Marla Means

LIS 688 HUM, Carmichael

3 December 2014
Humanities Journal on Animals (Concentration: Dogs)
Philosophy
Encyclopedia of Philosophy
I began by searching within the volume for animal then I searched within the results for
dog and managed to narrow the previous list of almost six pages down to one page. The first
source interested me very much since it specifically discussed animal consciousness. The section
was titled Animal Mind and contemplates the disagreement between the scientific community
and the philosophical community pertaining to whether or not animal minds are unconscious or
conscious. Many philosophers, such as John Locke and Rene Descartes, define consciousness as
ideas, which humans have and animals do not. This theory was then disputed by the famous
scientist Charles Darwins findings on animal and human evolution, expressing a shared
experience in consciousness. Animal Mind then delved into the topic of dogs specifically by
discussing Ivan Pavlovs experiments involving the classical conditioning of dogs anticipating
food when associated with another environmental factor. This groundbreaking research proved
that dogs held the capacity for memory or ideas over time. The next article I found concentrated
on one person, Ruth Garrett Millikan, who made significant contributions to the philosophy of
biology, worked specifically with animal cognition, and conducted research with dogs, much like
Pavlov. Her ideas challenged tradition because she was able to prove that some thoughts have

two directions of fit at one time through dogs. Her research was influenced by and built upon
Darwins research. Millikan interests me because she was born in the thirties, she was a
stereotypical housewife with four children, and still managed to get her doctorate from Yale and
publish her research. The third article I found started to stray from dogs and animals and heavily
concentrated on human behavior, titled Behaviorism. Animals were mentioned because this
section explains humans as animals and how we both respond to stimuli in our environment.
Dogs are mentioned, but only once in reference to Pavlov and how he elicited responses from
dogs utilizing environmental stimuli.
Routledge Dictionary of Philosophy
I searched the term dog and the long list of results really surprised me. On page 73, the
term dog is used as an idea to determine whether or not it is a concept and whether or not this
concept can be differentiated between other concepts. How can we define a dog and differentiate
between other creatures? Page 73 wonders if you define a dog by the fact that is has a tail, is a
fox a dog? Page 90 utilizes dogs as quantifier for a logical argument, which I found relates to
differentiating between dogs and foxes; No dogs are cats. Page 273 classifies Fido under the
term dog, giving dog a proper name and explaining that dog is a universal term but Fido is a
specific entity.
Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
After typing in dog I started to click on subjects that interested me. When I saw one
article under Hindu, I discovered an article on the Ramakrishna Movement. The word dog is
only mentioned once in a quote comparing dogs and the world in a metaphor that I found quite
funny; The world is like a dogs curly tailpeople have been striving to straighten it out for

yearswhen they let it go, it has curled up again. Under the subject Japanese, Chinese and
Korean, I found two interesting articles on dogs, titled Logic in China and Art, poetry and
the natural world. Much like the first Hindu article, dogs are only mentioned once in both of
these Asian articles. In the first article, dogs are used as a compound term in the traditional
Chinese caricature and language since cat-dog in Chinese can be interpreted as plural words
cats and dogs. The second article mentions dogs as an example of nature in art. According to
this article, dogs appeared in Japanese art for the first time during the fourteenth century. This
taught me exactly how long dogs have been around and have been utilized by humans as both a
tool and a companion, even though dogs were seen as a lowly creature in the fourteenth century
being compared to fleas in poetic verse.
Biographical Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Philosophers
Dog was too specific of a search term so I broadened it to animal and found many
entries concerning animal rights and behavior, and even one entry on animal sacrifice. The
dictionary only gave me titles, but the titles alone spark enough deduction from me to want to
research them. Some of the titles were: The Case for Animal Rights (1983) and Animal
Sacrifices: Religious perspectives On the Use of Animals in Science (1986) on page 654, and
Animal Libertarian: A New Ethics for our Treatment of Animals (1975) on page 726.
The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy
Searching dog brought up only ten entries. The first entry under forms of argument
covered the subject treating dogs as qualifiers, like many of the sources I have found; All dogs
are greedy, Sandy is a dog, so Sandy is greedy. The second source under welfare used dog as
a verb, which I have never seen done before; aggregation dog the notion. The third entry under

