Unit I, II & III - VL

Engineering Mathematics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
(10 MAT11)
LECTURE NOTES
(FOR I SEMESTER B E OF VTU)
VTU-EDUSAT Programme-15
Dr. V. Lokesha
Professor and Head
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECNOLOGY
Soldevanahalli, Bangalore 90
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2011
ENGNEERING MATHEMATICS I
Content
CHAPTER
UNIT I
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS I
UNIT II
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS II
UNIT III
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS III
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UNIT - I
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS I
Introduction:
The mathematical study of change like motion, growth or decay is calculus. The Rate of change of
given function is derivative or differential.
The concept of derivative is essential in day to day life. Also applicable in Engineering, Science,
Economics, Medicine etc.
Successive Differentiation:
Let y = f (x) --(1) be a real valued function.
dy
The first order derivative of y denoted by
or y or y1 or 1
dx 2
The Second order derivative of y denoted by d yor y or y2 or 2
dx 2
Similarly differentiating the function (1) n-times, successively,
dny
th
the n order derivative of y exists denoted by n or yn or yn or n
dx
The process of finding 2nd and higher order derivatives is known as Successive Differentiation.
nth derivative of some standard functions:

1.
Sol :
y = eax
y1 = a eax
y2 = a2 eax
Differentiating Successively
yn = an eax
ie.
Dn[eax] = an eax
For, a =1
Dn[ex] = ex
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Leibnitzs Theorem :
It provides a useful formula for computing the nth derivative of a product of two functions.
Statement : If u and v are any two functions of x with un and vn as their nth derivative. Then the nth
derivative of uv is
(uv)n = u0vn + nC1 u1vn-1 + nC2u2vn-2 + +nCn-1un-1v1+unv0

Note : We can interchange u & v (uv)n = (vu)n,
nC =
1
1.
n , nC2 = n(n-1) /2! , nC3= n(n-1)(n-2) /3!
Find the nth derivations of eax cos(bx + c)

Solution: y1 = eax b sin (bx +c) + a eax cos (b x + c), by product rule.
.i.e, y1 = eax [a cos (bx + c ) b sin (bx + c )]
Let us put a = r cos , and b = r sin .
a 2 + b 2 = r 2 and tan = b / a
.ie., r = a 2 + b 2 and = tan-1 (b/a)
Now, y1 = e ax [r cos cos(bx + c) r sin sin( bx + c)]
Ie., y1 = r eax cos ( + bx + c )
where we have used the formula cos A cos B sin A sin B = cos (A + B)
Differentiating again and simplifying as before,
y2 = r2 eax cos (2 + bx + c ) .
Similarly y3 = r3 e ax cos (3 + bx + c ) .
Thus y n = r n e ax cos(n + bx + c )
Where r = a 2 + b 2 and = tan-1 (b/a).
Thus Dn [eax cos (b x + c)]
= ( a 2 + b 2 ) n e ax cos n tan 1 (b / a ) + bx + c
]]
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2. Find the nth derivative of log
y=
4x2 + 8x + 3
4 x 2 + 8x + 3 = log (4x2 + 8x +3)
Solution : Let y = log

ie., y =
2011
1
log (4x2 + 8x +3) log xn = n log x
2
1
log { (2x + 3) (2x+1)}, by factorization.
2
y=
1
{log (2x + 3) + log (2x + 1)}
2
1 ( 1) (n 1)!2 n ( 1) (n 1)!2 n
+
Now y n =
2 (2x + 3)n
(2x + 1)n
n 1
n 1
1
1
+
Ie., yn = 2n-1 (-1) n-1 (n-1) !
n
n
(2 x + 3) (2 x + 1)
3. Find the nth derivative of log 10 {(1-2x)3 (8x+1)5}
Solution : Let y = log 10 {1-2x)3 (8x+1)5}
It is important to note that we have to convert the logarithm to the base e by the property:
log10 x =
Thus y =
Ie., y =
yn =
Ie.,
log e x
log e 10
1
3
5
log e (1 2 x ) (8x + 1)
log e 10
1
{3 log(1 2x ) + 5 log(8x + 1)}
log e 10
n 1
n
( 1)n 1 (n 1)!8n
1 ( 1) (n 1)!( 2)
3
.
5
+
loge 10
(1 2x )n
(8x + 1)n
n 1
n
n
(
5(4)
1) (n 1)!2 n 3( 1)
yn =
+
n
n
log e 10
(1 2x ) (8x + 1)
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4. Find the nth derivative of e2x cos2 x sin x

1 + cos 2 x
Solution : >> let y = e2x cos2 x sin x = e2x
sin x
2
ie., y =
=
e2x
(sin x + sin x cos 2x)
2
e2x
2
sin x + [sin 3x + sin ( x )]

2
e2x
(2 sin x + sin 3x sin x ) sin (-x) = -sin x
=
4
e2x
y =
(sin x + sin 3x)
4
{ (
Now y n =
1 n 2x
D e sin x + D n e 2 x sin 3x
4
Thus y n =
1
4
yn =
e2x
4
{( 5 ) e
n
2x
)}
] ( 13 ) e
sin n tan 1 (1 2 ) + x +
{( 5 ) sin[n tan
n
(1 2) + x ]+ (
2x
sin n tan 1 (3 2 ) + 3x
) [
13 sin n tan 1 (3 2) + 3x
n
]}
]}
5. Find the nth derivative of e2x cos 3x

Solution : Let y=e2x cos3 x = e 2x.
1
(3 cos x + cos 3x)
4
1
(3 e2x cos x + e2x cos 3x)
4
Ie.,
y=
yn =
1
{3Dn (e2x cos x) + Dn (e2x cos 3x)}
4
yn =
{( )
] ( 13 ) e
n
1
3 5 e 2 x cos n tan 1 (1 2 ) + x +
4
Thus y n =
{( )
2x
] ( )
]}
]}
cos n tan 1 (3 2 ) + 3 x
n
n
e2x
3 5 cos n tan 1 (1 2) + x + 13 cos n tan 1 (3 2) + 3x
4
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6. Find the nth derivative of

y=
Solution :
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
x2
(2x + 1)(2x + 3)
x2
is an improper fraction because; the degree of the
(2x + 1)(2x + 3)
numerator being 2 is equal to the degree of the denominator. Hence we must divide and
rewrite the fraction.
4x 2
x2
1
=
for convenience.
.
4 x 2 + 8x + 3 4 4 x 2 + 8x + 3
y=
4x
4x2 +8x +3
4 x 2 + 8x + 3
8x 3
1
8x 3
1+ 2
4 4 x + 8x + 3
y=
Ie., y =
1 1 8x + 3
4 4 4 x 2 + 8x + 3
The algebraic fraction involved is a proper fraction.

Now
Let
1 8x + 3
yn = 0 Dn 2
4 4 x + 8x + 3
8x + 3
A
B
=
+
(2x + 1)(2x + 3) 2x + 1 2x + 3
Multiplying by (2x + 1) (2x + 3) we have, 8x + 3 = A (2x + 3) + B (2x + 1)

................(1)
By setting 2x + 1 = 0, 2x + 3 = 0 we get x = -1/2, x = -3/2.
Put x = -1/2 in (1): -1 -1 + A (2) A = -1/2
Put x = -3/2 in (1): -9 = B (-2) B = 9/2
1 1 1 9 n 1
y n = D n
+ D
4 2 2x + 1 2 2x + 3
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( 1)n n!2n + 9 ( 1)n n!2n

1
= ( 1)
8
(2x + 3)n +1
(2x + 1)n +1
ie., y n
n +1
(
1) n!2 n
=
7. Find the nth derivative of

Solution : y =
1
9
+
n +1
n +1
(2x + 3)
(2x + 1)
x4
( x + 1) ( x + 2)
x4
is an improper fraction.
( x + 1) ( x + 2)
(deg of nr. = 4 > deg. of dr. = 2)

On dividing x4 by x2 + 3 x + 2, We get
15 x 14
y = ( x2 3x + 7 ) + 2
x + 3x + 2
15 x 14
yn = Dn (x2-3x+7)-Dn 2
x + 3x + 2
But D = ( x2 3x + 7 ) = 2x 3, D2 ( x2 3x + 7 ) = 2
D3( x2 3x + 7 ) = 0......... Dn ( x2 3x + 7 ) = 0 if n > 2
15 x + 14
Hence yn = -Dn
( x + 1) ( x + 2)
Now, let Dn
A
B
15 x + 14
=
+
2
x + 3x + 2 ( x + 1) ( x + 2)
=> 15x+ 14 = A(x+2) + B(x+ 1 )

Put x = - 1 ; - 1 = A ( 1 ) or A = - 1
Put x = - 2 ; - 16 = B ( - 1 ) or B = 16
1
1
+ 16 D n
Yn = D n
x + 2
x + 1
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=
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
(1) n n ! 1n
(1) n n ! 1n
16
( x + 1) n +1
( x + 2) n +1
1
16
yn = (1) n n !
n> 2
n +1
( x + 2) n +1
( x + 1)
8. Show that
d n log x (1) n n!
1 1 1
=
log x 1
n
n +1
2 3 n
dx x
x
Solution : Let y =
log x
1
1
= log x. and let u = log x, v =
x
x
x
We have Leibnitz theorem,

(uv)n = uvn + nC1 u1v n 1 + nC2 u 2 v n 2 + .... + u n v
Now, u = log x
(1)
(1) n1 (n 1)!
un =
xn
( 1) n n!
1
v = vn =
x n+1
x
Using these in (1) by taking appropriate values for n we get,
(1) n n!
1 (1) n1 (n 1)!
log x
Dn =
= log x.. n +1 + n .
x
x
xn
x
n(n 1) 1 (1) n2 (n 2)!

1. 2 x 2
x n 1
(1) n1 (n 1)! 1
.
x
xn
+ ...... +
Ie.. = log x
(1) n n! (1) n1 n!
+
x n+1
x n+1
(1) n 2 n!
(1) n 1 (n 1)!
+
....
+
x n +1
2 x n +1
(1) n2 n!
(1) 2
(1) 1 (n 1)!
1
+ .... +
log x(1)
x n+1
2
n1
Note : (-1)-1 =
1
1
= 1; (1) 2 =
=1
1
(1) 2
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Also
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2011
(n 1)! (n 1)! 1
=
=
n!
n (n 1)! n
1 1
1
d n log x (1) n n!
log x 1 ...
=
n
n +1
2 3
n
dx x
x
9. If yn= Dn (xn logx)

Prove that yn = n yn-1+(n-1)! and hence deduce that
1 1
1
yn = n log x + 1 + + + .... +
2 3
n
Solution : yn = Dn(xn log x) = Dn-1 {D (xn log x}

n 1
n 1
= Dn-1 x . + nx log x
x
= Dn-1(xn-1) + nDn-1 (xn-1 log x}
yn = (n-1)! +nyn-1. This proves the first part.

Now Putting the values for n = 1, 2, 3...we get
y1 = 0! + 1 y0 = 1 + log x = 1! (log x + 1 )
y2 = l! + 2y1 = l+2 (l + log x)
1
ie., y2 = 21og x + 3 = 2(log x + 3/2) = 2! log x + 1 +

2
y3 = 2! + 3y2 = 2 + 3(2 log x + 3)

1 1
ie., y3 = 61og x+ll = 6 (log x + ll/6) = 3! log x + 1 + +

2 3
..
1 1
1
y n = n! log x + 1 + + + ... +
n
2 3
10. If y = a cos (log x) + b sin ( log x), show that

x2y2 + xy1 + y = 0. Then apply Leibnitz theorem to differentiate this result n times.
or
If y = a cos (log x) + b sin (log x ), show that
x2yn + 2 + (2n+l)xyn + l+(n2+1)yn = 0.
[July-03]
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Solution : y = a cos (log x) + b sin (log x)

Differentiate w.r.t x
y1 = -a sin (log x)
1
1
+ b cos (log x).
x
x
(we avoid quotient rule to find y2) .

=> xy1 = - a sin (log x) + b cos (log x)
Differentiating again w.r.t x we have,
xy2 + 1 y1 = - a cos (log x) + b sin ( log x)
or
1
x
x2y2 + xy1 = - [ a cos (log x) + b sin (log x) ] = -y
x2y2+xy1+y = 0
Now we have to differentiate this result n times.
ie., Dn (x2y2) + Dn (xy1) + Dn (y) = 0
We have to employ Leibnitz theoreom for the first two terms.
Hence we have,
2 n
n(n 1)
n 1
. 2 . D n2 ( y 2 ) )
x . D ( y 2 ) + n. 2 x. D ( y 2 ) +
1. 2
{x. D
( y1 ) + n. 1 . D n 1 ( y1 ) + y n = 0
ie., {x2yn + 2 + 2n x yn + 1 + n (n 1)yn} + {xyn+1+nyn}+yn = 0

ie., x2yn + 2 + 2n x yn + 1 + n2yn - nyn + xyn+1+nyn+yn = 0
ie., x2yn + 2 + (2n+l)xy n+l + (n2+l)yn = 0
11. If cos-1 (y/b ) = log (x/n)n, then show that

x2yn + 2 + (2n+l) xy n+l + 2n2yn = 0
Solution :By data, cos-1 (y/b) = n log (x/n) log(am) = m log a
=>
y
= cos [n log (x/n )]
b
or y = b . cos [ n log (x/n)]

Differentiating w.r.t x we get,
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y1 = -b sin [n log (x/n)] n
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
1
1
(x / n ) n
or xy1 = - n b sin [n log (x/n )]

Differentiating w.r.t x again we get,
xy2 + 1. y1 = - n . b cos [ n log (x/n )] n
1
1
.
( x / n) n
or x (xy2+y1) = n2b cos [n log (x/n) ] =-n2y, by using (1).

or x2y2 +xyl + n2y = 0
Differentiating each term n times we have,
D(x2y2) + Dn(xy1) + n2Dn (y) = 0
Applying Leibnitz theorem to the product terms we have,
2
n(n 1)
. 2 . yn
x y n + 2 + n. 2 x. y n +1 +
1. 2
2
+ {xy n +1 + n. 1 . y n }+ n y n = 0
ie x2yn+2 + 2 x yn+1 + n2yn + xy n+1+ nyn + n2yn=0

or x2 yn+2 + (2n + l) xyn+1 + 2n2yn = 0
12. If y = sin( log (x2 + 2 x + 1)),
or
[Feb-03]
If sin-1 y = 2 log (x + 1), show that

(x+l)2yn + 2 + (2n+1)(x+1)yn+l + (n2 + 4)yn = 0
Solution : By data y = sin log (x2 + 2 x + 1 )
y1 = cos log (x2 + 2 x + 1)

ie., y1 = cos log (x2 + 2 x + 1)
1
2x + 2
( x + 1) 2
1
2 (x + 1)
x + 2x +1
2
2 cos log( x 2 + 2 x + 1 )
ie., y1 =
( x + 1)
or (x + 1) y1 = 2 cos log (x2 + 2 x + 1 )

Differentiating w.r.t x again we get
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(x+1)y2 + 1 y1 = -2 sin log (x2 + 2x + 1)
2011
1
. 2( x + 1)
( x + 1) 2
or (x + 1)2y2 + (x+1) y1 = -4y

or (x+l )2y2 + (x+l) y1 + 4y = 0 ,
Differentiating each term n times we have,
Dn [(x + 1)2y2] +Dn [(x+ 1)y1] + Dn [y] = 0
Applying Leibnitz theorem to the product terms we have,
n(n 1)
2
.2 . y n
( x + 1) y n+ 2 + n. 2( x + 1). y n+1 +
1. 2
+ {(x+l) yn + 1+n. 1 .yn} + 4yn = 0

ie.,
(x+l)2yn + 2 + 2n (x+1)yn+1
+ n2yn-nyn + (x+l)yn+l + nyn + 4yn = 0
ie.,
(x+l)2yn + 2 + (2n + l) (x + l) y n+ 1 + (n2 + 4)yn = 0
13. If = log x + 1 + x 2 prove that

