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    Problemas resueltos mecanica fluidos

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    Jack Evett Cheng Liu-2500 Solved Problems in Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics-mcgraw-hill 1989

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    Problemas resueltos mecanica fluidos

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    59 views15 pages

    Jack Evett Cheng Liu-2500 Solved Problems in Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics-Mcgraw-Hill 1989

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    Ivan Montes
    Problemas resueltos mecanica fluidos

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    CHAPTER 7 Kinematics of Fluid Motion ma 12 13 14 1s 132 ‘A nozzle with base diameter 75.mm and a 35-mm-diameter tip discharges 12 L/s of fluid. Derive an expression for fluid velocity along the nozzle’s axis. Measure distance x along the axis from the plane of the larger diameter. I Let L= length of nozzle and D = diameter of nozae at any point. (is — Bs) («/L) =0.075 ~ 0.040x/L, v = Q/A = 0.012/{x(0.075 — 0.040x/L)"/4] = 1.528/(0.70 — 0.40x/L)*. Note: xand L in millimeters gives vin m/s. What augle oof jet is required w reauh the roof of the build nozzle? What isthe value of u.? H dy/de= vosin a, y=—gr/2+ tuysina +c. At #= Li(v9c0s a). fin Fig. 7-1 with minim m jet velocity vo at the dy/dt = =gt +c. Att=0, dy/dt = v9 sin a. Therefore, ¢ |, y=0. Therefore ¢2=0, and asin a, and dy/dt = —gt + gt /2+ tv, sin a, L=10,c0s a, H = ~g{LI(v9cos a) }/2 + [L/(ve cos a) |(vgsin a) @ Let F = gL?/(2v3). Then, from Eq, (1), F = (cos @)(L sin a — H cos a) = Lcos a sin a ~ H cos* a. Find ‘maximum F for minimum uv. GF /dax= L(cos* a ~ sin* a) + 2H sin a cos 2HL = ~(cos* a — sin® @)/(sin a cos a) (2)(28)/24=-2cot2e a= 69.7" Substituting into Eq. (1), 28 = ~(9.807)[24/(v, cos 69.7°)}/2 + [24/ (v4 0s 69.7°)\(vp sin 69.7), vo = 25.2:mys. 2eot 20 = 3 Lew 24m———e} Fig. 7-1 Given the velocity field, V(x, y, z, 1) = (Sxy*+ i+ (2z + 8)j + 18k m/s, with x, y, z in meters and tin seconds. Calculate V(9, ~2, 1,4). What is the magnitude of this velocity? ' V=[(5)(9)(—2)? + 4].-+ [2)(1) + 8]) + 18k = 1841 + 10) + 18k m/s IV = Viga + 10+ 18" = 185 m/s Note: Boldface letters are used herein and hereafter to denote vectors. ‘The velocity components in a flow of fluid are specified as u, = 4xt +y*z + 14 m/s, v, = 2xy?++y m/s, and + 2ty m/s, where x, y. and z are given in meters and ¢ in seconds. What is the velocity vector at (2,4,3) mat time t= 4 s? What is the magnitude of this vector at this point and time? ! W = [(4)(2)(4) + (4)°G) + 14] + [(2)(2)(4)? + 4° + 4]j + [3 + (2)C4)A) Ike = 944 + 845 + 35K m/s IV = VOTH BAF 3S? = 131 m/s Given the velocity field V = (Sx)i+ (I5y +11)j + (19k m/s, determine the path ofa particle which is at (4,6,2)mat time t=3. 16 1 KINEMATICS OF FLUID MOTION 133 i dx /dt = 5x a v= dy/dt= ISy +11 @ up=de/dt = 192 (3) From (1), dr/x = Sdt, Inx =St+c,. Att=3, x=4, Hence, Ind = (5)(3) +¢4, ¢1= -13.6. From (2), dy/(ISy + 11) = dt, in (I5y + 11)=15t-+ey. At a= 40.4. 