angled triangle in terms of the other side.
Explanation: Let
ABC =, Where ABC is right angled
triangle in which C = 900 . The side opposite to right angleC
will be denoted by H(Hypotenus),

A
the side opposite (opposite side) to angle is denoted by O,
the side containing angle (other than H)(Adjacent side) will be denoted by A
Then from the figure it is clear that
O=A(tan ) or A = O(cot ) i.e. Opposite = Adj(tan ) or Adj=opposite (cot ).
Also O=H(sin ) or A =H(cos ) i.e opposite =Hyp( sin ) or Adjacent =Hyp(cos )

ASWEQRTYUIXCVBNMKL;,./'[]-098
PREPARED AND DTP BY KHV,
LECTURER IN MATHEMATICS

THE SPIRIT OF MATHEMATICS

The only way to learn mathematics is to recreate it for oneself -J.L.Kelley
The objects of mathematical study are mental constructs. In order to understand these one
must study , meditate, think and work hard -SHANTHINARYAN
Mathematical theories do not try to find out the true nature of things, that would be an
unreasonable aim for them. Their only purpose is to co-ordinate the physical laws we find
from experience but could not even state without the aid of mathematics. -A. POINCARE
Experience and intution, though usually obtained more painfully, may be doveloped by
mathematical insight. -R Aris

14

15