(1 + x2) yn+2 + (2n + 1) xyn+1 + n2yn = 0
>> By data, y = log x + 1 + x 2
y1 =
Ie., y1
or
1
1
+
.
2
x
( x + 1 + x 2 ) 2 1+ x 2
1+ x2 + x
1
( x + 1+ x )
2
1+ x
1
1+ x2
1 + x 2 y1 = 1
Differentiating w.r.t.x again we get
1 + x 2 y2 +
1
2 1+ x 2 )
.2 x. y1 = 0
or (1+x2)y2 + xy1 = 0
Now Dn [(l+x2)y2] + Dn[xy1] = 0
Applying Leibnitz theorem to each term we get,
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n(n 1)
2
.2 . y n
(1 + x ) y n+ 2 + n. 2 x . y n+1 +
1 .2
+ [x . yn + 1+n .1 yn] = 0
Ie., (1 + x2) yn +2 + 2 n x yn + 1 + n2yn nyn + xyn+l+ nyn = 0
or (l+x2)yn + 2 + (2n + l)xyn+1+n2yn = 0
14. If x = sin t and y = cos mt, prove that
(l-x2)yn + 2-(2n+1)xyn+l + (m2-n2)yn = 0.
[Feb-04]
Solution : By data x = sin t and y = cos mt

x = sin t => t = sin-1 x and y = cos mt becomes
y = cos [ m sin-1x)
Differentiating w.r.t.x we get
m
y1 = - sin (m sin-1x)
1 x2
or 1 + x 2 y1 = - m sin (m sin-1x)
Differentiating again w.r.f .x we get,
1 x 2 y2 +
1
2 1 x
(2 x ) y1 = m cos (m sin 1 x ).
1 x2
or (1 -x2)y2-xyl = -m2y
or (1 -x2)y2 xy1 +m2y = 0
Thus (1-x2)yn+2-(2n+1)xyn+1+(m2-n2)yn=0
15. If x = tan ( log y), find the value of
(l+x2)yn+1 + (2nx-l) yn+n(n-1)yn-1
[July-04]
Solution : By data x = tan(log y) => tan-1 x = log y or y = etan-1 x Since the desired relation involves
yn+1, yn and yn-1 we can find y1 and differentiate n times the result associated with y1 and y.
Consider y = e tan
y. = e tan
1
1+ x2
or (1 +x2)y1 = y
Differentiating n times we have
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Dn[(l+x2)y1]=Dn[y]
Anplying Leibnitz theorem onto L.H.S, we have,
{(l+x2)Dn(y1) + n .2x .Dn-1 (y1)
+
n( n 1)
.2 .D n 2 ( y1 )} = y n
1 .2
Ie., (1+x2)yn+1+2n x yn + n (n-1) yn-1-yn=0

Or (l+x2)yn + 1 + (2nx-l)yn + n(n-l)yn-1 = 0
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Continuity & Differentiability

Some Fundamental Definitions
A function f (x) is defined in the interval I, then it is said to be continuous at a point x = a

f ( x) = f (a)
if lim
xa
f ( x + h) f (a)
= f '(a) exists
a I
A function f (x) is said to be differentiable at x = a if lim
h0
h
Ex : Consider a function f (x) is defined in the interval [-1,1] by f (x) =
x
x =
x
1 x 0
0 x 1
It is continuous at x = 0
But not differentiable at x = 0
Note : If a function f (x) is differentiable then it is continuous, but converse need not be true.
Geometrically :
(1) If f (x) is Continuous at x =a means, f (x) has no breaks or jumps at the point x = a
Ex :
1
f (x) =
x
1 x 0
0 < x 1
Is discontinuous at x=0
(2) If f (x) is differentiable at x = a means, the graph of f (x) has a unique tangent at the point or graph
is smooth at x = a
1. Give the definitions of Continuity & Differentiability:
Solution: A function f (x) is said to be continuous at x = a, if corresponding to an arbitrary positive
number , however small, their exists another positive number such that.
f (x) f (a) < , where x - a <
It is clear from the above definition that a function f (x) is continuous at a point a.
If (i) it exists at x = a
(ii) Lt f (x) = f (a)
xa
i.e, limiting value of the function at x = a is to the value of the function at x = a

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Differentiability:
A function f (x) is said to be differentiable in the interval (a, b), if it is differentiable at
every point in the interval.
In Case [a,b] the function should posses derivatives at every point and at the end points a & b i.e., Rf1
(a) and Lf1 (a) exists.
2. State Rolles Theorem with Geometric Interpretation.
Statement: Let f (x) be a function is defined on [a,b] & it satisfies the following Conditions.
(i)
f (x) is continuous in [a,b]
(ii)
f (x) is differentiable in (a,b)
(iii)
f (a) = f (b)
Then there exists at least a point C (a,b), Here a < b such that f1 ( c ) = 0
Proof:
Geometrical Interpretation of Rolles Theorem:
Y y = f (x)
P
A
f(a)
B
Q
O
x =a c1 c2 c3 c4 x = b
f(a)
x=a
x=c
f(b)
x=b
Let us consider the graph of the function y = f (x) in xy plane. A (a,.f(a)) and
B (b, f( b ) ) be the two points in the curve f (x) and a, b are the corresponding end points of A & B
respectively. Now, explained the conditions of Rolles theorem as follows.
(i)
f (x) is continuous function in [a,b], Because from figure without breaks or jumps in
between A & B on y = f (x).
(ii)
f (x) is a differentiable in (a,b), that means let us joining the points A & B, we
get a line AB.
Slope of the line AB = 0 then a point C at P and also the tangent at P (or Q or R or S) is
Parallel to x axis.
Slope of the tangent at P (or Q or R or S) to be Zero even the curve y = f (x) decreases or
increases, i.e., f (x) is Constant.
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f1 (x) = 0
f1 (c) = 0
(iii) The Slope of the line AB is equal to Zero, i.e., the line AB is parallel to x axis.
f (a) = f (b)
3. Verify Rolles Theorem for the function f (x) = x2 4x + 8 in the internal [1,3]
Solution: We know that every Poly nominal is continuous and differentiable for all points and hence f
(x) is continuous and differentiable in the internal [1,3].
Also f (1) = 1 4 + 8 = 5, f (3) = 32 43 + 8 = 5
Hence f (1) = f (3)
Thus f (x) satisfies all the conditions of the Rolles Theorem. Now f1 (x) = 2x 4 and f1 (x) = 0
2x 4 = 0 or x = 2. Clearly 1 < 2 < 3. Hence there exists 2t (1,3) such that f1 (2) = 0. This shows
that Rolles Theorem holds good for the given function f (x) in the given interval.
4. Verify Rolles Theorem for the function f (x) = x (x + 3) e
in the interval [-3, 0]
Solution: Differentiating the given function W.r.t x we get

x
1 x
f 1 ( x) = ( x 2 + 3 x) e 2 + (2 x + 3)e 2
2
1
x
= ( x 2 x 6) e 2
2
1
f (x) exists (i.e finite) for all x and hence continuous for all x.
Also f (-3) = 0, f (0) = 0 so that f (-3) = f (0) so that f (-3) = f (0). Thus f (x) satisfies all the conditions of
the Rolles Theorem.
Now, f1 (x) = 0
1
x
( x 2 x 6) e 2 = 0
2
Solving this equation we get x = 3 or x = -2
Clearly 3 < -2 < 0. Hence there exists 2 (-3,0) such that f1 (-2) = 0
This proves that Rolles Theorem is true for the given function.
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5.
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
Verify the Rolles Theorem for the function Sin x in [-, ]
Solution: Let f (x) = Sin x

Clearly Sinx is continuous for all x.
Also f1 (x) = Cos x exists for all x in (-, ) and f (-) = Sin (-) = 0; f () = Sin () = 0 so that f (-) = f
()
Thus f (x) satisfies all the conditions of the Rolles Theorem .
Now f1 (x) = 0 Cos x = 0 so that
X=
Both these values lie in (-,). These exists C =

f1
Such that ( c ) = 0
Hence Rolles theorem is vertified.

6. Discuss the applicability of Rolles Theorem for the function f (x) = x in [-1,1].
Solution: Now f (x) = x=
x for 0 x 1
-x for 1 x 0
f (x) being a linear function is continuous for all x in [-1, 1]. f(x) is differentiable for all x in (1,1) except at x = 0. Therefore Rolles Theorem does not hold good for the function f (x) in [-1,1].
Graph of this function is shown in figure. From which we observe that we cannot draw a tangent to the
curve at any point in (-1,1) parallel to the x axis.
Y
-1
y = x
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Exercise:
7. Verify Rolles Theorem for the following functions in the given intervals.
a) x2 6x + 8 in [2,4]
b) (x a)3 (x b)3 in [a,b]
x 2 + ab
c) log
in [a,b]
( a + b) x
8. Find whether Rolles Theorem is applicable to the following functions. Justify your
answer.
a) f (x) = x 1 in [0,2]
b) f (x) = tan x in [0, ] .
9. State & prove Lagranges (1st) Mean Value Theorem with Geometric meaning.
Statement: Let f (x) be a function of x such that
(i) If is continuous in [a,b]
(ii) If is differentiable in (a,b)
Then there exists atleast a point (or value) C (a,b) such that.
f (b) f (a )
f 1 (c ) =
ba
i.e., f (b) = f (a) + (b a) f1 (c)
Proof:
y
[b,f(b)]
[a,f(a)]
x
a
b
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Define a function g (x) so that g (x) = f (x) Ax ---------- (1)

Where A is a Constant to be determined.
So that g (a) = g (b)
Now, g (a) = f (a) Aa
G (b) = f (b) Ab
g (a) = g (b) f (a) Aa = f (b) Ab.
f (b) f ( a )
---------------- (2)
ba
Now, g (x) is continuous in [a,b] as rhs of (1) is continuous in [a,b]
G(x) is differentiable in (a,b) as r.h.s of (1) is differentiable in (a,b).
i.e., A =
Further g (a) = g (b), because of the choice oif A.

Thus g (x) satisfies the conditions of the Rolles Theorem.
These exists a value x = c sothat a < c < b at which g1 ( c ) = 0
Differentiate (1) W.r.t x we get
g1 (x) = f 1 (x) A
g1 ( c ) = f1 ( c )- A ( x =c)
f 1 ( c ) - A = 0 (g1 ( c ) = 0)
f1 ( c ) = A
-------------- (3)
From (2) and (3) we get

f 1 (c ) =
f (b) f (a )
(or) f (b) = f (a) + (b a) f1 (c) For a < c < b
ba
Corollary: Put b a = h
i.e., b = a + h and c = a + h
Where 0 < < 1
Substituting in f (b) = f (a) + (b a) f1 ( c )
f (a + h) = f (a) + h f (a + h), where 0 < < 1.
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Geometrical Interpretation:Since y = f (x) is continuous in [a,b], it has a graph as shown in the figure below,
At x = a, y = f (a)
At x = b, y = f (b)
B
P
A
Q
x
X
0
Figure (ii)
Figure (i)
Slope of the line joining the points A (a,f(a)) and B ( (b,f (b))
Is
f (b) f (b)
ba
( Slope = m = tan )
= tan
Where is the angle mode by the line AB with x axis
= Slope of the tangent at x = c
= f1 ( c ), where a < c < b
Geometrically, it means that there exists at least are value of x = c, where a < c < b at which the
tangent will be parallel to the line joining the end points at x = a & x = b.
Note: These can be more than are value at which the tangents are parallel to the line joining points A &
B (from Fig (ii)).
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10. Verify Lagranges Mean value theorem for f(x) = (x 1) (x 2) (x 3) in [0,4].

Solution: Clearly given function is continuous in [0,4] and differentiable in (0,4), because f (x) is in
polynomial.
f (x) = (x 1) (x 2) (x 3)
f (x) = x3 6x2 + 11x 6
and f (0) = 03 6(0)2 + 11 (0) 6 = -6
f(4) = 43 6 (4)2 + 11 (4) 6 = 6
Differentiate f (x) W.r.t x, we get
F1 (x) = 3x2 6x + 11
Let x = c, f1 ( c) = 3c2 6c + 11
By Lagranges Mean value theorem, we have
f (b) f (a) f (4) f (0)

=
ba
(4 0)
6 ( 6)
=
=3
4
f 1 (c ) =
3c2 6c + 11 = 3
3c2 6c + 8 = 0
Solving this equation, we get
C=2
(0,4)
3
Hence the function is verified.
11. Verify the Lagranges Mean value theorem for f (x) = logx in [1,e].
Solution: Now Logx is continuous for all x > 0 and hence [1,e].
1
Also f 1 ( x) = which exists for all x in (1,e)
x
Hence f (x) is differentiable in (1,e)
by Lagranges Mean Value theorem, we get
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Loge Log1 1
1
1
=
=
e 1
c
e 1 c
C=e1
1<e- <2<e
Since e (2,3)
So that c = e 1 lies between 1 & e
Hence the Theorem.
12. Find for f (x) = Lx2 + mx + n by Lagranges Mean Value theorem.
Solution: f (x) = Lx2 + mx + n
f1 (x) = 2 Lx + m
We have f (a + h) = f (a) + hf1 (a + h)
Or f (a + h) f (a) = hf1 (a + h)
i.e., { (a + h)2 + m (a + h) + n} { a2 + ma + n} = h {2 (a + h) + m}
Comparing the Co-efficient of h2, we get
=
1 = 2
Exercise:
13.
14.
15.
1
(0,1)
2

Verify the Lagranges Mean Value theorem for f (x) = Sin2x in 0,
2
ba
ba
Prove that,
< tan-1 b tan-1 a <
if 0 < a < b and reduce that
2
1+ b
1+ a2
3
4 1
+
< tan 1 < +
4 25
3 4 6
2 Sinx

Show that
<
< 1 in 0,
x
2
16. Prove that
ba
< Sin 1b Sin 1 a <
ba
1 a2
1 b2
1
1
1
< Sin 1 <

.
6 2 3
4 6
15
Where a < b. Hence reduce
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17. State & prove Cauchys Mean Value Theorem with Geometric meaning.
Proof: The ratio of the increments of two functions called Cauchys Theorem.
Statement: Let g (x) and f (x) be two functions of x such that,
(i) Both f (x) and g (x) are continuous in [a,b]
(ii) Both f (x) and g (x) are differentiable in (a,b)
(iii) g1 (x) 0 for any x (a,b)
These three exists at least are value x = c (a,b) at which
f 1 (c) f (b) f (a)

=
g 1 (c) g (b) g (a )
Proof: Define a function,
(x) = f (x) A. g (x)
------------------ (1)
So that (a) = (b) and A is a Constant to be determined.

Now, (a) = f (a) A g (a)
(b) = f (b) A. g (b)
f (a) A g (a) = f (b) A. g (b)
f (b) f (b)
-------------------- (2)
A=
g (b) g (a )
Now, is continuous in [a,b] as r.h.s of (1) is continuous in [a,b] and (x) is differentiable in
(a,b) as r.h.s of (1) is differentiable in [a,b].
Also (a) = (b)
Hence all the conditions of Rolles Theorem are satisfied then there exists a value x = c (a,b)
such that 1 ( c ) = 0.
Now, Differentiating (1) W.r.t x, we get
1 (x) = f1 (x) A.g1 (x)
at x = c (a,b)
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1 ( c ) = f1 ( c ) A g1 (c)
0 = f1 ( c) A g1 ( c )
( g1 (x) 0)
f 1 (c )
--------------- (3)
g 1 (c )
Substituting (3) in (2), we get
f 1 (c) f (b) f (a)
, where a < c < b
=
g 1 (c) g (b) g (a )
Hence the proof.
A=
18. Verify Cauchys Mean Value Theorem for the function f (x) = x2 + 3, g (x) = x3 + 1 in [1,3]
Solution: Here f (x) = x2 + 3, g (x) = x3 + 1
Both f (x) and g (x) are Polynomial in x. Hence they are continuous and differentiable for all x
and in particular in [1,3]
Now, f1 (x) = 2x, g1 (x) = 3x2
Also g 1 (x) 0 for all x (1,3)
Hence f (x) and g (x) satisfy all the conditions of the cauchys mean value theorem.
Therefore
f (3) f (1) f 1 (c)
, for some c : 1 < c < 3
=
g (3) g (1) g 1 (c)
i.e.,
12 4 26
=
28 2 3c 2
i.e.,
2
1
13
1
=
C =
=2
13 3c
6
6
Clearly C = 2
1
lies between 1 and 3.
6
Hence Cauchys theorem holds good for the given function.
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19. Verify Cauchys Mean Value Theorem for the functions f (x) Sin x, g (x) = Cos x in 0,
2
Solution: Here f (x) = Sin x, g (x) = Cos x so that

f1 (x) = Cos x ,g1 (x) = - Sinx

Clearly both f (x) and g (x) are continuous in 0, , and differentiable in 0,
2
2
Also g1 (x) = -Sin x 0 for all x 0,
From cauchys mean value theorem we obtain

f f (0)
f 1 (c )
2
= 1
for some C : 0 < C <
2
g (c )

g g (0)
2
i.e.,
1 0 Cosc
=
0 1 Sinc
C=
, clearly C =
i.e., -1 = - Cot c (or) Cot c = 1
lies between 0 and
Thus Cauchys Theorem is verified.