5113.6 @ 1, y= 6. Hence, In [(15)(6) +11] = (15)(3) +e, In(sy + 11) = 1540.4 oy From (3),dz=19¢ dr, 2 =190/3+¢,, Att=3, 2=2. Hence, 2=(I9)(3)73 +65, € 90 /5— 169 ) Add Eqs. (4) and (5) to get Inx + In (15y +11) = 200 ~ 54.0 ” Solve for tin Eq. (6): t= (2 + 169)(3)]!. Substitute this value of t into Eq. (7): Inx +n (15y + 11) = 2of(z + 169)(8)]! — $4.0, In [(x)(ASy + 11)} = 10.81(2 + 169)" — 54.0. An incompressible ideal fluid flows at 0.5 cfs through a circular pipe into a conically converging nozzle, as shown in Fig. 7-2. Determine the average velocity of flow at sections A and B. I Asa firs step, an approximate flow net is sketched to provide a general picture ofthe flow. Since this is an axially symmetric flow, the net is not a true two-dimensional flow net. At section A, the streamlines are parallel; hhence, the area at right angles to the velocity vectors is a circle. Thus, Ux = Q/A« = 0.5/{(")()"/4] = 1.43 ft/s. Atssection B, however, the area at right angles to the streamlines is not clearly defined; itis a curved, (b) Atthe eftrance, where x= 0, du/dt = [(2)(10)'(1)]I + (2)(0)/(1)] = 200 ft/s. At the exit, where x= 1 ft, tuft = ((2)(10)°C) I+ (2)(1)/C1)] = 600 5%. duu, Bu, ou, Bu 1@ 3 Mig. 73, 7.10 A two-dimensional velocity field is given by u= 2)", v =3x, w=0. At (x,y, 2) = (1, 2, 0), compute the ty, (B) local acceleration, and (e) convective acceleration, V= i221 +OA)] = 41+ 35 wv o a8 du au, ue aia Gta ge tH Sea 0+ GH) + GNM) + OO = I2xy avo, 20 a = tastes W204 OIG) + BHI) + (M0) = 677 12)(1) N+ 6)(2)9) = 24 + 244 TAAL For the velocity field described in Prob. 7.10, at (1,2, 0) compute the (a) acceleration component parallel to the ‘velocity vector and (b) component normal to the velocity vector. Hf From Prob. 7.10, V = 4i + 3j and a = 24i + 244 at (1,2, 0). (a) Tangential acceleration: a, =a-m,= (M+ 24))- (Sh+ HW) =19.2+ 14.4=33.6 units parallel to V 2 73 74 KINEMATICS OF FLUID MOTION J 135 (0) From Fig. 7-4, the angle 0 between V and a determined by cos 0 =8.13°, a, =[alsin @ = (24 + 24°)'"(sin 8,13") = 80 units normal to V. ul la = 33.6/ (24° + 24°)" = 0.98995, y eet F x U4 ¥ afre <— an Fig. 7-4 Is the fow with velocity field V = 2ori~ yj + 3xzk steady or unsteady? Is it two- or three-dimensional” At the point (x, y, 2) = (2, ~2, 0), compute the (a) total acceleration vector and (b) unit vector normal to the acceleration, I Flow is unsteady because time f appears explicitly. Flow is three-dimensional because u, v, w #0. taste ww Sm de + (ox) () + (1) + (z)(0) = De + Arie av, Fi Gro a ag gy tM gp 29 + 20) + (-FYN(—#) + Gx2)(O)= 29 +9 dw _ ow aw aw aw @ ‘At point (2, ~2,0), du/dt = (2)(2) + (4)(2)(2) = 4+ 8°, du/dt = ~(2)(0(~2) + (F(-2) = 41-24, dw/dr = (2X0) + ONG}O) =, Hence, = (44 874+ (420) (6) The ait vector normal tow mast satis (4+ 80) + n,(4t ~ 2) + n,(0) plus a? +n} +n?= 1. A special case solution isn = Kk. For steady flow through a conical nozzle, the axial velocity is approximately u = U,(1—x/L)"*, where U, is the entrance velocity and L is the distance to the geometrical vertex of the cone. Compute (a) a general expression, for the axial acceleration du/dt and (6) its values at the entrance and at x =2m, if Uy =4 m/s and L=3 m. Wy SoBe Ben Bend0e[ufi-f) [l= cold) e0ee- 2) CB) (B) At entrance (x = 0): B= 01 -y 1QVA"3)= 107 m/e Atre2m: Se 1-31 @rAI=2592m/5* A two-dimensional velocity field is given by V = (x? ~ 2y" +2x)i— ay +y)j. Atx =2 and y =2, compute the (@) accelerations a, and a,, (b) velocity component