Mechanical Response of Polymers AN INTRODUCTION ALAN S. WINEMAN K. R. RAJAGOPAL [CAMBRIDGEMarky Awash ve, ‘Mechanical Response of Polymers ‘Thee of plymes ha scot so cmon hat woul be ‘atin to pasa doy mse conn cot ws pos inetd pric. Tor eure, subi, oul spp ‘esc eral ake mee mane Aiea se ned neg in Sophos eft apliaans for ‘cute eel tnt mechan poe, who have madonly ‘cid onthe bhai of mets, bme tcp nd seg nth polyme “Tis tx provides thorough inion fo he aj of oy ies rom chal eeieig perfect, esting cand Dynamics of Bodies with Viecoolatic Support 91 eration 92 Comparson of Speng-Damger and Vicodsic Suppers 933 Faced Oulton 94 ree Online Boundary Value Problems for Linear lotropic 103 Comapendece Theorem for Quai Static Motion 4 Berkdown of the Corerpondence Pari 168 ws m ag ne ni be m2 Ft ae a 105 Appleton ofthe Comepondence Pcp: Prue Loading of 2 ‘Vacelsi Cynder ae106 Application of te Correspondence Prine Teson of Bars of Noe Ciel Coscia 107 Direct Slaton Methods 111 icon 4112. Thermally induced Dimensional Changes 113 Mechanal Response at DilertTerpeetres 1a Tine-Temperatre Superposition 1S Expesinntal support for Tone Tempest Spepoiton 116. Genel Comment 17 iet of Temperate on Charice Sus Relaation Tine 18. Otber Matra Proper Fane 119 Inpleaons of Tim Tepertre Soperposton for Paceses 11.10 Rite of Work LL Bsteson w Tine Varying Tempertite Historie ALLS Gonsttine Egution for Tine Varying Temperate Histories 1.14 Themo-Vacocane Response of The Ba Sins Fortin 11.18 Thermo icone Response of Tre Br Sracusc Development of Frsenin Detain 11.16 Thermo Vcodasi Repos of Tre Bar Scie: Frcerin Fors 11.17 Theo Varodai Response a4 Tse Bar Sac Cool nds Warping 1119 Them Vico Response of Thee Be Se Conners Appendix A Operator Notation fr Tine Derivatives Appendix 8. Laplace Transform ‘Appendix. Volterra integral Equations on dix Formel Manipulation Methods ‘Appendix E Field Equations in Cartesian and Cylindrical eons Inder te x bs mas an Proface using the pase several decade he ue of poles has eso so commonplice ‘hat woul be acey mpl paws Gy without oman ine cma th polymer-based produc. The astomnbie, steps, apps, and tetonis Inds we more polrmer by weight, than athe val uote Dep ‘heineased we of poles in epinering rodty he rsa deformations that thse prs ergo are gery eine a te chariot of cation tat has emphasized the behivor of ma ter thas, ples Polymeric mates have been sed more whi he cote of udetnng, thee material propria by chemi, hem oir od mata soit, tater than seth ew toward undertndig the steer and orm in Sacral component Hower pil change ae ecuring in cern egietia pracis involing polymers tom the spine of mechanical eapnetng. Polyner ar ng need for neal sobs inal alain, “Tae tec apd eer ao hve mai requesting and ety auton feoperie Thus x seal tat he mechani engineringeceaton be expel to that stats sone aS Sead adepe wh polymers hey re thts ia dein ses ad ‘fects “The authors have sent many yeaes teaching nacring sadent abou sre snd deormasonr in metalic wre coponest onthe ane an ol ati fut soca inthe mecha esp of pole om tee Tey ha ae ‘aught graduate courses nthe veces roms of payer In recgniton of ‘heinceasing nel hr mecha eines Be located etc fp ‘nem we have wed or aching and resich experi odeopgrhone whi 'ttendd to ere as both 4 extbok so a eager ren “Ths bok war epared with etal purpose in end The fiona solid trai ofthe phenmens of sales al rey i ers thet co Sequence frmechaneal aon, This heed by decloping the oe Sa time elton forthe sponte of pms, and then ng a0 ep carats ater and proses mes ent pation nde eer fang mer. The Second psp bar odo with the cas poperss of poles Aes “ul be tami with deptons of shana gone nem tot ropes. Thus we deve the ack sound neesaty for ths purpose, In paras, Nee the scrapeelton so interpret the espons in fundamental expres an heen dere "tae eer se ret nee eep me wet, and tears el tr ‘nr thedpuspne 0 Sonchon theese eeu ae rice. We ein wha orgh testes of omer and furs unde ors. Examples are psented whch ot ont lene ferencsnpe of the consequence of cep andre lation, bat bo Sete dere mets fo analyng src poems nei ghren a ex took foram tractor sod mechan couse the hanes eae ‘lan sw fa each eam cn be defied for papmesc mera, Scan be ete bythe mead reed here. The same apothis thn se © ‘vemine arenes and dforon in bodes with mae complied shape and innings, bead of examples of fears a ton bry examples ate des om the cal ns hse of cry a hea rp OF te cou Hee cl vmenent sna otc fom te meal ‘oponding bth sda es land near vious fi. While he ear ‘sou id a proper mde ove ht hiner elac os model ines ind east slid ob more pec) an apposition that hat served aan inlpenable model inva of swt and apples. The sume cn be ‘id the lear codec mode whet no fue vain ae ae Inde conformy ofthe pedo: ofthe mode wih sealabieexperimental data Five ended ran enn ool the pats eee ie our pal tha the eaten of real dling, formuaon ofthe bas ies in mechani and eho fo he ction snd olson of ern rates pened hee wil enable the sent or praca engineer t make pcm and cine we of pole materia "rer aba ou sotto: we flow the seo “amor Whe te ean are tuber nequrrly cig te devcopment te try an each chapter, we sig ean umber independent fo ie ‘Suton of the seal poles af eae cach hate Alan . Ween KR Ranppal ast > ar CHAPTER ONE Discussion of Response of a Viscoelastic 1.1 Comparison with she Response cise SHE tt haa Vince Matai Ase wr vax suet hh of mean pose und con ‘esi ele supe 0 far pt feral pose ve fat ‘Shinandicourdas ore (compare vl raps wh a of Teac tae vic fas nema ame tne wae “ha opus by fr dmg poe of TEP cand car vinous (Noon) as gee a ep eames lt the wae for sna acon fr rnd nian “Coe one ens sarn e h materal egete e xeon ope seat. The atl in an wadeormed aeons =. Ssh 11 shows nos era conal sah ean eo 9 fev sa rsa a Pape Ut hows on exams sd sa at Nanpealton The metal ropne cm yang roof Strand en th by es fp os ear ne snd i ers Se he peo dc he ots ner nh sole ‘lw ine ae pase nd px acer i Aten il Snel ts uh ey andor sn une ate 0 Sy Solar 412 Response of Classi! Elatic Sol “Theonsinemoametnia prea are sc ct tyhahancaogninap shen Pe 2 Mani Se Shines tend he cecmaton aay ch Fe ‘sc\aintecotonanncbeaongsosan Thin one “irene The pone of el analy on TRIS rel age Sere ees thems sao sn Cale Sowonns» scrim satan Th 9 one by aoc ee F SBE. ccore ogra th rn Anan of PSPSPS now conc! wich lead oe como rht neeF he You so he ‘Swing Smt, tel ht ic inet omaha “0 inertial effects. i== of ae Fw, One win min. i io shee Mike tees “aos Ths sown curve a of Figure 1h od the bel conan, an the sapspimentneouserenovet a net thewesininantneoss scrote. Tost =the matral oantneouy comple eco rgialshpe (pring) ‘tan connotes, aaPoNS 0 ster ste oh san sudenly mersedegMeiend te hel const, the es semsmneomipionene pond an coor ‘ict oF orrnenr stones [rane reached ae by di sin hits () a) + wel These tates wold bol ‘stesso were reached at tine By fen Sus stor “The above bean segs he Keach ae Sea ee eres w.Wrenrer the san sy the comesponding sea hat inane away yl then publ eo ciate tbawoe shee andthe ot os and proce the unig Sestzin plot shown ie gare 14. Thea Rw 1 YS ew oc Ln dn et ma tar ig Rae od iin ‘ean osiaion 1 20 asinine 20 cen caemachimemacgnaiaiape, he work dove 8 teeters ten at gms. Ss si cateesiaaiae od emptor «| gy fate dominoes Swern a 41.3 Resmonte of» Classical Viscous - _— “The one dimersionl Fre: Menem ‘acnustds fe repesctel bya mechan. Mini emo sos Ms {Staraloe hemsamsdast spton ao ack in yin) shown re 1.6. The respons ofthe vous dampe scaracteed by a elation berwen force Fad Sloeation ae, devoed by dh = 3 The forelegs re elaion for a Tne vicows damper thenmaore ene nse Th elon is astumed be vali nde all aoony Thr uggs ta he nea ico id ie dribedby alton ten ste ond sine fe rg ich corse Hid materia pope, ae. We now conser # sumer of Seso-tine and statin experiments which enable ac the plea of tha rlaon, theses is increased to time zero and then bel constant, linea viscous | doc no rach Buel elomed te. Ter coi! aiing i hat 5 the mates dows. A gmat he tin tebe saan 25 ‘hown in curve ao igure cs teem ah i echo. on sere The sn saya onan dhe sen ent {Thi onde forth ane tn ear sae. ore Soi pt ai ae> UE) ans ae [ont pe ane hel yt dae a ‘suo comraa. Test, ReSPONS 0 STP STRAIN Seppe the sinisinsesedansananentg che hed ae A vey Inge soos eee to pose the sed shape change It he sani bl stn for FO, the senegal eo matin ths Sain rede inmediely to ae Thess tons fo alin #> 0. Thi shown a Ft 18 ‘Stppse tar the ssn eat a in by ran sqaence (he) 8 sai shoe Fo 17 Thnamatoned achat Snore Noe rer a san sop een een oe lef In genera here amb any Yale of tai a ie coresponding to the Stes cine yO the ter han ere peso be ot ome ale of sri ate ern orci ne oie aman, “pecs ns on te strain a timer nr on he review sais ati nes iebopene ony on te mast at nef IC ine Fs inated Kerween the o-t so the c-r gaps the singe rah in gue 19 proaced wich is dese the relation oe) =n). ‘erosion Tite specimen is defamed fo orga shape and the restored wo hat supe te wo completely conver ena te Tap eesanat tere “Testes and san ae 9 rapt ao ves wih eur Fg 11 ar 19, Soe ce pt fo avs ant 144 Comments on Matera Microstructure ‘When an ete force appli pi of mea neal forces ar pros ‘The materal develope te sly to prodace aaa force by dato o Ahacthngphysa tur for eal, reba ace tar with gneiss Hens ue to mes ‘Momactararouge so pay by sll dlomatio ofthe cyaline srw Fads nc ayaa water at sonpse of moles which exe weak atactve foro each thes, foc ae bud up by he coninuoes movement of parse wth pet each be, wc en 33 hid hw. reponse. Ths is dor so te nature of he material micosrucnce. VERE Fepons scr near of matric 5: ‘onundipat odes cater an be howto a eal contin ‘th tai in he pres as wel a the Stora he porous soi ‘Vicon uname erly and lop tral apes to be aed ‘odie moymenaffebesiedskelonachammleat, cle mcromokle ‘They spun ar teage volume whch emus gree than atomic danenson. I tet develop ital ery thse macromolcles mist undergo changes it nfgraon These supe change owl molec reraemets on aos ‘eis LIT 1 sn opus contour reaengeen’ shy eames 2 fearangenerer ons mre aleve, ich to mga, 5. teoneeson a pd orci aco atomic Inher word eragemens oro broad ange of ie als “Te tuition between so nd fd reponse