foaY.

=Ksl mrAhdi yd ys;,h WKqiq u

ld<.=Kh hkq flld,Skj wm wjg jdhqf.da,fha .=Kd;aul Ndjh
foaY.=Kh hkq ld<.=Ksl o;a;hka .=ld,hla tla/ia lr Yaf,aIKh lsfuka ,nd .kakd
ks.ukhka f,i woyia l, yel' Muksid foaY.=Kh fndfyda g os.=ld,Sk
ld<.=Kfha idudkHhla f,i ksrAjpkh lr is'

foaY.=Ksl mrAhdi hkq l=ulao

foaY.=K moaO;sh jdhqf.da,h" f.dvu" ysu yd whsia" id.r l,dm yd fjk;a c,dY iy kaf.ka
ie,;a ixlSrAK" wka;rA l%shdld;ajfhka hq;= moaO;shla f' mDh kaf.a jdihg iqiq
.%yf,dalhls' Bg fya;=j mD mDIaGh u;=msg yd Bg wdikakj jh i|yd wjYH WIaK;ajh
mj;ajd .; yels jdhqf.da,hla ;suh' wm wjg we;s jdhqf.da,h fkdfhl=;a jdhQkaf.a iY%Khla
njo wms oksuq' ksidf.a >Dcq fyda jl%dldr l%shdldrl ksid jdhqf.da,fha mej;=k ixhq;sfha
fjkiau;a iu foaY.=Kfha O fjkia we;su ir,j olajf;d;a foaY.=K mrAhdi f,i
yeoskah yelsh' ksid jk wm iska islrk O jQ l%shdldrl f i|yd >Dcqju n,mdk nj
ljqre;a ms<s.kakd i;Hhls'
mDfha lsrK ix;=,s;;dj (radiation balance) u.ska f.da,Sh foaY.=Kh ksrAKh flfrA' mDfha
fuu lsrK ix;=,s;;dj fjkia l, yels m%Odk wdldr 03 ls'
1.

mDh lrd tk iQrAh lsrK fjkia lsu u.ska ^Wod' mD llaIfha fyda ysref.a msgjk
Yla;sfha fjkial we;su u.ska&

2.

mrdjrA;kh jk iQrAh lsrK j, m%udKh fjkia lsu u.ska ^Wod' j,dl= wdjrKfha
fmd<j u; we;s whsia" ysu ;gq iy jdhqf.da,fha wvx.= wxY= fyda jDlaI,;dh fjkia u
fya;=fjka&

3.

mDfha isg Yajh foig ksl=;a lrkq ,nk .= ;rx. lsrK fjkia u u.ska ^Wod'
y;d.dr jdhq idkaKh fjkia u u.ska&

mD b;sydifha iEu ld,mfcAohla ;=,u fujeks foaY.=Ksl mhdi is we;;aa wo wm

olsk foaY.=K mrAhdi udkj l%shdldrl fya;=fjka Mk wxl 3 ldrKh fya;=fjka ;jrg;a
jrAOkh we;' udkj l%shdldrl ksid foaY.=Kh fjkia u ;=,ska wo ojfia f,dalfha isfjka
mj;sk iajNdl jHikhka ksidf.a meje;aug nrm;, ;rAckhla we;'
y;d.dr jdhqka

y;d.dr jdhqka hkq jdhqf.da,fha iajNdlj mj;sk yd lD;S%uj ksmojd we;s

iQrAhdf.ka mefKk fukau fYaIfhka mD;=fhka msgjk wfOdarla; lsrK
wjfYdaIKh lr.ekSf yd tajd kej; ksl=;a lsrSf yelshdjla we;s jdhQkah'