in the direction @ = 32°, and (e) directions of maximum, acceleration and maximum velocity. ' du_ | Su, Ou, du, au Steg tes tw Sen Ot (P= 298 2) +2) + (Bay = y)—4y) +0 136 TAs 7:16 747 0 CHAPTER 7 au, au, au, ae 2 pte age 0, = ut 0S wee Ot (= 29* +BN 39) + (Bay — Be +O @ 4, =[2°~ 2Y + YAMA) +2) + (HAVE) — AMC] = 112 4, =[2 = 2VQ*+ YAMBA + -3@R) ~ 2MC—3)2) ~ 1) = 98 ® tae 2V ome VEE = QR + RM (GV) +2U= 01-145 =-7.42 sy = 0.8481-+0,530) Yar = (OF 149) (0.848 + 0.530)) 9. {) Direction ofa: a = arctan (98/112) = arctan 0.87500 = 41.2, Direction of V (direction of —J): B The velocity field in the neighborhood of a stagnation point is given by u = Uyr/L, v = ~Usy/L, w =0. (a) Show that the acceleration vector is purely radial. (b) If L = 3 ft, what is the magnitude of Up ifthe total acceleration at (x, y) =(L, L) is 29 ts"? ou au, au ue ew ax ay + (EYE) 000 (a) a= 0,1 +04) = (UYL?\(ah + pH) = (U3/L2(0). (Hence, purely racial.) (©) [a] =a(L, L) = (U3/L) (LA + Ljl = Usv2/L. If L=3 ft and |al = 29 ft/s", 29 = U3V2/3, Uy = 7.84 ft/s. ‘A particle moves around the circular path x? +y* = 9 m® ata uniform speed of 4 m/s. Express the u and v ‘components as functions of time, assuming 0 = 0 at ¢= 0. See Fig. 7-5. 1 u=ujcos—uysin = —4sin m/s v=v,sinO+vycos@=+4c08.0 m/s But vp 76, 4=30, 0= 44; hence u= Asin $rand v= +4 08 24 U; v.20 ofr a Fig. 7-5 {A perfect fluid flows from the bottom of a large tank through a small hole at the rate Q = 0.9 L/s. Ifthe fluid flows radially toward the hole with the same volume flow across every section, compute the convective acceleration at points 100mm and 200 mm from the hole. IF Consider the radial velocity (v,): v, —Q)K2nr*) (A, 18 the area of a hemisphere). ar) ar) At =0.100m, a, = ~(0.9 x 10°}/[(2)(x)*(. 100)"] = ~0.0081 m/s*, or ~4.1 mm/s", At r= 0.200.m, a, = 0.0041 /32 = —0,000128 m/s’, or —0.128 mm/s*. 2 ae 718 m9 10 7a KINEMATICS OF FLUID MOTION J 137 Given the velocity field V(x, y, z, 1) = 10x"4— 20yx} + 100k, determine the velocity and acceleration of a Particle at position x= 1m, y=2m,z=5m, and ¢=0.1. ! ‘V= (109(4) = (20)(2)(1)§ + (100)(0.1)k = 104 — 40) + 108em/s 4 (4 My, Ho ,2) St (eget 5 tee ae, ¥, 2 100K + [(10x7)(20x4 ~ 2095) + (~20yx)(—20x)) + (100t)(0)] = 200%°% + (—200%y + 400)x°j + 100 At position x = 1m, y=2m, z= 5m, and f= 0.1 s, a= (200)(1)% + {(—200)(1)*(2) + (400)(2)(1)"]i + 100K = 2004 + 4004 + 100k m/s?. If the flow in Fig. 7-2 is steady at 0.50 ef, find the acceleration in the flow at sections A and B, FF Since the flow at section A is uniform and also steay, m= 0. on uN 4X ‘The effective area through which the flow is occurring in the converging section of the nozzle may be expressed approximately as A= 2xhr, where h = r(1 ~ cos 45°) = 0.29 and r is the distance from point C. Thus ‘A= (2)(0.293r') = 1.84r7, and the velocity in the converging nozzle (assuming the streamlines flow radially toward C) may be expressed approximately as v= Q/A = 0.50/(1.847). At section B, r= in =0. 