Exercises:
20. Find C by Cauchys Mean Value Theorem for
a) f (x) = ex, g (x) = e-x in [0,1]
b) f (x) = x2, g (x) = x in [2,3]
21. Verify Cauchys Mean Value theorem for
1
a) f (x) = tan-1 x, g (x) = x in ,1
3
1
b) f(x) = log x, g (x) =
in [1,e]
x
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Generalized Mean Value Theorem:

22. State Taylors Theorem and hence obtain Maclaurins expansion (series)
Statement: If f (x) and its first (n 1) derivatives are continuous in [a,b] and its nth derivative exists in
(a,b) then
(b a ) n 1 n-1
(b a) n n
(b a) 2 11
f (a) + ---------+
f (a) +
f(b) = f(a) + (b a) (a) +
f (c )
(n 1)!
n!
2!
f1
Where a < c < b

Remainder in Taylors Theorem:
We have
f (x) = f (a) + (x a) f 1 (a) +
( x a) 2 11
( x a) n 1 n-1
f (a) + --------- +
f (a) +
2!
(n 1)!
( x a) n n
f [a + (x a) }
n
f (x) = S n (x) + R n (x)
( x a) n n
f [a + (x a) ] is called the Largranges form of the Remainder.
n!
xn n
Where a = 0, R n (x) =
f (x), 0 < < 1
n!
Taylors and Maclaurins Series:
Where R n (x) =
We have f (x) = Sn (x) + Rn (x)
Lim[ f ( x ) S n ( x )] = Lim Rn ( x )
n
If Lim Rn ( x) = 0thenf ( x) Lim S n ( x )

n
Thus Lim S n ( x) converges and its sum is f (x).

n
This implies that f (x) can be expressed as an infinite series.

i.e., f (x) = f (a) + (x a) f 1 (a) +
This is called Taylors Series.
( x a) 2 11
f (a) + ---------- to
2!
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Putting a = 0, in the above series, we get

( x) 2 11
F (x) = f (0) + x f 1 (0) +
f (0) + --------- to
2!
This is called Maclaurins Series. This can also denoted as
( x) 2
( x) n
Y = y (0) + x y 1 (0) +
y 2 (0) + -------- +
y n (0) ---------- to
2!
n!
Where y = f (x), y1 = f 1 (x), -------------- y n = f n (x)
23. By using Taylors Theorem expand the function e x in ascending powers of (x 1)
Solution: The Taylors Theorem for the function f (x) is ascending powers of (x a) is
( x a ) 2 11
f (x) = f (a) + (x a) f 1 (a) +
f (a) + ------------ (1)
2
Here f (x) = e x and a = 1
f 1 (x) = e x f 1 (a) = e
f 11 (x) = e x f 11 (a) = e
(1) becomes
( x 1) 2
e = e + (x 1) e +
e + ------------2
( x 1) 2
= e { 1 + (x 1) +
+ --------}
2
x
24. By using Taylors Theorem expand log sinx in ascending powers of (x 3)

Solution: f (x) = Log Sin x, a = 3 and f (3) = log sin3
Now f 1 (x) =
Cosx
= Cotx, f 1 (3) = Cot3
Sinx
f 11 (x) = - Cosec 2x, f 11 (3) = - Cosec 23

f 111 (x) = - 2Cosecx (-Cosecx Cotx) = 2Cosec 3x Cotx
f 111 (3) = 2Cosec 33 Cot3

f (x) = f (a) + (x a) f 1 (a) +
Log Sinx = f (3) + (x 3) f 1(3) +
( x a) 2 11
( x a)3 111
f (a) +
f (a) + -----------2!
3!
( x 3) 2 11
( x 3)3 111
f (3) +
f (3) + ----------2!
3!
( x 3) 2
( x 3)3
2
= logsin3 + (x 3) Cot3 +
(-Cosec 3) +
2 Cosec 33Cot3 + --2!
3!
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Exercise:
26.
Expand Sinx is ascending powers of x

2
1
Express tan x in powers of (x 1) up to the term containing (x 1) 3
27.
Apply Taylors Theorem to prove
25.
h 2 h3
e x + h = e x 1 + h + + +
2! 3!
Problems on Maclaurins Expansion:

28.
Expand the log (1 + x) as a power series by using Maclaurins theorem.
Solution: Here f (x) = log (1 + x), Hence f (0) = log 1 = 0

We know that
f n ( x) =
dn
d n 1 1
{
}
+
=
log(
1
x
)
dx n
dx n 1 1 + x
(1) n 1 (n 1)!
=
,
(1 + n) n
n = 1,2,---------
Hence f n (0) = (-1) n-1 (n 1) !

f 1 (0) = 1, f 11 (0) = -1, f 111 (0) = 3!, f 1v (0) = - 3!
Substituting these values in
xn n
x 2 11
f (x) = f (0) + x f (0) +
f (0) + -------- +
f (0) + -----------2!
n!
1
log (1+x) = 0 + x . 1 +
x2
x3
x4
(-1) +
2! +
- 3! + --------------4!
2!
3!
x2
x3 x4
+
+ --------2
3
4
This series is called Logarithmic Series.
=x-
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2011
29.
Expand tan 1 x by using Macluarins Theorem up to the term containing x 5
Solution: let y = tan 1 x, Hence y (0) = 0
1
We find that y 1 =
which gives y 1 (0) = 1
1+ x2
Further y 1 (1 + x 2) = 1, Differentiating we get
Y 1 . 2x + (1 + x 2) y 2 = 0 (or) (1 + x2) y 2 + 2xy 1 = 0
Hence y 2 (0) = 0
Taking n th derivative an both sides by using Leibnizs Theorem, we get
n( n 1)
(1 + x 2) y n + 2 + n . 2xy n +1 +
. 2. y n + 2xy n 1 + n.2.y n = 0
1 .2
i.e., (1 + x 2) y n + 2 + 2 (n +1) x y n + 1 + n (n + 1) y n = 0
Substituting x = 0, we get, y n + 2 (0) = -n (n + 1) y n (0)
For n = 1, we get y 3 (0) = - 2y 1 (0) = - 2
For n = 2, we get y 4 (0) = - 2 .3.y 2 (0) = 0
For n = 3, we get y 5 (0) = - 3.4.y 3 (0) = 24
Using the formula
x2
x3
y 2 (0) +
y 3 (0) + --------Y = y (0) + x y 1 (0) +
2!
3!
x3
x5
We get tan 1 x = x +
- ------------3
5
Exercise:
30.
Using Maclaurins Theorem prove the following:

x2
5x 4
a) Secx = 1 +
+
+ -------2!
4!
x 3 3x 5
b) Sin 1 x = x +
+
+ -------------6 40
x3
c) e x Cos x = 1 + x + --------------3
d) Expand e ax Cos bx by Maclaurins Theorem as far as the term containing x 3
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Exercise : Verify Rolles Theorem for

(i)
5
f ( x) = e x (sin x cos x) in , ,
4 4
(ii)
f ( x) = x( x 2)e x / 2 in [0,2]
(iii)
f ( x) =
sin 2 x
e2 x
5
in , .
4 4
Exercise : Verify the Lagranges Mean Value Theorem for

1
(i) f ( x ) = x ( x 1)( x 2) in 0,
2
(ii)
f ( x) = Tan 1x in [ 0,1]
Exercise : Verify the Cauchys Mean Value Theorem for

(i)
f ( x ) = x and g ( x) =
(ii)
f ( x) =
1
x
(iii)
and g ( x) =
1
1
in ,1
x
4
1
in [ a, b]
x
f ( x ) = Sin x and g ( x ) = Cos x in [ a, b]
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UNIT II
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS-II
Give different types of Indeterminate Forms.
If f (x) and g (x) be two functions such that Lim f (x ) and Lim g (x ) both exists, then
x a
Lim
xa
x a
f ( x)
f ( x) Lim
= xa
g ( x) Lim g ( x)
xa
If Lim f (x ) = 0 and Lim g (x ) = 0 then

x a
x a
f ( x) 0
Which do not have any definite value, such an expression is called
=
x a g ( x)
0
indeterminate form. The other indeterminate forms are ,0 , , 00, 0 and 1
Lim
1. State & prove L Hospitals Theorem (rule) for Indeterminate Forms.

LHospital rule is applicable when the given expression is of the form
or
0
Statement: Let f (x) and g (x) be two functions such that

(1) Lim f (x ) = 0 and Lim g (x ) = 0
x a
x a
(2) f1 (a) and g1 (a) exist and g1 (a) 0
f 1 ( x)
f ( x) Lim
x a
=
Then Lim
xa g ( x)
Lim g 1 ( x)
xa
1 x
f ( x)
0
g
Proof: Now Lim
, which takes the indeterminate form . Hence applying the
= Lim
x a g ( x)
xa 1
0
f ( x)
L Hospitals theorem, we get
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Dr. V. Lokesha
g 1 ( x)
g 1 ( x) f ( x)
f ( x)
[ g ( x)]2
= Lim
=
Lim
Lim
x a g ( x)
x a f 1 ( x)
x a f 1 ( x) g ( x)
2
[ f ( x)]
g 1 ( x)
f ( x)
= Lim 1 Lim
x a f ( x) x a g ( x)
2011
f ( x)
0and then
g ( x)
If Lim
xa
g 1 ( x)
f ( x)
1 = Lim 1 Lim
xa f ( x) xa g ( x)
i.e Lim
xa
If Lim
x a
f ( x)
f 1 ( x)
= Lim 1
g ( x) x a g ( x)
f ( x)
= 0 or the above theorem still holds good.
g ( x)
2. Evaluate Lim
xa
Sinx 0
= form
x
0
Solution: Apply LHospital rule, we get

Lim
xa
Cosx Cos 1
=
= =1
1
1
1
Lim
x a
Sinx
=1
x
log Sinx
xa
Cotx
log Sinx log Sin0 log 0
Solution: Lim
=
form
=
=
xa
Cotx
Cot 0
3. Evaluate Lim
Apply L Hospital rule

= Lim
xa
Cosce 2 x
2Co sec xCo sec xCotx
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= Lim
1
=0
2Cotx
Lim
log Sinx
=0
Cotx
xa
xa
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
Exercise: 1
Evaluate
a) Lim
x 0
tan x
x
b) Lim(1 + x)
x 0
a x 1
c) Lim
x
x
d ) Lim
x 0
4.
xn an
xa
Explain - and 0 Forms:
Solution: Suppose Lim f (x) = 0 and Lim g (x) = in this case

xa
x a
Lim f (x) - g(x) = 0 , reduce this to

x a
or
form
0
f ( x) 0
Let Lim[ f ( x).g ( x)] = Lim
= form
xa
xa
1 g ( x) 0
g ( x)
Or Lim[ f ( x).g ( x)] = Lim
form
=
xa
xa
1
f ( x)
L Hospitals rule can be applied in either case to get the limit.
Suppose Lim f (x) = and Lim g (x) = in this case Lim[ f ( x).g ( x)] = form, reduce
x a
xa
xa
this
or
form and then apply LHospitals rule to get the limit
0
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5.
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
1 log(1 + x)
Evaluate Lim
x 0 x
x2
1 log(1 + x)
Solution: Given Lim
= - form
x 0 x
x2
x log(1 + x 0
Required limit = Lim
= form
x 0
x2
Apply LHospital rule.

1
= Lim
x 0
1
1+ x
2x
x
1
1
= Lim 1 + x = Lim
=
x 0
x
0
2x
2(1 + x) 2
6.
1
Evaluate Lim Cotx
x 0 x
Solution: Given limit is - form at x = 0. Hence we have

1 Cosx
x0 x
Sinx
Sinx xCosx 0
= Lim
= form
x 0
xSinx
Apply L Hospitals rule

= Lim
Cosx Cosx + xSinx

xCosx + Sinx
= Lim
xSinx
0
= form
xCosx + Sinx 0
x 0
x 0

10 MAT11
40
= Lim
x 0
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
xCosx + Sinx
Cosx xSinx + Cosx
0
0
= =0
20 2
7. Evaluate Lim tan x log x

x 0
Solution: Given limit is (0 - ) form at x = 0

x 0
log x
form
=
Cotx
= Lim
x
Co sec 2 x
= Lim
Sin 2 x 0
form
x 0
x 0
x 0

= Lim
x0
2 SinxCosx
=0
1
x
8. Evaluate Lim Sec . log x
x 1
2
Solution: Given limit is ( 0) form at x = 1

x 1
log x 0
form
x 0
Cos
2
= Lim
x 1
2
x
=
x
Sin .
2 2
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Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
Exercise: 2
Evaluate
x
1
a) Lim
x 1 x 1
log x
a
x
b) Lim Cot
x 0 x
a
c) Lim Secx
1 Sinx
x
2
9.
1
d) Lim a x 1 x
x
Explain Indeterminate Forms 0 0 , 1 , 0 , 0
Solution: At x = a, [ f ( x)]
g ( x)
takes the indeterminate form
(i) 0 0 if Lim f(x) = 0 and Lim g (x) = 0

xa
xa
(ii) 1 if Lim f(x) = 1 and Lim g (x) =

xa
xa
(iii) 0 if Lim f(x) = and Lim g(x) = 0 and

xa
xa
(iv) 0 if Lim f(x) = 0 and Lim f (x) =

xa
xa
In all these cases the following method is adopted to evaluate

Let L = Lim [ f ( x)]
g ( x)
xa
Lim [ f ( x)]
g ( x)
xa
so that
Log L = Lim [g(x) log f (x)] = 0

xa
Reducing this to
L = ea
0
or and applying L Hospitals rule, we get Log L = a Or
0
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Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
10. Evaluate Lim x Sinx

x0
Solution: let L = Lim x Sinx 00 form at x = 0

x0
Hence Log L = Lim Sinx log x 0 form

x0
LogL = Lim
x0
log x
log x
= Lim
form
x 0 Coscex
1

Sinx
Apply L Hospital rule,
( )
= Lim
x 0
Sinx. tan x 0
x
form
= Lim
0
x
CoscexCotx x0
Apply L Hospitals rule we get
= Lim
x 0
sin xSec 2 x Cosx tan x

=
1
LogL = L = e =
1
1
= =0
L=0
11. Evaluate Lim( x)
1
1 x
x 1
Solution: let L = Lim( x)

x 1
1 x
1
is 1 form
1
0
log x form
LogL = Lim
x 1 1 x
1
= Lim x = Lim
= 1
x 1 1
x 1 x
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Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
Log L = -1
L = e 1 =
1
e
tan x
12. Evaluate Lim
x 0
x
tan x
Solution: let L = Lim
x 0
x
x2
x2
1 form
1
tan x
LogL = Lim 2 log
( 0) form
x 0 x
x
log tan x
x
LogL = Lim
2
x 0
x
) 0 form
xSec 2 x tan x
1
x2
= Lim
2x
x0
tan x
x
LogL =
xSec 2 x tan x 0
1
Lim
= form
2 x 0
x3
0
Apply L Hospital rule, we get
1
Sec 2 x + 2 xSec 2 x tan x Sec 2 x
= Lim
2 x 0
3x 2
=
1
tan x
Lim( Sec 2 x)
0
3
x
Log L =
1
3
L = e
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Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
Exercise: 3
Evaluate the following limits.
a) Lim( Secx) Cotx

x 0
b) Lim 2
xa
a
x
tan
2a
(1 + x) x e
c) Lim
x0
x
e x e x 2 log(1 + x)
x 0
x sin x
d) Lim(Cosax)
x2
x 0
log(1 + x3 )
x 0
sin 3 x
(i ) lim
(ii ) lim
1 + sin x cos x + log(1 x )

x 0
x tan 2 x
(iii ) lim
cosh x + log(1 x) 1 + x
(v) lim
x 0
x2
log sin x
(iv) lim
x
( x )2
2
sin x sin 1 x
(vi ) lim
x2
x
2
e2 x (1 + x) 2
x 0 x log(1 + x )
(vii ) lim

x
(i ) lim 2 cot( x a )
xa
a
(ii ) lim ( cos ecx cot x )

x 0
(iii ) lim x tan x sec x
2
x
(iv) lim cot 2 x 2

x 0
x
1
1
(v) lim 2
x 0 x
x tan x
(vi ) lim [ 2 x tan x sec x ]

x
2
1
(i ) lim(cos ax) x
x 0
1 + cos x x2
(ii ) lim
x 0
2
10 MAT11
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Dr. V. Lokesha
1
(iii ) lim(1 x )
sin x
(iv) lim
x 0
x
(v ) lim(sin x ) tan x
(iv ) lim (1 + sin x )
1
2 log(1 x )
x 1
x 0
2011
x2
cot x
x 0
(vii ) lim(cos x)cos ec x

x 0
(viii ) lim ( tan x )

x
tan 2 x
ax + bx + cx x
( x) lim
x 0
3
ax + 1 x
(ix) lim(
)
x ax 1
1 + cos x x2
(ii ) lim
x 0
2
(i ) lim(cos ax) x
x 0
(iii ) lim(1 x )
sin x
(iv) lim
x 0
x
(v ) lim(sin x ) tan x
(iv ) lim (1 + sin x )
1
2 log(1 x )
x 1
x 0
cot x
x 0
(vii ) lim(cos x)cos ec x

x 0
x2
(viii ) lim ( tan x )

x
ax + 1 x
(ix) lim(
)
x ax 1
tan 2 x
ax + bx + cx x
( x) lim
x 0
3
10 MAT11
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Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
Polar Curves
If we traverse in a hill section where the road is not straight, we often see caution boards hairpin
bend ahead, sharp bend ahead etc. This gives an indication of the difference in the amount of bending
of a road at various points which is the curvature at various points. In this chapter we discuss about the
curvature, radius of curvature etc.
Consider a point P in the xy-Plane.
r = length of OP= radial distance
= Polar angle
( r, ) Polar co-ordinates
Let r = f () be the polar curve
( x)
r = x2 + y2 , = tan1 y
(1)
x = r Cos y = r Sin
Relation (1) enables us to find the polar co-ordinates
( r, ) when the Cartesian co-ordinates ( x, y) are known.
Expression for arc length in Cartesian form.
Proof: Let P (x,y) and Q (x + x, Y + y) be two neighboring points on the graph of the
function y = f (x). So that they are at length S and S + s measured from a fixed
point A on the curve.
Y = f (x)
Q
s
A
From figure,
T (Tangent)
PQ = S ,
AP = S
TPR = and PR =x, RQ = y
10 MAT11
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Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
Arc PQ = S
From le PQR, we have
[Chord PQ]2 = PR2 + QR2
[Chord PQ]2 = (x)2 + (y)2 ( from figure)
When Q is very close to point P, the length of arc PQ is equal to the length of Chord PQ.
i.e arc PQ = Chord PQ = s
(s)2 = (x)2 + (y)2 -------- (1)

(x)2, we get
s
y
= 1+
x
x
2
When Q P along the curve, x 0, s 0

s
y
Lim = 1 + Lim
x 0 x
x 0 x

2
ds
dy
i.e., = 1 +
dx
dx
ds
dy
= 1+
dx
dx
--------------(2)
Similarly, dividing (1) by y and taking the limit as y 0, we get

2
dx
ds
= 1 + ------------(3)
dy
dy
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Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
ds
ds
&
dy
dx
Trace a tangent to the curve at the point P, it makes an angle with the x axis. From le PRT, we
have
Expressions for
tan =
dy
dx
Equation (2) becomes,

Y
Tangent
A
T
R
T
R
ds
= 1 + tan 2
dx
= Sec 2 = sec
dx
ds
= Sec ( Or)
= Cos
dx
ds
and equation (3) becomes
ds
= 1 + Cot 2 = Co sec 2 = Cosec
dy
ds
dy
= Cosec or
= Sin
dy
ds
Derive an expression for arc length in parametric form.

