T-4 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 5 one of tne most important equigment in a power transmission ystem Being a stalic equipment. tne design ang constuction is Sle which makes the transformer a higaly reliable piece of sou pment. | can be further enhanced by providing adequate protections besides ‘enance while in service ¥ protection is influenced by several factors, the important ones being Size and rating of the transformer ny Vector configuration il) Source and Neutral Earthing iv) Type of transformer (2 winding / 3 winding Auto Transformer, Rectifier Transformer etc. ) v) __ Infeed conditions ( radial, parallel, interconnecting ) vi) OLTC Range 2.0 NATURE AND EFFECT OF TRANSFORMER FAULTS The nature of faults against which the transformer is to be protected, car be broadly classified as :- 24 External Faults These are short circuits or earth faults on the supply net work outside the transformer. The infeeds through the transformer may be high, if the faults are electrically close and the leakage reactance of the transformer is low. The excessive fault current may cause enormous Electromechanical forces causing displacement / damage to the windings and overheating / hot spot generation inside the transformer, ° 2.2 Internal Faults = Primary protection of transformers is intended to protect the transformer against internal faults associated with the windings and connections. Internal faults can be classified as a. Short circuits , inter turn faults, earth faults due to insulation deterioration b. Incipient faults co Regulation faults a. Short Circuits, Inter turn faults, earth faults = These faults are of serious nalure causing immediate damage, but are generally detectable due to unbalance / over shooting of current at the transformer terminals. b. Incipient Faults : These are initially minor faults causing slowly developing damage. These are not detectable at winding terminals in the absence of any unbalance n current or voltage, Incipient faults include ‘= i) Limited arcing in the oil say due to failure of interlamination or core bolt insulation or accidental damage or poor electrical connection causing hot spots in windings! connections.TRANSFORMER PROTECTION Pow ang snsmission 'ystem Being a static equipment. ine de constuction is, “le. which makes the transformer a higaly reliable piece of 2qu/pment can be further enhanced by providing adequate protections besides “tenance while in service. 1 protection is influenced by several factors, the important ones being Size and rating of the transformer ny Vector configuration i) Source and Neutral Earthing iv) Type of transformer (2 winding / 3 winding Auto Transformer, Rectifier Transformer etc. } v) __Infeed conditions ( radial, parallel, interconnecting ). vi) OLTC Range 2.0 NATURE AND EFFECT OF TRANSFORMER FAULTS The nature of faults against which the transformer is to be protected, car be broadly classified as :- 2.4 External Faults These are short circuits or earth faults on the supply net work outside the transformer. The infeeds through the transformer may be high, if the faults are electrically close and the leakage reactance of the transformer is low. The excessive fault current may cause enormous Electromechanical forces causing displacement / damage to the windings ard overheating / hot spot generation inside the transformer. ° 2.2 Internal Faults : Primary protection of transformers is intended to protect the transformer against internal faults associated with the windings and connections, Internal faults can be classified as : a. Short circuits , inter turn faults, earth faults due to insulation deterioration b. Incipient faults © Regulation faults a. Short Circuits, Inter turn faults, earth faults : These faults are of serious nature causing immediate damage, but are generally detectable due to unbalance / over shooting of current at the transformer terminals. b. Incipient Faults : ‘These are initially minor faults causing slowly developing damage. These are not detectable at winding terminals in the absence of any unbalance n current or voltage, Incipient faults include :- i) Limited arcing in the oil say due to failure of interlamination or core bolt insulation or accidental damage or poor electrical connection causing hot spots in windings! connections.