othe crs of mcrae (ce Tp 112) qantas > ened wow ther, they form a newer heh Ses asm pole oun of decane ress omove, he ere ase OY ‘fn-nking ete the network ern os Onin consti Ite mao tlc ae not cow hed they can se over one ater, Uode oneant rem thy connec to sd ovr one sotber and fw: the es omnes {ive ae to ier foc cate the macros et the il sangeet “1S Response of a Viscoalatic Materia! Unrest reset yt 0 and thn be Bld Bed “The ype rope, shown in Fite L135, costs ob 1. a examin nese sin OA, 2 Gantauasrinmgsn ie es arent ABC “The sain Oe thought fa taco asic reponse. The sein searnce ‘ABC's sonication of daoand iso fie he mater sl ae te ‘fain aspen appeocheconn vee be mater ie, be Sante anmpeonely approaches ott ale Ith sei ened 20 ane heres pal 1. some instantaneous in covery CD, 2 layed vecvery DEF“ she aerial ate, generally he amemcoperd heer fecovere 20 thee me eae fee Toe cotued eramg 0 Dow a Fe ee ee clled ee (Eh ede ono rep, line our or Newnan ads Rave + com sence rep) NEtMtad feed Then tn the pal ‘espa how in Fae 11 1 ae es stantansout amp ‘omeraiie O" 2 hemmed to mati the mea it etn aa wth ea STAT StS eaten ene Meeernte siete Se Se SS ee ee erences cai Sct rbd bre vic wed ene ec ada os cae sr ee ee a ed ery te yg oe eee aes peat eee oe eee ret mete eae are score A eh tcrareovcoetolig rece Seta aor ee or moan et See nie Te ra oe ei ing ct = eee [eer nin mec Tie tre ene wet mel oe nat se rane rorellae eechogtruseaen sa ce ses cide pe eee Ct cen oe aces tre en res eee Seppe hearer seabed 0 vrals{ ————— se “hitve™ ach atvng atthe ame Sate oy a ine a8 shown to gate 115. The corcponing ssn time wall sie aT Sepa ie ¢ cnt teen the vt papa the pap forthe cor sou tepooding srr tore. A leet ie ‘Sera graph i commced fr ech = Noe abr ofthe oy (pare Asi semen canbe made fr ¢ fd dhe wine * "Ths pis atone af a vom She up to tne tare known, or <0) the Secure of ras of op f0 UOC F MC Fan 144 Tp sep ele Hen, Mera Inc, nother ers, esamdindenoe ‘ps ne mera a a bx ‘natbepeeceing stain bisorscrcompue|¢) °°! known th poeesding se star “ener eases Tne spcme Som roi gil shape and then eel ht stay, sme tata he wet doe some obenseeommcat anno ‘Onedanenioal sicorc rps canbe trp 2 + eommaons! ici anal wate eres SESE roerns by combing te mechancalanlogs forts imple sponses inte more complied mechani In ft, vacoeasie mechan espns ‘cal sinuse! by Geo apemseescourdempereuminasoans show Foes ene nina eit et encom Aedes: might te oven 2 Bese specie. They do ot neatly rove might no she molar bau for vcs spose They alo canoe [thought of x ponding 4 riproue mathemati foundation fe the to the ‘rps of vicottic mea Toe axe chats we wil show how hese chan sogs ad 0 elation texwen he set har an theca hor for ene densa spose under ‘Sonn conos, lg out ha tere no ume combination of spn and Sious dangers wish wil mult specie colt pose iene nam pegs al wai damgers a prove te same muon 41.8. Typical xperimantat Results “Typical experimental data ae shown a Fgues 1174-175. The enema “am rope ain i hn ag L's iSite Ply and Worky Dt pe 2) Neth ais do or cared 1 percent andthe ie ale meas in andes fore Als ote a he ‘cll douhed 925, o pled Soy, theaetesponig eg tai ‘pprosimaely dole or tile. pea ee SF hala 508 yan Woe gy nina Tene Nex note the ee espe ofc cere shown in Figure 1.17 (dey 9th 71-7 Nien 1962: igure bl). The se : fm it cay ame he [Norse ttt testes edu, be corerpoting sane tect ee em louie. Thee tw figs show tht each mater tr mn charac ep oponse Te Fg .17e dens the ao oy Ths ae shows how oy vats ora smateral when the Sein janps it va fom to fo ce and i then Kept fed {Bacal Caaf nd Toby 1952 3374-338, Tobelky 1960 Fre TS) ‘The ornate represen ales flan whe the abi eps lng)(ite | inp Fer LI Cone ae a 2° ne 190, for sme vale of K-The rest show er elation. A signin feu that. eye dees rm shut Ht 074 ota jy Seve by 2 co X Ress of deren ries of sts ate shown in Fig 1.174 Koo nd Die 1955:177-186; Nien 1962: Fae 5A species payed meter subjected tan longtion san wh cesses cotta tate The nt ‘ach stant plone versa the sess tha it, Clery the eu een ot Fe 117 shows x plo of log 2/% ver afr the same kin of op sai es diced in onlancton ws Fge 113 Joos 1965 Fndey, sod Onarn 1976: Figures $20 and 52), The wt wee perfomed om sl rocker propel, Th rule idcate es tlvation on tee ale ered in wsoms Nt tha theses redasation depends om terete, A Poon pe Sie ale shown in Figure LITE. Now that ede fac of 10 on ‘ime ines, 1c, women) or Le fm bar G9 anal ad le Sew nr sep aon th nnd obey 58 RS Tl ae Rn acta oS ‘an ehge 117 shows the arin sponse pec bythe ses hor nde in the shaded wper pct ofthe fe (Sand Sacman 96% Fue fh hae str of 450 ps applied aie ere and ten teddies pee 400 econ The crtsponding seam ist preset by edad Oe, tine wal shows, he apes (oe jumps nan coesponig to he ons sre ore cat while the ss is ro ding the ine neal fo 180 soe 10 200 sone he erie ill ing Slag pk Jn onder traci tema rpm fear ice we show thats proportional sand (2 seat sope ofthe oe pap The oven patently characte by angle mer te slope often ele sce Serres nah | jects cane en cena peer tee ei ‘Log Tis es, & mperty. ihe a i hl tn pn en dg te nee ge forgone that there could be oolaear retin Aceon then contend (eke Sr PY pet a fd ere Pee Sa aS Sight ine ate ewes eon sna 2 fs chursceaing proper. However a ean ‘terials with nowatapt oe parts are considered the stanton etc dt {erent There snow a init auter of psi forthe shape of bene, Thus the ene oe curve, or the faction fic) spend wo chenwetes e tcl propery ‘he sitson in viola i see ott dissed shove. Altough san ‘ices cn be speed for deeming he exhancl response of «mat te St Ra Maan | He : | eS P| Paes a P| [pt oes]i Stucco cone See ame coer a number of andar ee and he ast mail oper emer est Suppose thats seinen sbi to step ses teat dere ses eve shown in igure 118, For cach es iether cotesponng apes oe Shown in Pure 188 Le assess Since) for <0, alo required thar Jige) =O fort 20 The etn, odd tor tlltina #aad vss aes, in stmssneasaion 1st [Now suppose thatthe seinen subject to ep stain ws at difecssl lees shown nFgre19s, For each ain alae hee corey ae Ssh cn ‘Asim the rep es rgd cht a for £1<0.The function te) 8 aneher spose fncon fr the mate Viscose materials ar fen subjected ots involring soso nitions ‘in which the sain fas avery small apie 2 i ‘Eonedbyfpandsbelonetion bye, sone anes ‘Freeh tiger heel apd scenes re shown in ies 2.1 snd 2 pectic. Usng the aon of foe alte, the fore ar seen 0 5 the sation arena) Fol en comm nectiae | W\ ” Aitiomdaithcrin® = (22) sa eta foncs-ofoauarion wearin Renal tom Bern it rue Mata ale Mev on ‘char tht he focedetoration ‘lato forthe nar sping 2 Fol) = nol en Ejosion 21 Gough (ca pow be combine that he force) pid {Er Move ou tlds Al) the rota! elogation ofthe mode. Nore the EMSS ofthe dpnceman af the grein (28) Thi apes tat the ‘aso in 22) te ileeriated wih respect ae 0 ge Ait) = Belt) + Sot. es ee (23) lo diferente with espe ime, rig i) = BAG. 24 Now eliminate 4) and Sol) by sbsuting fom (24) and (26) ino (2.2. Fry ave to eione 0) 0d Fd) aterm of FR). The cei te fere-eformain laos fede Maxwell ode “This impli const eatin fhe form nemetene. an whee gifs af mata paramere asciatd wih the Maxwell mode PanatsPPy ae cosas defied 3 tain na come 89 dave the following phys desis dings 7 es) singe = Fp. dim yw Fae 2 Fed one hepa ame eM eh 8“oot cono0Ns "Rosen in Chap 12dscusson of vizelast sponse nvees consti cof aro stain tore which hav ump dacs ie. Let) no 3 fancion which has» ump acne aie Tap shown in Figure 2.3, "The lowing noation wl ewe odes he farp sonny at tine Liming value rom he el $= HELO \sindaga le yom Lining abe me Wen Ea 0. octnes\eaebe ef nf) ape gh cen ety Ke AE. Terao) mes = einige 23 y diy Te ee shows the case when f(T") = f(T"+). eens) Syn eon oe maeostep anion se Tee so aii tee easy ee See a ter ian opom Hower Se ieee aso cee te sop a ec see i era ‘sant ey bea ncn peace nc sgt wee ney nny tc es apc daa helt anes sean tes “Snel cg hin oe Sn ge nt dy ano ee Guop ern Tame anh wan thesia dos a ae ey: Expy espe ros ‘Stusupsrs t.ho pred ‘so.rapidly-as to be unmasusable and pechaps uneeproducibe. The actual and ideal ‘anatn emetogenic er SEI a pyre te sep ee cele tet pcm tow el ‘SEAT dems co) Te psn es ion 23 Jap dni we indicates he ener ist inthe ition ofthe desi lion. igor ma ‘Sra ements be found elewhete ce Pg 1965: Chaps 15; Gun and ‘Senerg 1962 Theorem 42, p. 317) Leto) Bean arbrary ares hitery with (0-) =O and o(0+) #0, As shown in gue 2) cam be repaded a be tof seguro sacle st02h Fitne o() nthe folowing ner. Let ff, bea sequence of Cis th gO an ss Fo each ied vale of met o(0-) = e(0%) =O. ASO, elagmmtpamtetmew tor Tam 0) he a Lac s)he she san espns 0,40 tht esas (2.8) ateach ie > 8 die= Pita ay) i sensonable tau thatthe sin hor ates inayat ne +=0, and (0) = 502) =O. As 20,0?) a ds) anpoaches the lng sa itoy (whch sis [28 foe tine?» 0. Ths (2.8 bldassner nent fants sate direst bay Now inert (2.9) from # deem and cen we ein condos. eedsbonetssenf ate om Se oa ces nlf) o18),t > 0, e4fb.) + (0+) tee to Fore 254 uate of ccs ae a Speedigt cthtimonbrmny aceae \ tim [* o,(e)de=0, + | tali4="° Ob auilt, blleoals ao elas cae = en) aco) | a) scan be reseed inthe ones of te meh analog. Using (2.9) ad repos by Fane bs acos) = 1 r04 - (23a) ef Jade ae tae sccoterenenan na ntact, Sen = nett gta ‘oeenlpe he Laren (28) fort > 0 0d gm gla (2.13) a Ps Sopa wa 28. ‘anuarion 8 wo0 ee eer eh av jmp decom of 0+) = en a= ser wich he aa ished conta shown in Fg 6 Th wile refered cp sca his. The es fowd Wom (28 for times > 0, which eds eu) fecal eqtion forthe sre ior. hash ‘sltion a) arn, 1s) “The constant often A ound wing 2.13, aeOe)=a60=P0(0+)= A (216) tre es espe fou : efltermme, r>0 a7 [ ymefteon, en and shown a Pigs 2 ath bee "Noe tha the expen fo the stress in 2.47} BK linear in theses yy ae he ses esos fbr les seaing. Tis ees the fact that +> (25) + tea ‘ganar, and tar the * © nocnlesespouse fe cre Satie Tat deed in Chapter 3 eb tes elton Near fancion fr ds model ‘his hows hat he Marl ol xis mpl, The se aes Completing he tl pee i he hog Gt, 21 cn te wen one ef Eand ps inmtetier | (2%) tals om (28) din f= inp) ~T. Ti pn acs tine cl he to sine Eton 2190 ese comascity C2 PE asm) “helaperthe le frye sowerthe