y;d.dr jdhq iajNdlj fkd;sfnkakg mD;= mDIaGfha WIaK;ajh idudkHfhka -18x C la j;a
ug bv ;snqKs' Mfy;a iqiq m%udKj,ska y;d.dr jdhq ;su ksid Mu idudkH WIaK;ajh 15x C
la h' Mk 33x C l je uls' f ksid PSkaf.a meje;au i|yd y;d.dr jdhq b;d jeo.;a
ldhhla bgq lrk nj meyeos,s lreKkls' Mfy;a miq.sh oYl ;=,oS y;d.dr jdhq idkaKh
je we;'
ldnkaXfhdlaihs^CO2), f;aka (CH4)" khsg%ia Tlaihs^N2O)" laf,adfrda*af,dafrda-ldnka ^CFC)"
yhsfX%d*af,dafrda-ldnka ^HFC)oekg y|qkdf.k we;s jdhqf.da,hg fudapkh u md,kh l<hq;=
m%Odk;u y;d.dr jdhqka f'
fuu jdhqka jdhqf.da,h ;=< tla/ia fuka ld,h;a iu. tys idkao%Kh by< hhs' ldrAlrKh
;=<ska yrs;d.dr jdhqfudapkh by< .sh w;r tu ish je flfrys udkj l%shdldrl iDcq
f,iu odhl we;'

y;d.dr jdhQkaf.a ixhq;sh

y;d.dr jdhQkaf.a m%Odk;u idudPslhd Tn ud fyd|ska ykk ldnkavfhdlaihs jdhqj f'
ldnkavfhdlaihs jdhqj jdrAIslj fgdka ,shk .Kkla jdhqf.da,hg tl;= jk nj .Kka n,d
we;s w;r ksid iska oykh lrkq ,nk fmdis, bkaOk fuhska je m%;sY;hlg odhl f'
w mfNdack jk rgdjlg yslmdk hqKqhehs mjik rgj,a fndfyduhla fuu l%shdj,shg
odhl we;s nj m%isoaO lreKls' ixj; rgj,a yd ii|kl, ixjOkh fjka mj;sk rgla
f,i foaY.=K mrAhdi flfrys wfmka jk n,mEu fkdi,ld yersh yels ;rh' Mfy;a bkaoshka
id.rfha msys m;la jk wm rggo foaY.=K mrAhdifha wksgq n,mEj,g uqyqK oSug isj we;'
g oYl lsysmhlg fmr Y%S ,xldf mej;s foaY.=Kh yd jrA;udkfha mj;sk foaY.=Kh ieif
Ma ne fudkjg meye,sf'
yrs;d.dr jdhQkaf.a <. Yd,u idudcslhd f,i f;aka jdhqj ie,lsh yel' th iuia;
yrs;d.dr jdhQkaf.a m%;sY;hla f,i 24] l w.hla .kakd w;r yrs;d.dr n,mEu iEu jdhq
jrA.hla ioydu tl yd iudk jkafka ke;' WodyrKhla f,i Sf;aka jdhqf n,mEu ^WKqiq
lsrSf Njh& ldnkavfhdlaihs j,ska we;slrkakdjQ n,mEu fuka 21 .=Khla f,i fmkah yel'
kuq;a tys l%shdldrS ld,h ldnka vfhdlaihs jdhqjg jvd flh'
khsg%Pka wvx.= fmdfydr wl f,i Nd; lsrSu khsf,daka yd iska;la j. oykh" fmdis,
bkaOk oykh ;=,ska khsg%ia Tlaihs jdhqj jdhqf.da,hg Ml;= f' yrs;d.dr jdhQkaf.a ixhq;sfha
10] l m%udKhla f jdhqjg ysjk w;r ldnkavfhdlaihs jdhqj fuka 310 l .=Khla f.da,Sh
WKqiqu jelsrSf ,d ls%hdldrS nka hqla; f'
m%Odk jYfhkau udkj l%shdldrl fya;=fjka yef,daldnka jdhqf.da,hg fudapkh f'
jdhqf.da,fha yef,daldnka mej;Su" ia:r (wmjrA;Sh) f.da,Sh ^stratospheric) fidaka ia:rh ydhkh
ug fya;=jk nj wkdjrKh lr .ekSug fmr YS;lrK yd fjk;a ldrAl l%shdj,s i|yd Yd,
f,i fhdod .;a laf,dfrd*af,dfrdldnka ^Wod (CFC-11 yd CFC-12& m%Odk;u yef,daldnkh f,i
ie,fla'
yrs;d.dr wdprKh

1. iQh lsrKfha je m%;sY;hla meyeos,sj jdhqf.da,h ;=<ska mD:sh foig mefKa'

