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Understanding Circular Motion (B) 635411474515258466
Understanding Circular Motion (B) 635411474515258466
2007
Centripetal
forces keep
these children
moving in a
circular path.
Constant velocity
tangent to path.
Constant force
toward center.
Fc
Fc
The centripetal
force is exerted
BY the door ON
you. (Centrally)
There
There isis an
an outward
outward force,
force, but
but itit does
does not
not act
act
ON
ON you.
you. It
It isis the
the reaction
reaction force
force exerted
exerted BY
BY
you
you ON
ON the
the door.
door. It
It affects
affects only
only the
the door.
door.
Another Example
Disappearing
platform at fair.
Fc
Centripetal Acceleration
Consider ball moving at constant speed v in a
horizontal circle of radius R at end of string tied
to peg on center of table. (Assume zero friction.)
Fc
v
R
Force Fc and
acceleration ac
toward center.
W=n
vf B
R
vo
A
-vo v
R
s v
o
Definition: ac =
Similar
Triangles
ac =
v
t
Centripetal
Centripetal
acceleration:
acceleration:
v
v
vs
Rt
vf
-vo v
=
=
s
R
s v
o
mass m
vv
R
2
v
ac ;
R
mv
Fc mac
R
R = 5 m; v = 8 m/s
2
(8 m/s)
2
ac
12.8 m/s
5m
mv
Fc mac
R
F = (3 kg)(12.8 m/s2)
FFcc == 38.4
38.4 NN
450 N
30 m
m=?
Speed skater
(450 N)(30 m)
m
2
(15 m/s)
m
m == 60.0
60.0 kg
kg
m = 80 kg;
v = 4 m/s2
Fc = 600 N
mv
mv
F
; r
r
F
r=?
rr =
= 2.13
2.13 m
m
Fc
R
What is the direction of the
force ON the car?
Ans. Toward Center
This central force is exerted
BY the road ON the car.
Fc
R
Is there also an outward force
acting ON the car?
Fc
fs
Fc = fs
R
v
mg
The
The central
central force
force FFCC and
and the
the friction
friction force
force ffss
are
are not
not two
two different
different forces
forces that
that are
are equal.
equal.
There
There isis just
just one
one force
force on
on the
the car.
car. The
The nature
nature
of
of this
this central
central force
force isis static
static friction.
friction.
Finding
Finding the
the maximum
maximum speed
speed for
for
negotiating
negotiating aa turn
turn without
without slipping.
slipping.
fs
Fc = fs
m
v
Fc
mg
The car is on the verge of slipping when FC is
equal to the maximum force of static friction fs.
Fc = fs
Fc =
mv2
R
fs = smg
Maximum
Maximum speed
speed without
without slipping
slipping (Cont.)
(Cont.)
Fc = fs
fs
mv2
R
mg
v=
m
v
Fc
= smg
sgR
Velocity
Velocity vv isis maximum
maximum
speed
speed for
for no
no slipping.
slipping.
Fc
Fc =
R
s = 0.7
mv2
R
fs = smg
From which: v =
sgR
g = 9.8 m/s2; R = 70 m
v s gR (0.7)(9.8)(70 m) vv == 21.9
21.9 m/s
m/s
v
fs
w
slow speed
n
w
fs
fast speed
fs = 0
optimum
Free-body Diagram
Acceleration a is toward the
center. Set x axis along
the direction of ac , i. e.,
horizontal (left to right).
x
mg
n cos
n sin
mg
mg
+ ac
mg
n sin
Apply
Newtons 2nd
Law to x and
y axes.
mg
mv2
Fx = mac
n sin
Fy = 0
n cos = mg
n
sin
tan
n cos
n
sin
mg
mg
n sin
mv2
R
n cos = mg
mv
2
v
R
tan
mg
gR
1
Optimum Banking
Angle
n cos
n sin
mg
2
v
tan
gR
n
tan =
mg
n cos
n sin
mg
v2
gR
(12 m/s)2
(9.8 m/s2)(80 m)
tan =
0.184
= 10.40
h
mg
T sin
h
mg
R
Solve two
equations
to find
angle
T sin
T sin
mv2
R
T cos = mg
tan =
v2
gR
L
R
v
tan
gR
Find: v = ?