Cynics was the most interesting source since the term dogs actually refers to people.
Apparently, some philosophers were called dog philosophers since dogs were symbolic of
shamelessness, and cynics were categorized by antisocial behavior and mockery.
Religion and Mythology
ATLA Religion Database
To come up with sources on the spot, I selected full text and English limiters after
typing in animal AND dog. From these terms the database found a wide range of sources. The
first article I found, Dog Burials at Dor, expanded upon my knowledge on how long dogs have
been around humans but also on how long they have been our companions. During the early
Hellenistic period, dogs were clearly cared for as companions since the site of multiple dog
burials were found with the bones unharmed by any ritual sacrifice, thereby determining the
death of the seven dogs as natural. The second article I found was grounded in Christianity and
contained many literary interpretations based on the verse concerning dogs in the Bible, Matthew
15:21-28. Titled A Contemporary Reflection on the Sacramentality of Communion, the article
discusses boundaries of faith in relation to communion and animals. This article compares
Gentiles to dogs, which is initially a negative metaphor, but then explains how Jesus Christ cares
for Gentiles even though he was sent for his Jewish people. The third article, titled Going to the
dogs: Candid Ethology and Theological Reflection, related to the previous article in the fact
that it takes literary interpretations of the Bible to compare humans and animals as similar
instead of different. The article even goes as far as comparing animals to disciples since they
teach and heal according to many peoples personal experience.
The New Interpreters Dictionary of the Bible

Only one entry came up for dog, defining the term as a scavenger among the Jewish
population and briefly mentioned the parables with dogs in them. Dogs are mentioned quite
frequently in the Bible, and because they are in so many parables they are almost always utilized
as a means to an end, or as an instruction example. This entry reminded me of the articles from
the ATLA database that compared dogs to people and even teachers and healers.
New Catholic Encyclopedia
The first book section I found related to philosophy and logic, as indicated by the title
Philosophy, Technical Terms in: Affirmative and Negative Propositions. Another phrase of
differentiation, no dog is a horse, defines two terms by what they are not. The second section
focused more on religion, specifically rebirth and reincarnation also called Metempsychosis.
The article describes the impossibility of transferring human material into animal material,
specifically that of a dog, since there is a picture of a man being reborn in a dogs body. I was
familiar with the aspects of reincarnation among Hindu beliefs but this article clearly shows that
Catholicism displays aspects of reincarnation as well. The third book section I found discussed a
technique I had never heard of before called Eidetic Variation. The technique involves
reducing the essential definition of things. The section uses dogs as an example, explaining that
if you imagine a dog without a leg you still have a dog, but if you imagine a dog without legs and
therefore without mobility the concept has changed into a not-dog or a disabled dog.
Encyclopedia of Contemporary American Religions
Exactly three book sections came up when I typed dog into the encyclopedia. The first
section details some experiences of the Toronto Blessing. Protestant community members were
meeting outside of churches to perform spiritual revival that turned into dramatic physical

manifestations such as convulsing, laughing, and even barking like a dog. The instances of
barking and one religious member tethered to a leash like a dog are the only two mentions of the
term. The second discusses Reincarnation, where the singular mention of dog refers to
Pythagoras saying stop beating that dog I recognize him by his voice as a friend of mine.
Both Pythagoras and Plato believed in reincarnation and this belief was prominent throughout
their works, which affected Virgils Aeneid due to reincarnation in book six. The third section
concentrated on Martin Luther King Jr. and only mentions dogs during the description of the
civil rights movement when attack dogs were unleashed upon protesters, a sad reminder that our
friendly companions can be used destructively.
Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity
Dog was too specific of a term but animal pulled up three references. Page 303
explains the beliefs of Manicheanism and how plant and animal life came to be through the
hermaphrodite Envoy who seduced both male and female Archons and their ejaculations became
the product of light and life. Page 331 describes a man names Barbaros who was a ruthless
bandit that converted to Christianity but was killed by a hunter because he was mistaken for an
animal. Page 529 details Zitomislic paintings of animals being hunted on peoples tombs in a
monastery on the river Neretva. These stories captivated my interest and I would like to learn
more about them.
Cults in America: A Reference Handbook
Dog revealed only one entry in the Handbook in reference to what has to be my least
favorite subject so far, or Satanism. The entry describes how animals, specifically cats or dogs,
are slaughtered in sacrifice to the Christian devil. Many instances of these sacrifices include

methods that mock Jesus Christs death or crucifixion. Apparently Satanists were very rare prior
to the 1960s, but the entry does not describe the change that took place, only more instances of
Satanism in the media, such as horror movies.
Literature
MLA International Bibliography
This database pleasantly surprised me since such a wide range of research has been done
in the literature field on multiple species of animals. After typing in animal AND dog I
received thirty nine results. The first of which utilized dog as a verb, Dogging the Subject:
Samuel Beckett, Emmanuel Levinas, and Posthuman Ethics, and completely surrounds the
subject of dogs and their relationship with people. It compares Becketts Watt and Molloy and
Levinas The Name of a Dog with a postmodern lens by bridging the gap between the
philosophy of human as animal and the animal as machine. The second journal article also
centers on dogs but in the literal sense Person, Animal, Thing: The 1796 Dog Tax and the
Right to Superfluous Things. A man named John Dent proposed a dog tax to the British House
of Commons hoping to reduce two million dogs to one million dogs since many poor people
were accumulating an unnecessary amount of pets. His idea was good for the economy and the
community considering that food usually going to pets would be going towards the needy and
hungry, but the people argued that they had a right to their pets without being taxed; the
companionship between man and dog was that important. The third article, titled Natural
History and Narrative Sympathy: The Childrens Animal Stories of Edward Augustus Kendall,
focuses on the author of childrens stories, Kendall, and his innovative ability to empathize with
non-human protagonists, specifically the dog from Keepers Travels. Through the main character,