es elas The lation ine yh ‘measure of how guy the tres rns. Sp ta SCRIPT hry which as a jump dscns of (04) = 0 2€2= 0, lier hich he tet inl conan 8 howe a igure 27. Th willbe ered Se sep ses try. Equation (28) forthe erst sory ede © a em) (negra (2.20), he ula (found tobe orapates, any where a integration constant. Ths can be found sing 213) (0) = 938 = 2 am ‘The resaking rep aan ven by a) oxy Rela the vicoatic epnse described tit the cep complies, sa ied in Char 1, seen to be ef G0 Rene 27 op a te Macesn bag) ox ing (255), (224) ame writen inthe for 0-2 (152) SOB aay ‘The second rm eprtent ines ices of ain wit time in rep respons. ssc doe ote liear Woous damper ad is sce with ad oot, al te hown in Chaps 4 “The erp sponse describe by thi model isnot stiscoy shows that he swede acest contac sn immed instead of gradu as uly de (oem vicolate terial The Coan train ender conta ste nd ‘les tha thi a model for fad seapose ‘asponefor an Aria Sin story Using 28) and (213) pombe oes the esto) a ime tin ems of she san hitrory (0 © + Todo hin die trough 2.8 and ed smal theres by the etegeating factor oT res am be writen de fm Cao} fe noite a2) ‘Now ingratethi om 0+ toa abrary tne #0 oben brie aor) =[, Bernbanae 26 "Net that i acer ode ewe the creme & hone alae he ‘ype knit of megrato, snd he aia of pation Now we 2.13) and tea smal he eat by co obtain te Bal fms at emo.) 4 [ Memniwry Boer Memnroa on tree un enn 8 hts sincineafcreniee om Irisabo poet dere an expos forthe teins) at ine tin tems fa cbiacyaren igre). Todo this, (2.8 rom 0 eo oe to produce sie -a00) nf aoden toe am ‘fox analogous (2.28) in rerms ofthe creep fnton J) ca be obtains by ‘aera the seo ipa in 2.29) by parse (oo ew Sahsinting (230) into 2) and the sing (2.15) lad to the following expe soa fo) co (e Panos [2 (Me s)pone om Finally aig the defniton of the rep facia in 2.20), (2.3) Bao sonnet ox 1. The models desc by elation 28) noling inguin dierent operat, ogaierwispondiins (2.1), whch serve at nals flns Tha aren ecauie the equi for the mechanical talons, fone balance, and ome ae lea. 2. Geneal expressions can be obtained forthe ts te in ee of dhe sun tar ope ine ever The he ae endo on he 3. The easton function and th creep compliance fo this del dames: seat csrved behavior bgsabmateals Scribd in Caper Taegan 4. The cer and res elation respons show ta hs agnor 2.2 Keluin-woige mode! “This mol, consi of sping and swacoss damper an parla shown in Fue 23, snaher basic mechanical aa for est ponte, Fone annus feeb diagram foreach componcat ofthe amy shown in Fgue 29. ree lace forthe ead pee gives Riaheideo fot. (233) sowcrry eis cee om Figure 28 that,0 gee 29 Tenge oe oon eins mah dinrmastts= doi) a) {eeeermmron serone Moree deformations forthe near sing ad inet vice damper ae che same aed in ding the Mawel de and are given by (23) and 2). "The fore-deformation ation fr teases ay aban by substining oom (2.3) an (24 eo (2.33) and thea sing (2.3 This ves tomo. (235) “The coreponing expresion i tars of sess and sain it mom ae a a36) whee the params ar deine by mah eB em (2369) and have he dimensions . dakar ment, aeenZ (230) [Asin he eae of he Maxwell ode acer 9 obtain conditions foe @ jump dco wl beac ee considera ain ia ef) wth amp ‘comity at! =O Let basen approximation othe strain ioe), akon i gue 2.10, ehanges fom o(0) = (0°) =O and consis wh fet > "The corepondng ses hor sis equation (236), sesame em ger 20. Ase iy pining in Now itgrate(2.371 fom time 0-10 by ce ‘As forthe Mawel mode, 0-)= 60 See) bounded, feet 20 ea) r(04) 0. Now con: 0) ea) gaftetnn om i cto 28 es tar see . ow “Thus, accnding tote Kelbio-Voigt mol if 4 mata undergoes 2 ep win, 0.01 bs at econ unbounded as mvc a sch a we ha the oe Ser theo eve he ae in 80. Tham near #0, of) ete Dias dl, which ded wo hat, Be) =0, #40, 60). -undened, ee a oo anon Pe ‘sory, bt te sess Bound, hes ef! csind=0 an) i 20) and te proper codon re 09)-0 aa sunroom, Simeon cone Fora ep sri sory) = qt 2 0, (36) ies the res response as pole) = oem #20 (ass) Combining hs with (242), the sess elation response can be writen a8 aw nal ears] ewe) neh eee set Sesion itGy = ha ys. aan Cea aat ‘The ar an i ry how ng 233. Th epame Pca oft cog methncl no laws a ‘tone mae nec ac age leon ee retoreTir cnr damper en hal a et ph TEPER ST ay face sgl a ced ye te seed ve Sueaaaason mma Creep Response Foca step tessa, 36, fot 2 Othe sri ito responsi found foe s+ BeaBey, 150. eas) ‘Using de inerating fico 06" and he intial contin (2.4) the cee sin tnd fens the resp nsion ae found be Ho) = 22. ~ Pe (aioe, (249) Ics seen from (2.36 hat digi (ay = T, and ence ta g/g sharctericie tine of sponse whch eden strc an ale the retardation time (eit 2, | oe ‘espane to an Arbivary Stain History (Ginen rain neyo, 0 St (2.36) cl gies the sce at ie fo). We(02) Otomo) i mae ing (2.42), Egon 236) colle writen ‘he frm (228), where Gl) 5 given by 24) espones toa Arar Stress Htory Lere(0¢2t be an atry bounded ses itor. Using te inepating facor #0, 236 an bitrate om Oto. Use of 248 esa iirc) Ba oie al Lette righshand side be ingrte by pres 20 at toc). Thi end 0 the equation (1 nie aon+f, BC = dB) ads, sn) srhich ha he same form (2.2) but wth the cep fant given y 2A. 1 The sts nd sai ar agin rete by lina nia dees ope the reltion being valid fr #0. Th saplenente by ample taal ‘endo, 2. Gencalexeesions can be obnined for the sess atime fin tems ofthe ‘Sta sory ap tone yon ne vere, These ave the fon (228) 0 232), ‘bt wih tere rep oF reasation functions 5. Theses season oot guia, 29 he cepscspomein Poor peo ‘inases tothe Bebaoeofcelmatnl described in Chap 4 The cnn eqaton forthe Mexwell model contains the ft Sine ds aes ofboth sess and stain. The construe equation forthe 7 ‘Steaua doneiv altbesnaiaroe dew Tee that lade the unbounded see asociated wh um nce an2.3. Thme:Paramoter Soll or Standard Linear Solid ‘Nether the Mawel ode nr he Kelin-Vogt mol rons 2 story ‘miaion oP eee Yoda pons. The simp model which does hs {Ber snlid eonses of 2 Mawel model and» near ping in paral shown in Fpwe 91, Keli-Vont mel nd linea spin Ss shown Figure 23k The fcme endo ode wih es Bounded ree, he the ae ends to. moda in whch saeanous Jogaton now publ Both mal ead thesame orm of eon eqeaton involving ses stain and tine Discusion s rovaed forthe Maxwell model and sping in paral “Toe frce-longaton ration fr themed! ir developed hough te use ofthe ere pear lsd in Appendix A. Quaniessocted with the ‘Mawel element ace dene by 3 abu Mand wih he spring by subi once unis Fors blac forthe right ed pice f te chanical anal es omen, as From gre 213, ts seen hat pm suds as 233) once anexniow narons "Tse am be writen 8 wena, as were the forse-logaton elation for he Maxwel model in (2.7) has Been ews Tem wing the dlerenal operator algebra. hee ee peal “aay —+) - : eh ce mt tere i Sul ett a In ode to wse (252 ine te ttl ore F forts Fy and mast hae the same diferent operator coefficient. This sang by operating an (254) ih (D/E) + (a ae Ges)e-a(eee) as Fann 259) (259 cna i hing (23) tst0~t(B=2)as+ Dau am Fran.) are edo ain ation hing ony Fy ed)e=(oli8) +E) asy Tisai a forstee (48))oa sea es sich implies the conte equation weet aera 20) og compen iecemmlecli am ‘This mode involves hme, he sums as desi ‘he etn ee nt pene nn a=1+2n. eon ‘aia conaions ‘Toe tnd ed derive the nt condions othe Masel id and Klio~ Voigt sod models can alo be applied tothe Uteeparmete solid model, The des ae much de sae forthe preics fo cans apd wil nt be epee The il condon forthe thee parameter sod ml ond be ‘motor y=qet00, ea) A prope saeeot ofthe const eustion aocted with he thee parame old thas conn ofthe dierent elton 20) fr > Otogecer with he i fonditon gen by (262). xmunron oF He 0st “The props of hs moda analyaed by means ofthe Laplace transform ee Asgendc By Lt the Laplace tafe be apple to contre uation [2.50Pat pb atv a8 263) ‘Thi canbe expres ene ners ofthe Laplace tears of esa sean hires, 2() and (Using Theor Boe the pleas of the der es (263) Bom i+ la 0+] = a+ at ~ (02) aay aly sing (262), he leno a eine rom 2.64, ecg (oy +s (ao +a (285) In deriving (2.65, ithe he stress ory or dhe san history has bee se ‘ied. Ths 2.65 date he Laplace ator =) ofa general tia hry) ‘othe Laphce transform 2a ofthe coresponding se yo) Now conse sees nation and creep tsponse, whch inoles specie histones an hee ‘peste Laplace tanto, Stress Ratton Resoonse et) =ayt 20 Then, by (2) armed, (256) ‘When isis subsite ino (2.5), the Laplace ran of dhe ses hoy i Ind tobe (a) = 2 + a6 Ma be HP e In comsiderson of (2) aod (3), ii fal to seni 257) ss) ‘which the Laplace teansform of ot) =0) [2 26) [eis nly show tht 26) i he come We SONI W WERE ia histo by subeting to (260) an cing (2.62), Nowe that theses ner fonction of the rain amptrade, so hat lear alng eps. Tho, by the iinon ofthe sues elation fancton i Chaere 1 omni (le Ue hw et hee rome me ans om 26 at aad am) ~As0, an) ao ee sd bene that 0) = > 2-6) em G00) = >= Gio, any “Ts the model dos exhib sess elaxaton under a sep sia hry Coser the eto pp Sie, by (2.603), dps /Po = dam /E~ T ply a chara. ini tine forse elaxson, ry, the lation tine fee ere parantesli sing the action Gy = G() an Gy, = Glos). sb he definition of 110), le) andi ers ofthe sod parameers, the reaxation futon Cl) can ow be ‘eit he orn B= Ga Gg Ga any) ‘The parameters inthis expression are readily elated tthe proper of he Git) tsaph shown in Figure 2.18, The observed see renaton fr tas model nore Sharan of actual mater rapone thn eer the Mase the Kel Voie ode a7) When isi saint ico (2.65), the Laplace transform of the corepoding sain histori foun 9 be coma ps ‘Ths has the same fom ai (2.67) bac wih 3 replaced by 2 and with p and inechanged. Tha ee wlusinfc te sean Seri yng oa 4 siomielBBpoun), a7) ‘his ea shows that he rin tory ste |} fes incr sealing. Ths the creep cmnlace 7 forth node 2) e275) a am oe that | pase pot | a7 oe er 2 tin ge ee1 aes) 27) 10)~ at andthe rin hinory dots giv he expo cee respons. Ths cee sponse ‘Movs ace 15 sco fo that which sacl observed than seen with her the Manel or he Kelin-Valg nods "Now coer he ai g/t, Assording 0600, and dig, = T. Ths ase carat ine for cep asoited wth hit See Te eee to oa charcerie etardtion recep ne for he ‘Fextharmer slid and ib enced by Ter Nodng ha 7x ~ps/Po= w/E and Tecnu ican be shown om (260), (2.72, a (2.80 chat semmfeeg) oboe) ater as so hc the ecardation time rete han he elation in, Using (2.78) ate “Rnon of reste expesion forthe cep compliance J) given by (2.77 canbe Weise tbdem here em sehich is analogous otha fo the tre aeatonfancion Gl) i (2.73) ean toan Aiea Sin Mistry Reval ie (268) bods for aciary sss and sain hors, et now be 19) = 8K ess : ener ies ” By (270) the Laplase transform of she sess «| ‘station fncon for thie model 8 C= 2/9 This found fom (267) 0 be gia = 2H ig Ge) =the am) ‘Nate that by combining (283) and (2.84), the (2d) can bi exprested ely eras of Ge, a (a) = aCe). ss) Sieh nie Selden bene Stmapaenes 2) = Cet) as) e007) meray corsemtetememe Tg opscien, 8 pet. GD = Goo H 1G Geo) Se wrmemn enets rain, 48 1 Thre 2 th iene be Lape ef of sas) eior9G0+ [Glad ean in which Gl) gine by (2.70 of (2.73). Tha the ses ine again gen teoms of the ain istry upc tine y 2 elas af form (228) ‘espana an Abieary Sess Histoy ‘The trl ator of he strain ory canbe ween nes ofthe Laplace teasorm ofthe set sty sing (2.45). Thi elation has these forms (2.87), > tie wih elaed by © and wih p and interchange ee, the relation fore Srna ine canbe obtsine dey rs 2.57, and os the form cinmaunsedensetnd, ap : TE * Foot (Fo- Tae) smaieeeenneeeet one ee ‘Tn the set model whore behavior souls af beens observe i she baie aca ie 124 W Maxwell Elements in Paral “There ate sand ginralations ofthe mecasical analogs which are oes Consider nthe penealeaon N Maxwell elemens are asebled in paral, Shown a Figue 216. The fore, elongation, spring costar, nd eon forthe ‘element ae dened by Fy Ey ad spect ances Consideration ofthe fe-body diagram of oe ofthe basin Figure 2.16 sows hae bafotieronrty: 2s)faery See somerey Teen fom gue 2.16 chat Wrapper Ay 20) saab oncarion necaions ‘According to (2.7), the fora-longaton rations for de Mawel element are eon) daw (Prin Incrdertowe (2.89) een forces andinodeee theta fore the foe slongoton laos fe he emens in (291) ac operated ona show (2.90 fom Goad BB -2) (Bek) Poa Eade EAN(Bet) (Ce) a): Ga) Gra) "eo ci Fifi le ne hn eso (232) ae added and wet then made o (0) an (281), eeu ce ae tlongation elation forte chanical ssl, Gea) Crm ex ‘This ode epee ke response, since eich visooe damper can elongate without imi long asthe Fre apd Soli response can Fe ote by leting sy 2 so thatthe Nh cleat seduces t 4 speig. The sstntneoes lois sponte can be eliminated by lesiag Ey — oy so ha the Nik Sone Tecoma a viscous damper Toner vo simplify (2.93), lhe following mate heed, DF = ODIs, em) hee (D) and Q(D) atthe following plrnomil in he operat D, wo- Een era) Ge 1D) = (4104 g.0' +--+ gud") an (295) (Dis tctoted ad contains ll powers (erates) fom 0 9 N. Although in theo polos Q(D} can be factored nat his not ely done Dy aren zara term (gp = 0) adits highest power divas N. Thine ad ‘ke esponse. Solidi response ante obi by ating yo nos ‘an citer edetve the fore-congaon exuation forthe Node by slaving the force-elongation equation foe the Neb leet by that or vcs aoa re Mie —0 in 293) and then erate once 10 sinus the factor Deck somanon ro both sie of he equim Exter way, for apo, 293) ees FANE 8) (ele Geranesanomya ee epee ‘cepa hee BEBE gla 0+ rao a Exustion (2.96) wl be dacused here. The conte equation coreyondig vo his mode ten EMe on expanding the operator onthe sess (rtd pub*)o= (4, +9,04--+ 0D) 28) hich canbe expresed interme of he notaon into in (2.98) be O10) 299) ap Fe Do-(erao+-+a00")e am ‘aa conotions ‘These can be derive by eepeated apliasin of he aeration inthe int process sol in the previous modes. This leas to complated ompaiiy codons feling (0+), De{O4),..,DMHo(0+) and “e0s).DeOe), sD™ eid) ‘hae rela wil ot be dened ere ALuAion oft amen In ondr oda this msl et the Laplace anform be api to (2.99) ond then ase be made of Theorem BLL lean be shown ha the eons ince inal ales of tes stn and ter ie derivates eralated at = Os ach ts the dop ou a the wansormed equation ja ae oe in he ae ofthe thre parameter oli, The eat then(2100) (pot es 4a {000 +902 --+ pad} {(pernoerraot)) (Ena Gi hich shows ht i replacl by a Timi hat 2 )e}caa0n) msnareoant = (eo2) (42) -( a0 tnt ec ta 230m wie ing C29 re = O14, ann seta) Ola) Hot Hat + dye (2.04) (2105 2109 te On nt ns vif Be Telia noma iinet nto uw Aig 240 6) = G+ nn cereite oe "Seo Fg np he abr Mtn oe pes yas ee jy ie sumed cer Bnet ut ws) “he fon of he ste reason function i 2107) oF 2.108) alld Poy Groep Response “The Laplace rani ofthe sep srs tory i ge by (2.74). Using hin (2103) he Laplace tanto of he sin inry ven By Geage ie “This asthe sme form (2.10), Atbough the dominator ca, in ory, be factored ths nx enly done Aa can esi he i pone wo ete (2109) ia deform F)= a0) hh Ju A nie aig aT Neo eno) for sme romans J fos Jo en-au and ha ican be eons ashe [ipace eanform ofthe cep ompliance tad ‘Constanta dfs om the constants Gaited wih res elation and ec cep or tandaton ts which die fom the xan esr fete bt due em eam esponce to Arian Stree a Stl Meter ‘The apace entre theese lation neon found om (2.103 and 2105) «be Bi M2104 (ania thing hin 2105 pres eam Tata auy bones tea ne of fF) = c(O4)G(E) + few ~ sates (21s) 1 siniar manner, asng (2103) and (2409), he Laplace anon of he ep cnplae canbe ween ens) and then by (2.108) veeeto), au stich the Laplace eansorm of aa) = enn [70— ov enn coments ‘Te form ofthe sues clacton fenton in (2.107) amb infeed dry fom ‘he mechana analog Let the stem be subject 9a step elongation. The oa force the sum ofthe foc inthe inva well clement Which are elas, pth foe nthe speng Ug the sl free Maxwel cement in (2-13, pein poo Bg ye Baan By ens) ont ‘Note that Gid) Ep ee eflsing the fac ha llspings are sched zl Clon fei legos but he Nt ave ecoveed ht orgie & “mult Cisuson fr cee cannot he cared out or ts mel because hog the total foc conta he nda foes Fare, 251 Kelvin-VoigtElomonts in Series “The second generalization consi of N Keli-Voigtelemens connected in sei, {shown in Figure 217 ‘ison ofthis ode i et role 2.2. canbe shown, for slid wit sesaeanouncasty jy in Figure 2.17) that he conse gun bas these fog atin (2383) ‘An argument sing he chill uggs that the creep empl as the jan) a cee - a Fig 217 Mas amg NaN i Some cones aaout wECMAMCAL ANALOGS ‘Rumer of consanon rearing mechanical geen pow be made 1. Combistions of tinea pings and nervous dampers ead const uso wth ear diferent opersos lang sree and tn 2. Forcach such equate acta to die compat telson mong 2, For ach such oqtion, thes aspera bape es the ssi imo pto sine, vce es, Y felons ofthe forms 2.115) and (2.118). The various sodas onlin thesonm fg the ses elation unio Gi) o he cep compliance J 4, Thomason alos gga mate foomefor Ge ee} win Sect expr ds 126 Relaxation and Creep Spectra Conse the cxpenion for C(t) in BABB) ales «st of ies tu — {iu soln whose sales ae material proper. They canbe represented taphically a show i igre 2.18, Thyme scence deine nd weights ae pten meting within a oleae cont, The generation of thee seas nodosa comiauos dstebution of felznation tra that the form for he velaatonfancson shows (2119), ‘comer Gt = Ep [Ener az) “The hucsion Ee)ipcaila the dtl ain is, andi eset ‘Pascal ia gue 21, For omnenansein presenta common raises? lots dependen proprio a opus tue sae. Tas le totes fn tio be defned bythe lason Hs) = ¥B(@). Equation 2. 122}can then be writen iahms [Ht “The funtion Halle the lation pect: "Whe thre ares ite number fas the plo shown in igure 218 iclled | duct relation sperm, Fre 218 shows omtons eexton seca. a>) ensa In sma manne, he N’ Kelhn-Voige omen model leds 0 «generis cece complance ofthe fem 19-2 foo The naga ie) called he cee or etd opecin. For farther dacs: sons onthe abject of elation or cnc fading, ee Ft 1980: ch S.No Toblsky 196: st. ‘Ansoora he les of cunts derbnon of elation oe rep ent ‘model he crzoponding rlscaton or creep fncoon eno longer derable SGomasmecbnial slog Src aero clenetsMechansal analogs hen lores sf nd ano approach mst be developed waacemmad sc seria or creep tos cove uation Ti done athe ext shapes. ano 24 Conse 4K Voigt lil and a ping in ta Figure P21}. Show {hae the cosa equation tmp by hie mecha ang a the se form atharfors Maxwelllementand ring in pl. tn xe words how hae etme = atte {in which che costo sty the elition ra ‘sig + physical armen ase on the reponse ofthe spins aad vitcous amp i the mechanical analog to 4 step change in force or elongon, ‘edie he ial condition NV Foner, Pro(0*) = a0 22 Cone N Kelvin-Voigt elements in series wth ping Figure P22) (a) Show thar the conmaeeqaton has the oan (eto 0") (+m DE + aD) (E+ De (6) Using 2 physical argument bated on the response of the is in te mechanic analog, dics why the erep compliance hat the form He La ety st ane Bae pot hacen in which» = n/E, (6) Show tha the res elation function Gis bo the sum a N exo 10) 6, ETN bao ye CoC \ wvCHAPTER THREE Constitutive Equations for One-Dimensional Linear Response of a Viscoelastic Material wronbanationg, # snayauione ‘The study of mechanical analog in Chapt 2 edn general expressin othe set att curt een ter of te stsinNtry op ote Te onl change from one mchancl analog another wa the form the eatin eatin Gt) “Th give she impreson that elation funtion at be exposed 3 «BRM ‘eciasin(2108), This inpeesion restive ad mised Any fr foe CU) [Byatt she daa and many diferent fms ave ben sented. Earp of 1. moral polmomial fer G9) Goa, ain 2. ecinal nome form (Wilms and Wats 1970: 80-85) 60) = Gea) (G40) ~Giooye, 3. fe wiform laxaton spec Bang 4995: ch 7, 283-287) 29 ~ote(1+f See) 4. elsation das he roe ancon of probably ther Bichol, Casi snd Tobolky 1952: 3378-3381) fafa] In tis chapter the general form forthe costae eqaton for one deol liner vcoktic pone wil be derived wil be shown that he vant teal respons function ithe ses relation anton apd that mathematical ete ‘sation an be haters appeopete to Be ore at aon. it) = Gio} + orn i) 41 Gonorat Reetrction onthe Conetittive Equation In discussions of linea vcocan expo in thi andthe esi chaps cusent n i dente by #08 a etree previa ine dented by oe tach choc of are ine te stat history upto ae essed Be the st of Vales cs Since thre some deed choc of erent each rhs Weveheths deems amtontt devpnen temo ty wl ert en en oy soi "Tae eri preter nd he no aon ne on ‘htt sed Sembee (962 st 2 ‘Assinar shown in Fie 3.1, sat san iets sch este the allowing conse ssmpton now be mae sess eta he ‘cree tne pct te al peo asa i mn by wen Scent aon h G4) ‘where enon posve nab. The expen A gepesenssome proce fr ‘alii om ts). fand ale» fume ofthe sin sy. Thi general expresion fr the es indented onthe males oe ‘cain itor from nes amine st Sn the sin hors anderen ‘eration ae sucha the strain 2eo for #< Oy onl the as he at, ‘ifthe ale of (0) The lane —— led go eo bela Jumpin ssi t=. To Us way, he vale of Ti atiars and 3 coal be replaced bythe equal expression vali aw Howes, foment owe limi wil be writen Tet rn et ea ep pe chon oe a Sara dt lpn ina Shot nae ep eee oe Sthcena ee «n-=afet%o| aa in which ¢ no longer occurs sam independent vai, and whee leaned bulova from the ccren mem some eerie when aig hae pe 5 Shown ia Figure 32 Fe 51 br iwison ren In onder to seta (3.2) dt inded present on-ging 6h#€ ( subir stain history for which nonao sais fest occur at £™0. Let lee It be a end eran htory which ede to dhe Bt, bts a thet at shown in Fge 3.3. These to ain iors ae related by (Waseem. 