Solution: Let the equation of the curve in Parametric from be x = f (t) and y = g (t).
We have,
10 MAT11
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Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
(s)2 = (x)2 + (y)2
by (t)2, we get
x y
s
= +
t t
t
2
Taking the limit as t 0 on both sides, we get

s
x
y
Lim = Lim + Lim
t 0 t
t 0 t
t 0 t
2
ds
dx dy
= +
dt
dt dt
(Or)
dx dy
+
dt dt
ds
=
dt
------------ (4)
Derive an expression for arc length in Cartesian form.

Solution: Let P (r,) and Q (r + r, + ) be two neighboring points on the graph of the function
r = f (). So that they are at lengths S and s + s from a fixed point A on the curve.
PQ = (S + s) s = s
Draw PN OQ
From le OPN,
Q
Tangent
N
r + r
r
X
O
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Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
PN
= Sin
OP
i.e.,
PN
= Sin (or) PN = r sin
r
and
ON
= Cos
OP
i.e
ON
= Cos (or) ON = r Cos
r
When Q is very close to P, the length of arc PQ as equal to s, where s as the length of chord
PQ.
In le PQN,
(PQ)2 = (PN)2 + (QN)2
but PN = r sin (Sin )
And QN = OQ ON
= (r + r) r Cos
= r + r r ( Cos 1)
QN = r
And (PQ)2 = (PN)2 + (QN)201
(S)2 + (r)2 + (r)2 ---------------- (5)
by ()2 we get
S
r
2
= r +

When Q P along the curve 0 as S 0 and r 0
2
10 MAT11
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Dr. V. Lokesha
S
r
Lim = r 2 + Lim
0
0
2
ds
dr
2
i.e
= r +
d
d
ds
dr
i.e.,
= r2 +
d
d
2011
--------------- (6)
Similarly equation (5) by (r)2 and taking the limits as r 0 we get

S

Lim = Lim r 2 + 1
r 0 r
r 0

r
2
d
ds
i.e = r 2
+1
dr
dr
2
ds
=
dr
d
r
+1
dr
2
--------------- (7)
Note: Angle between Tangent and Radius Vector:We have,

Tan = r
i.e.,
=r
d
dr
Sin
d
=r
Cos
dr
d ds
.
ds dr
r d
Sin
ds
=
dr
Cos
ds
Sin = r
d
dr
and Cos =
ds
ds
10 MAT11
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Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
ds
ds
and
for the following curves:dy
dx
x
1) y = C Cos h
c
Find
x
Solution: y = C Cos h
c
Differentiating y w.r.t x. we get
dy
x
= Sin h
dx
c
ds
dy
= 1+
dx
dx
( c) =
1 + sinh 2 x
ds
= Cosh
dx
( c)
Cosh 2 x
x

c
Again Differentiating y w.r.t y we get

x 1 dx
1 = C Sin h
c C dy
dx
x
= Cosech
dy
c
i.e
( )
ds
= 1 + Co sec h 2 x
c
dy
2) x3 = ay2
Solution : x3 = ay2
Differentiating w.r.t y and x separately we get
10 MAT11
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Dr. V. Lokesha
3x2
dx
dy
= 2 ay and 3 x2 = 2 ay
dy
dx
i.e.,
dx 2ay
dy 3 x 2
=
and
=
dy 3 x 2
dx 2ay
2011
We know that
ds
dy
= 1+
dx
dx
3x 2
+
1
=
2
ay
= 1+
9ay 2 x
9x3 x
=
1
+
4a 2 y 2
4a 2 y 2
9x
ds
= 1+
dx
4a
and
2
dx
ds
2ay
= 1 + = 1 + 2
dy
3x
dy
ds 4a 2 y 2
= 1 +
dy
9x 4
2 4a 2
= 1 +
9x
(x3 = ay2)
3. y = log cos x
Solution . y= log cos x
Differentiating w.r.t x and y separately, we get
dy
1
=
( Sin x) = - tan x
dx Cosx
i.e.,
dy
= - tan x
dx
and 1 =
dx
1
(- Sin x)
dy
Cosx
10 MAT11
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Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
dx
dx
(Or)
= - Cot x
dy
dy
i.e., 1 = - tan x
We have
ds
dy
= 1+
dx
dx
dx
ds
and
= 1 +
dy
dy
ds
= 1 + tan 2 x
dx
&
ds
=
dy
1 + Cot 2 x
Sec 2 x
1
ds
= (1 + Cot 2 x) 2
dy
ds
= Sec x and
dx
ds
for the following Curves:dt
1. x = a (Cos t + t Sin t), y = a (Sin t = t Cos t)
Find
2. x = a Sec t , y = b tan t
3. x = a Cost + log tan t
), y = a Sin t
Solution of 1
Given x = a (Cos t + t Sin t), y = a (Sin t t Cos t )
Differentiating x & y W.r.t t, we get
dx
= a (-Sin t + Sin t + t Cos t)
dt
dx
= a t cos t
dt
and
dy
= a (Cos t Cos t + t Sin t)
dt
dy
= at Sin t
dt
2
ds
dx dy
= +
dt
dt dt
10 MAT11
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Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
a 2 t 2 Cos 2 t + a 2 t 2 Sin 2 t
ds
= at
dt
Solution of 2
x = a Sec t, x = b tan t
dx
dy
= a Sec t tan t,
= b Sec2t
dt
dt
We have
2
ds
dx dy
= +
dt
dt dt
(a2Sec2
[a2
Sec2
[a2
Sec4
tan2t
(Sec2t
a2
b2
Sec4t) 2
1) +
Sec2
t+
b2
Sec4
b2
Sec4
1
2
t]
t]
ds
= [(a2 + b2) Sec4 t a2 Sec2t]
dt
1
2
1
2
Solution of 3
x = a (Cos t + log tan t ), y = a Sin t
2
Differentiating x and y w.r.t t we get
dx
=a
dt
S int + 1 Sec 2 t . 1 , dy = a Cos t
2 2 dt
tan t
2
ds
dx dy
= +
dt
dt dt
2 t
Sec
2
2
2
2
+ a Cos t
= a S int +

t
2 tan
2

a 2 S int Sec 2 t
a 2 Sec 4 t
2
2
2
= a
+
2 t
t
tan
4 tan
2
2
= a Cot t
10 MAT11
56
Find
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
ds
dr
and
for the following curves
d
d
1. r = a (1 Cos )
2 .r2 = a2 Cos 2
3. r = a eCot
Solution of 1
r = a (1 Cos )
Differentiating r w.r.t we get
dr
= a Sin
d
Hence
1
2
ds 2 dr 2
= r +

d
d
1
= {a2 (1 Cos )2 + a2 Sin2 } 2

1
= {a2 (1 2 Cos + Cos2) + a2 Sin2 } 2

1
= {a2 2a2 Cos + a2} 2

1
= {2a2 2a2 Cos } 2

1
= a{ 2(1 Cos )} 2
= a {2 (2 Sin2
)}
1
2
ds
= 2 a Sin
2
d
1
ds
d 2
And
= 1 + r 2

dr
dr
a (1 Cos )
= 1 +
a 2 Sin 2
1
2
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Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
Sin 2 + (1 Cos ) 2 2
=
Sin 2
{2(1 Cos )}
1
2
Sin
1
ds
=
dr Cos

2Sin
2Sin
2
2
=
=
Sin
2 Sin Cos
2
2
Solution of 2
r2 = a2 Cos 2
Differentiating W.r.t we get
2r
r
dr
= -a2 Sin 2 . 2
d
dr
= -a2 Sin 2
d
a 2 Sin2
dr
=
r
d
Hence
1
2 dr 2 2
ds
= r +

d
a 2 Sin 2
= r 2 +
r
a 4 Sin 2 2 2
= r 2 +
r2
a 4 Sin 2 2
= a 2 Cos 2 + 2
a Cos 2
a 4 Cos 2 2 + a 4 Sin 2 2 2
=
a 2 Cos 2
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Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
a4
2
a
= 2
=
Cos 2
a Cos 2
1
a 2 a2
ds
Or
= 2 =
(r2 = a2 Cos 2)
r
r
d

4
2
ds
d
And
= 1 + r 2

dr
dr

= 1 + r 2

2
a Sin 2
r4
= 1 + 4 2
a Sin 2
a 4 Sin 2 2 + a 4 Cos 2 2
=
a 4 sin 2 2
2
a4
1
= 4
= Cosec 2
=
2
Sin 2
a sin 2
Solution 3
r = aeCot , here is constant
Differentiating w.r.t we get
dr
= a eCot . Cot
d
Hence
1
2 dr 2 2
ds
= r +

d
{a2
e2Cot
a2
e2Cot
cot2
1
2
=a
eCot
{1 +
=a
eCot
{Cosce2} 2
Cot2} 2
1
10 MAT11
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Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
ds
= a eCot Cosce
d
2
ds
2 d
and
= 1 + r

dr
dr
= 1 + a 2 e 2Cot 2 2CotCot 2
a e
= {1 + tan2 }
1
2
= {Sec2 } 2 = Sec
Exercises:
ds
ds
and
to the following curves.
dr
d
1. rn = an Cos n
Find
2. r (1 + Cos ) = a
3. r = a
Note:
We have Sin = r
Cos =
d
and
ds
dr
ds
dr
= Cos = (1 Sin2)
ds
1
2
1
2
p
= 1 2 Since P = r Sin .
r
2
dr
=
ds
r 2 p2
r
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60
ds
=
dr
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
r
r p2
2
r+r
P(x,y)
OR = P
r
O
P
R
Sin =
OR p
=
OP r
P = r Sin
d
Prove that with usual notations tan = r
dr
Let P (r, ) be any point on the curve r = f ()
X O P = and OP = r
Let PL be the tangent to the curve at P subtending an angle with the positive direction of
the initial line (x axis) and be the angle between the radius vector OP and the tangent PL.
That is O P L =
From the figure we have
10 MAT11
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Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
= +
(Recall from geometry that an exterior angle is equal to the sum of the interior opposite angles)
tan = tan ( + )
or tan
tan + tan
1 - tan tan
(1)
Let (x, y) be the Cartesian coordinates of P so that we have,

X = r cos , y = r sin
Since r is a function of , we can as well regard these as parametric equations in terms of .
We also know from the geometrical meaning of the derivative that
tan =
dy
= slope of the tangent PL
dx
ie., tan =
dy
d
dx
d
since x and y are function of
d
(r sin ) r cos + r sin
dr
=
where r =
ie., tan = d
d
d
(r cos ) - r sin + r cos
d
Dividing both the numerator and denominator by r cos we have,
r cos r sin
+
tan = r cos r cos
r sin r cos
+
r cos r cos
Or
r
+ tan
r
tan =
r
1 - . tan
r
(2)
Comparing equations (1) and (2) we get

tan =
r
r
d
=
or tan = r
r dr
dr

d
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Dr. V. Lokesha
Prove with usual notations
1 dr
1
1
= 2+ 4
2
r d
r
p
2011
or
1
1
du
= u 2 + where u =
2
r
p
d
Proof :
Let O be the pole and OL be the initial line. Let P (r, ) be any point on the curve and hence
we have OP = r and L O P =
Draw ON = p (say) perpendicular from the pole on the tangent at P and let be the angle
made by the radius vector with the tangent.
From the figure O N P = 90 L O P =

Now from the right angled triangle ONP
sin =
ON
OP
ie., sin =
P
r
or p = r sin
we have p = r sin
and cot =
1 dr
r d
(1)
(2)
Squaring equation (1) and taking the reciprocal we get,

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Dr. V. Lokesha
1
1
1
= 2 .
2
p
r
sin 2
1
1
= 2 cosec 2
2
p
r
ie.,
1
1
=
1 + cot 2
2
2
p
r
Or
2011
Now using (2) we get,
1
1
= 2
2
p
r
1
1 + 2
r
dr

d
1
1
1
= 2 + 4
2
r
r
p
Or
Further, let
dr

d
(3)
1
=u
r
Differentiating w.r.t. we get,

2
1 dr
1 dr du
du
2 =
4 = , by squaring
r d
r d d
d
Thus (3) now becomes
1
du
= u2 +
2
p
d
(4)
1. Find the angle of intersection of the curves:

r = a (1 + cos ) & r = b (1 - cos )
Solution : r = a (1 + cos )
r = b(1 cos )
log r = log a + log (1 + cos )
log r = log b + log (1 cos )
1 dr
sin
= 0 +
r d
1 cos
cot 2 =
Differentiating these w.r.t. we get

1 dr
- sin
= 0 +
r d
1 + cos
cot 1 =
2 sin (/2 ) cos (/2 )

2 cos 2 (/2 )
ie., cot 1 = - tan ( /2 ) = cot (/2 + /2 )

1 = /2 + /2
2 sin (/2 ) cos (/2 )

2 sin 2 (/2 )
cot 2 = cot ( /2 )
2 = /2
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Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
angle of intersection = 1 - 2 = /2 + /2 - /2 = /2
Hence the curves intersect orthogonally.
2. S.T. the curves
Solution :
r = a (1 + sin ) & r = a (1 - sin )
cut each other orthogonally
log r = log a + log (1 + sin ) : log r = log a + log (1 sin )

Differentiating these w.r.t we get
1 dr
cos
=
r d 1 + sin
ie.,
cot 1 =
cos
1 + sin
We have tan 1 =
1 dr
- cos
=
r d 1 sin
cot 2 =
- cos
1 sin
1 + sin
1 - sin
and tan 2 =
cos
- cos
1 - sin 2
cos 2
=
tan 1 . tan 2 =
= -1
- cos 2
cos 2
Hence the curves intersect orthogonally.
3.
Find the angle of intersection of the curves:

r = sin + cos , r = 2 sin
Solution : log r = log (sin + cos )
log r = log (sin + cos ) :
r = 2 sin
log r = log 2 + log (sin )
Differentiating these w.r.t we get

1 dr cos - sin
=
r d sin + cos
ie.,
cot 1 =
cos (1 - tan )
cos (1 + tan )
1 dr cos
=
r d sin
cot 2 = cot 2 =
ie., cot 1 = cot (/4 + ) 1 = /4 +

1 - 2 = /4 + - = /4
The angle of intersection is / 4
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4. Find the angle of the curves: r = a log and r = a/ log

Solution : r = a log
r = a/ log
log r = log a + log (log )
: log r = log a - log (log )
Differentiating these w.r.t q, we get,
1 dr
1
=
r d log .
ie.,
cot 1 =
1
log
1 dr
1
=
r d
log .
cot 2 = -
1
log
Note : We can not find 1 and 2 explicitly.