a dog, Kendall created a non-human experience for readers and created sympathy for creatures
instead of contempt for lesser species.
Academic Search Complete
This search seemed less literary to me and much more general in the sense that it focused
on the dog in the real world and its environmental and psychological effects on people. The first
article I found was a scientific study on Environmental Factors Associated with Success Rates
of Australian Stock Herding Dogs. It measured how human traits affect herding dog
performance and how human behavior affects herding dog success at the workplace. This article
strengthened my knowledge on the bond between man and dog and how we as leaders of the
pack in the dogs mentality affect the working output of our companions and fellow members of
the pack. The second article studies the Evaluation of a Novel Dog Adoption Program in Two
US Communities. This article interested me the most because of the program it described as
foster homes for dogs; the program is a subsection of pet adoption centers that allows people to
take home adoptable dogs and find the adopter themselves. This new process proved to be much
more successful than adoption centers alone because it introduced dogs to people in everyday
environments and provided the adoptable dog with a home instead of a small shelter space. The
foster homes also placed more responsibility on people to find homes for the dogs bringing the
total number of dog owners in the U.S. to a shocking fifty percent. The third journal article
discussed why Large Dog Relinquishment is more popular than small dog relinquishment
through voluntary surveys. They discovered that many people saved larger dogs based on the
dogs cute appearance or said they wanted to save a life, then many people admitted to
relinquishing their large dog due to temperament or housing issues even though almost half of

the people agreed that the dogs temperament is what they initially liked about their dog the
most.
JSTOR
I completed an advanced search in this database with my usual search terms, animal
AND dog, but limited to journal articles and the Humanities subject since this database is much
more general and I wanted to make sure my results were literature based. The first article, Wild
Traits in Tame Animals: VI. Dogs and Cats, Dr. Louis Robinson discusses the wild beginnings
of dogs and how we can still analyze their tame behavior today from their wolf genetics in the
wilderness. He starts off by explaining pack mentality in wolves and how it has transferred
between dogs and humans currently. Humans have demanded the position of alfa and have asked
their pets to follow commands as betas. This explanation of pack functions expanded upon my
understanding of the relationship between man and dog. The second article was very literary in
nature, titled Debs Dogs: Animals, Indians, and Postcolonial Desire in Charles Brockden
Browns Edgar Huntly, analyzes how a character named Old Deb is personified through her
dogs and their shared characteristics. They serve and protect each other; Deb grows and harvests
corn for herself and her dogs, and her dogs hunt and supply meat for themselves and her. The
third article, simply titled Dogs by Mary Peterson, was a short fictional story about a man
named Will, a recovering alcoholic, who hates his new sober lifestyle. He hates his cat,
describing him as useless and warm since it sleeps in the small of his back like a woman. The
only thing he fears in the story is a neighborhood dog prowling about the night, free and
comfortable compared to his trapped feelings alone in his house. The story was well written and
intriguing but I wish it had talked more about the dog, even though it was the most significant
character in the story.

Early American Imprints

After typing dog into the search engine and selecting in Full Text, only one relevant
source came up that I could see. Titled, A Full and True Relation, of Count Martini, the book
describes the life of Count Martini who was transformed into a dog, except for his head which
remained that of a human. The book was translated from German in 1765 and acts as a
cautionary tale to not be dissatisfied with your plentiful earthly possessions as Count Martini had
become, therefore cursed to bear the punishment of having the body of a dog. This story really
made me laugh because of the outrageous plot details and the image of a mans head on a dogs
body. It made the story concerning the alcoholic Will look like a dream. I was thoroughly
surprised and entertained by this tale of woe.
Theatre and Dance
American Variety Stage
I searched by keyword, typed in animal and dog, and twenty sources surfaced, so I
clicked on the sources with dog in the title. The first play, The Lone Hand Four Ages, or
Equal to a Royal Flush; to be Acted by a Troupe of Educated Dogs, in Four Acts, confused me
at first because I thought Acted by a Troupe of Educated Dogs was a referral to the actors, or a
metaphor comparing actors and dogs. Then I realized that the play was serious and the actors
were actually dogs. The play remains so interesting because there are no lines to read, just
banners with painted words unfolded at certain points during the play. The second play, Laura
Comstocks bag-punching dog, was in video format and included a trained dog punching a bag
with a woman. The third play, Dog Factory, was also a video and much funnier than the last in
my opinion. There is a store owned by a man who takes orders for dogs, and the dog factory is