63) ow the in sain story, the ws tine # ae applying the ain is gen by (83). Fr the wood lanny se se ne sa air oping te ain pee by soon =H 9} a ow hin on 8. sev -aleeetE al alee] os "Notice that time fy drops out of the argument ofthe strains shat she value oF% of teal af. Then, the rghhand sie of (3.5) ges the Same value a in (3.2) and area) =alts 64 8a showa ia ee 33. oN 10 A sue SHA ‘Neco sttmpion about the reponse of the atria when see i jum dicot i he sina ome inet there lo one he see. be (te wor suc ha there ca Be motanous sping elaine ‘hire illasosted a Figure 34 andi decried 3 follows. ‘Conse ai ory witha junp daconiy a ey According (3.2) hes a yy a ore te amp ie an ciart) = Aletn'eé=0) s 3a) ‘ A fat a the strain history bas 2 jump discontinuity ar cime ott ae i ist =aty-9 40 09 +a ss4--0-The empire ena ha 8—=0, cae 0 ea) “| [ee commu ao (a8 ‘cep cma cen inde , 1) £0) 0 as me increases | pes Fone ae CHAPTER FOUR ‘Some Features of the Linear Response of Viscoelastic Materials General proper of the stress raxaon and crep futon fr Enea vise asic response were intoduced in Ghaprer 1 ani 2 A conse framework for incorporating thse popes wae developed ia Chapt 3. Theses now ed to develops uber of res which provide importa ight Hest vi slow respon. 441 Relation Botwoon Rolexation and Craep Functions ‘ses cela fonction andthe cortaponding cep compliance fora soll are shows in Figure 41 In ths evo, we dep alatons betwen tt te pers The relnation function Gi). the se pan ft steps, This sess reprints the imerml foc intensity ened by one puto he mateo te ter, oreqivaleny the fc ens requied in ore foe the mater mi ‘ain is conti. The force ney elated vo th reauseent of he ong cha ‘alec ated by an fred change he sap oie ay et eat Stes elation conesponding oa ep wry toy Bede Sage ay exc esas whl de toys kept the Bd em sap, te moles on reat the aos fveable ira configurations gradual roduc lower neces, an xa sep sts apple en eau requires ht the neal {onc equls the-exeral ape ore ar sah an, When the bly tease ina stan st, the mera foc eqaed nm ta stain at aed vale sears to decree ot eli ln order ani bla scene ead the appl extemal fre, the materi undergoes aes sin which ees te inl fet acess back othe apd external force ere: Ths contig ‘ain increments re produced in onder 10 beep the mebedor coahguion tended ‘Now consider the emars inthe comet ofthe derition ofthe continne quton in econ 3.2, in tes ep ssi increment. Aso thi dev ‘in the strain increrents ust be applied a ch sad of ich mania 5 tha he corespoading se ncementspespoe fo frm te mt tp faneon, “Ths superpositions shown in Fgue 42 ‘The matematval elation berween Gl) and J) cn be obtained from (3.358) by ing tae when 6a ten ee). Than for > 9,Beane ie ¥ ovemeTe) ey cna sfigttndonde = xt oS eo pe mcinnouns rere 2 fe Snows eno so et ep ro Hoey af cumaitendee 3) ‘hn exavalet elton i obtained by ling 2) = eal) and of) = 2560) fm (38a Then Dat, Gon ae Ten scien fsimntinde PEOGHIMA WT an gations (4.1) and (42) ae intel elation ere the creep complicate ‘mn unto ther Go) Known, (1) and 2) are teaal REED ach cm fe wo! to sole forthe ore, Methods for dong hs wl be ‘Shewe in Append For the presen ese eins ae usd 0 deo ome (wel ess about (en seu demain (12) 42, Thee Ole Pane, STAI" So AC exayion= 1 EH ees) eso? Conse a viselt oli Since for sai Gl) + G() > Data then any) nthe ein Seem inde by stan ncemeat (api ace == 4 emeora Gs In onder that the san of te supepoed alc equa one 6 seeary dat ‘lays aero Tas) Jes) aso thermore, so 11012) + G10) + AI}GIe0) + = GtesiN0) + AN) +I) + pei aa ane visolasic id fo which Gl?) O ast ~ co, The graphical ere seston of the sperposton, Stown in Fue 4.3, shows tit bss £2 ‘Eitmoe addiog see ereener J(@)GU@~4) fortes 8 f~ oe. Tvs the ‘Sirens donor approach eo 5 fc. In ation sae dat ‘Ter snweme, equal von crete ust be posed a equal Se itera ‘Tite seal ncreses a contra indestedin Fg 43k this at, Zl) ite superpton of fancion which approche xed vale a 06 Ea ac tnton a ime fa howe igure 44, Ka be writen bees 4s) ‘Thecontant incl te sicsir-To se why, om to he wep ross sory 6() = 201, 0) = eat) = onhl+1h 49 “he sin rae ie 2) ell +10 an ‘As ¢ becomes large, Jolt) 0 a the sain ete becomes const ee) falows om 4.7) hat, 0 m0) an and become th proportionality somata heneen theses an the sa ein ‘ready flow, which the deaiion of vcs ‘Av imptant rest for vice Sus thatcan Be expe in ms of oy Tee (4.5) a). Ths es ide he rain try eponse tana +[.or-oihi-H0d an bic can be writen a Ke ign 43 phil ens cy oon ee ia t ee ae rape +2f cinde+ [ole aivras (420) ‘The mond integral ic obesed by wing the change of variables +=. Now onsier graphical reprenaion of the ln ings in (410), ax show a Fue 4.5, Lesne be age and conse the ltegrand Gil )6). When soul lrg vals of 6) mul alr vaace of G3). Whe «lng, Ing vis of es) mali ama ala of ‘i Geass toatemerre limon 60-0, fow-nbinds~o, any) 104 (4.10 edo oh ton n= [ota (as “Thus the vicosy the ares under the es rebstion sph os as cm FESS con | eer jae as) a ee jiios —_, ow 48, Gia pa hea 10 al ag ie Fes) at 2) mate ge 2 vas af the cep a eto ane fons at al Gna +6, Unt f le inet ca be derapd that fl 7 Heche POLITE TIS aes wa ms {i tees owstnealy and Je) oe inceser monotony they sy the fling nui ee Ree #5 MsdeGi 0, GiraGir <6 ne aad ssl os, (a) ‘Then using (4.1) and noting that Js) > 0, armen feat 900+ fou (64 + Gee ~ 10, a) which reduces to mater (as) gual in 4.15) hols for ¢= 0 and inthe int 4 oe ‘Next, apply the Laplace transfor o (4.1) and make we of Theorem Band ‘alton (B81), This sls in ee allowing elation beween the Laplace at foum of he rep compliance abd res relnatin fonction Batons 2 Danae er ain Fr eal Before, tore Pena ain bn ht 6a ae [pee om Song fn fm [1 -scnasi0f oe - [tent = 610 [ 10-2, (ncombining the Best ingulty of (19) ad (4.38,po sam (420) ca ‘According 1 (420) a ah tine) i bound from above by 1/6) an een {low ty the vere of he average vl f G(s) 8 [0 Tess asl a this pit to obser hetinssewaenenterepese res (0 thee ose telat, mem eh) shee Ee a contant Then wit dieses elation faction (335) redo 1 16) = Eel) Thus E epee the modal fea. Using (1) oF (4.2 iis (len ha J) = (1/410 a there 0 rep ube constants. 42 Cheractorstic Green and Relaxation Times [ew be illo intodace character time a which substan ses ela thon orc has csi ep. There ate many posible deintions fo sch {That ine. Sveraldfisons re peste here. The Br to aze based ‘os epee he sve elation and rep compan anton he upecpon” ‘Seotshcircoymprnc rales! cc ands tan-dependent pat which eyo fern as shown Pt 47, 6) = (a) +a6%) He) =o) ~3F0) gn Senor scharsnclaason vine nd nde charset an 1600) 6], Woo) = 10 (42) eu ests 70), “The ae df as he ines whe the tangs rom ¢= Ones the ong ae seo a jf 8 wh a4, Dconpotin te la tad poli fr an ant ee [ee -cmtse —_fany-nond [eo=amre" *" Fe soe “These ar deine by the est momen of he ine dependent pars of ie) an. 423) In onder tse te sgicnce fa charac reentiono rep tins, conser two relaxation fncions, Gy) and Gl). Lat G,(0) = Gy), Gos) ~ Gee, nd suppee that G() slats more guy than Gy() Rel the soperpostin onto lating i?) and J) shown in Fie 42. This superposition cons ‘on i shown in Fgue 48 for G() aed G3(. Now compare the superpostion onstocons fr Gs) and Gy) order to superpos terms ke 3) Ge) 0 {ul up consanc sta ces san ncreent mat be added io soon foe Gal) than fr Gy) Thus he strat buds up more epi for Cy) tha for C1) ‘Cetp. css thee imetwaboc, noe worden inp decree, "An expo fori terms of rca be dexloed for both ofthe above kon: For Deion 1, wl se eo Problem 48 0 show that Defnion 2 wil be coder fo the ae of lis oly From (4.21) and (4.17, 2s) 1+ Oe) inthe defions (417), (4.25) 0 oa ‘ewe 4 ens ls onan eo he ace am yyGe) = 222 6-086 +018 oy ay va 402, ~ dam Fara s0,~[ cn f £ (427) sie [ori an atom Sabie hse i 4.16] and we (4.4). Then sang colin ofl powers of the anor parameter a gies Hex}6) = Gle)ah G(x}, ~ 10086; (25) GA By (4.29) an 4.27) darn es tid (4.28) can Be writen a a, h (429) AG" "Ah — ‘Sayin 20 29 kere p50 nonegis[ it) -otw 0) [Noe tha according to (424) ad (4.30), re> my Ppkin 1972: 38-37, ‘See thes defo of carers dines aus in cing the proper "sof vce mata Hawever, doesn pose posible may of he to develop elasons beeen the characte ses elation ad cep ie st was done for Defitons 1 and 2. Addona ditions ar resented ere fo he arpse of completes, and only or he charset elation tne ‘erin 3 1p ore to pesenr@tonr alge ne range, sich seamen fm 10° Aliment he renxaon fancoon i oft plated wns la The, Bren (0) ke Glog be deed by the elation 3 ‘doi aan ‘Thiscan be eerste graphically, a showa in Fgize 4.9, Sach pls commas a ‘ncn point. The haa seston ie saga he ine men ‘heiaeton point occu 28 ine hen EGiowmd| Monet (432) 4, Mts lato on a ise ig eso pe besaro Another definition ofa characteris relation time occurs when logis is pled wes logigt which aes reuse Gl) san rary ever seca dead ‘This plot also has am nflsion point which zu a diene ine than ht Defaion 3. According t dit lat defion, the sharcesic relation tine ste the conditon ota, Clg?)