507 (1.84)(0.167)"] = 9.744 fps. |= 50 (1.84)(0.167°) te7Apik agua 974967) = TRIE ‘A two-dimensional flow field is given by u = 2y, v = x. Sketch the flow field. Derive a general expression for the velocity and acceleration (x and y are in units of length L; « and v are in units of L/T). Find the acceleration in the flow field at point A (x=3.5, y = 1.2). I The flow field is sketched in Fig. 7-62. Velocity components u and v are plotted to scale, and streamlines are sketched tangentially to the resultant velocity vectors, This gives a general picture of the flow field, VRW vay 4x" aausirv Mam tsar aust vs =2y(l)+x(0)=2 (2+ a= (Ae + 4y)! (le =2e=7OLIT? (ay), =2y =24L/T* 44 = [(ay)i + (aa)i]"? = [(7.0)' + (2.4)"]!?= 7.AL/T? ‘To get a rough check on the acceleration imagine a velocity vector at point A, This vector would have a magnitude approximately midway between that ofthe adjoining vectors, or V,~4L/T. The radius of curvature of the sketched streamline at A is roughly 3L. Thus (a,), = 4"/3~5.3L/T*, The tangential acceleration of the particle at A may be approximated by noting thatthe velocity along the streamline inereases from about 3.2L/T, where it crosses the x axis, to about 8L/T at B. The distance along the streamline between these two points is roughly 4L. Hence a very approximate value of the tangential acceleration at A is ‘Vector diagrams of these roughly computed normal and tangential acceleration components are plotted (Fig. 7-68) for comparison with the true acceleration as given by the analytic expressions (Tig. 7-6c) ‘The velocity along a streamline coincident with the x axis is u = 9+", What is the convective acceleration at 3.27 Specify units in terms of L and T. Assuming the fluid is incompressible, is the flow converging or 0 everywhere in the shear layer. (6) Near the wall, u = y f(x), 9v/8y = —@u/dx = — f'(x); therefore, v=-Zy%@) (parabolic) (©) Aty = 6(2), au/dx =U; theretore av/ay ), and v = maximum. ‘The axial velocity field for fully developed laminar flow in a pipe is U, = tina(1 — F/R") and there is no swirl, 0. Determine the radial velocity field v,(r, z) from the incompressible relation if tax is constant and v,=0 (rdenotes radial distance from the pipe’s center; R denotes the pipe’s radius.) a a au, ap PP) + 73g (ve) +E a a Flw)+0+0=0 Fi) =0 if ,(R) =0 for all 6, 2, v,=0. ‘An incompressible flow field has the cylindrical components vp = Cr, v= K(R?—r?), v,=0, where C and K are constants and r= R, z = L. Does this flow. a continu a ‘What might it represent physically? 1 1a a (+4 13+ 73! 21) + 36 Ze +3, 2 Kae “Al 0+0+0=0 (satisfies continuity) This flow represents pressure-driven, laminar, steady flow in a rotating tube (fully developed). ‘An incompressible flow in polar coordinates is given by v, = K cos 6(1 ~ b/+*), vp = —K sin 0(1 + b/r*). Does this field satisfy continuity? For consistency, what should the dimensions ofthe constants K and b be? LBuyetteo 12 [aane(t-2)]+42 [-xsino(1+4)] +020 Soni) 42, Dia Keoo(ie =0 0=0 (satisfies continuity) Dimensions of constants: {K} = {L/T}, {6} = {L?) ‘The x component of velocity is u = x° + z*+6, and the y component is v = y* + 2‘. Find the simplest z component of velocity that satisfies continuity. au, 90, 30 ' ax ay Be ae 142 19 740 7a 142 13 CHAPTER 7 Inthe continuity equation for steady, incompressible flow sats ifthe folowing velocity components are invotee? u=2toxy te? vext—ay ty? we Day yz ty? 2, 30 , 30 ex By az ' 0 x-y) + (ar +29) #(-y)=0 (satis continsty) For steady, incompressible flow, are the following values of u and v possible? (@u=4xy+y’, Gxy + 3x ) 2 +y?, us dey 1 24.20 3H Ses (@) 4y+6r+0#0 — (Flowis not possible.) (0) 4x—4r+0=0 — (Howis possible.) Determine whether the velocity field V =3+.12) + "kis incompressible, irotaional, both, or neither. 