a box that turns labeled hot dogs into real dogs. I found the idea and the transformation funny but
the transitions between scenes to be awkward and slow, which I did expect since it is such an old
video.
An American Ballroom Companion
Exactly one hundred results showed up for a full text search of animal AND dog. The
first source titled The Social DanceThe Animal Dances, Too by Dr. R.A. Adams entails
many dances copying animal characteristics like The Dog Walk and The Grizzly. The source
also discusses the issues of habitual dancers, especially for women, since they feel pressures to
look beautiful and be talented and therefore fail subjects in school. The second source titled A
History of Dancing by Reginald St. Johnston contained pantomimic dance that mimicked
animal dances and like the earlier dance describes a dog walk. The source takes a historical
approach and covers decades of dancing. The third source titled The Amateurs Vademecum by
E.B. Reilley is a manual on dancing etiquette, deportment, and the history of dance from the
Greeks and Romans to the courts of Italy and France. It also covers the aboriginal dances of
American Indians and describes the respect for nature and animals that appears in their dancing.
All of these sources proved useful to me since I am unfamiliar with any form of dance and I am
surprised that animals not only influence us as people to write about or even to paint about but
also to dance about.
Playbill Online
This online resource gave me an inside look at the present times of Broadway, since
many sources that I found after typing animal AND dog into the search bar yielded ads about
animals. Many of the ads center on the annual dog and cat adoption event sponsored by many

different people and corporations. These ads proved to me that people really care about their pets
and that animals can heavily influence our lives. The first article, PHOTO CALL: Onstage at
Broadway Barks with Lena Hall, Bernadette Peters, Will Swenson, Victoria Clark, James Franko,
The Matildas and More!, mimics the foster dog program because Broadway stars help find
homes for pets from city animal shelters. I found many other articles like this one, like How
Much is that Doggie inShubert Alley?: Audra McDonald, Sierra Boggess, Zach Braff and
More Are Part of Broadway Barks 16 and PHOTO SPECIAL: Pooches and Felines and
Theatre Stars! The Very Best of Broadway Barks! 2000-2013. Commonalities showed up like
recurring stars and recurring sponsors James Franco came up multiple times along with
Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS. These sources taught me that dogs are not only prevalent
in our lives and in our cultures, but also in our media and over a significant span of time none the
less.
YAHOO: Theatre and YAHOO: Performing Arts
The only sources that I could find on these websites pertaining to animal AND dog
were ads for buying or adopting dogs in your specific local area, which I didnt believe was
worth listing but I found it just important enough to mention that there are so many sites for
obtaining dogs because of their importance to us both as pets and companions.
Film and TV
Film and Television Literature Index with Full Text
After searching for animal AND dog in this database and limiting to full text only, I
discovered a wide range of materials from academic journals to periodicals and even to books
containing the word dog, but not always referring to the animal. Ignoring the articles concerning

hot dogs, I focused on sources surrounding the four-legged companion. The first journal article I
found studied the early images of the animal welfare movement and how those images gave
animals a voice and agency. Cant you talk? Voice and Visual Culture in Early Animal Welfare
Campaigns published great information on how people have to prove animals human-like
qualities to gain sympathy from other humans during the 1800s. Many images that received the
most attention from the public were animals performing the same atrocities to humans that were
performed on them, making the animals relatable on an empathetic level. This ancient process of
the humanization of animals shed light on the family aspect we place on pets today. The second
periodical article I found titled Chasing Perfection detailed the strange and intricate world of
purebred dogs and how the desire to win causes many people to cheat. The article defined
double-handled as a common cheating tool for competitors that have someone sitting in the
audience who knows the dog well and motions it commands when the dog is distracted from the
primary handler. Clearly people place a powerful emphasis on their dogs as an extension of
themselves, since the dog does the work but people get the trophies; this article seems to go hand
in hand with the first article on human-animal relationships. The third periodical article I found
surrounded a documentary called Directing Animals and Staying Sane that shows how to train
dogs and other animals to be in the movies and on TV. The article explains just how difficult this
process is, especially since each dog is different and has individual mannerisms that can be
caught on tape. This process also humanizes dogs since many people also go through try-outs as
actors to get a specific role with their individual talents. The human-animal relationship
complicates itself yet again as my research evolves from our adoption of their pack mentality to
our projection of human characteristics onto their animalistic behaviors.
Communication and Mass Media Complete