| a 106947 Inn “These dfntons ae wales ony. Fr Bui when J) has he form ia (4.5) andre cul be defied se fren Fanaa naa ena’ Tics ‘The tion hewatn 2 and se higher momen ft elastin fai Iki noes convenient xpreston sod will no be precel ee 43 sTisoe Sipps tha he sina mein sine neva so tht new sin incre are ppd Before th ted oh xing erect = ‘ele very mc, a sbown in Figie 410, Then the tne iva between the sh increment is smallcompaed withthe edsation ine lad of cose. tne Jmtrval beween ssn Incemens, af t f- ene Ase nia dence seeThis i ine ner when stants has ben imposed on aerial. This sation, in whch the proces tie is sal compared C0 the ‘elsaon fine, can be smote wid the non-dimensional peace /7p In ‘his Staton, ti lage mame, alte (435) (One convenient mena for ry can be obtained by wing charset in ate (Sng he tne ine undr onside ay. Sn ny = 1/7, rtm be {alee a /¢). The non dimensions pare can be reesprened a 779 = 29% ‘Tae condion (4.35) hatte proces essa compared ote sues relaxation tine cone: ‘The superposition onsacon shown n Figure 4.10 supp that a et apocos ina othe conatate equation for ea aningcan be obtsne by nepasing ‘sre elation, and ung ol he santos este Als ot) = GOK) sn Jes wll to del 4 more pope jute approximation to he conisve ‘auaon when th carci relaxton tne rge compared 0 te proceat ‘Se Fo this arp onvenin 0 wie the conti cation in he om in3%, ea 436) st) = ctf ra oan ‘Let denote te duration of nets foa sein history and assume ha ie stisies (455), Comider the aia history on 2 ne sel normale y the proce ep Sh the see reattonfncon Ge) on =e ale oral by the characte Ini elaatio ine sy. Tha wares) *) a(t) rey dundee bags a = Leura) “Te integral in (4.38) cm be wren a8 fjewrte-au-2[ (Zea. (4a) Lasing $f and = ey the nepal in 4.41) becomes 2 6(2)s0-na, 42) andthe fl consteatie equation (4.8) becomes t)= crore 4 Bf." 6(62)e( a). «sy 1 pieces aah 8 8 ai ait satan 9 sues a pt atm ca te Forth Wl vn es) ed Cy) we onl as Toe 6(2) -6m +02). (4) sd (4.43) becomes s)aro(2) ‘Thus (1371 the lowest onder approximation, when 7/7, bacomes exremely smal. The nex level of approximation ix gven bythe ft two terme of (4), vs an eror on the ore of the gun of 7p, Use (4.39) ad (440), ci ‘ext eel of approximation cn Be wate 36 ot sie f Gox(t 44s) 9-04-20) 9 Ia fe, A) i bined case te me ital deformation eet Sort compet the lation fe ee easaton fuNcon at Be app ing is itera by 6) ~ 600) +5610) + 044 aan ‘Toemahodued in deselping the apecaimaion i 46). sel on hat iao- eco er S67 an ba er otter oe cone oh carne with anne atid le yo thatthe sues de to ot trent hs eset) fisted ot before the ext sia incemec oa be poids shown in Pg 4, ‘Bug basen nena rey ae angel dean ett Ae ii de ee ee‘and ny In es fe average sain std, his eatin cocepond “The sperponion shown i Figate 4.21 sage taf approximation tothe ‘ons equton involes the long tem dls Gl), ot) = G(et. (649) As efor, tis wel to develop a more propel jute approximition othe coonttve equation, bu now sing the conto hat de cancer easton ‘imei small compared the proces time, For ths puro, et the cosa ‘ution be writen sin [3.36 with he lation decomponed ai (421). Ti ‘abe weiten a2 ath =a0}G(=) +200 foe -ndes cnt cafe etna] sconctr+ scan Se tamacins soe as [Now let el) and AGL) be wre tin (439). Then 9) _1 in) _ Ay, Thay diay el amd (4.50 becomes co=coox(2) +40s0(2)+2fae(2(S2)a am Toole he sew viable 2 = 4), ad et (4.52) be wenn at ao.~ ovwe(£%) +eae(£) +2" acrae((£-2) ae - Rec at ry, bd consider ies # which are larger than the characteris elution ine ia he ene at keto 7 2 (4s) for sme inger K Forsch ines, AGU sey sal and the second erm (433) ean be eget. "Now contr Fig 4.12, mich shows the factor inthe integrand of 453. ‘When neat tr values o tra = s/t) ate 0), These aed by vals of GQ which se sul, a mentoned above. When zi neat 30, Gia) is aeae ts gas val an /rq~2)r/m) em be approximate by i ag) fay (6-98) 8)-8) os lncenes However, the ear i mliied by AGIs) which decease a inreste Now sibs (4.35) (153) 0 ge t= G00i( 2) +na6u/n +20((2)3) f sewer (2). «39 Sct ste ga be api y ‘eg AGteidem [ates as Combining (4.56), 457) and he above corms le to the approximate con rive equation io =Gone( £8) «22( (2) 2) f aces sn) ct ee of approniaton sen by #458) ng (39) and 4.31 incon wien sip = cto a [facia wm nef, (4.59) abtaned became the rts elation proces crue sli ‘api eae othe procs ne tat oly ret deformation ates the se, ‘hac is é(—5) canbe approxinated by (near The method sed is developeano seo tom the approximation in (458) based on tha noduced by Coleman and Nol (as60y ‘Sains can lobe cnsdered in which the ine inva of res variation lage os elie othe charac rep i Inthe sts te pros tine ull be taken at 7p = oy/0, here op Sam average sess and 3p an aveape Stes re The serena params wo be cel. Fgue 4.13 shows ‘Mpetostion contraction for rap sad slow Toning eave he character {Gee tne. Aco ths ire aby analogy with theres jo obtained for ‘Hen elation the folowing cam be aed For ep loading, the oe dnesional Durance and te lowest oer pronation ote comet equaton ee by = HOH, srelde 1 (460) For sow loading, thse ate gine by Hie Hostel, roan 4 aon, 44 Some examples Iustrating mptcations of Fading Memory Ta dscssing he consisve euation in Chapter 2, i ws pine out hat es ‘lmao rei memon” ir he mtr epee Two examples fr presented to explore some conszuences of fang marine. These examples Sib rere the purpose of ilatrating analyte metoss for us the consaie ‘ution Fon 3, Top: st ee pe es ie Bt: hr at crane ee sor Suppose 2 ner vscocasic soli i sujet 0 a sin history which var sbi ring ome nia tne itera eation Tad the hl sora Stas shown a gure 414. The stain hisry can be expressed a {etiam ) vee aay stata de cep rc ei a a saint Tn eae on te cnie qsni 78 st) = contra sy send ne ih Ah (bl se atieDtieh acer ahr oe SmovieSen tytn ot) = Gita + Gtr aeeide eof Ges) (4st) ecu niles end er seg ie Satet eee etarcaats ae st) = =o [6a ce ow cnet nega in 465 34 os 6) 6) ‘rcpt re eo re So ne =. a peace eee eat Taegan at Wie i ht er Sats citepaa ote inl ee a Scie det eee ee hain Sage cent aeen ek eee aqameoeree iether epee tind hee come oe Conte tage gence fie Soke JFerAl enn = wing fed, while G(¢~) rans othe sight In tis many, the values of [Git on this treat decrease mononicaly ower, ad so does the ep “his cision shows ht enation Ue Ss srrpon re (0 T3 ‘o-havedecrensng nfuene on fe iene seo aie nen ‘nie Conte dian en re REN SELES Ta an Fpue 4.16 these ae impose on» nee vicolac wl the dence in he fy av shown Frgue PEZD. Show that aftr some Ee tine @ = Glo} Etna his es] ewe owe Hh {03 Consider scar veda oid. Sppose da the ste vate aciaily sing theme imectal 0 andi thn remove 0 tft) = 0,8 > Show tha he material ecovers original shape as fo, {at Aner vicstacic material sje oa zeta (2). Ane ‘pesimen is subject mo see haory 2x0) which ec mn (0) by + “izubance of Ste duration Ty ax shown in Fue P41, fe) elt for ines > 4 Ty. Use he proper of genoa rep oF ‘eaxationfnction axl = 01) +410, Gen safeties Sly otpeers, {5 Conte a incr viola materi or which Ge) reaches Gu at fite time a shown in Figure 4.153, Sappos that sain isto) and Esl), coimade afer some tne a shown in Fre P,1Sb Show that ser ‘some te inthe ference in thi sess har oy = 4), becomes er. Exit th ie. ser a Bie ine (a) lech graph off. 1b) Consider te hatres (2) and ot) which ence afer time Ty ‘When wil he comespondig stain hore cine? (17 aap seine, the es relate ding aie ne nese, Now et the san hry be arbitrary ing tne eel, afer which the esas ero Using the otituive equation ate fom oe cnet + [Coed eerie these aks foe the tes sda 2, AW A inese vino te specimen i sabe 0 4 aera tory): An Sienical specimen is subjected to a sess huey c() which ies from c(t) bya stance of Bate duration ff eat af) 510440, 0 ret =| abteay, SF, On het Consider the tse ofthe distance ofthe diese in srs iors, nlf) 00 8 lows. (3) Se pam eprn or mi) ~ Fo a0 ee Fy Ue wal ‘ran lation fancon. (by LeeGit)= Ga {G5 ~ Gule™™. Show that 0) (fries > 6 ‘a be esd in cn fo) ~ (6) (e) Using the elton in pat (cima how lang ithe forthe tof he ddzarbance o become neil liner vacoltic so has a ree function which Reson constant afer fine se 1 The solidi fo be sje wo a spaced sees tory (2 Hoeve, he speed tess hor is sed bya diarbance i) of Ei uration Ty which cars ne Ty 0 ret so { an, ialenom or Ait Ley) be the sain hry corerponding ose ito, Dsus the lof he dsurtance onthe deviation fom stain hry (ho inesCHAPTER FIVE Histories with Constant Strain oF Stress. ‘Rates ‘This age sees seve purpss, Fest, the gecrl consi gation dere pedi Chaper 3 is wed stay the espero near vcore mtr 02 (Sas of tries whch ar fer tad in tes stra The bist der com ‘Sderon involve const rates. Tete may be stain const in which the Sea spc al ines sess contol stor in which the sees pce a ‘ST ener dey any be hres ia wich sean especie daring oe Sine Inte one deriteerinmr pole een RO. Thi shown tha for ‘esiglesiavlsing onset swsin rsthe Wot dopa pos, ad hat ths is defo sess een. Fly, proprin of the esting to te dee ‘ped which ae shown o be vad or alsa rcp tila “This sone of dma: eed to sly he mechanical respon of iconic mitre can be carol out on sands ting machines in 8 ‘raghoneed mannermamaimhirones Serbs by dommes (04, ( hee isa const Sace te sia itr hs a jam dicot a? = 0, the ‘mos consent fom ofthe consti equation sien By (3.35). The ee a ‘ine ti then ound wo be ren by an=ef cae ey $40, oy ‘he dope of te seest-sme graph acca stax proparsonal 9 he ster "The sige w met nae Ua i dese wh me Typ Ste and uruin Kato ane shown igure 1. ‘Since proprtooal ne the me sale can be contd it tin scaleby safer expasion ia > 1 by uaiform contraction ia © 1. tah way, the plot af rca be converted oa plot ofo vs wlich is commoly doe et gue 2) The equation or this raps obtained by seting e/a in (8.2, onef ena 6 The lp oft 9. pli ‘aay Bhan? vie 9 According (4) theo por depends on he stain eta. Note, homer, hat when (4 and (83) are expe a eens obeferunba, tam [Gus dy 66) and sofa) a $8 — cto 67 “These reasons no longer depend expety on a note tems te plo abo ius meter independent of he sat 20 fae ace.) Tha 2 ec ‘Snseqeece ude sean ropes asrocined wk ear which wat sated in (Sta)and 3:15). Ths ream thar bean dctemie whether the outer shows Tear of response Ifthe pls of of ve. s/o fr varios sai ata ier, the