:
tan 1 = log
Now consider, tan 1 = log :

Now consider, tan (1 - 2 ) =
tan 2 = log
tan 2 = - log
2 log
2 log
=
1 + tan 1 tan 2 1 ( log )2
......(1)
We have to find by solving the given pair of equations :
r = a log and r = a/log

Equating the R.H.S we have a log =
a
log
ie., (log = 1 )2 = 1 or log = e

Substituting = e in (1) we get
tan (1 2 ) =
2e
1 - e2
( log e = 1)
2e
angle of intersection 1 - 2 = tan -1
= 2 tan -1 e
2
1- e
5. Find the angle of intersection of the curves:

r = a (1 cos ) and r = 2a cos
Solution : r = a (1 cos )
r = 2a cos
Taking logarithms we have,

Log r = log a + log (1 cos )
log r = log 2a + log (cos )
Differentiating these w.r.t , we get,

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sin
1 dr
=
r d 1 - cos
ie., cot 1 =
2011
1 dr - sin
=
r d cos
2 sin (/2 ) cos (/2 )

: cot 2 = - tan
2 sin 2 (/2 )
ie., cot 1 = cot ( /2 )
cot 2 = cot (/2 + )
1 = /2
2 = /2 +
1 2 = /2 - /2 -
= / 2 + 2
(1)
Now consider r = a (1 - cos ) = 2a cos

Or
3 cos = 1 or = cos -1 (1/3)
Substituting this value in (1) we get,

The angle of intersection / 2 + 1/2 . cos -1 (1/3)
6. Find the angle of intersection of the curves :
r = a and r = a /
Solution : r = a
log r = log a + log
r=a/
log r = log a - log
Differentiating these w.r.t , we get,

1
1 dr
=
r d
1
1 dr
=
r d
ie.,
cot 1 =
cot 2 = -
or
tan 1 =
tan 2 = -
Also by equating the R.H.S of the given equations we have

a = a/ or 2 = 1 = 1
When = 1, tan 1 = 1, tan 2 = - 1 and

When = - 1, tan 1 = - 1, tan 2 = 1 .
tan 1 . tan 2 = - 1 1 - 2 = /2
The curves intersect at right angles.
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7. Find the pedal equation of the curve: r (1 - cos ) = 2a

Solution : r (1 - cos ) = 2a
log r + log (1 - cos ) = log 2a
Differentiating w.r.t , we get

- sin
1 dr
sin
1 dr
= 0 or
=
+
r d 1 - cos
r d 1 - cos
cot =
- 2 sin (/2 ) cos (/2 )

= - cot (/2 )
2 sin 2 (/2 )
ie., cot = cot (- /2 ) = - ( /2 )

Consider p = r sin
p = r sin (- /2 ) or p = - r sin ( /2 )
Now we have, r (1 - cos ) = 2a

p = - r sin ( /2 )
(1)
(2)
We have to eliminate from (1) and (2)

(1) can be put in form r . 2 sin 2 ( / 2 ) = 2a
ie., r sin 2 (/2 ) = a
But p/-r = sin (/2), from (2)
p2
r 2 = a or p 2 = ar
r
Thus p2 = ar is the required pedal equation.

8. Find the pedal equation of the curve: r2 = a2 sec 2
Solution : r2 = a2 sec 2
2 log r = 2 log a + log (sec 2)

Differentiating w.r.t , we get,
2 dr 2 sec 2 tan 2
1 dr
=
ie.,
= tan 2
r d
sec 2
r d
ie., cot = cot ( /2 - 2 ) = /2 - 2

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Consider p = r sin p = r sin ( /2 - 2 ) ie., p = r cos 2

Now we have, r 2 = a 2 sec 2
(1)
p = r cos 2
(2)
From (2) p/r = cos 2 or r/p = sec 2

Substituting in (1) we get,
r 2 = a 2 (r/p )
or pr = a2
Thus pr = a2 is the required pedal equation.

9. Find the pedal equation of the curve: rn = an cos n
Solution : rn = an cos n
n log r = n log a + log (cos n )
Differentiating w.r.t q we get

1 dr
n dr - n sin n
= - tan n
=
ie.,
r d
cos n
r d
cot = cot ( /2 + n ) = /2 + n
Consider p = r sin
p = r sin ( /2 = n ) ie., p = r cos n
Now we have, r n = a n cos n
p = r cos n
(1)
(2)
(1) as a consequenc e of (2) is r n = a n (p/r )
Thus rn + 1 = pan is the required pedal equation.

10. Find the pedal equation of the curve: rm = am (cos m + sin m)
Solution : rm = am (cos m + sin m)
Differentiating w.r.t , we get,
m dr - m sin m + m cos m
=
cos m + sin m
r d
ie.,
cos m (1 - tan m )
1 dr cos m - sin m
=
=
r d cos m + sin m cos m (1 + tan m )
cot = cot ( /4 + m ) = /4 + m
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Consider p = r sin
p = r sin ( /4 + m )
ie., p = r [sin ( /4 ) cos m + cos (/4 ) sin m ]

ie., p =
r
(cos m + sin m )
2
(we have used the formula of sin (A + B) and also the values sin (/4 ) = cos (/4 ) = 1/ 2
Now we have, r m = a m (cos m + sin m )
p=
(1)
r
(cos m + sin m )
2
(2)
Using (2) in (1) we get,

rm = am .
p 2
or r m +1 = 2 a m p
r
Thus r m + 1 = 2 a m p is the required pedal equation.

11. Establish the pedal equation of the curve:
r n = a n sin n + b n cos n in the form p 2 a 2n + b 2 n = r 2 n + 2
Solution : We have r n = a n sin n + b n cos n
n log r = log a n sin n + b n cos n
Differentiating w.r.t we get

n dr na n cos n - nb n sin n
= n
r d
a sin n + b n cos n
a n cos n - b n sin n
Dividing by n, cot = n
a sin n + b n cos n
Consider p = r sin
Since cannot be found, squaring and taking the reciprocal we get,
1
1
1
1
= 2 cosec 2 or 2 = 2 1 + cot 2
2
p
r
p
r
1
1
2= 2
p
r
(
(
)
)
a n cos n - b n sin n
1 + n
2
a sin n + b n cos n
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Dr. V. Lokesha
) (
1
1
ie., 2 = 2
p
r
a n sin n + b n cos n 2 + a n cos n - b n sin n
a n sin n + b n cos n
1
1
ie., 2 = 2
p
r
a 2 n sin 2 n + cos 2 n + b 2 n cos 2 n + sin 2 n
a n sin n + b n cos n
2011
(product terms cancels out in the numerator)

ie.,
or
1
1
a 2 n + b2 n
=
.
p 2 r 2 a n sin n + b n cos n
1
1 a 2 n + b 2n
.
, by using the given equation.
=
2
p2 r 2
rn
p2 a 2 n + b2 n
( )
)= r
2 n+2
is the required pedal equation.
12. Define Curvature and Radius of curvature

Solution: A Curve Cuts at every point on it. Which is determined by the tangent drawn.
y = f (x)
Tangent
P (x,y)
X
O
Let P be a point on the curve y= f (x) at the length s from a fixed point A on it. Let the tangent
at P makes are angle with positive direction of x axis. As the point P moves along curve, both s
and vary.
d
as called the Curvature of the curve at P.
The rate of change w.r.t s, i.e.,
ds
The reciprocal of the Curvature at P is called the radius of curvature at P and is denoted by .
ds
1
=
d
d
ds
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Dr. V. Lokesha
1 d
ds
(or)
=
d
ds
1
Also denoted =
K
K is read it as Kappa.
2011
K =
d
ds
13. Derive an expression for radius of curvature in Cartesian form.

Solution :(1) Cartesian Form:
Y = f (x)
A
T
dy
P dx R
Let y = f (x) be the curve in Cartesian form.

dy
We know that, tan =
(From Figure) ----------- (1)
dx
Where is the angle made by the tangent at P with x axis. Differentiating (1) W.r.t x, we get
d2y
d
=
dx
dx 2
d2y
d
i.e.,
= Sec2
2
dx
dx
d
= (1 + tan2 )
dx
d
ds
= (1 + tan2 )
.
dx
dx
Sec2 .
2
1 dy 2
2
= (1 + tan )
1 +
dx
1
dy 2 1 dy 2 2
= 1 + . . 1 +
dx dx
from eqn (1)
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2011
dy 2 2
1 +
dx
3
dy 2 2
1 +
dx
= 2
d y
dx 2
= ( 1+ y1 2 )3/2 (1)
y2
d2y
dy
Where y1 =
, y2 =
dx
dx 2
This is the formula for Radius of Curvature in Cartesian Form.
14. Show that the Curvature of a Circle at any point on it, is a Constant
Tangent
r PP P
X
T
Solution: Consider a Circle of radius r. Let A be a fixed point and P be a given point on the circle
such that arc AP = S.
Let the angle between the tangent to the Circle at A and P be . Then clearly AOP = .
AP = r
i.e., S = r
This is the intrinsic equation of the circle.
Differentiating w.r.t S we get
d
d
1
Or K =
=
ds
ds
r
1
K = which is Constant
r
1=r
Hence the Curvature of the Circle at any point on it is constant.

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15. Derive an expression for radius of curvature in parametric form.

Solution: We have = (1 + y 12 )3/2
y2
Let x =f (t), y = g (t) be the curve in Parametric Form.
dy
Y
dy
dt
Then y1 =
=
=
dx dx
dt X

d2y
d dy d Y
d Y
Y2 =
=
=

dx dx dx X dt X
dx 2

d Y 1 d Y 1
=
.
.
dt X dx dt X X

dt
xy yx 1
=
(x )2 ( X )
dt
dx
Y2 =
X y yx
3
x

Substituting Y1 and Y2 in equation 1.
(1 + Y )
=
2
1
y2
, we get
( ( )
1+ Y 2
x
=
xy yx
(x )3
[(x) + ( y ) ]
=
2
-------------------- (2)
xy yx
Equation (2) is called the Radius of Curvature in Parametric Form.
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16. Derive an expression for radius of curvature in polar form.

Solution: Let r = f () be the curve in the Polar Form. We know that, Angle between the
tangent and radius vector,
Tan = r
d
dr
= r.
1
dr
d
i.e., tan =
(dr d )
Differentiate w.r.t we get
dr dr
d 2r
.
r
2
d
Sec2 .
= d d 2 d
d
dr
2
dr
d 2r 2
d
1 d r
d
=
2
2
d Sec
dr
)
(
2
dr
d 2r 2
r
1
d
d
=
2
2
1 + tan
dr
2
dr
d 2r
r
1
d 2
d
=
2
r2
dr
1+
dr
d
d
2
d 2r
dr
r 2
d
d
d
=
2
d
dr
2
+r
From figure = +
Differentiating w.r.t , we get
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Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
d
d
=1+
d
d
2
d 2r
dr
r
d
d
d 2
=1+
2
d
dr
2
+r
d 2r
dr
r 2 + 2
r
d
d 2
d
=
2
d
dr
2
+r
ds
dr 2
Also we know that
= r 2 +

d
Now, =
ds
ds d
=
.
d
d d
2
dr
2
+r
2
2 dr
d
= r +
.
2
d
d 2r
dr
2
r + 2
r
d 2
d
1
2
(r
+ r12 ) 2
= 2
----------- (3)
r + 2r12 rr2
2
d 2r
dr
Where r1 =
, r2 =
d
d 2
Equation (3) as called the radius of curvature in Polar form.
17. Derive an expression for radius of curvature in pedal form.
Solution: Let p = r Sin be the curve in Polar Form.
We have p = r Sin
Differentiating p W.r.t r, we get
dp
d
= Sin + r Cos
dr
dr
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Dr. V. Lokesha
d
dr
, Cos =
ds
ds
But Sin = r
d
dr d
dp
=r
+r
dr
ds
ds dr
=r
d
d dr
+
.
ds
dr ds
=r
d
d
+r
ds
ds
=r
d
( + )
ds
=r
d
ds
d
dp
=r
dr
ds
1
dp
= r.
dr
= r
2011
dr
dp
1
d
=
ds
--------------- (4)
Equation (4) is called Radius of Curvature of the Curve in Polar Form.

18. Find the radius of curvature at (x, y) for the curve ay2 = x3.
Solution: Given ay2 = x3 -------- (1) is in Cartesian form.
We have, Radius of curvature in Cartesian form.
(1 + y )
=
2
1
y2
------------ (2)
Differentiating (1) w.r.t x we get,
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a 2y
Dr. V. Lokesha
dy
dy
3 x2
= 3x 2
= y1 =
=
dx
dx
2 ay
y1 =
3x 2
x3
2a
a
1
2
2011
3 x
2 a
3 x
2 a
Differentiating y1 w.r.t x we get
y2 =
3
1
3
d2y
=
=
2
dx
2 a 2 x 4 a x
Substitute Y1 and Y2 in (2), we get.
x (4a + 9 x )
6a
x
19. Find the radius of curvature at (x,y) for the curve y = c log Sec
c
x
Solution: Given y = c log Sec
-------- (1)
c
Differentiating (1) w.r.t x, we get
1
x x
.Sec tan = c tan
x
c c
Sec
c
Differentiating y1 W.r.t x we get
y1 = c.
x 1
. = tan
c c
x

c
x 1 1
x
y 2 = Sec 2 =
Sec 2
c c c
c
(1 + y )
Substitute y1 and y2 in =
2
1
y2
[1 + tan (x c )] = [Sec (x c )]
=
1
1
Sec (x )
Sec (x )
c
c
c
c
2
( c)
= cSec x
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2011
20. Find the radius of curvature at the point t on the curve x = a (t + Sint), y = a (1 Cost).
Solution: Given Curves are in Parametric Form
((x)
Radius of Curvature, =
+ (y) 2
------ (1)
xy yx
Differentiating the given Curves W.r.t t, we get
2
dx
dy
= a (1 + Cost) y =
= a Sint
dt
dt
Differentiating W.r.t t we get
x=
x = - a Sint,
y = a Cost
Substitute x , y , y and x in (1), we get
(a (1 + Cost )
+ a 2 S int 2
=
a(1 + Cost )aCost aS int( aS int)
2
a 3 {1 + 2Cost + Cos 2 t + Sin 2 t } 2

=
a 2 {Cost + Cos 2 t + Sin 2 t}
3
a 2(1 + Cost )
=
(1 + Cost )
}=
a 2.2Cos 2 t
2Cos t
}
2
8a.Cos 3 t
2Cos t
= 4aCos t
2
21. Find the Radius of Curvature to x = a Cost + log tan t
( 2 )}, y = a Sint at t.
( 2 )}, y = a Sin t
Solution: Here x = a Cost + log tan t
dx
1
1
2 t
= a S int +
.Sec
.
2 2
dt
tan t
2
1
}
=a { -sint +
2 sin t / 2 cos t / 2
1
=a { -sint +
}
2 sin t / 2
= a { (1-sin 2t) / sint }
dx
= a Cos2t / sint
dt
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Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
dy
= aCost
dx
dy dy / dt
=
=
dx dx / dt
aCost
= tant
a cos t cos t / sin t
dy
= tan t
dx
Differentiating W.r.t x we get
dt
d2y
1
1
= Sec 2 t
= Sec 2 t
= Sec 2 t.
2
2
dx
dx
dx
aCos t
S int
dt
d2y 1
= = Sec 4 tS int
2
a
dx
(1 + y12 )
d2y
dy
Substitute
&
in
=
dx
y2
dx 2
(1 + tan t )
=
i.e.,
1
Sec 4tS int
a
= a Cot t.
, we get
aSec3t
Cost
=a
= aCott
4
Sec tS int
S int
22. Find the Radius of Curvature to
x+ y= a
Solution: Given
a a
x + y = a at ,
4 4
-------------- (1)
Differentiating (1) w.r.t to x we get
1
2 x
1 dy
=0
2 y dx
i.e., y1 =
y
dy
=
=
dx
x
y1 = 1
a
x
a x
x
) (From (1))
----------- (2)
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Also y 2 =
Dr. V. Lokesha
d2y
a
1 3
= a x 2 = 3
2
dx
2
2x 2
2011
-------------- (3)
a a
At the given point ,
4 4
a
a
4
Then y1 = 1
= - 1 & y2 = 1
=
3
a
a
2a 2
2
4
( )
Substitute y1 and y2 in
(1 + (1) )
=
2
(1 + y )
=
2
1
y2
2 2 a 2 2a
a
=
=
=
4
4
2
a
2
23. Show that for the Cardioids r = a (1 + Cos), 2 / r 2 is a constant
Solution: r = a (1 + Cos)
dr
= - a Sin
d
We have,
2
1
1
1 dr
= 2 + 4
, is Pedal Equation.
2
P
r
r d
1
1
+ 4 a2Sin2
2
r
r
r 2 + a 2 Sin 2 a 2 (1 + Cos ) 2 + a 2 Sin 2

=
r4
r4
2a 2 (1 + Cos )
=
r4
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1
2a 2
=
P2
r4
r

a
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
( r = a (1 + Cos)
r
= 1 + Cos
a
1
2a
= 3
2
r
P
P2 =
r3
2a
Differentiating w.r.t P we get

1 2 dr
2P =
3r
dp
2a
dr 4ap
=
dp 3r 2
Now,
And
24.
=r
2
r2
dr 4ap
=
dp
3r
1 16a 2 p 2 16a 2 r 3 8a
.
=
=
r 9r 2 9r 3 2a 9
Find the Radius of Curvature of the Curve
Solution: Given
1
1
1
r2
=
+
P 2 a 2 b 2 a 2b 2
1
1
1
r2
=
+
P 2 a 2 b 2 a 2b 2
Differentiating w.r.t to P, we get
dr
2
1
= 2 2 2r
3
dp
P
a b
dr a 2 b 2
= 3
dp
p r
dr
a 2b 2 a 2b 2
= r.
= r. 3 = 3
dp
pr
p
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25. Find the Radius of Curvature at (r,) on r =

Solution: Given r =
2011
Differentiating w.r.t to we get

dr a a 1 r
=
=
. =

d 2
dr r
=
d
2
1
1
1 dr
We have 2 = 2 + 4
P
r
r d
1
1 r2
1
1
= 2 + 4 2 = 2 + 2 2
r
r
r
r
1
1
1 1 2 + 1
= 1 +
=
P 2 r 2 2 r 2 2
r
P =
P=
2 +1
r
2 +1
r. a
a.r
a2
a2 + r 2
+
1
r2
Differentiating above result w.r.t toP we get
a 2 + r 2 .a
1=
dr
1
dr
r.a
2/ r
dp
dp
2/ a 2 + r 2
2
2
a +r
2
r 2a
2
a +r = a +r .a
a2 + r 2
a2 + r 2 =
dr
dp
(a 2 + r 2 ). a r 2 a dr
dp
a2 + r 2
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(a
(a
Dr. V. Lokesha
+ r 2 ) a2 + r 2 = a3
+ r2 )
a3
dr
dp
dr r. a 2 + r 2
Thus, = r.
=
dp
a3
3
r
= 3 (a 2 + r 2 ) 2
a
2011
dr
dp
Exercises:

(1) Find the Radius of the Curvature at the point (s, ) on S = a log tan +
4 2
(2) Find the Radius of the Curvature of xy = C2 at (x,y)

(3) Find the Radius of the Curvature of xy3 = a4 at (a,a)
(4) Find the Radius of Curvature at the point on x = C Sin 2 (1 + Cos 2),
y = C Cos 2 (1 Cos 2)
(5) If 1 and 2 are the radii of curvature at the extremities of any chord of the cardiode
16a 2
2
2
r = a (1 + Cos) which posses through the Pole prove that 1 + 2 =
9
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2011
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS III
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION
Introduction :Partial differential equations abound in all branches of science and engineering and
many areas of business. The number of applications is endless.
Partial derivatives have many important uses in math and science. We shall see
that a partial derivative is not much more or less than a particular sort of directional
derivative. The only trick is to have a reliable way of specifying directions ... so most of
this note is concerned with formalizing the idea of direction
So far, we had been dealing with functions of a single independent variable. We will now
consider functions which depend on more than one independent variable; Such
functions are called functions of several variables.
Geometrical Meaning
Suppose the graph of z = f (x,y) is the
surface shown. Consider the partial
derivative of f with respect to x at a point
(x0, y0). Holding y constant and varying x,
we trace out a curve that is the intersection
of the surface with the vertical plane y = y0.
The partial derivative fx(x0,y0). measures
the change in z per unit increase in x along
this curve. That is, fx(x0, y0) is just the slope
of the curve at (x0, y0). The geometrical
interpretation of fy(x0, y0). is analogous.
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Real-World Applications:
Rates of Change:
In the Java applet we saw how the concept of partial derivative could be applied
geometrically to find the slope of the surface in the x and y directions. In the following
two examples we present partial derivatives as rates of change. Specifically we explore
an application to a temperature function ( this example does have a geometric aspect in
terms of the physical model itself) and a second application to electrical circuits, where
no geometry is involved.
I. Temperature on a Metal Plate
The screen capture below shows a current website illustrating thermal flow for chemical
engineering. Our first application will deal with a similar flat plate where temperature
varies with position.
* The example following the picture below is taken from the current text in SM221,223:
Multivariable Calculus by James Stewart.
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Suppose we have a flat metal plate where the temperature at a point (x,y) varies
according to position. In particular, let the temperature at a point (x,y) be given by,
T ( x, y ) = 60 /1 + x 2 + y 2
where T is measured in oC and x and y in meters.
Question: what is the rate of change of temperature with respect to distance at the point
(2,1) in (a) the x-direction? and (b) in the y-direction ?
Let's take (a) first.
What is the rate of change of temperature with respect to distance at the point (2,1) in
(a) the x-direction?
What observations and translations can we make here?
Rate of change of temperature indicates that we will be computing a type of derivative.
Since the temperature function is defined on two variables we will be computing a partial
derivative. Since the question asks for the rate of change in the x-direction, we will be
holding y constant. Thus, our question now becomes:
What is dT dxat the point (2,1)?
T ( x, y ) = 60 /1 + x 2 + y 2 = 60(1 + x 2 + y 2 ) 1
T
T
x
x
= 60(2 x)(1 + x 2 + y 2 ) 2
(2,1) = 60(4)(1 + 4 + 1) 2 = 20
Conclusion :
The rate of change of temperature in the x-direction at (2,1) is 20 3 degrees
per meter;
note this means that the temperature is decreasing !
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Part (b):
The rate of change of temperature in the y-direction at (2,1) is computed in a similar
manner.
T ( x, y ) = 60 /1 + x 2 + y 2 = 60(1 + x 2 + y 2 ) 1
T
T
x
x
= 60(2 y )(1 + x 2 + y 2 ) 2
(2,1) = 60(2)(1 + 4 + 1) 2 = 10
Conclusion :
The rate of change of temperature in the y-direction at (2,1) is 10 degrees
3
per meter;
note this means that the temperature is decreasing !
II. Electrical Circuits: Changes in Current

The following is adapted from an example in a former text for SM221,223 Multivariable
Calculus by Bradley and Smith.
* In an electrical circuit with electromotive force (EMF) of E volts and resistance R ohms,
the current, I, is
I=E/R amperes.
Question: (a) At the instant when E=120 and R=15 , what is the rate of change of
current with respect to voltage.
(b) What is the rate of change of current with respect to resistance?
(a) Even though no geometry is involved in this example, the rate of change questions
can be answered with partial derivatives.
we first note that I is a function of E and R, namely,
I(E,R) = ER-1
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The rate of change of current with respect to voltage =

the partial derivative of I with respect to voltage, holding resistance constant is
I
= R 1
when E=120 and R=15 , we have I E = 15 1 0.0667

verbal conclusion : If the resistance is fixed at 15 ohms, the current is increasing with
respect to voltage at the rate of 0.0667 amperes per volt when the EMF is 120 volts.
Part (b):
What is the rate of change of current with respect to
resistance?
Using similar observations to part (a) we conclude:

The partial derivative of I with respect to resistance, holding voltage constant = I E = ER 1
when E=120 and R=15 , we have I E (120,15) = 120(15)1 0.5333
Conclusion : If the EMF is fixed at 120 volts, the current is decreasing with respect to
resistance at the rate of 0.5333 amperes per ohm when the resistance is 15 ohms.
Key Words :Then the partial derivative of z w.r.t x is given by

zx =
z
f ( x + x, y ) f ( x, y )
= lim
x
x x0
The partial derivative of z w.r.t y is given by

zy =
z
f ( x, y + y ) f ( x, y )
= lim
y y 0
y
10 MAT11
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1.
Dr. V. Lokesha
If u = e ax -by sin (ax + by ) show that b
2011
u u
-a
= 2 ab u
y
x
Solution : u = e ax -by sin (ax + by )
u
= e ax - by cos (ax + by ) . a + a.e ax -by sin (ax + by )
x
ie.,
u
= a e ax - by cos (ax + by ) + au
x
Also
u
= e ax - by cos (ax + by ) . b + (- b ) e ax -by sin (ax + by )
x
ie.,
u
= b e ax - by cos (ax + by ) bu
y
Now b
(1)
(2)
u
u
=a
by using (1) and (2) becomes
x
y
= abe ax by cos (ax + by ) + abu - abe ax -by cos (ax + by ) + abu
= 2 abu
Thus b
2.
u
u
- a
= 2 abu
x
y
If u = eax + by f (ax - by ), prove that
u
u
=a
= 2abu
x
y
Solution : u = e ax+ by f (ax - by ) , by data

u
= e ax + by . f (ax - by ) a + ae ax + by f (ax - by )
x
Or
Next,
Or
u
= a e ax + by . f (ax - by ) + a u
x
(1)
u
= e ax + by f (ax - by ) . (- b ) + b e ax + by f (ax - by )
y
u
= b e ax + by f (ax - by ) + ba
y
Now consider L.H.S = b
(2)
u
u
+ a
y
x
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Dr. V. Lokesha
} {
= b ae ax + by f (ax - by ) + au + a - be ax + by f (ax - by ) + bu
2011
= ab e ax + by f (ax - by ) + abu - ab e ax + by f (ax - by ) + abu
= 2abu = R.H.S
Thus b
3.
u
u
+a
= 2a bu
x
y
2u 2u 2u
If u = log x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , show that x 2 + y 2 + z 2 2 + 2 + 2 = 1
y
z
x
Solution : By data u = log x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = log (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )

1
2
The given u is a symmetric function of x, y, z,

(It is enough if we compute only one of the required partial derivative)
1
u 1
x
. 2x = 2
= . 2
2
2
x 2 x + y + z
x + y2 + z 2
2 u u
x
2
=
=
2
2
2
x x x x + y + z
x
(x
ie.,
+ y2 + z2 1 - x . 2 x
(x
+ y2 + z2
y2 + z2 x2
(x
+ y2 + z2
2u
y2 + z2 x2
=
2
x 2
x2 + y2 + z2
Similarly
(1)
2u
z2 + x 2 y2
=
2
y 2
x2 + y2 + z2
(2)
2u
x 2 + y2 z 2
=
2
z 2
x2 + y2 + z2
(3)
Adding (1), (2) and (3) we get,
x2 + y2 + z2
2u 2u 2u
1
+
+
=
= 2
2
2
2
2
x
y
z
x + y2 + z 2
x2 + y2 + z2
2u 2u 2u
Thus x 2 + y 2 + z 2 2 + 2 + 2 = 1
y
z
x
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4.
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
If u = log (tan x + tan y + tan z), show that,

sin 2x ux + sin 2y uy + sin 2z uz = 2
Solution : u = log (tan x + tan y + tan z) is a symmetric function.

ux =
sec 2 x
tan x + tan y + tan z
sin 2 x u x =
Or
(2 sin x cos x ) sec2 . x

sin 2 x u x =
2 tan x
Similarly sin 2 y u y =
(1)
2 tan y
sin 2 z u y =
(2)
2 tan z
(3)
sin 2 x u x + sin 2y u y + sin 2z u z =
2 (tan x + tan y + tan z )

=2
(tan x + tan y + tan z )
Thus sin 2x u x + sin 2y u y + sin 2z u z = 2
5.
If u = log (x3 + y3 + z3 3xyz) then prove that
3
u u u
=
+
+
and hence show
x y z x + y + z
-9
that +
+ u =
(x + y + z )2
x y z
Solution : u = log (x3 + y3 + z3 3xyz) is a symmetric function

u
3x 2 - 3yz
= 3
x x + y3 + z 3 - 3xyz
(1)
u
3 y 2 - 3zx
= 3
y x + y3 + z 3 - 3xyz
(2)
u
3z 2 - 3xy
= 3
z x + y3 + z 3 - 3xyz
(3)

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Dr. V. Lokesha
u u u 3 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy yz zx
+
+
=
x y z
x 3 + y3 + z 3 3xyz
Recalling a standard elementary result,
a 3 + b 3 + c 3 3abc = (a + b + c ) a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ab bc ca
We have,
u u u
3 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy yz zx
+
+
=
x y z ( x + y + z ) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy yz zx
Thus
2011
u u u
3
+
+
=
x y z x + y + z
2
+ u
Further +
x y z

+
= +
x y z

+
+ u
x y z

= +
+
x y z
u u u
+
+
x y z

= +
+
x y z
, by using the earlier result.

x+ y+ z
=
=

3
3
3
x x + y + z y x + y + z z x + y + z
3
(x + y + z)
(x + y + z)
(x + y + z)
( x + y + z )2
Thus

-9
+
+ u =
( x + y + z )2
x y z
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6.
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
If u = f (r ) and x = r cos , y = r sin ,

2u 2u
1
prove that 2 + 2 = f (r ) + f (r )
r
x
y
Solution :Observing the required partial derivative we conclude that u must be a function of x, y. But
u = f( r) by data and hence we need to have r as a function of x, y. Since x = r cos , y = r
sin we have x2 + y2 = r2.
we have u = f (r ) where r = x 2 + y2
2 u f (r ) 2 2
f (r )
= 3 r - x + 2 . x 2 and
2
x
r
r
f (r ) 2
2 u f (r ) 2 2
=
+
r
y
.y
y 2
r3
r2
Adding these results we get,
2 u 2 u f (r )
f (r )
+
= 3 2x2 - x2 + y2 + 2 x2 + y2
2
2
x
y
r
r
Thus
7.
)}
f (r ) 2 f (r ) 2 1
. r + 2 . r = f (r ) + f (r )
r
r3
r
2u 2u
1
+ 2 = f (r ) + f (r )
2
r
x
y
Prove that x
u
u
+y
= nu
x
y
Proof : Since u = f (x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree n we have by the definition,

u = x n g ( y/x )
(1)
Let us differentiate this w.r.t x and also w.r.t.y
u
y
= x n . g ( y/x ) . - 2 + nx n - 1 g ( y/x )
x
x
ie.,
u
= x n - 2 y g ( y/x ) + nx n - 1 g ( y / x )
x
Also
(2)
u
1
= x n . g ( y/x ) .
y
x
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Dr. V. Lokesha
u
= x n - 1 . g ( y/x )
y
ie.,
Now consider x
2011
(3)
u
u
+y
as a consequence of (2) and (3)
x
y
] [
= x - x n - 2 y g ( y/x ) + n x n - 1 g ( y/x ) + y x n - 1 g ( y / x )
= x n 1 y g ( y/x ) + n x n g ( y/x ) + x n - 1 y g ( y/x )
= n . x n g ( y/x )
= n u, by using (1)
Thus we have proved Eulers theorem
x
8.
u
u
+y
= n u ; x u x + yu y = n u
x
y
Prove that x 2
2u
2u
2
y
= n (n - 1) u
+
x
x y
x 2
Proof : Since u = f (x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree n, we have Eulers theorem
u
u
+y
=nu
x
y
(1)
Differentiating (1) partially w.r.t. x and also w.r.t y we get,

2u
u
2u
u
x 2 + 1.
+ y
n
=
x
x
x y
x
Also, x
2u 2u
u
u
=n
+ y 2 + 1 .
y x y
y
y
(2)
(3)
We shall now multiply (2) by x and (3) by y.
x2
u
2u
2u
u
x
x
y
and
=nx
+
+
2
x
xy
x
x
xy
2u
u
u
2u
+ y2 2 + y
= ny
y x
y
y
y
Adding these using the fact that
2u
2u
=
we get,
y x y x
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Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
2
2 2u
u
u
2u
u
u
2 u
x
+ x
2
y
y
y
n
y
+
+
=
+
+
x
x
2
2
x
xy
y
y
y x
x
ie., x 2
2
2u
2u
2 u
+
2
y
+
y
+ n u = n (n u ), by using (1)
x
xy
x 2
y 2
2
2u
2u
2 u
+2xy
+y
+ n (nu ) - nu = n (n - 1) u
or x
xy
x 2
y 2
2
2
2u
2u
2 u
+2xy
+y
+ n (n - 1) u
Thus x
xy
x 2
y 2
2
ie., x 2 u xx + 2 x y u xy + y 2 u yy = n (n - 1) u
9.
If u =
u
u
u
x
y
z
+
+
+y
+z
=0
show that x
x
y
z
y+z z+ x x+y
Solution : (Observe that the degree is 0 in every term)

u=
x
y
z
+
+
y+ z z+ x x+ y
We shall divide both numerator and denominator of every term by x.
u=
1
y/ x
z
+
+
= x {g ( y/x, z/x )}
y/x + z/x z / x + 1 1 + y / x
u is homogeneous of degree 0. n = 0
We have Eulers theorem, x

Putting n = 0 we get, x
10.
u
u
u
=nu
+y
+z
z
x
y
u
u
u
=0
+y
+z
z
x
y
x4 + y4
u
u
show that x
+y
If u = log
=3
x
y
x+ y
Solution : we cannot put the given u in the form xn g (y/x)
x4 + y4 x4 1 + y4 / x4
3 1 + ( y/x )
e =
=
=x
x+ y
x (1 + y/x )
1 + ( y / x )
u
ie., eu = x3 g (y/x) eu is homogeneous of degree 3 n = 3

Now applying Eulers theorem for the homogeneous function eu
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96
We have x
ie., x e u
( )
2011
( )
eu
eu
+y
= n eu
x
y
u
u
+ y eu
= 3e u
x
y
Dividing by eu we get x
11.
Dr. V. Lokesha
u
u
+y
=3
x
y
x3 + y3
show that
If u = tan -1
x y
(i) x ux + y uy = sin 2 u
(ii) x2uxx + 2 x y uxy + y2uyy = sin 4 u sin 2 u
x 3 + y3
by data
Solution : (i) u = tan
y
x
-1
tan u =
1 + ( y/x )3
x3 + y3 x3 1 + y3 / x3
=
= x2
x-y
x (1 - y/x )
1 ( y / x )
ie., tan u = x2/g (y/x) tan u is homogeneous of degree 2.