I typed in my usual Boolean phrase of animal AND dog and got academic journal
articles exclusively after limiting to full text. For some reason, many of the articles focused on
robotics. The first article titled The Tail Shouldnt Wag the Dog: Why Modeling Dog-Human
Interaction is not Ideal for Socially Assistive Robotics is a study that wanted to observe humananimal (specifically human-dog) relationships and base that interactive behavior for a humanrobot experience. Unfortunately, problems arise from some of the behaviors between humans and
dogs since some dogs can act in a negative manner when their owners attention is directed
elsewhere. For this reason, the researchers concluded that human-robot interactions should not
reflect human-animal relationships in many aspects. The second article titled People Do Not
Interact with Robots like They Do with Dogs seems to be the article that the previous article
built upon since it describes the initial proposal of observing human-dog interactions and
transferring this interactive behavior to humans and robots. They only address two behavioral
problems and suggest probable solutions that I already have knowledge of not working. The
research indicates that the desired outcome is for humans to view robots in a loving manner,
much like the humanistic view of dogs. The third article Why is a Dog-Behavior-Inspired Social
Robot not a Doggy-Robot? builds upon the suggestion of basing social robots on the behavior
of dogs. It is not a study but more of a paper containing speculations on this topic. The article
discusses how robots can sufficiently perform technical aspects of movement but lack the
behavior required to help people. For example, the need to base robots on dogs comes from
dogs abilities to attract the attention of their owner, to lead their owner and check to make sure
they are being followed, and to stop and wait when their owner is not paying attention or
following. I definitely did not imagine how people interact with dogs becoming a social

inspiration for service robots, but because we as people care for dogs to such a degree that our
interactions are desirable for reproduction in assistive robots.
International Dictionary of Films and Filmmakers
Surprisingly enough, the term dog revealed an astounding 223 entries. The first
production I found is called Dog Star Man and is a 16mm silent, color and black and white
film that follows a man carrying an ax accompanied by a dog. He struggles up a steep mountain
and cuts down a dead tree. What makes the movie so special is the overarching metaphor of the
history of man: we endeavored on whatever mission we need to accomplish, we struggle and
experience plights along the way, and we eventually reach our goal. The second production titled
Man Bites Dog is taken from a larger Belgian production titled CEst Arrive Pres de Chez
Vous, a 16mm, black and white, ninety-six minute film that documents a serial killer becoming
more comfortable with his crimes. The camera crew follows the police investigators assigned to
the serial killer and resembles a horror film since the crew is literally in bullet-proof vests. The
term dog is used here metaphorically to create the backwards image of the victims taking
charge of their attacker. I found this film greatly resembles the literature articles I found utilizing
dogs as metaphors and symbols. The third production titled Reservoir Dogs is a 35mm ninetynine minute long film and ironically a Dog Eat Dog production. Covering taboo subjects such as
adolescent self-indulgence, crises of masculinity, and the scarce portrayal of strong women, this
film mirrors Pulp Fiction but without the humor and more violence. The title refers to how
reservoir dogs eat each other, thereby making the title a metaphor for the dangerous people on
screen and a symbol of violence. These past two images of dog as aggressor remind me that
these creatures are descendants of wolves and are to be respected since their capabilities of love
are equally matched with their ability to hunt, attack, and hurt.

The Internet Movie Database

This database pulled up quite a few results for dog in both names and titles, but I
focused on titles. The first film that interested me, One Man and His Dog, follows a dangerous
man named Tony who always gets what he wants, and when he wants a fellow criminals
champion greyhound he causes huge problems for Wayne and his friends in charge of retrieving
the dog. Categorized as comedy, this looks like a hilarious movie to me even though the dog
probably has no agency or voice and is used as a prop. The second source was a TV series titled
Dog with a Blog of which I have watched many episodes. A family connected by marriage
adopts a dog named Stan hoping that their children will bond over the pet and when the kids
discover that Stan can talk and type, they become a close-knit family and let Stan have his own
blog. The only family members that remain unaware of Stans abilities are the parents, where
much of the comedy comes into play trying to keep secrets from the parents. This show
solidifies peoples desire to project their humanistic behaviors on animals like many other
sources have displayed throughout this journal. The third source is classified under comedy and
family, like Dog with a Blog, and is titled Hotel for Dogs. The film depicts peoples love for
dogs as two kids secretly renovate a vacant hotel and care for stray dogs. They almost get shut
down due to health code standards but receive some help from adults and clean the place up,
making their hotel for dogs a permanent business.
Art
Bibliography of the History of Art
Over 200 results appeared for dog, teaching me exactly how important and common
this animal is to enough cultures that it appears in art. The first article, Philip Reinagles