1 THe divergence ofthis velocity lds 8 ans Para 2igne viv=Zen+2ea+Znr=0 “Therefore, this velocity field is incompresble. The curl of his velocity fed is tik aaa ax By 32| 76 Baz yy? Yxv= (Qty ~ x) + zk ‘This is not zero; hence, the flow field is rotational, not irrotational. Ia velocity potential exists forthe velocity feld u = a(x*—y%), v= —2axy, w=0, find it and plot it. 1 Since w =0, the curl of V has only one (z) component, and we must show that it is zero. au_ au Ey eS “The flow is indeed irrotational. A potential exists. To find (x,y), set (XV), =2e, (ax*—ay")=~2ay +2ay=0 checks aay" e@ Integrate (1) 6 Differentiate (3) and compare with (2) ary +f"(y) = ~2ary a Therefore f’ =0, or f = constant. The velocity potential is g = ax°/3 ~ axy* + C. Letting C = 0, we can plot the ¢ lines as shown in Fig. 7-9. Given the velocity field V= 1324 + 18(yz + x)j+ 15k, find the angular velocity vector ofa id particle at 2,34). 1(3¥,_ ay 1 o, 3(5 Se) = M0-18y)=-37 oy (OV, Ve) ag yarn — 6.5x? - 2) (E-F)-108 13) =9-65x7 w= 91+ 05+ (9-6.52 At point (2, 3, 4) m, e = (—9)(3)i-+ [9 ~ (6.5)(2)'k = ~271 ~ 17k rad/s. 14 14s 146 a1 18 KINEMATICS OF FLUID MOTION 2 143 Ys Af ponte / 4 Fig. 7-9 Given the velocity field V = 6x°yi — (4x — 42)j + 122k m/s, compute the angular velocity field «(s,y, 2). 1 (Ms _ OVE yg Gey 2) ra 2) 3 (% >) YC4-66)=-@24324) = 2+ 0)-24+3e)krad/s Show that any velocity field V expressible asthe gradient ofa scalar must be an irotational field I Show cut (grad g)=0 5@-a@hle@)-sGh-leG)-5 Gh Since 36 /ay 3: = 3/3 dy, etc, we see that we have proven our point provided the partial derivatives of @ are continuous. Is the following flow field irotational or not? V = 12x"yi-+ 3x4j + 10k ft/s. - 12 =0 For the velocity vector V = 3ti +.xzj + yk evaluate the volume flow and the average velocity through the square surface whose vertices are at (0,1, 0), (0, 1,2), (2, 1,2), and (2, 1,0) See Fig. 7-10. The surface Sis shown in Fig. 7-10 and is such that n= j and dA = ds dz everywhere. The velocity field is ‘Y= 31 +.x2] + 1%. The normal component to Sis V-m=V--j=v, the y component, which equals xz. The limits on the integral for Q are 0 to 2 for both dx and dz. The volume flow is thus o=[vda=f ['sedrds=4.0units The area ofthe surface is (2(2) = 4 units. Then the average velocity is Vn = Q/A = 4.0/4.0 1.0 unit At low velocities, the flow through a long circular tube has a paraboloid velocity distribution = Ugas(I ~ 7/2), where R is the tube radius and tas isthe maximum velocity, which occurs at the tube centerline. (a) Find a general expression for volume flow and average velocity through the tube; (6) compute the volume flow if R= 3m and a,,=8 m/s; and (€) compute the mass flow if p = 1000 kg/m 144 0 CHAPTER 7 149 730 731 a A= dx de os (0,1,0 is a (2, 1,0) is (01,2) ea Fig. 7-10 ) The arca Sis the cross section ofthe tube, and ni. The normal component V-m=V-i= u. Since u varies only with r, the element dA can be taken tobe the annular strip dA = 2xr dr. The volume flow becomes om [taf saa(t Foard Carrying out the integration over r, we obtain Q = Iu #R?. The average velocity is ty = Q/A = fo,.1R?