2. fuu lsrK j,ska je m%udKhla mD:s mDIaGh u.ska wjfYdaIKh lrkq ,ef' tu ksid
mD:s mDIaGh r;af'
3. iQhdf.ka tk lsrK j,ska fldgila mD:s mDIaGfhka yd jdhqf.da,fhka mrdj:kh
f
4. wfOdarla; lsrK mD:s mDIaGfhka msglrkq ,ef'
5. mD:s mDIaGfhka msglrkq ,nk wfOdarla; lsrK j,ska iuyrla yrs;d.dr jdhq u.ska
wjfYdaIKh lr kej; mD:s mDIaGh foig msglrkq ,ef'
fYaIfhkau fuu l%shdodufha 5fjks l%shdj,sh fuu ls%hdoduh jdhqf.da,h WKqiq Su (Global
Warming) fyj;a yrs;d.dr wdprKh hkqfjka ykajkq ,ef.
f.da,Sh WKqiqu by, hdu ksid foaY.=K mrAhdi isjk w;r Mys >Dcq fyda jl% m%;sM,hka f,i
m%n, iq<s l=Kdgq" uqyqo f.dv.e,S" wl jrAIdj" c, .e,S" kdhhE"
ksh.hka" ffcj
O;ajhg ydks" fnda. wiajekak wvq" lrh h Y% u" frda. jHdma;Ska" widudkH >D;=
fjkia wdoS mdrsirsl .egkag j:udkfha wmg uqyqK oSug isj we;'

foaY.=Ksl mrAhdi O lafIa;%hka flfrys n,mEu

lDIsludka;h
f,dj lDIsludka;h ld,.=K yd foaY.=K ;;ajhka iu ne|S mj;skakla' wjqre oyia .Kkla
mqrdu ksidg wdydr ksIamdokfhaoS WmldrS jQ hym;a foaY.=Ksl ;;ajhka f,djmqrd fjkia
fjka mj;S' f.da,Sh WKqiqu yd foaY.=Ksl fjkial ksid buy;a ;Pkhg ,la we;af;a l=vd
mrsudK f.dkah' Mla w;rska .xj;=r jeks ;Pk ksid Tjqkaf.a l=vd mrsudK bv myiqfjka
kdY jk w;r kshh ksid Tjqka ,nd.kakd l=vd wiajekako kdY f' ;jo f.da,Sh WKqiqu
by,hdu ksid mrsir WIaK;ajh by,hdfuka wydr fNda.hkays w;HjYH fm%dak ix; kdY f'
mdxY= ;gqj ;oska r;au ksid uq,a moaO;s j, Mhska Ydlhg Wrd.kq ,nk fmdaIl mod:
j,g ndOd M,a, wiajkq m%udKh iS>%fhka wvq f' ;jo f.da,Sh WKqiqu by,hdu iy mrsir
WIaK;ajh by,hdu ksid we;e fnda. j.djkaf.ka je M,odjla ,nd.ekSug yelshdjla ;snqK;a
by,.sh f.da,Sh WKqiqu lDIsludka;hg isfldg we;s ydksh foi neg fkdf.ksh yels;r
iq jdishla f'
ffcj O;ajh yd mrsir moaO;s
ksidf.ka ffcj O;ajhg yd mir moaO;s j,g >Dcqju isjkakd jQ ydkshg wu;rj f.da,Sh
WKqiqu by< hdu ksido tu moaO;s j,g kj ;ck t,a, we;' f.da,Sh WKqiqu ksid we;e PS
fYaI jvd;a hym;a mrsirhla fidhd ixl%uKh u oelsh yel' l,mq wdY%s;j we;s iqfYaIS
mir moaO;shla jk lfvd,dk mir moaO;Skag foaY.=K mrAhdi yd f.da,Sh WKqiqu ksid
;rack t,a, we;' f.da,Sh WKqiqu;a iu. id.r c,h l,mq ;=,g we;=,au ksid l,mq ffcj
O;ajhg Yd, ;rAckhla we;' tfukau id.r WKqiq u;a iu. buy;a f,i wdmodj,g
,lajQ mir moaO;shla f,i fldr,amr lah yelsh' fldr,amr wdY%s;j isk ka b;du ixf
i;aj fldGdYhla jk w;r fkd.eTqre fhys isk u;aiH fYaI fndfyduhla ta wdY%s;j j;a
f' by< hk f.da,Sh WKqiqu;a iu. i;aj m%fNao muKla fkdj id.r ma,djdx. j, isg jrAId
jkdka;r olajd Ydl rdcOdks j,g Yd, f,i n,mE t,a, we;' f.da,Sh WKqiqu by< hdu;a
iu. f,dalfha fndfyda l,dm j, we;s we;s h<s ld<.Ksl ;;ajhka ksid jrA;udkfha ksrka;r
,e .sks we;sjk ;;ajhla fmkakq flfrA' jkdka;r m%udKh wvqu ksid jdhqf.da,fha Ydl ;=,g
Wrd.kakd jQ ldnkavfhdlaihs m%udKh wvqjk w;r jkdka;r oykh ksid w;sYd,
ldnkavfhdlaihs jdhq m%udKhla jdhqf.da,hg uqod yefrA'