Extraordinary musical dog, describes the early nineteenth century portrait of a spaniel playing
God Save the King on a piano in an English country home. The author compares the painting
to the child prodigy William Crotch who supposedly taught himself how to play this particular
song on the piano at age two. The second article, My dog Neo, compares American paintings
of aggressive (snarling, biting) dogs to the mood of the world. The author states that the
depiction of aggressive dogs represents the survivalism and the pursuit of biological advantage
by humans. He analyzes these images through the lens of humans of having a lower nature, like
the dogs, and the human-as-dog image represents the genesis of the beast of the apocalypse. The
third article I found encompasses the first two in a sense that it compares the relationship
between humans and dogs over the centuries. From the royal hunt to the taxidermist: a dogs
history of modern art surveys the recurring motif of dogs from the seventeenth century to the
present. The author describes the bond between people and their dogs as special.
Art Index
673 results showed up for dog in this database and brought up almost all journal
articles, and with full text as the only limiter. The first article, Hitchcock Goes to the Dogs,
discusses how dogs crept from appearing in art like paintings, to photographs, and finally to film.
It asserts that there is a correlation between the depictions of dogs in art and their relationships
and responsibilities with humans in real life. Dogs have evolved from helpful hunter to
entertainer to household pet, and over the centuries art has depicted this change from seventeenth
century paintings of hunting dogs to Hitchcock films of talented terriers. The second article
seems very strange to me due to the title, A Song for Molly: In which I tell how I fell hard for a
dog, why I have problems with women, and what I know about Ludwig Wittgenstein. A small
autobiography written by Jeremy Bernstein concerning his relationship with a female dog named

Molly. She was abandoned at a restaurant and Jeremy adopts her as his own when he notices that
she is very sluggish and lethargic. After a trip to the vet, Jeremy realizes that Molly will not live
for a long time. At this point, he has become so attached to her he starts to cry, which would not
be unusual except for the fact that Jeremy is not an emotional person never shedding a tear, not
even at his own mothers funeral. He keeps her until she has to be put down and he had to see a
psychiatrist for a while after. His relationship with Molly reminds me of how people perceive
dogs today, as cherished members of their family. The third article, A dogs world: The
significance of canine companions in Hogarths Marriage A-la-Mode, describes the painter
William Hogarths satirical paintings of dogs physically reflecting their masters (husband and
wife) emotions and their infidelity. This article slightly disturbed me but it did point out how in
many paintings of humans and dogs, the dog is almost always the most important and
distinguished character since almost all people pose as someone else and even ask to be altered
for aesthetic purposes, while the dog simply acts and is portrayed.
ArtSTOR
After searching dog in this database 2,000 images arose and almost every picture of a
dog contained a human element or a literal human presence. Spanning the impressive years of
6400 BCE to 2008, dogs and humans have had an impressive and unique relationship. A wool
warp titled Falconer with Two Ladies, a Page, and a Foot Soldier from 1500-1530 South
Netherlands depicts exactly what the title entails and places the dog with the falconer, giving it a
specific job and title, as it sits at attention looking at the falcon instead of the master. I would
assert that the dog represents his master, like many other earlier articles have suggested. A bronze
statue titled The Indian Hunter from 1860 America depicts an American Indian in a stalking
position that matches the dog at his right side. The Indian has his weapon reared at the ready and

the dog has his teeth bared at the ready. Again one can see the parallelism between the two and
assert that both the human and the dog share the same job and represent each other. An oil on
canvas titled Portrait of a Woman with a Dog from 1769 France depicts exactly what the title
hints, an elite wealthy woman with her small dog. Clearly the dog is her pet because they are
both groomed and well dressed. The woman is wearing pearls in her hair and around her neck
while the dog is wearing a blue satin ribbon around its neck and draped around its body. In all
instances of these images with both people and dogs, the dog physically represents the master
through appearance and display of emotion.
The Grove Dictionary of Art Online
This database yielded over 2,000 results for dog and the first two are subject entries
Fire-dog and Dog of Fo and the next entry I found is an image titled Roy De Forest:
Country Dog Gentlemen, polymer on canvas. A fire-dog, found under Fireplace furnishings,
is a hearth accessory that protects the rear of the fireplace. Made of cast iron, these sheets along
the back wall of the fireplace were often decorated with designs and motifs of flowers, vines, and
sometimes animals. The dog of fo is a Chinese mythical beast that is half dog, half lion and its
image is used to protect Buddhist temples and works of art. The image of fo became famous on
Chinese porcelain and was admired by Europeans to a point that they copied the image on their
own ceramics during the 17th and 18th centuries. The Country Dog Gentlemen painting depicts
many dogs (at least ten) covering the canvas interacting with one another yet separated by
painted lines. The painting reminds me of people and the representation of group roles or pack
mentality but also individuality. As you can imagine, I am comparing the dogs in the painting to
people in real life.

