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Mi Mo Through Put Drive Test Web in Ar
Mi Mo Through Put Drive Test Web in Ar
Throughput Using
Drive Test
Measurements
PCTEL RF Solutions
Spectrum Crunch
300
200
100
-100
-200
-300
2011
2012
2013
2014
WiFi Offload
Increased Cell
Density
Spectrum
Efficiency
Migration
LTE
Migration to to
LTE
and LTE Advanced
LTE MIMO
LTE
MIMO
Why MIMO?
Low to medium cost method to improve transmission performance
(already built-in on many LTE base stations)
Increases physical layer capacity (w/ spatial multiplexing MIMO)
Throughput gain dependent on number of Tx and Rx antennas
i.e. 2x2, 4x4, etc.
LTE Peak Spectral Efficiency per 3GPP
35
30
25
20
Peak Physical Layer
Spectral Efficiency (b/s/Hz)
2x1
2x2
15
4x4
10
8x8
0
-10
-5
0
-5
10
SNR (dB)
15
20
25
30
What is MIMO?
MIMO is a smart antenna
technoIogy that employs
multiple antennas at the
Tx and Rx ends
MIMO is NxM (i.e. 2x2,
4x2, 4x4, 8x8, etc.) where
N>1 and M>1
2x2 (deployed), 4x4 and
4x2 (emerging),
8x8 (LTE Advanced)
Spatial Multiplexing:
Transmits multiple data
streams simultaneously in
the same frequency and
time, taking advantage of
different paths
Requires separate paths
Requires high SNR to
improve throughput
8
Transmission Modes
Currently deployed
transmission modes
10
11
Path measurements
Channel Quality Indicator (CQI as defined by 3GPP)
Throughput (maximum air interface throughput capability)
Channel Condition Number (CN)
RF Path Measurements
Determines if there is a problem with base station port or
a particular antenna with regard to MIMO paths
12
CQI
CQI Index
Modulation
Code Rate x
1024
Efficiency
(b/s/Hz)
out of range
QPSK
78
0.1523
QPSK
120
0.2344
QPSK
193
0.3770
QPSK
308
0.6016
QPSK
449
0.8770
QPSK
602
1.1758
16QAM
378
1.4766
16QAM
490
1.9141
16QAM
616
2.4063
10
64QAM
466
2.7305
11
64QAM
567
3.3223
12
64QAM
666
3.9023
13
64QAM
772
4.5234
14
64QAM
873
5.1152
15
64QAM
948
5.5547
Throughput
How and where is throughput measured?
Maximum Throughput
Capacity of the Air Interface
(Physical Layer)
Throughput (Mbps)
CQI
Index
5 MHz
10 MHz
20 MHz
0.55
1.10
2.19
0.84
1.69
3.38
1.36
2.71
5.43
2.17
4.33
8.66
3.16
6.31
12.63
4.23
8.47
16.93
5.32
10.63
21.26
6.89
13.78
27.56
8.66
17.33
34.65
10
9.83
19.66
39.32
11
11.96
23.92
47.84
12
14.05
28.10
56.19
13
16.28
32.57
65.14
14
18.41
36.83
73.66
15
20.00
39.99
79.99
Handshaking
Synchronization
Retransmission
Industry Norm
CN (dB)
0
~<13*
~13 to 19*
~>19*
Indication
Two totally independent channels, an ideal condition that
can enable maximum throughput
Favorable condition that can enable much better throughput
than SISO/MISO based transmission systems
Medium correlation that can provide marginal throughput
improvement
High correlation where MIMO generally would not induce a
condition that would increase throughput
*The CNs indicating the level of correlation are based on industry published approximations and can vary by several dB depending on conditions
15
Interpreting MIMO
Measurements
Separate CN, ECQI and transmission mode
measurements allow operators to diagnose the
causes of low throughput
Low CN and low CQI means there is an interference
or a power issue
High CN and low CQI means high channel correlation
and probable low SINR
16
17
Antenna Locations
18
How we Tested
Simultaneous oDAS Testing with Scanner and UE Data Card
PCTEL SeeGull EX Scanner
Test data card on another system
Orientation Test
Walk Test vs Drive Test
MIMO Transmission Modes (on the scanner)
RSRP, CN, CINR and Throughput
19
Orientation Analysis
UE Data Card
Frequency
Position: 0
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
kb/s
Frequency
Position: 90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
kb/s
21
Speed Analysis
UE Drive Test (~20 mph)
UE Walk Test
((
4
2
)
4
)
(24)
45
80
40
70
35
60
30
25
20
15
10
# of Data Points
# of Data Points
(42)
50
40
30
20
10
0
1
Throughput (kb/s)
22
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Throughput (kb/s)
Data
UE Data
Significant differences
between scanner & UE
600
400
200
Scanner
# of Data Points
# of Data Points
UE
Scanner Data
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
23
100
Tput (kb/s)
1000
2500
5000
10000
More
Tput (kb/s)
Scanner Transmission
Modes (MIMO Gain)
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Tput (kb/s)
24
# of Data Points
1000
2500
1000
2500
RSRP
# of Data Points
RSRP
dBm
# of Data Points
CINR
dB
CN for MIMO
# of Data Points
dB
29
Excellent RSRP
30
Transmit Diversity
MIMO (mode 4)
Mbps
31
Mbps
32
Condition Number
CINR
dB
dB
33
Summary
MIMO was very effective for maximizing throughput in the Baltimore
Macro cell case study
MIMO may not be effective in sub-optimal designs, deployments or
terrains as shown in the oDAS case study
Testing Benefits with a Scanner
Characterize RF propagation for MIMO
Consistent, repeatable RF data independent of the backhaul, network layer
overhead & server loading
Higher dynamic range to determine noise floor and potential interference effects
High data density to locate fading issues and reduced MIMO throughput
Path measurements
Questions?
Thank you
For a free LTE MIMO poster, please visit PCTEL RF Solutions website:
http://rfsolutions.pctel.com/content.cgi?id_num=36
35