udkj fi!LHh
f.da,Sh WKqiqu yd foaY.=Ksl mrAhdi ksid we;sjkakdjQ frda.dndO me;srhdu" yosis .xj;=r
;;ajhka yd l=Kdgq ;;ajhka ksid jvd ;Sj% f' uef,arshd" fvx.= jeks frda. ;;ajhkag wu;rj
fld<rdj jeks frda. ;;ajhka jix.; wdldrfhka me;srhdug .xj;=r jeks ld,.=Ksl wka;hka
WmldrS f'
jr lrAudka;h
by< f.da,Sh WKqiqu ksidu cks; flfrk foaY.=Ksl mrAhdi jr lrAudka;hg ;ck t,a,
fldg we;' id.r u;aiH iuia; f,dalhd fj; fkdf,a ,enqKq wdydr .nvdjls' miq.sh oYl
yhl ld,hla ;=, u;aiH im; uqyqK ka m%Odk;u ;rAckh w mfNdackhhs' f.da,Sh WKqiqu
by< hdu fya;=fjka cks; flrek foay.=Ksl mrAhdi fndfyda rg n,mdkafka iq jr
lrAudka;hghs'
f.da,Sh WKqiqu by< hdu u.ska we;sflfrk tla m%;sM,hla f,i ksrka;r iq<s l=Kdgq lah
yel' fuu iq<s l=Kdgq iq jrhdg b;d ;ka n,mE lrkq ,nhs' jr ck;djf.a w;s nyq;rh
fjr<dikak mxlrejkah' id.r c, ugu by<hdu >Dcqju Tjqkaf.a mdrml ksc j,ska
bj;a lsug fya;=f' id.r c,h l,mq j,g lvd jeu ksid l,mqj, ix;=,kh | jefgk
w;r l,mq jrhkaf.a m%Odk ksIamdokh jk biaika" ll=jka jeks fYaI l,mqj,ska
w;=reoyka h yel' f.da,Sh Wkqiqu by<hdu yd id.r c, ugu by<hdu ;=, l,mq yd ta wdY%s;
ffcj moaO;sh mydkshg m;af'