Music
RILM: Abstracts of Music Literature
Fifteen results appeared in this database with only full text as a limiter and almost every
source is a section from a periodical. In the first periodical, The medium and materials of
popular music: Hound Dog, turntablism and muzak as situated musical practices, the author
takes different performances of the song Hound Dog as examples for analyzing what aspects
of popular music can be detected in the actual sound of music and how this detection affects
social, cultural, and musical construction. The materials used to play the song and in what
environment it was played affected how popular the song was considered. The second periodical,
Devon by Dog Cart and Bicycle: The Folk Song Collaboration of Sabine Baring-Gould and
Cecil Sharp, 1904-17, had nothing to do with dogs. It described the relationship between Cecil
Sharp and Sabine Baring-Gould and how they came to write and compose songs together even
though Sharp was twenty five years younger than Baring-Gould. They enjoyed combining ideas
for folk songs, and I assume some may have had dogs in them. The third periodical I found,
From Being Jealous of a Dogs Vein, is very creepy in my opinion. It focuses on the author and
how he likes to attack defenseless animals. He enjoys breaking birds wings and crushing all
their unhatched young beneath them. He describes being jealous of a dog being cornered and
beaten by children because it is the dog that tempts the children and, without considering its
own situation, exposes itself completely. I do not understand the authors relationship with
animals and I do not think I want to, but this periodical is an example of a negative relationship
between a human and a dog.
The Music Index

With a full text limiter, this database yielded over 800 results. The first result is an
academic journal article titled Human listeners attend to size information in domestic dog
growls, and covers a scientific experiment utilizing dog growls and the human perception of
those growls to determine if people could guess the size of the dog based on the growl. Many
people guessed size correctly, or as close to the actual size of the dog as possible, with the
knowledge that a deeper growl equaled a larger dog. The second source is a periodical titled
Thomas Pletzinger and Sufjan Stevens, and analyzes Thomas Pletzingers novel Funeral for a
Dog through an interview between the author himself and Sufjan Stevens. The novel appears to
be several run-on sentences and covers love and death in the setting of September 11. The third
source is an academic journal article much like the first one in the fact that it is another scientific
study comparing the alarm calls of prairie dogs. The article, Acoustic structures in the alarm
calls of Gunnisons prairie dogs, discovered that the calls are distinct to different predators
red-tailed hawks, domestic dogs, and coyotes. These scientific articles taught me that animals
have a complex, unique, and wide range of communication skills, much like people, even though
they do not speak a language.
Grove Music Online
Mostly biographies came up for this search engine and dog was used as a verb instead
of a noun. Although there was one instance I found dog used as a noun. The first biography,
Merli, Francesco, described him as dogged by ill-health and he was never re-engaged. The
second biography, James, John, described him as a terribly mannered man with butchers and
bailiffs as associates and dog-fighting and bull-baiting as hobbies. The third biography, Janacek,
Leos, described him as having libretto problems that dogged his opera titled The Excursion of
Mr. Broucek to the Moon. Dogged seems to mean retired in these instances but usually means

persistent, so again a verb with dog in it can have both positive and negative connotations,
which reminds me of the relationship between humans and dogs having the potential to be both
positive and negative.
History
America: History and Life
This database yielded 171 results for dog and a full text limiter. The term dog was
mostly used as a place holder for something other than the animal, but some articles appeared
that concentrated on the animal. The first journal article discussed the animal and the ethical
issues behind assigning them dangerous jobs. In Dogs we Trust? brings the history of using
dogs as mine detectors to light and questions whether or not minedogs were effective at clearing
fields for war expansion; not surprisingly, the article concludes that the minedogs abilities to
detect and clear minefields depended on the interpersonal relationship between dog and master.
Apparently, there is a direct correlation between the masters belief that the dog will succeed and
the dogs success. The second journal article covers the varying food in New York, titled Hot
Dogs, Hipsters, and Xenophobia: Immigrant Street Food Vendors in New York. On the streets
of New York, one can find almost any food from varying cultures because of the immigrants
residing there. They are upholding their culture and adding culture to this state, and these
immigrants have been doing this since the 1600s when New York was New Amsterdam. Since
then, there have been more regulations to selling and distributing food on the streets, and this
article mentions the Street Vendor Project, which helps immigrants carry on traditions with
serving food in America. These articles spanned a number of years and multiple wars, and they
strengthened my ideas about the importance of the relationship between man and dog.