Applying Eulers theorem for the function tan u we have,
(tan u )
(tan u )
+y
= n . tan u ; n = 2
x
y
ie., x sec 2 u
or
u
u
+ y sec 2 u
= 2 tan u
x
y
u
u 2 tan u
sin u
+y
=
= 2 cos 2 u
= 2 cos u sin u = sin 2 u
2
x
y
cos u
sec u
xu x + yu y = sin 2u
(ii)
We have xux + y uy = sin 2 u
(1)
Differentiating (1) w.r.t x and also w.r.t y partially we get

x u xx + 1 . u x + yu xy = 2 cos 2u . u x
And x uyx + yuyy + 1 . uy = 2 cos 2u . uy
(2)
(3)
Multiplying (2) by x and (3) by y we get,

x 2 u xx + x u x + xy u xy = 2 cos 2 u. xu x
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Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
xy u yx + y 2 u yy + y u y = 2 cos 2 u. yu y
Adding these by using the fact that uyx = uxy, we get
x 2 u xx + 2 x y u xy + y 2 u yy + xy x + yu y = 2 cos 2u xu x + y u y
By using (1) we have,

x 2 u xx + 2 x y u xy + y 2 u yy = 2 cos 2u sin 2 u - sin 2u
(since sin 2 = 2 cos sin , first term in the R.H.S becomes sin 4u)
Thus x2uxx + 2 x y uxy + y2 uyy = sin 4 u sin 2u
12.
x y z
u
u
u
+y
+z
=0
If u = f , , Prove that x
x
y
z
y z x
>> here we need to convert the given function u into a composite function.
Let u = f (p, q, r ) where p =
x
y
z
,q= ,r =
x
y
z
ie., {u (p, q, r ) (x, y, z )} u x, y, z
u u p
u q u r
=
+
+
x p x
q x r x
ie.,
1
u u
u
u z
.
. 0+
.-
=
+
y
r x 2
x p
q
u x u z u
=
x y p x r
(1)
Similarly by symmetry we can write,
u y u x u
=
y z q y p
(2)
u z u y u
=
z x r z q
(3)
Adding (1), (2) and (3) we get x
u
u
u
=0
+y
+z
z
x
y
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13.
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
u u u
+
+
=0
x y z
If u = f(x y, y z, z x) show that
>> Let u = f(p, q, r) where p = x y, q = y z, r = z x
u u p
u q u r
=
+
+
x p x
q x r x
ie.,
u
u u
u
(- 1)
=
.1+
.0 +
x p
q
r
u u u
=
x p r
(1)
Similarly we have by symmetry
u u u
=
y q p
(2)
u u u
=
z r q
(3)
14.
u u
u
+
+
x y
z
=0
If z = f(x, y) where x = r cos and y = r sin

2
1
z z z
Show that + = + 2
r
x y r
2
Solution : {z ( x, y ) (r, ) } z (r, )
z z x z y z x z y
=
;
+
+
r x r y r x y
ie.,
z z
z
=
cos +
sin
r x
y
and
z z
( - r sin ) + z (r cos ) = r - z sin + z cos
=
x
y
y
x
or
(1)
1 z z
z
sin +
=
cos
=
r
x
y
squaring and adding (1), (2) and collecting suitable terms have,
10 MAT11
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2
1
z
+ 2
r
r
2
z

r
Dr. V. Lokesha
2
z z
2
2
= cos + sin
x
2011
z
z z
z z
+ sin 2 + cos 2 + 2
cos sin - 2
sin cos
x y
x y
y
15.
1 z z z
= + ie., R.H.S = L.H.S
r 2 x y
2
If z = f (x, y ) where x = e u + e v , y = e -u e v
Prove that x
z
z z z
y =
x
y u v
Solution : {z (x, y ) (u, v )} z (u, v )
z z x z y z z x z y
=
+
;
=
+
u x u y u v x v y v
z z
z
=
. eu +
- e -u
u x
y
( )
ie.,
( )
(1)
( )
z z - v z
=
-e +
- e-v
v x
y
Consider R.H.S =
(2)
z z
and (1) (2) yields
u v
z
z
z u
z - u
e + e-v e ev =
.x. y
x
y
x
y
Thus
16.
Find
z z
z
z
=x
y
y
u y
x
ie., R.H.S = L.H.S
(u , v, w )
where u = x2 + y2 + z2, v = xy+yz+zx, w=x+y+z
(x , y, z )
Solution :
u
x
(u , v, w )
v
The definition of J =
=
x
(x , y, z )
w
x
But
u = x2 + y2 + z2, v = xy+yz+zx, w=x+y+z
u
y
v
y
w
y
u
z
v
z
w
z
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Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
Substituting for the partial derivatives we get
2x
2y
2z
J= y+z x+z y+x
1
Expanding by the first row,

J = 2x {(x + z) (y + x)} -2y {(y + z) (y + x)}
+2z {(y + z) (x + z)}
= 2x (z-y) 2y(z-x) + 2z(y-x)
= 2(xz xy yz + xy + yz xz) = 0 Thus J = 0
17.
If u =
(u , v, w )
zx
xy
yz
,v=
,w=
, show that
=4
y
x
z
(x , y, z )
Solution :
by data u =
u
x
v
x
w
x
(u , v, w )
=
(x , y, z )
yz
x2
u
y
v
y
w
y
zx
xy
yz
,v=
,w=
y
x
z
u
yz
z
x2
v
z
=
z
y
w
y
z
z
z
x
zx
y2
x
z
y
x
x
y
xy
z2
zx xy x x
2 2
y z z y
-
z z zx y x y z x y zx
+

x y y 2 z y x y z z y 2
yz x 2 x 2 z x x y x
= 2
+ +
x yz yz x z z x y
= 0+1+1+1+1=4
Thus
(u , v, w )
=4
(x , y, z )
10 MAT11
101
18.
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
If u + v = ex cos y and u v = ex sin y find the jacobian of the functions u and v w.r.t x
and y.
Solution :
u
(u , v )
x
we have to find
=
v
(x , y )
x
u
y
v
y
Using the given data we have to solve for u and v in terms of x and y.
By data u + v = ex cos y
(1)
u v = ex sin y
(2)
(1) + (2) gives : 2 u = ex (cos y + sin y)

(2) (2) gives : 2 v = ex (cos y sin y)
Ie., u =
ex
ex
(cos y + sin y) ; v =
(cos y sin y)
2
2
ex
v e x
u
=
(cos y + sin y),
=
(- sin y - cos y)
x
2
x
2
ex
(cos y + sin y)
(u , v )
Now
= 2x
e
( x, y )
(cos y sin y)
2
ex
( sin y + cos y)
2
ex
(sin y + cos y)
2
ex ex
.
{ - ( cos y + sin y)2 (cos y sin y)2}
2 2
e2x
e2x
{1+sin 2y) + (1 sin 2y)} =
4
2
Thus
(u , v ) e 2 x
=
2
(x , y )
10 MAT11
102
19.
Dr. V. Lokesha
(a) If x = r cos , y = r sin find the value of

(b)
Further verify that
(a)
Solution :
2011
(r, )
(x , y )
(x , y ) (r, )
.
=1
(r, ) (x , y )
We shall first express r, in terms of x and y.
We have x = r cos , y = r sin by data.
x2 + y2 = r2 and
y
= tan or = tan-1 (y/x)
x
Consider r2 = x2 + y2
Differentiating partially w.r.t x and also w.r.t y we get,
2r
r
= 2x
x
r x
=
x r
r
= 2y
y
and
2r
and
r y
=
y r
Also consider = tan 1 ( y / x )
y
=
. 2
2
x 1 + (y / x)
x
and
1
1
=
.
2
y 1 + (y / x)
x
i.e.,
= 2
x x + y2
and
x
= 2
y x + y2
r r
x
(r , ) r dy
r
=
=
Now
y
( x, y )
2
x + y2
dx dy
i.e.,
y
r
x
2
x + y2
x2
y2
(x2 + y 2 ) 1
+
=
=
r(x 2 + y 2 ) r(x 2 + y 2 ) r(x 2 + y 2 ) r
(r , ) 1
=
( x, y ) r
10 MAT11
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Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
Solution (b) : Consider x = r cos , y = r sin

x
( x, y ) r
=
(r , ) y
r
x
cos r sin
=
= r (cos 2 + sin 2 ) = r
y sin
r cos
d
( x, y )
=r
(r , )
From (1) and (2) :
20.
( x, y ) (r , )
1
= r =1
r
( x, ) ( x, y )
If x = u (1 v ), y = uv then show that JJ / = 1
Solution : x = u (1 v); y = uv
y
x
= (1 v),
=v
u
u
y
x
= u ,
=u
v
v
x x
( x, y ) u v (1 v) u
=
J=
=
v
u
(u, v) y y
u v
= (1 v)u + uv = u
J =u
Next we shall express u and v in terms of x and y.

By data x = u - uv and y = uv
Hence x + y = u. Also v =
y
y
=
u x+ y
Now we have, u = x + y; v =
y
x+ y
u
u
= 1,
= 1,
x
y
10 MAT11
104
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
x
v ( x + y ) 0 y 1
=
=
x
( x + y )2
( x + y) 2
u
(u , v) x
=
J/ =
( x, y ) v
x
=
x
( x + y) 2
y
x+ y
x
1
1
+
=
=
=
2
2
2
( x + y) u
( x + y)
( x + y)
( x + y)
Thus J / =
21.
u
1
y
= y
v
( x + y) 2
y
1
1
Hence J J / = u Thus JJ / = 1
u
u
State Taylors Theorem for Functions of Two Variables.
Statement: Considering f (x + h, y + k) as a function of a single variable x, we have by

Taylors Theorem
f (x + h, y + k) = f (x, y + k) + h
f ( x, y + k ) h 2 2 f ( x, y + k )
+
+ ---------(1)
x
2!
x 2
Now expanding f (x, y + k) as function of y only,

f (x, y + k) = f (x, y) + k
f ( x, y ) k 2 2 f ( x, y )
+ -------+
2!
y
y 2
(i) takes the form f (x + h, y + k) = f (x,y) + k

h
f ( x, y ) k 2 2 f ( x, y )
+-------------------------------- +
+
2!
y
y 2

f ( x, y ) k 2 2 f ( x, y )
+
+
f ( x, y ) + k
2
x
y
2!
y
h2 2
( x, y )
f ( x, y ) + k
+
2
2! x
y
Hence f (x + h, y + k) = f (x , y) +h
2
f
f 1 2 2 f
2 f
2 f
hk
k
+k
+ h
+
2
+
x
y 2! x 2
xy
y 2
+ (1)
In symbol we write it as
10 MAT11
105
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
F (x + h, y + k) = f (x,y) + h + k f + h + k f +
2! x
y
y
x
Taking x = a and y = b, (1) becomes
f (a + h, b + k) = f (a,b) + [h f x (a,b) + kf y (a,b)] +
1
[h 2 f xx (a,b)+ 2hkf xy (a,b)
2!
+ k 2 f yy (a,b)] + --------Putting a + h = x and b + k = y so that h = x a, k = y b, we get

F (x,y) = f (a,b) + [(x a) f x (a,b) + (y b) f y (a,b)]
=
1
[(x a)2 f xx (a,b) + 2 (x a) (y b) f xy (a,b) + (y b)2 f yy (a,b)] +------ (2)
2!
This is Taylors expansion of f (x,y) in powers of (x a) and (y b). It is used to expand f (x,y)
in the neighborhood of (a,b)
corollary, putting a = 0, b = 0 in (2), we get
f (x,y) = f (0,0) + [x f x (0,0) + y f y (0,0)] +
This is Maclaurins Expansion of f (x,y)
22.
1
[ x 2 f xx (0,0) + 2xy f xy (0,0)
2!
+ y 2 f yy (0,0) ] + --------- (3)
Expand e x log (1 + y) in powers of x and y up to terms of third degree.
Solution: Here
f (x,y) = e x log (1 + y)
f (0,0) = 0
f x (x,y) = e x log (1 + y) f x (0,0) = 0

f y (x,y) = e x
1
1+ y
f y (0,0) = 1
f xx (x,y) = e x log (1 + y) f xx (0,0) = 0

f xy (x,y) = e x
1
1+ y
f xy (0,0) = 1
10 MAT11
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Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
f yy (0,0) = -1
f yy (x,y) = - e x (1 + y) -2
f xxx (x,y) = e x log (1 + y) f xxx (0,0) = 0

f xxy (x,y) = e
1
1+ y
f xxy (0,0) = 1
f xyy (x,y) = -e x (1 + y) 2 f xyy (0,0) = -1

f yyy (x,y) = 2e x (1 + y)-3 f yyy (0,0) = 2
Now, Maclaurins expansion of f (x,y) gives

1
f (x,y) = f (0,0) + x (f x (0,0) + y fy (0,0) + {x2 fxx (0,0) + 2xy fxy (0,0) +
2!
1
y2 fyy (0,0)} + {x3 fxxx (0,0) + 3x2 y fxxy (0,0) + 3xy2 fxyy (0,0) + y3 fyyy (0,0)} + ----------2!
ex log (1 + y) = 0 + x.0 + y (1) +
1
{x2.0 + 2xy (1) + y2 (-1)}
2!
1 3
{x .0 + 3x2y (1) + 3xy2 (-1) + y3(2)}+--------2!
1
1
1
= y + xy - y2 + (x2y = xy2) + y3 + ---------2
2
2

Expand f (x,y) = ex Cosy by Taylors Theorem about the point 1, up to the Second
4
degree terms.

f = 1, = e
Solution: f (x,y) = ex Cosy and a = 1, b =
2
4
4
e

fx (x,y) = ex Cos y
f 1, =
2
4
e

fy (x,y) = -ex Sin y
fy 1, = 2
4
e

fxx(x,y) = ex Cos y
fxx 1, =
2
4
e

fxy (x,y) = -ex Sin y
fxy 1, = 2
4
e

fyy 1, = fyy (x,y) = - ex Cos y
2
4
Hence by Taylors Theorem, we obtain
23.
10 MAT11
107
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011

f (x,y) = f 1, + ( x 1) f x + y fy +
4
4
2
2
(
1
)
2
(
1
)
f x + x y f yy + ------------ x
4
2!
e
e 1
+ y
+ ( x 1)
+
4
2
2 2!
2
2
e
e
e
+ 2( x 1) y
+ -----------+y
4
4 2
2
2
i.e., ex Cosy =
2
( x 1)
ex
2
e
1

2
Cosy =
1 + ( x 1) y 4 + 2! ( x 1) 2( x 1) y 4 y 4 + -------}
2
Exercise:
1) Expand exy up to Second degree terms by using Maclaurins theorem
2) Expand Log (1 x y ) up to Third degree terms by using Maclaurins theorem
3) Expand x2y about the point (1,-2) by Taylors expansion
4) Obtain the Taylors expansion of ex Siny about the point 0,
) up to Second degree terms
5) Expand esinx up to the term containing x4
10 MAT11
108
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
Maxima and Minima:In mathematics, the maximum and minimum (plural: maxima and minima) of a
function, known collectively as extrema (singular: extremum), are the largest and
smallest value that the function takes at a point within a given neighborhood.
A function f (x, y) is said to have a Maximum value at (a,b) if their exists a
neighborhood point of (a,b) (say (a+h, b+k)) such that f (a, b) > f (a+h, b+k).
Similarly,
Minimum value at (a,b) if there exists a neighborhood point of (a,b) (say (a+h,
b+k)) such that
f (a, b) < f (a+h, b+k).
A Minimum point on the graph (in red) f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 (1 x)3
A Maximum point on the graph is at the top (in red)
10 MAT11
109
Engineeriing Mathem
matics I
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
ddle point on
n the graph of z=x2y2 (in red)
A sad
Saddle point betw

ween two hillss.
Neccessary an
nd Sufficcient Con
ndition:
If fx =0
= and fy =0
= (Necesssary Conddition)
Functiion will be minimum
m if AC-B2 > 0 and A > 0
Functio
on will be maximum
m
if AC-B2 > 0 and A < 0
Functio
on will be neither
n
maaxima nor minima
m
if AC-B2 < 0
If AC
C-B2 = 0 we
w cannot make
m
any conclusionn without any
a
further anaalysis
w
where
A = f xx , B = f xy , C = f yy
10 MA
AT11
1100
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
Working Procedure:
First we find Stationary points by considering

fx =0 and fy =0 .
Function will be minimum if AC-B2 > 0 and A > 0 at that

stationary point
Function will be maximum if AC-B2 > 0 and A < 0 at that
stationary point
Function will be neither maximum nor minimum if AC-B2 < 0
at that stationary point and it is called as SADDLE POINT.
25. Explain Maxima & Minima for Functions of Two Variables& hence obtain the Necessary
Conditions for Maxima, Minima.
Solution: Let Z = f (x,y) be a given function of two independent variables x & y. The above equation
represents a surface in 3D.
Z
P(a,b) f (a,b)
Z = f (x,y)
A = f (a,b)
a
N
X
O
b
M(a,b)
A given points (a,b) on the surface has Co-ordinates [a,b, f (a,b)]
10 MAT11
111
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
Definition:
The function Z = f (x,y) is said to be a maximum at the point (a,b) if f (x,y) < f (a,b)
in the neighborhood of the point (a,b)
Z
Cap
Cup
O Y
(a,b)
Definition:
The function Z = f (x,y) is said to posses a minimum at the point (a,b) if f (x,y) > f
(a,b) in the neighborhood of the point (a,b)
Necessary Condition for Maxima, Minima:
If Z = f (x,y) has a max or min at (a,b) then f x (a,b) = 0, fy (a,b) = 0

Sufficient Conditions for Maxima, Minima:
Put R = fxx (a,b), S = fxy (a,b), T = fyy (a,b)
(1) Suppose S2 RT > 0
There is no maxima or minima at (a,b)