foaY.=K mrAhdi fya;=fjka Y%S ,xldjg we;sh yels n,mEu yd wjOdku

Y%S ,xldj jeks l=vd m;a rdcH flfrys foaY.=K mrAhdi >Dcq n,mEula we;s lrhs' Y%S ,xldf
fYaIfhkau niakdysr" ol=Kq yd jhT jeks by< ck.yKhla iys; kd.l fjr<dY%s; l,dmhg
jrAIdm;kh jeu yd uqyq ugu by< hdu jeks foaY.=Ksl mrAhdi ;;ajhkaf.a >Dcq
n,mEula t,a, h yelsh' f jk g Y%S ,xldj kshh" wl jeiafika miq we;sjk yis c,
.e,S wd wdka;sl ld<.=Ksl ;;ajhkag je jYfhka uqyqK foka isk w;r ld<.=K
jdrA;djkag wkqj wmf.a jdrAIsl jrAIdm;k rgdj miq.sh oijia lsysmhl isg fjkia we;' f
ksid" fld<T k.rh jeks w;sYh kd.lrKh jQ m%foaY ks;r c, .e,S j,g ,lafjka mj;S'
wl jrAIdm;kh fya;=fjka llr m%foaYhkaf.a ksia ;" jfkdamdh yd foam< fndfyda
wk;=rg ,lalrka kdhhE isfjka mj;S' foaY.=K mrAhdi lDIslrAudka;h" ixpdrl
jHdmdrh" jr" udkj ckdjdi" fmd myiql" c, iemhqu" fi!LHh wd fjk;a fndfyda wxY
flfryso n,md we;s njg idOl bm;aj we;'
wdka;sl ld<.=Ksl ;;ajhka ksid fnda. wiajekak wvqu" wiajekak rgdf fjkial we;su" j
l,dmSh .a,eishr hu yd c,h m%idrKh ksid uqyq ugu by< hdu" ixpdrl lrAudka;hg
we;sh yels n,mEu" WIaK;ajh fjkiau ksid u;aiH .yKh laIh u" udkj ckdjdi flfrys
n,mE we;slrka my;a c,fhka hgu" .x.d moaO;shg lrh we;=u ksid c, imdok
l%u flfrys whym;a n,mE we;su" uef,ahd" fvx.= jdylhka u.ska fndah yels frda. jHdma;sh
wdh foaY.=K mrAhdi fya;=fjka we;sh yels whym;a n,mE w;r f'

foaY.=K mrAhdi j, n,mEug uqyqK oSug f,dal m%cdj f.k we;s l%shdudrA.
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a foaY.=Ksl mrAhdi ms<sn| rduq.; iuq;sh-United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 1992
foaY.=KSl mrAhdi miq.sh Y;jrAIh uq,af,a ukqIH jrA.hd fj; t,a,jQ m%Odk
;rAckhla f,i ie,fla' f ksid 1992 oS mej;s rsfhda iuqfoS yrs;d.dr jdhq idkao%Kh
foaY.=Ksl moaO;s flfrys ydkslr n,mE fkdlrk wkaoka mj;ajdf.k hdf wruqKska
fuu iuq;sh we;s lr.kakd ,oS
wruqK udkj ls%hdldrl fya;=fjka mirhg uqodyk y;d.dr jdhq idkakh wka;rdhshl
fkdjk wkaofuka ia:dhs;djhlg m;a lsu ;=,ska jdhqf.da,Sh moaO;sh iu;=,s; lsu

f jk g rgj,a 193la fuhg inkaO we;'

YS% ,xldj mdYjlrejl= u -1994
mrsir yd iajNdl im;a wud;HdxYh fuu iuq;sfha YS% ,xldf flakash
uOHia:dkh f

lsfhdf;da ikaOdkh -Kyoto Protocol (KP) 1997

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a foaY.=K mrAhdi ms<sn| rduq.; iuq;sh (UNFCCC) f.dA,Sh jYfhka ksis mrsos
ls%hd;aul lsrSu i|yd cd;Hka;r m%cdj iska ks;Hdkql+, mokula iys; lsfhdf;da ikaOdkh 1997
oS we;s lr .kakd ,oS'
wruqKq
ldl rgj,a 37 la msglrk y;d.dr jdhq m%udKh jir 2008-2012 ld,h ;=<oS Tjqka iska
1990 oS msglrk ,o jdhq m%udKfhka 5 % lska wXq lsu
mdYjlrejka 183
YS% ,xldj mdYajlrejl= u-2002-09-03
ikaOdkh n,d;aul u 2005-02-16
mrsir yd iajNdl im;a wud;HdxYh fuu iuq;sfha YS% ,xldf flakash uOHia:dkh
f'
lsfhdf;da ikaOdkh iska y;d.dr jdhq fudapkh wXq lsu i|yd hdka;%K 3la ykajdoS we;'
m;% ixjOk hdka;%Kh (Clean Development Mechanism)
tlaj jHdmD;s ls%hd;aul lsu (Joint Implimentation)
y;d.dr jdhq fj<u(Emission Trading)
m;% ixjOk hdka;%Kh (CDM)
ixj; yd ixjOkh fjka mj;sk rgj,a w;r iyfhda.S;djfhka hq;=j f.da,Sh jYfhka ksl=;a
lrk y;d.dr jdhq wXq lsu i|yd we;s tlu hdka;%Khhs
wruqK