Historical Abstracts
This database pulled similar results mirroring America: History and Life, but actually
had articles discussing dogs as an animal with the search term dog and a full text limiter. The
first article I found centered on how British colonialism brought about treatment standards
towards animals in the Far East, titled Dogs and British Colonialism: The Contested Ban on
Eating Dogs in Colonial Hong Kong. As the title suggests, British settlers demanded the
regulation of ingesting dogs in Hong Kong. At first, people did not care that dogs were being
eaten as long as they were killed in a humane way, but as dogs became pets and thereby
members of the family, legislation passed rules against eating dogs in Hong Kong in 1950. Dog
lovers used the spread of rabies during this time to their advantage by linking rabies in humans to
the consumption of dogs with rabies. The second article, Dogs, History, and Agency,
establishes dogs as vehicles with agency in literature. It debunks the idea that dogs cannot have
any agency, but it also entertains the idea that dogs are on a separate (lower) level than humans
with agency. Dogs can act in the world but in their own way not like a human but also not at
all. The last article I found also touched upon the relationship between man and dog, titled
Hunting Dogs in the Lowland Neotropics. This article interested me the most because it
discusses the introduction of dogs to Amazonia. Many ethnographers question the introduction,
but regardless the animal has improved human life by hunting and protecting their masters.
Unfortunately dogs have now become so numerous that causes of death for them in Amazonia
are malnutrition and attack from another animal. Either way the article proves the strength
behind the dog as family member and definitely gives the animal agency.
ArchiveGrid

This database yielded many literary uses of the term dog and brought about over
15,000 results. The first entry called Black Dog Publishing Limited, is located at the School of
the Art Institute of Chicago in the John M. Flaxman Library. The second entry, Dog Ear Press,
is also located in the John M. Flaxman Library at the Art Institute of Chicago. The third entry
called Dog Creek Press records, 1977-1982, is located at Montana Historical Society Research
Center in Archives and Photograph Archives. This entry was the most detailed and explained the
records of Dog Creek Press as annotated drafts of manuscripts and biographies that were
published between 1977 and 1982. Some were never published but are still located at the
Archives thanks to the Montana Historical Society. Clearly dogs have influenced our lives to a
point that we put them in everything we do, even our printing and publishing presses.
Dictionary of National Biography
I enjoyed this database very much since it brought up excerpts of people with the
nickname of dog. Only seven people were brought up with the search term though, but I
expected as much. Guy de Beauchamp, the tenth earl of Warwick, served the military in Scotland
in 1298 and was nicknamed the Black Dog of Arden because of his fierce fighting skills it was
said he could not be prevailed upon. For Guy, the nickname of Dog was an endearing term,
whereas for John Giffard, it was an insult. John Giffard was a politician and a newspaper editor
who showed partiality and arrogance in his work, earning him the name Dog in Office. Henry
Smith, an English benefactor born in London in 1594, also earned the nickname Dog for his pet
dog. He was commonly called Dog Smith because his dog always followed him. These entries
taught me that dogs are important to us, and they carry many meanings both positive and
negative.

Folklore
MLA International Bibliography of Books and Articles on the Modern Languages and Literatures
This journal pulled 180 results for dog all of which had to do with animal studies. The
first result, Why Animals Now?, delves into the literary symbolism of the puppy in F. Scott
Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby. Unsurprisingly, the author gives the dog human characteristics
and dissects the meaning behind each action as a mirror to the novels theme. According to the
author, the puppy has accepted his death the moment Tom purchases him for Myrtle because he
refuses to eat or drink and groans every time smoke is pushed through the apartment. The main
theme of distorted vision is mirrored through the puppy groaning at the smoke with blind eyes.
The author uses this example to explain how animals are used in other pieces of literature to
other certain characters. Since animals are not human they occupy the space of other and
pass on that association to whoever their owner is. The second result, Emily Dickinsons
Animal Pedagogies, also discusses the symbolism of dogs in literature, specifically Emily
Dickinsons letters to Thomas Wentworth. Emily experienced great loss at the death of her dog,
Carlo, which caused her to lapse in her letters to her friend for eighteen months. The author uses
this lapse as proof that the dog symbolized Emilys life since it had been her companion for over
sixteen years and shared the little world or small sphere of her life. Emilys dog represented
her genteel life and bourgeois status, thereby allowing the literal death of the dog to be compared
to the metaphorical death of Emily. The third entry, From Animal to Animality Studies,
contains many of the elements of the first two results in the fact that it compares humans to dogs
but takes the assertion a step further by claiming that dogs are men in furs, and that this view
allows for interpretations of homoerotic interaction in works of literature such as The Call of the
Wild and White Fang. The relationship between buck, a dog, and John Thornton, his master, in

The Call of the Wild is described as genuine, passionate lovelove that was feverish and
burning, that was adoration, that was madness. White Fang, the name of the dog and the novel,
is described as having a void in his being a hungry, aching, yearning void that clamored to be
filled by Weedon Scott. As both masters and both dogs are male, homoerotic love can be
deduced from the love that they share as companions with burning passion and a yearning void.
Again my research reveals that animals, specifically dogs, are imperative to us as representations
of the phases of our lives, becoming a part of our identity in the process of inviting them into our
hearts as family members.

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