3200

160000

2800

140000
Specific Modulus (N/mm )

2400

Specific Tensile Strength (N/mm 2)

Comparison of Basic Properties at Room Temperature

2000
1600
1200
800

120000
100000
80000
60000
40000

400
20000

IM7

XAS
Fibre

Steel

Al Alloy

Titanium

IM7

XAS Fibre

Steel

Al Alloy

Titanium

Note : Fibre Only

FIGURE
3/1

Effect of Reduction Factors on

CFC Specific Strength & Modulus

FIGURE
3/2

Temperature Reduction Factors

FIGURE
3/3

Comparison of Materials
Note!
NO REDUCTION FOR EFFECTS OF FATIGUE HAS BEEN MADE TO
THE METALLIC TENSION SPECIFIC STRENGTHS

Specific strength (N/mm 2)

300

Tension
Compression

250
200
150
100
50
0
CFC

Steel

Al Alloy

Titanium

Specific modulus (N/mm )

60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
CFC

Steel

Al Alloy

Titanium

FIGURE
3/4

Idealisation of Compression Panel

FIGURE
3/5

Comparison of Buckling Index

FIGURE
3/6

Stress - Strain Curve

FIGURE
3/7

Stress - Strain Curve - Clad Material

FIGURE
3/8

Stress - Strain Curve - ET / E and ES /E

FIGURE
3/9

Aluminium Alloy - f - ET / E Curves

FIGURE
3/9A

70% & 85% Youngs Modulus Secant Lines

FIGURE
3/10

Exponent n for Ramberg - Osgood

FIGURE
3/11

Non-dimensional stress - strain curves

FIGURE
3/12

Non-dimensional tangent modulus

FIGURE
3/13

Shear Modulus

FIGURE
3/13A

Comparison of Stress - Strain curves

FIGURE
3/14

Grain Flow Direction

FIGURE
3/15

Typical Fatigue Data

FIGURE
3/16

Three basic types of crack and stress intensities

FIGURE
3/17

Crack Intensity at Crack Tip

FIGURE
3/18

Fracture Toughness Orientation Specimens

FIGURE
3/19

Stress corrosion data

on short transverse specimens exposed to industrial environments

FIGURE
3/20

Effect of Grain Direction on Stress - Corrosion Cracking

FIGURE
3/21

Distribution of Structural Material

DISTRIBUTION OF STRUCTURAL MATERIAL BY AIRCRAFT (%)

MATERIAL

Hawk T.Mk.1 T-45 Goshawk

JAGUAR SEA HARRIER (I) HARRIER GR7 (II) TORNADO

EAP

EF2000

ALUMINIUM ALLOY

86

69

80

66

41

71

58.8

40

STEEL

22

12

10

11

6.4

3.9

TITANIUM

17.5

10.5

12

CFC

25

19.7

37

MISCELLANEOUS

17

16

5.1

7.1

Table
3/1

Comparison of Material Basic Properties at Room Temperature

ULTIMATE
YOUNGS
TENSION
2
2 MODULUS N/mm
STRESS N/mm

MATERIAL

CFC
(Fibre Only)

STEEL
ALUMINIUM ALLOY
TITANIUM ALLOY

SPECIFIC
GRAVITY

SPECIFIC
SPECIFIC
TENSION
2
2 MODULUS N/mm
STRESS N/mm

IM7

5379

276,000

1.77

3039

155,932

T300

3550

230,000

1.75

2029

131,429

XAS

3550

235,000

1.81

1960

129,800

S99

1230

200,000

7.833

157

25,530

7075

500

72,000

2.796

179

25,750

TA 10

920

113,000

4.512

203

25,000

Specific Tension Stress = Ultimate Tension Stress

Specific Gravity
Specific Modulus = Youngs Modulus
Specific Gravity
Table
3/2

Ratio of f 0.2 / f UTS for Metallic Materials

MATERIAL

MATERIAL ALLOWABLES
f 0.2
f UTS

0.2

/f

REMARKS

UTS

L72

245

385

0.64

Al Cu sheet

L73

340

415

0.82

Al Cu sheet

2014 - T6

350

440

0.80

Al Cu sheet

7475 - T762

405

460

0.88

Al Zn sheet

2014 - T651

370

430

0.86

Al Cu Plate >80mm

7010 - T651

430

490

0.88

Al Cu Plate >120mm

A357 - T61

270

330

0.82

Designated area, Al casting

A357 - T61

240

305

0.79

Non-designated area, Al casting

8090 - T6/T62

300

410

0.73

Al Li sheet

6A1- 4V

870

920

0.95

Titanium alloy

1050

1230

0.85

Steel

S99

Table
3/3

Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Metal Matrix Composites

with Current Alloys at Room Temperature

MATERIAL

N / mm
ULTIMATE
YOUNGS
TENSION
MODULUS
STRESS

SPECIFIC
GRAVITY

N / mm
SPECIFIC
SPECIFIC
TENSION
MODULUS
STRESS

Al. ALLOY PLATE 2014

460

69,000

2.80

164

24,640

Si C PARTICULATE
REINFORCED 2014
Al.ALLOY 30% VOL.

640

114,000

2.90

221

39,310

TITANIUM ALLOY 6A1-4V

920

113,000

4.51

203

25,000

Si C CONTINUOUS FIBRE
REINFORCED 6A1-4V Ti
40% VOL.

904

195,000

4.05

223

48,150

Table
3/4