ixj; ldl rgj,a 37 g mkjd we;s ldnka wXq lsf iSud b,lal imqrd
.ekSu
ixjOkh fjka mj;sk rgj, ;sridr ixjOkh i|yd dhl u

cd;sl flakaSh uOHia:dkh (National Focal Point) f,i wm wud;HdxYfha odhl;ajh

foaY.=K mrAhdi iuq;shg yd lsfhdf;da ikaOdkhg w;aika ;eu

foaY.=K mrAhdi ms<sn| m%:u cd;sl ikaksfok jdrA;dj ieliSu
,xldj msg lrkq ,nk y;d.dr jdhQkaf.a m%udKhka ms<sn| jdrA;djla 1994 i|yd
ieliSu
O kqj;a lsf jevigyka islsu
foaY.=K mrAhdi ms<sn| uyf,al ldrAhd,h ia:dms; lsu
m;%
ixjrAOk
hdka;%K
jevigyka
l%shd;aul
lsu
msKsi
ldnka wruqo, ia:dms; lsu
foaY.=K mrAhdi j,g wod< mrAfhaIK 58 la foaY.=K mrAhdi ms<sn| l%shdldr
^fojk whr& jHdmD;sh hgf;a islsu

l%shd;aul jevigyka
fojk cd;sl ikaksfok jdrA;dj ms<sfh, lsf jHdmD;sh islrkq ,ef
ol=Kq wdishdkq l,dmSh iyfhda.S;d if,kfha ^South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation -SAARC) l%shdldrS ie,eiau ieliSu i|yd mshjr f.k we;
foaY.=K mrAhdi i|yd m%;sm;a;shla ieliSu

 m;% ixjrAOk hdka;%Kh i|yd m%;sm;a;shla ieliSu

m;% ixjrAOk hdka;%K jHdmD;s l%shd;aul lsu
foaY.=K mrAhdi j, n,mEug uqyqK ug yd tu n,mE wju lsf wruqKska .; hq;=
l%shdudrA. ykd.kska fhda; jevigykla ieliSu
lsfhdf;da ikaOdkh wkqj Y%S ,xldjg yrs;d.dr jdhq fudapk wvqlsrSf ldrAhNdrhla fkdue;s
jqjo ta i|yd f,dal m%cdjg iyfhda.h oelaSu i|yd;a ;sridr ixjrAOkh Wfoid;a wm oekg
l%shdudrA. /ila f.k we;'
f,dj mj;sk foaY.=K mrAhdi ;;ajhka foi n,kl, f.da,Sh WKqiqu by, hdf ,d
fya;=jkakdjQ udkj l%shdldrl k;r lsug fyda wju lsug iqiqqu ld,h t<T we;s ne fmfka'
mek ke.S we;s mdrsirsl yd iudP jHdl+,;d ;=,kh lsrSug f,dj mqrd isk oaj;=kaf.a ms<s;=r
jkqfha ;sridr fyj;a ir, cSjk rgdjlg yqreu hkakhs' wm uq;=ka ;a;ka wrmsueiafuka
ixrlaIKhg yqremqre jQ yd ta ms<sn| w;alS j,ska msrsmqka Pd;shla njg b;sydih idlaIs orhs'
mj;sk ;;ajh os.ska os.gu jOkh jqjfjd;a ys;,h u; we;s PSjfha meje;aug M,a,jk
wNsfhda.h wms ldg;a je,lah fkdyelsjkq we;' jvd;a msrsis n,Yla;s ldrlhla lrd
fhduqug;a" wmrsfNdaPk PSjk rgdfjka oS wrmsrsueiafuka lghq;= lsrSug;a ksia j.hd lghq;=
fkdl,fyd;a Mh g jir ,shk .Kklg fmr we;sjQ wldrfha PSjk ixydrhlg fya;=jkq w;ehs
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