material cannot be led shaving aay of expose "orknearmateras unde acontanaain ete ory, nama the slopent neon plat espaol so theveain fen. This poco be 2 night ine ves the retain fasion costar, ab would be te ese or alasso The eson can ees sea by coming he graphical constuction of the rons to he contact sain te shown st Fan The san hitry can be appeoxnated by np felt appli at equal einer. The creping ses sponse eal eee fx Sen nest which ech begins, Aa pl ie cach ses penne ace 4 illest amount dict the diferent sting tines. Ths, hough ihe see incemens ae egal theses coins at each tne sre not aul dee se elaxation. Th ir ofthe cone fer ncch yd ae se 2 tne increases, Ths the rr sem decreases norunormly wth tng eg Fig 5.3 there no as resto, a in Fare the ween ‘ach tine ae equal andthe Sees never a oman er, ‘This pies our a crmon enor th nepaion of rico response, The facthat ove plot isnot sragh ine canner be taken an andar eae ‘materia sponse isnot. Fachemors the fac that nach fos eae see sin grap fora elasic-pesic mtr cane be en oe se ies ‘ha that marl exibis yield ype phenomena. Bath carats se ces te anal conequenes of ares easaion in combination wih he sang sad ope atin rope of cai af reson In or nmin slg ov ‘etka fs mone rs ak na "risa comequensofstresrelixation ti the plot of eso bea sight line, However, he amount of deviation fom + sight ine scaly ococmeed "meperinent depends on evel fac, aly the san aan he ees ‘stn impos onthe spines. node crores lars ete en ‘on of Gi} ia 21) be used inf 5 21) Gene +0" sci, (58) [Now let G(s) Be weten atin (9), GW) = ain, 9) when character reantion tne, Rel hat each of he elation fan "one derived Chapter 2a wellas hone mentioned in the iodussone Chaos ee $3, Gil ena hoi it in pe aa =o 3am be writen in this frm. When 7 < there as ee ie change inthe value of AG, and when 5/7 > 1, AG has incensed saath ss Le (5.9 besoin tte (5.8) and fe the shang of seeie ‘nodule son ctonm std 0 Since athe rain teary isthe dimensionless paranterinroduced in 36) and ($48). The valu of ary i age or sal depending on whet the deoranonn o ppl spi slowly. In practice th maxim stain for which te mechanical sponse could te linear i about 0.0. Thus constant strain rate tess att dicooed. br ohh 50-0051 The lor of. « for sn in tang decemcd by oceing (840) foreach valu of «inthis range, Now consider the ef af tous soa ‘ance sven nares Lata = 0518520), oh Got staf abd ein (the sain inceass from 000.05, he ape limi in{.1) nets rm to 4 evi of he dissin conerning (8. the nerd sen e as tant, Sine he it xm in (5.11 sei te sith atan lerctog ilo» seg ine swat steam nares ar arg = 05/3 45:30). Then st) = Gon + 285" sen omy ‘Te sop lini now increases om Oto 3. The nerand dees stantially, snd the plot of ov deviates sgtcaniy fem be» sg ne ‘This dcusion i luted by wing 4 ses tela facts fora ae smc sold (te equton (2.73), wich ie esate ere for convenes, G0) = G() + (G10) —Gioye, 13) sing (5.1), te ration beween sts an rin (6.20) somes © = Glw}e+(6(0)~Gie)Jarg{t— ee, (os) "hon ee eg an 4 ote +160.) 5 ‘No tha the dimensions parameter ary aca naurly i the expression and "hat (5.15) i expred in eo ofNow conser the ets of aig atta dilecer sin ates Le these set fon = 0.05, be tne byte deren sain as ()a awe at feed in tine inrval Ir, i deste rae oy ead oot in ie tra “rad ia slow estat ne ay cased out i ie eral ry These ae shown in Fue 34 Plo of ve te shown gre 5.5 and of var shown nie 15s Tx cain shew oe chil ang 60) 10 and “hs example shows te tpn considering he hacer proce ine in tha seo ave ote acter elation tine 7. nation whe the dicuson athe begining of ths son conidered the «plot for an Uubisaryrange of vale ofthe sai, hs example shows hat only a potion of ‘Beton pons kel tw be proce nan especie. Th ane pine lsat In Tig $7, whch shows the portion of te al plot of e/a. a obtained for may = OR 2 = Aa! 8 = 3H [Rate Deformation and Recovery Consider st inch the corte sein te reversed a ine "when the Seno andthe specimen eed oi ogi shape aie 2” er which She iso farther deformation Tis sein story, depicted in igre 5. sete by gts $4 Sin oc 095 ed Ow, gee $8: ¢m cept tag =O fe ini en Fu 4 Fe 54 tn wt 05 i owning se], ci) faat os, Fe ir2ry oan) 0 aba, | @) ashi o/s Be me th ie td by tag Bin aaa ofa, a) won| afoena-af.ct-od seman wan af ov-aa-of" e-em 0 Tate asc two ofthe above xpresions the pp in of the stings and ‘he lowe limit ofthe second is Though bth are indica as” for notational ‘kp. Tis nocadons benef adopted inthe west of the Book. Alo, since eet, iene at af at Ny‘ye; Cn ein eat thu i mo jmp discon inthe sina 7, thei no cores com tshution to these ‘The expreion fot o(?) when £€0,T") ha been discused in Saxton 5. Consider the expesion foro) when © (F727), The wt iagral rps the conibtons fram the tin insets ding the deformation tnt 10,1), The second inegrl represent the conubuons dig the ein recy Inteval(T 27" The ype lit ofthe et nee ie bene vale Inthe inegad cots to erent, Th epee hr ronnng sear oss ‘ion of te sess respons to each of te main ineren during the neal (0.7). Inthe same way, ever though the inteeraon imine feed (S180, "he presence of tne in the inerand repens the cotnuing ts eloxaton othe ates responses to ech ofthe previous ain insemens, "Number of eeionsips can be else on the Baio the @ fp in tecms ofa peers elation fncion, These elaconsis are wc fa hat they can expected to ecu fran near vices material or hi purpose Ss comenent kt x= #5 in the itp The expesion in (18) boone (on Jott" eines, rerarl, 519) [Rome-[T cma rar. Using (5.19) andthe popes of G(s now poet etch the general fox ofthe plot of ses ees tine, and hen contact plot of rest fee reuri ‘The ingen (5.198) repre deat inks he Bap FG) OBO ‘ecu Git) decreases monotonic with ineaing ty en added atone ly sd theses increases oe slowly a # presses ie gue 39), telrar, “Tere isa change in the sgn of the slope ofthe ov ¢ loa sine T" da to the ‘ge fom increasing o decreasing efcmacion we Fig 10), Taking the time Aervative of (5.198) a hen wing t= Tes Fae 58.1607} pc © mln 80 bi ibn AP) =0G() >0. (20) Asin operation applied to (5196) ges A(T) =al6¢r") 2600, 20) Snce G(T") < G(0) ial ha (T+) <0. The fs aera in (5196) represeae the ac under Git) from tine + Tt tine The seco ingel represent the are mm tine Doe and ‘onside negate. The poate ate ccars andres values of © for Ee (f= Til The ampuve seas ae under the lage values for xe .1-7 ‘AST approaches 27° the negative area sent Beste tg tan the Pose rex. Hence the tes becomes seat even though the sin sil pone Isic to compare oT ~ the ste at tne Tt ating incest, ih oT +4) theses atime T+ daring stan scvery By 817, AT ~6)=01T ~ 8) MP +9)= 001 (+49) = aT 1), Coa nd the rina thes nes are sen te al. By (5.19) )=ofT 6) fh [res ea eee nae cine fora 623) “This can be write a wreak Yt ie tea e510, 161727 ae pn ol Ged 8 ai Mito ee ‘twa Rhee a aoP =n) ~o(T" +4) +h (29) were eff owe [oie neflome fo omer a ‘The tals in (5.2) presen aeas ofthe ses lnationfnstion on intervals of erin legs. The ase of oth ares has eg Tae of bah area in Making se fhe propery that G(s) ese oneronicaly with xe ely sen tat ,>0,f,> O and eae tt (Tn) > (T+) (526) “Thi shown in Figue 5.10 tor ‘The expresso for he iin (3.18) shows hao) ithe diferenceBewsen rive and aeave acs of theo vs ¢poe The bus of thse ace a ual, fd the alts of G forte negative ten ate lage thant acs of © forthe Posie ar follows shat) eat. Af inrenes beyond 27” and 1) Aprouches Coo), the areas become eal sad ef?) approaches sero, Tht it shown a Fgure 5. By (S74), the ene cl fo (Tc be tthe or compres nt « suai sale. Using (5-170), he tne se ever at and becomes eS scl rng sin eon In his way the =o fd ver at sein ind is converted inthe 9 «ple shown i Fig 5.1. "The os ¢ plot can sb be contre graphy shown in Figure 513 eae Wee 10.1227 ls if Gln 89a io 5.2 Influence of Rae Time Tor Strain Rate “The influence ofthe characteris tine of + general istoy onthe reponse was sicused ia Chapter 4 eis insracve o aly hs dane the preset sina tion fy denote man ean the ine Tad nn rt satay the Lerthe defarmation and recovery itor bec out api nthe ese tat T/L Then as dscsied in Seton 43, he consti eeation i appox rated by o tA ey aes ar a pet 512 Gap common of om la i es= G0.) (27) Now le the deformation ad recover history be card out very lowly, et ra) 1 Reading tthe ess developed in Scion 4.3, the conse tar 210 = Glo}, (25) ‘The os. fand «5. pls ae as shown in Figure 514 igre 5.15 isa compost cof re plo in defamation and recover ts fr vey sal very lage, and inci ales of Te “The work per uni volume now canted fo the constant sri ate defornason ind covery tee The rae of week per unt volte wey 29 "Rew pro one nye wf = ff eoxtnae [eines f% anne 3 15.471, he sna tne tion nti in the fom and cory fn Thus the sia can be ingodoced av ee negation variable ach ‘sera, and (5.30) can be wet ab wf [odes ode foal Foal, oan fameecie) Fae 5140 take fe etc So cna men a ry . Ce cl vere soeeni /] “The et ener in 5.31) represent te arabe the lending carve AB and ee tic in Figure 3.5, The second ing rpesene te ace ere the ccte BC tnd the © ani taken ax postive, andthe aces erween CD andthe ean ken gate: The work per unt volume, gen by (S31), then represents the ae Iemeen lading care AB and covery cure BCD. “The et work done en eo Be poste which ie onsenteneof he ek in (526) which shows a he ulondig cave les below the oadg curve. Th tuned oes relent The ave sae 2 general eat wich ll be Proven in Chap her ee relxaion nplis poe work i done in ye ln hitory “The inane of ses raxation on Wi an be made exist. ubwtioe(.19) {ino [8.31 se (421, eget by pars and let = ey/P Then Wh is gen by wf -aa[ ff aco hace] afifrscom hyp" seo] ne a : ABfer-ocuu- Bf er-sscinme a eS te pe linn 3) =0 and tt aco barat pm eee ee neat Mice Sah tan sendy ie rte rie itt ene een iat eran rigor a Sn recog eee alta 0) wm oe Gis) = (640) Giese (533) Sbtiring (5.5) and 5-32) and thes negating lead othe rene we 3seTet) eae Wy = die) - G2)’ 539) inowich «1 jr Note that hires at 2 al pam gue 5.16 shows a ploc of (5.341,a |) ais =| | 55 Repeated ye Now imide repented pk of thin itr 5.17), a sown niga 517 $Expresion or txts Bisory ean be ween, and expresons forthe set stor an be obtained hy the mtd erated for dete of sgl le However it more coveiet