(2) Suppose S2 RT < 0
Thus there is maxima or minima at (a,b) according as R < 0 Or R > 0
(3) Suppose S2 RT = 0, Then there is a saddle point at (a,b)
10 MAT11
112
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
26. Find the maxima and minima of the functions f (x,y) = x3 + y3 3axy, a > 0 is constant.
Solution: Given f (x,y) = x3 + y3 3axy
fx = 3x2 3ay, fy = 3y2 3ax
fxx = 6x fyy = 6y.
Put fx = 0, fy = 0 and solve
i.e., 3x2 3ay = 0 & 3y2 3ax = 0
i.e., x2 = ay & y2 = ax
2
x2
= ax
a
x2
y=
a
(x2 = ay)
x4
= ax
a2
x4 = a3x
i.e., x (x3 a3) = 0
x = 0, x = a
y = 0, y = a
The critical Or stationary points are (0,0), (a,a) and (a,-a)
(1) At (0,0)
R = fxx (0,0) = 0
S = fxy (0,0) = -3a
T = fyy (0,0) = 0
S2 RT = 9a2 0 = 9a2 > 0

There is neither a maximum or a minimum at (0,0)
10 MAT11
113
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
27. Examine the following functions for extreme values f = x4 + y4 2x2 + 4xy 2y2
Solution:
fx = 4x3 4x + 4y
fy = 4y3 4x 4y
fxy = 4, fxx = 12 x2 4, fyy = 12y2 4
Put fx = 0, fy = 0 and solve
i.e., 4x3 4x + 4y = 0
(1)
4y3 + 4x 4y = 0
(2)
Adding (1) & (2), we get

4 (x3 + y3) = 0
i.e., x3 + y3 = 0
i.e., y = - x
Substitute y = -x in (1), we get
4x3 4x 4x = 0
i.e., 4x3 8x = 0
i.e., x3 2x = 0 x (x2 2) = 0
i.e., x = 0 & x2 2 =0
i.e., x = 0 & x =
x=
2,-
x = 0,
2
2 ,-
2 and corresponding values of y are y = 0, -
The critical points are (0,0),
2 ,- 2
, - 2,
2,
(1) at (0,0)
R = fxx (0,0) = - 4
10 MAT11
114
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
S = fxy (0,0) = 4
T = fyy (0,0) = -4
S2 RT = 16 (-4) (-4) = 16 16 = 0
i.e., S2 RT = 0, These is a saddle point at (0,0)
(2) at
2,- 2
R = fxx
2,- 2
S = fxy
2 ,- 2
T = fyy
2 ,-
=24 4 = 20
=4
= 20
S2 RT = 16 (20) (20) = 16 400 = -384 < 0

Thus these is neither maximum nor minimum according to R < 0 or R > 0 at
2,-
Hence R = 20 > 0
There is a minimum at
f min =
2 ,-
( 2 ) + ( 2 )
4
( )
2 2
) (
+4 2 2 2 2
=4+4484
=-8
(3) at - 2 , 2
R = fxx 2 , 2 = 20 > 0
S = fxy 2 , 2 = 4
T = fyy 2 , 2 = 20
S2 RT = 16 400 = -384 < 0
10 MAT11
115
Dr. V. Lokesha
Since R > 0, There is minima at 2 , 2
fmin = - 8 at 2 , 2
2011
)
(
) (
Extreme Value = - 8 at 2 , 2 & 2 , 2
Exercise:
1) Find the extreme values of f = x3 y2 (1 x y)
2) Determine the maxima or minima of the function Sin x + Sin y + Sin (x + y)
3) Examine the function f(x,y) = 1+ sin( x2 + y2) for extremum.
28.
If PV2 = K and if the relative errors in P is 0.05 and in V is 0.025 show that the error in K
is 10%.
Solution : PV 2
K by data. Also
P
P
= 0.05
and
V
V
= 0.025
log P + 2 log V = log K
(log P) + 2 (log V ) = (log K )
1
1
1
P + 2 V = K
p
V
K
K
K
i.e., 0.05 + 2(0.025) =
or
= 0.1
K
K
K
100 = (0.1) 100 = 10

K
i.e.,
Thus the error in K is 10%.
10 MAT11
116
29.
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
The time T of a complete oscillation of a simple pendulum is given by the formula

T = 2 l / g
(i)
If g is a constant find the error in the calculated value of T due to an error of 3%

in the value of l.
(ii)
Find the maximum error in T due to possible errors upto 1% in l

and 3% in g.
Solution :
(i )
T = 2 l / g ,
g = Constant,
l
l
100 = 3
1
(log l log g )
2
1
(log T ) = (log 2 ) + (log g )
2
1 l
T
i.e.,
= 0+
0
T
2 l
1 l
T
1
or
100 = 100 = (3) = 1.5
T
2 l
2
log T = log 2 +
the error in T = 1.5%.

(ii) If g is not a constant we have,
T
T
100 =
1 l
1 g
100 100
2 l
2 g
The error in T will be maximum if the error in l is positive and the error in g is negative (or viceversa) as the difference in errors converts in to a sum.
1
T
1
100 = (+1) (3) = 2
max
2
T
2
the maximum error in T is 2%.

10 MAT11
117
30.
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
The current measured by a tangent galvanometer is given by the relation

c = k tan where is the angle of deflection. Show that the relative error in c due to a
given error in is minimum when = 45 0.
Solution : Consider c = k tan . K is taken as a constant.

log c = log k + log (tan )
(log c) = (log k ) + log (tan )
1
sec 2
i.e., c = 0 +
tan
c
i.e.,
i.e.,
c
c
c
c
cos
1
sin cos 2
sin 2
or
sin cos
The relative error in c being c / c minimum when the denominator of the R.H.S. is maximum
and the maximum value of a sine function is1.
sin 2 = 1 2 = 90 0 or = 45 0
Thus the relative error in c is minimum when = 450
31.
If T =
1
mv 2 is the kinetic energy, find approximately the change in T as m changes
2
from 49 to 49.5 and v changes from 1600 to 1590.
6 Marks
1
2
Solution : We have by data T = mv 2 and

m = 49, m + m = 49.5 m = 0.5
v = 1600, v + v = 1590 v = 10
10 MAT11
118
We have to find T .
2011
(logarithm is not required)
1
( mv 2 )
2
T =
1
m( 2vv) + m.v 2
2
i.e, =
Dr. V. Lokesha
1
( 49) ( 2) (1600 ) ( 10) + (0.5) (1600 ) 2 = 1,44,000
2
Thus the change in T = T = 1,44,000

32.
The pressure p and the volume v of a gas are concentrated by the relation
pv 1.4 = cons tan t. Find the percentage increase in pressure corresponding to a
diminution of % in volume.
Solution :
pv1.4 = Constant = c( say ), by data.
log p + 1.4 log v = log c

(log p) + 1.4 (log v) = (log c)
i.e,
v
1
v
+ 1.4 = 0; But 100 = , by data.
p
v
2
v
v
100 + 1.4 100 = 0 or
100 = +0.7 .
p
p
v
Thus the percentage increase in pressure = 0.7

33.
Find the percentage error in the area of an ellipse when an error of +1% is made in
measuring the major and minor axis.
Solution : For the ellipse x 2 / a 2 + y 2 / b 2 = 1 the area (A) is given by ab where 2a and 2b are
the lengths of the major and minor axis.
Let 2a = x and 2b = y.
By data
x
x
100 = 1,
y
y
100 = 1.
10 MAT11
119
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
x y
= xy
2 2 4
A = ab =
log A = log ( / 4) + log x + log y

(log A) = log ( / 4) + (log x) + (log y )
i.e.,
A
A
A
A
=0+
x
x
y
y
or
A
A
100 =
x
x
100 +
y
y
100
100 = 1 + 1 = 2
Thus error in the area = 2%

27.
If the sides and angles of a triangle ABC vary in such way that the circum radius
remains constant, prove that
a
cos A
b
cos B
=0
cos c
Solution : If the triangle ABC is inscribed in a circle of radius r and if a,b,c respectively
denotes the sides opposite to the angles A,B,C we have the sine rule (formula) given by
a
b
c
=
=
= 2r
sin A sin B sin C
or a = 2r sin A, b = 2r sin B, c = 2r sin C
a = 2r (sin A), b = 2r (sin B), c = 2r (sin C )
i.e., a = 2r cos AA, b = 2r cos BB, c = 2r cos CC

or
a
cos A
= 2rA,
= 2 r B ,
cos B
c
cos C
= 2 rC
Adding all these results we get,
a
cos A
b
cos B
c
cos C
= 2r (A + B + C ) = 2r ( A + B + C )
But A+B+C = 180 = radians = constant.
( A + B + C ) = (constant) = 0
Thus
a
cos A
b
cos B
c
cos C
=0
10 MAT11
120
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
Multiple choice Questions:

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
1) The radius of curvature at any point of catenary S=C tan is
a) c sec2
b) c cos2
-2
c) c tan
d)none
2) Stationary points of f(x,y) = sin x+ sin y+ sin ( x + y ) is
a) (/3, /3)
b) (/6, /6)
c) (/4, /4)
d) none
3) If the curvature is zero, that point is known as-------------------a) Point of inflection
b) Stationary point
c) (a) or (b)
d) none
4) The radius of curvature of the curve y = 4 sin x- sin 2x at x=/2 is
a) 55/4
b) -55/4
c)55/2
d) none
5) The function x2+2xy+ 2y2+2x+2y has a minimum value at
a) (-3/2,1/2)
b)(3/2, 1/2 )
c) (3/2,-1/2)
d)none
6) The stationary point of f(x,y,z)=x2+y2+z2 where x,y,z are connected by x+y+z=a is

a) (a,a)
b) (-a,-a)
c) (2a, 0)
d) none
7) The radius of curvature of the curve x+y =1 at the point (1/4,1/4) is -----------a) =1/2
b) =2
c) = -1/2
d) none )
8) The expression for the derivative of arc length in Cartesian form is given by
a) ds/d =
r 2 + ( dr/d ) 2
c) ds/dr= 1 + ( d?/dr) 2
b) ds/dx=
1 + (dy/dx) 2
d) ds/dt= 1+ (dy/dx)2
9)The formulae for radius of curvature in Cartesian form is

a) = (x1) 2 + (y1) 2)3/2 /x1y11+x11y1
b) =
(1+ y )
2
1
3/ 2
y2
c) = [(x1) 2 + (y1) 2)3/2 ]

10 MAT11
121
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
d) = (1+(y1) 2 ) 3/2
10) The function for which Rolles theorem is true is:
a) f(x)=log x in the interval [1/2,2]
b) f(x)=|x+1| in the interval [-2,2]
c) f(x)=| x |in the interval [-1,1]
d) Non of the above
11) The value of cin Rolles theorem ,where / 2 < c < / 2 and f(x)= cosx is equal to:
a /4
b) / 3 c)
d)0
12).The expansion of tanx in powers of x by Maclaurins theorem is valid in the interval :
d) ( / 2, / 2)
a) ( , )
b) ( 3 / 2,3 / 2) c) ( , )
13) The value of cin Lagrange,s mean value theorem ,where [1,2]
and f(x)= x(x-1) is :
a)5/4 b)3/2 c)7/4
d) 11/6
14) The value of cin Rolles theorem, where [0, ]
and f(x)= sinx is equal to:
a) / 6
b) / 3 c) / 2
d) Non of these
15) The maximum value of logx/x is:
a) 1
b)e c)2/e
d) 1/e
16) The maximum value of (l/x ) x is equal to:
a)e
b)1 c) e 1/e
d) (1/e)e
17) The difference bwtween the maximum and minimum values of the function
a sinx+bcosx is:
a) 2 a 2 + b 2
b) 2(a 2 + b 2 )
c) a 2 + b 2 d) a 2 + b 2
18) Which one of the following statement is correct for the function f(x)=x3
a) f(x) has a maximum value at x=0
b) f(x) has a manimum value at x=0
c) f(x) has a neither a maximum nor a manimum value at x=0
d) f(x) has no point of inflexion
19) which one of the following is not an indeterminate form
a) +
b)
c) /
d)
0 X
20) In Lagrange,s mean value theorem , f1(c)=

a) f(a) f(b)/ b -a
b) f(b) f(a) / a -b
c) f(b) f(a) / b -a
d) none
10 MAT11
122
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
21) In Cauchys mean value theorem , f1(c) / g1(c) =

a) f(a) f(b)/ g(b) g(a)
b) f(b) f(a) / g(b) g(a)
.c) f(b) +f(a) / g(b) +g(a)
d) none
x
x
a - b
22) lim
is equal to :
x 0
x
a) 0
b)
c) log (a/b)
log x
is equal to:
x 1
23) The value of lim

x0
a) -1
b)
d) log (a-b)
c) 1
d) 0
24) The value of lim (1 cos x / 3 x2 )is equal to:

x 0
a) 3
b) 1/3
d) 1/9
c) 1/6
25) lim ( ex + e-x 20) / x2 is equal to :

x0
a) 1
b) -1
c) 1/2
d) -1/2
26) The value of lim ( 1 + x )1/x is :

x0
a) 1
b) -1
c) 1/e
27) The value of
d) e
lim
x 0
sin x
=.
x
d)0
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
28) The formulae for radius of curvature in polar form is
a) = rdr/dp
b) = [ (r 2 + (r1) 2)3/2] / [r2+2 ( r1) 2- r r2]
c) =(r 2 + (r1) 2)3/2
d) None
29) The value of lim
1 1/x =
a) 1
b)
x 0
c) -
d) 0
10 MAT11
123
Dr. V. Lokesha
2011
KEY ANSWERS:
1-a
2-a
3-a
4-a
5-a
6-a
7-a
8-b
9-b
10-a
11-d
12-d
13-b
14-c
15-d
16-c
17-a
18-c
19-a
20-c
21-b
22-c
23-c
24-c
25-a
26-c
27-a
28-b
29-b
--
10 MAT11
124

Unit I, II & III - VL

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Unit I, II & III - VL

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Engineering Mathematics I

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS III

nth derivative of some standard functions:

(uv)n = u0vn + nC1 u1vn-1 + nC2u2vn-2 + +nCn-1un-1v1+unv0

n , nC2 = n(n-1) /2! , nC3= n(n-1)(n-2) /3!

Find the nth derivations of eax cos(bx + c)

2. Find the nth derivative of log

4 x 2 + 8x + 3 = log (4x2 + 8x +3)

Solution : Let y = log

4. Find the nth derivative of e2x cos2 x sin x

sin x + [sin 3x + sin ( x )]

5. Find the nth derivative of e2x cos 3x

6. Find the nth derivative of

The algebraic fraction involved is a proper fraction.

Multiplying by (2x + 1) (2x + 3) we have, 8x + 3 = A (2x + 3) + B (2x + 1)

( 1)n n!2n + 9 ( 1)n n!2n

7. Find the nth derivative of

(deg of nr. = 4 > deg. of dr. = 2)

=> 15x+ 14 = A(x+2) + B(x+ 1 )

We have Leibnitz theorem,

n(n 1) 1 (1) n2 (n 2)!

9. If yn= Dn (xn logx)

Solution : yn = Dn(xn log x) = Dn-1 {D (xn log x}

= Dn-1(xn-1) + nDn-1 (xn-1 log x}

yn = (n-1)! +nyn-1. This proves the first part.

ie., y2 = 21og x + 3 = 2(log x + 3/2) = 2! log x + 1 +

y3 = 2! + 3y2 = 2 + 3(2 log x + 3)

ie., y3 = 61og x+ll = 6 (log x + ll/6) = 3! log x + 1 + +

10. If y = a cos (log x) + b sin ( log x), show that

Solution : y = a cos (log x) + b sin (log x)

(we avoid quotient rule to find y2) .

x2y2 + xy1 = - [ a cos (log x) + b sin (log x) ] = -y

ie., {x2yn + 2 + 2n x yn + 1 + n (n 1)yn} + {xyn+1+nyn}+yn = 0

11. If cos-1 (y/b ) = log (x/n)n, then show that

or y = b . cos [ n log (x/n)]

or xy1 = - n b sin [n log (x/n )]

or x (xy2+y1) = n2b cos [n log (x/n) ] =-n2y, by using (1).

ie x2yn+2 + 2 x yn+1 + n2yn + xy n+1+ nyn + n2yn=0

If sin-1 y = 2 log (x + 1), show that

y1 = cos log (x2 + 2 x + 1)

or (x + 1) y1 = 2 cos log (x2 + 2 x + 1 )

(x+1)y2 + 1 y1 = -2 sin log (x2 + 2x + 1)

or (x + 1)2y2 + (x+1) y1 = -4y

+ {(x+l) yn + 1+n. 1 .yn} + 4yn = 0

(x+l)2yn + 2 + (2n + l) (x + l) y n+ 1 + (n2 + 4)yn = 0

13. If = log x + 1 + x 2 prove that

>> By data, y = log x + 1 + x 2

Differentiating w.r.t.x again we get

Solution : By data x = sin t and y = cos mt

Ie., (1+x2)yn+1+2n x yn + n (n-1) yn-1-yn=0

Continuity & Differentiability

A function f (x) is defined in the interval I, then it is said to be continuous at a point x = a

i.e, limiting value of the function at x = a is to the value of the function at x = a

f (x) is continuous in [a,b]

f (x) is differentiable in (a,b)

in the interval [-3, 0]

Solution: Differentiating the given function W.r.t x we get

Verify the Rolles Theorem for the function Sin x in [-, ]

Solution: Let f (x) = Sin x

Both these values lie in (-,). These exists C =

Hence Rolles theorem is vertified.

Define a function g (x) so that g (x) = f (x) Ax ---------- (1)

Further g (a) = g (b), because of the choice oif A.