/aR? = lu,... The average velocity is half the maximum, which isan accepted result for low-speed, ‘or laminar, flow through a long tube. (b) For the given numerical values Q = }(8)2x(0.03)? = 0.0113 m* (€) For the given density, assumed constant, ri = pQ = (1000)(0,0113) = 11.3kg/s. For low-speed (laminar) flow through a circular pipe, as shown in Fig. 7-11, the velocity distribution takes the form u = (B/s:)(r3~ £°), where 1is the fiuid viscosity. Determine (a) the maximum velocity in terms of B, #, and rand (6) the mass flow rate in terms of B, 1, and ro (© tage, occurs when dus/dr = 0, duldr = ~2Br/=0, r= 0, thes = Bri @ Fig. Toit Ifthe fluid in Fig, 7-11 is water at 20°C and 1 atm, what is the centerline velocity Up ifthe tube radius is 20mm and the mass flow through the tube is 1.3 kg/s? H From Prob. 7.49, rh = (0/2)imae(Pi), 1.3 = 7)(Umas}[(4)(0.020)], man = Up = 2.07 m/s. (Actually, this is ‘unrealistic. At this 1, Nx > 2000, so the flow is probably turbulent.) {A velocity field in arbitrary units i given by V = 3x*— xy] 62k. Find the volume flow Q passing through the square with corners (x, , 2)= (1, 0,0), (1, 1, 0), (I 1, 1), and (1,0, 1). See Fig. 7-12. H Q=SS (Wea dy dz. Since Ax*. O = Jo Ja) dy da Ve units. 12 13 KINEMATICS OF FLUID MOTION J 145 Fig. 7-12 For an incompressible fluid, express the volume flow Q across the upper surface in Fig. 7-13 in terms of the inlet velocity Us and the height 5 of the fuid region shown in the figure? ‘ o- [use [usn( Zo cae-vo(2-—(Z)L 3 ind uo(8)-+3)= 499-200(8) = Upb8(1 ~ 2/1) = 0,363Uyb5 yo ‘late (width into paper) Fig. 7-13, The velocity profile in water flow down a spillway is given approximately by w = (U,)(y/h)!” where y =O senotes the bottom and the depth is (see Fig. 7-14). If Up=1.4 m/s, h=3m, and the width is 17 m, how long will it take 10° m? of water to pass this section ofthe spillway? 1 o= if uaa -[ wa(?) (bay) = Usbh™ fe I = (Ubh = ()(1.4)(17)(3) = 62.5 m"/s #= V/Q=107/62.5= 1603s or 26.7 min Fig. 7.14 146 754 158 156 787 0 CHAPTER 7 Find the total derivative, do/df, at x = 1 and y = 3 of the density field p = 3x? — velocity field V=(x?—y?+x)1— Gxy +y)i A frictionless, incompressible (= p.) steady flow field is given by V = 3xyi ‘gravity, calculate the pressure gradient and evaluate this gradient at (3, 1, av (4 Bom (Ze 0S 4 WSL) = plOnnayh + (- 299x449 +0 ~vp At (8,150), Vp = pACVAY+ AYP = pult8h+ 4). ‘A temperature field T = 5xy? is associated with a velocity field given by u = 2y?, v rate of change d7 /dt at the point (x, y) = (3, 4). ' ar _ aT, aT, 2 at ar ay G: At(3,4), aT 10)(4)* + (30)(3)%(4) = 3640 units de Take the velocity field w= a(x?— y?), 4y? corresponding to the + (at = yay") — Bay + y)(—By) +0 (P+ 1I)AY"] = [8)AYG) + 3]{(-8)@)] = 279 units. ~ 2y'in arbitrary units. Neglecting Wp = palGxy't + 4y%) 3x, w =0. Compute the ue + WS = @y(592) + Gx) (LOxy) + 0= 10y* + 30x%y ~2axy, w = 0 and determine under what conditions it is a solution to the Navier-Stokes momentum equation. Assuming that these conditions are met, determine the resulting pressure distribution when z is “up” (g, = 0, g, = 0, &.= ~8). 30 (24, 24,24). ae ae, 2), ode a oe. eu Sat SEs) Og at ae) a a Fw pe 2 u( SE Make a direct substitution of u,v, w (0) ~ 2+ ul2a~2a)=22% p

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