R=5m
g = 9.8 m/s2
v gR tan
v gR tan
v2
tan
gR
R=5m
vv == 5.32
5.32 m/s
m/s
T=
h
mg
Fy = 0:
mg
cos
T cos - mg = 0;
=
(2 kg)(9.8 m/s2)
cos 300
T sin
T cos = mg
TT == 22.6
22.6 NN
2 kg
T cos
L
h
T Fc
mg
T
T sin
mv2
R
or Fc = T sin 300
FFcc == 11.3
11.3 NN
b
L
T
R=d+b
R
tan =
R = L sin + b
v2
gR
and
v=
gR tan
v gR tan
2
v gR tan
vv == 6.70
6.70 m/s
m/s
v
+
v
Bottom
Tmg
+
T
T
T
mg
+
+mg
mg
T
v
Top
ofSide
Path
Left
mg
Top Right
Right
Top
Tension is
Weight
hasasno
Maximum
minimum
Weight
causes
Weight
has
no
effect
on
T
tension
T, W
Bottom
weight
helps
small
decrease
effect on T
opposes
F
force
Ftension
in
Tc
c
10 N
As an exercise, assume
that a central force of
Fc = 40 N is required to
maintain circular motion
of a ball and W = 10 N.
+
R
T
+
10 N
The
The tension
tension TT must
must
adjust
adjust so
so that
that central
central
resultant
resultant isis 40
40 NN..
At top: 10 N + T = 40 N
TT =
?_N
= _30
Bottom: T 10 N = 40 N
TT==__?___
50 N
mv2
Resultant force
Fc =
toward center
R
R
v
mg + T =
AT TOP:
+
mg
T
T=
mv2
R
mv2
R
- mg
Resultant force
toward center
R
v
mg
T - mg =
mg
AT Bottom:
T
Fc =
mv2
T=
mv2
R
mv2
R
+ mg
mv 2
FC
20 N
R
R
v
FC = 20 N at top
AND at bottom.
FC = 20 N
Weight vector W is
downward at every point.
W = 5 N, down
W
T
T
W
Top: T + W = FC
T + 5 N = 20 N
R
T = 20 N - 5 N = 15 N
v
FC = 20 N at top
AND at bottom.
Bottom:
T - W = FC
T - 5 N = 20 N
T = 20 N + 5 N = 25 N
AT TOP:
R
+ T=
mg
mv2
R
- mg
v
AT BOTTOM:
T
mg
T=
mv2
R
+ mg
At Top:
v
mg
T=
R
v
mg + T =
mv2
mv
- mg
R
2
(2 kg)(10 m/s)
2
T
2 kg(9.8 m/s )
8m
T = 25 N - 19.6 N
TT == 5.40
5.40 NN
At Bottom:
v
R
T
mg
T=
T - mg =
mv2
mv
+ mg
R
2
(2 kg)(10 m/s)
2
T
2 kg(9.8 m/s )
8m
T = 25 N + 19.6 N
TT == 44.6
44.6 NN
gR =
(9.8 m/s2)(8 m)
vvcc== 8.85
8.85 m/s
m/s
The Loop-the-Loop
Same as cord, n replaces T
v
AT TOP:
mg
R
v
AT BOTTOM:
n
mg
n=
mv2
R
n
n=
mv2
R
+ mg
- mg
AT TOP:
R
v
mg
AT BOTTOM:
n
mg
n=
mg
- n=
n = mg mv2
R
+ mg
mv2
R
mv2
R
+
R
v
mv2
R
nn == 540
540 NN
Summary
Centripetal
Centripetal
acceleration:
acceleration:
v=
sgR
Conical
pendulum:
v
ac ;
R
mv
Fc mac
R
v2
tan = gR
v=
gR tan
AT TOP:
+
mg
R
v
2
mv
T=
- mg
R
AT BOTTOM:
T
mg
2
mv
T=
+ mg
R
AT TOP:
R
v
mg
AT BOTTOM:
n
mg
n=
mg
- n=
n = mg mv2
R
+ mg
mv2
R
mv2
R
CONCLUSION: Chapter 10
Uniform Circular Motion