to ead he sain hotry i Pare S17 a the superposition of he ori history, and he iry oie by ing he ign str by 21741. The aot Rao then he sperpnion of he ee ator for ie 5.11 a thi hry shied by 27-4 Fr de cae of 90 ‘ces he re hoc To ech eee and the compote plot are shown st Fae S17 "Caves AB and BC in Fg 5.17 compan wo the loing and oer or foo fhe Blow he 0 vere spent ete he ode fare aine 2, Cue CD represents helsing pre ofthe stds low AByand o(3T*) © of) bens ofthe negate ewes rome fe ce {ocr > 27 Sir rening Kas toe conclaion ha oT) < oT), THe ct sok pr st volume eine 2 is dhe arn erween cues AB and BC. The scusion anced wih (93) show that the ot work per ut volume done hing the sco le teas Retween CD sad DE. kan be shown ha fer ufc rg aber of ey, thee ain plot cole and ite and lope “Pe nthe 08 cones ee a expe te ia he lowing example 56. Step Strain and Recovery ‘Cons he sein soy, strated ia Figure 5.18, a wich seri constant ‘ate increase 0 ey 2 comune free tral Ty andthe 4 cons te ‘crane sro. Thi rain hoy i described by = + Op ar ea : t ‘i : 7 at f or) > ext] i wer) fe ig $1, Rp coast ein fe iy ig ‘satan Be reps seit rt des) a9 o (Bf) vetman we 1), = Ty nd 15—T, = Wn 350, erent storys ound be ween the orm esate sp i nto i$[owa ream af, ows vem : ae (836) [coe tefomas, ctr alone st ‘Om cacyng ou dcusions sine o thoe in Seton 5.4, te ove plo ase 0 ‘ase the form shown in gure 819. The net work per unt alume up toring , fete ater under ths poe ‘Now conse the lint at Ty ~+O and T+ Ty in whi the gen stein isory rpoaches ep sean defoation and recovery bso Alou ta ting ‘te he eps ae apple inane interval fer duration, week dane ding th ‘spplzation an renoal ofthe step. To ae why ths iy sone’ te sepone ‘ng he ie itl 0,7; Fortes Ty the sponse ven yt “lamc”approxinacon ot = GO. (an de rte f work per unit volume i 4 yoime) Fac) (38) ‘The work per unt vlume dae ding te interval (Ti it (39) Soc the rate of workin 538) expened a he ine derivative of G(O}/2, the ‘set work done isndependeat of how the win varies an depends on om che sa ss atthe begining ad endo tee nee. As Ty 0 he wok don, en ty (539) ether G(De(04) 72 ‘Noe the following limit fon (5.36), ae 38 ee yt a [Powae = 2600) (sa) ye i st (ea te) — i Gta mah, -alG(0) —G¢r) (sa) tn the lint theo ws ple approaches that shown in Figure $20, in which the ints af the vets are sven by (540) 20 (542). The pec forms parle. ‘ram, ad the network per nt volume up mm Tye ssl be wif = 21640) -6(7, (543) ‘Te srs relation fonction Gi eerie, in theory, by ceyng out a tp san history. This is an iealed isory whch cannot actualy be eid ot ‘rca of nei in the specimen and the eng devices. Homer the ep | story can be approximated bya rap sain history shown in igre $212 Th ero the cain hatry dca sys debe byt Ba re ‘eval of (5.35) in whikh T nom denoted by T and Ts aia ges Te ‘ine iter” is alld the "hse ine” The nee deeried bythe fe to ‘expresons of (5.6), which ar eprodaced hr fo onveni, Blow, rears @ . a Bf ome rs. & ao The o vs. + plot for ¢ € [0,7] was discussed in come enlist aces Pecstrinntetinptr ciel eee Fetekesttatviras i any sre elacatn function on hiner dees ‘monotcicly. Hene, so dos these ANd gn 520 or response hs the form showa ia Figure $216. Eyo » ge 23 amp ssa iy sein ws ni try 1) Crm a Now considers ned ne interval afer he inte. An expenion forthe strap obtained by eting = T+ in ab, corriaBf cea om ew ene as fg ch he Sein Pgwe Tht rst hoch ony ny ina ye Se Uae ne nest pop ta as "nosy beep a anew [eins rei, a0 ‘whee some tein the interval +7). Then (5,45) and (546) ee of +) =B TGs) =e6 (san) ‘Asthe ite T oe eo the rmp history apposche she stp saa History, In thi in, fad the st proaches 02) = Ger) = oT +0, sag) whee i++ Ty] ands € (t+ Ty]. Ths anes 7; ~ Othe vale 742) Fees monotonic to bnng rae of o() = G0) Tn te examples pense a fr in tie caper, te sca iory has been spesfled andthe ran ate as bee conan in each ner The ext exam ‘Srcwses the phenomena when sundae conditions ate unposd og the set 5.8 Constant Suess Rate Loading and Unloading History ‘Consider he es control history in which he es incre constant at Othe jmp inthe soe i to a smaller vale Ne wee, th the slop need nt become negative Since J) sa monornialy incesng ton of 5 J(T) > (0) Recling he discussion Seton 42, when Tall speed {0 charac eee time roy the ceep compa has ince vey le ate un J) Pe (39) apes that eT") < O and the sope feted, Oe he other hand, wien T™ is pe compared tov, J) canbe ge compas MO) In ach se £(T+) > 0, and the slope a een ne Fe In the arcs, he ope doe evenly besos ngati nore wei take he tine dea of (55101, 40)= B10) 21 T, os) Asien both) a8 fl¢— 7") approach fo), tome, the second em | (5.57) bocomes age enough that) ~ , andthe sain bees n descr, ‘This las rel can be gre 2 naive intereraton a tr ofthe sop Yon onstruction, During the loading nse Teach pout mane sees Input indies postive ceep rain response. Dating he alond intra 2 ‘ach np tes increment induces a negative cep sala texponte Fat hs ‘srl the rol arin depends mare onthe cnaningeeep fom the Posie sus irre and the sain continues ona Evenly he nose wn increment cause the rol sin o ep ee “The urun when the woloag it cmplee i ound by sting second or hid ns of 551, corral ia [nna 58) achiral in (558) epesens the aren unde the (e) eh on «be of eng Sine Js) is a monotony increasing uncon of he vals of J) rt final ae gener than done i the send ier flows thar 7) > 0, "ha the stan positve wien the aes 0. Now consider the sans at nes T"~ ty and T° + fy a eu interval ae ‘lore and afer time Tei cen rom (49 hath sec eel tse fines The sin ce "in the559) (ss) [re -[n0a 7 oa nee [i ‘he neo) epee of he ep plans oe fea lege eb often ave lengh Fs fotos oe I Maing of the propery oe fo) cree monotony with ly ‘Sen that > > Daa ace hat AT 44> 8). 6a) Tes hown a Fe 526, Daring his ner tbe nest ha reared oso nd che arin geen by FT wo The second ter comespods othe area under the creep compance ‘resales fm (27 tof andthe aes omtdcd egative, Soe {Se cee compliance monotonically icresing faction the a er o be postive forall me. For acoetic bo, the creep compan approaches ued iit (2). As tne nese the ares unde te raps become eal desta appre tro Ths, the pine trast ginal shape Plot of nfo pia sod teri eorporaing thee prope Fe ‘erin hor, ate shown in Figae 5.26, The eoresponding plot of ve € ae Show in Fig 527. The esl (3.62) ples tha tee. plot on unending, rca fa Foe FS Fiore 525 Seuhiey oe ero dai Laem Rabe watder t Tre SMALL . Tre Lana an) gee $27. cect ae od nd an Le ea Trib ee. les blow the «splot fo Toding This in rar soguss hatte ae work done lng the paces is pstve, Once again the properties of wicocasie response Impl tht postive works doe ins reponse le S51 Consier the ria ior shown ia Fare PS (a) Skech the coresponding stresses. (0) Skech the corespondingsres-stain pls. Indite poins coresponing totes = 727 STAT and a9 0. ‘You muy ase suk presene in hs cape, bo state he sprog page snr eqstion number {2 Figure P52 shows ewo srin histori which ech the se sinc athe sme tie T, + Ts felon” itor and 4 “low-ft” hiory. 1) Using the expressions developed in par (a an he propre of he sess ‘eawatonfanson, determine which tain sry produce the gest Suess tine Ty + Ts 3 © i(6) Consider he oeresponding sin increments ote hire asin in the Sigur. Show thatthe result in pare (can avo be ebaned by “onsidering the esonse 0 such sain increment ed inte dere ‘ion ofthe coasts eqn. 55 Conde sain history ofthe fem shown io Fue BS. (a) Deve an expresion forthe cocerponding see tary in tems of &| sere elation nston 0) 1b) Diss the graph fs rfor lage a lvls of Does theses always incese with ine? S54 Conie the in hiory shown in Fue P54, (a) Dee expresions forthe ree istry in tere of grea res cla Sion function G0), (8) Describe theo graph foreach ofthe ae: 9 = 0, smal a age. oes theses lays intense with tne when 0? 55 Cone the sain hsory shown in Figure PSS She eh sess va tine plot ‘nd the corespondng ses vsti plo. You may we ess pete ‘Ks ape, Bae ate he appeopete pgs spor eon numer, 8 Conde a serain history ofthe farm shown ia Figure P53. (a) Determine ap exresion foro) intr of ena sr elation fencton GU) (by Discs th expe plo of wf age nd ema values ofa. Doe the ses abeays nts wich ine? (6) Dati condon on a so that 50) > 0, Expres icin ems of 60), bi 1) Show that oder) > 0.0 <1 thse rato io Gi) my ot Late am ‘Rgure P53, 87 Alina vicosete mati undergoes the sai story showa ia Fgice 3.7 (a) Lette ses reason fasion have the form GW) = Aspe hee A Gis bd B= GG Set yp a0 oqution forthe ine 7 he tbe sets becomes zero. Eapes the euntion inter of Ty/ tnd Tre (by Let G/G) = 01. Fad Ty/ng fe T*)ry =0.5,10,50 (6) Spore hatte sess emai sr fo tines 7, Set up a expenion forthe seas whch apps fo fy 2 (i) Set plr of ses rn forall snes. $4 Aconsan sant dformatin sd recor tess pefoed on a material ‘whose relaxation fain ie) = (200 + 106-5, where Cy is a constant with the dmesons of sues. Waite an expression forthe work doe, Wi, inthis te. Poe Wi, venue T Indore voy lo 88 Consider the constanset rte henry + ~ (a) Determine an expression fr the covaponing sain hoy in rs ofa eral cep compliance (Sch typical por ove (b) Show thatthe plot of 9 «independent of 3 (6) Show thatthe slope ofthe pot inp 1 3 (8) Ml 9/8 v6 nding is lope a al and age values of S80 Conse linea vcs sold sabato the sues hry shown in Fie 5.0,a il (a) Desive an expen for he win hory i ems ofan abiary creep enlace J (0) Dice thet graph fe loge and stall vals of 9. Does the sn aye dares ih ine? S11 Conder the sex hoy shoves Fgue PS. Ske the 0-¢ pot fo fener vac of Ty and Ty. Skah se abape ofthe plot forthe Limiting Ein whi Ty -- and 7,» Ty, Wrke an expression forthe tal work ‘done in ee ing ee 112 The purpoe of hs problem eo compare dhe "sess pls obtained Unde onsant sain and cons ste ete codons Wi hen mid ‘lasing be flowing eraphe onthe se set of ass: ora tat with consent strai este opt ef 0) "0 Fora teat with conan res rt Dy pls 0/8 6/91) {a} Show har sme the common dimesion of echo these quasi 1b Show dat ign |" Sthec: gta [HB sole ao Mio {) ln Problem 4, was shown tat prot 490%, jez gtto-ae) Gis pin carapace oe Hatton ar dno pat dem cae ae ie ane a Wa bi meen a iota cs i wid nd hee iy Sie reat awh atoms recommen oat sore ne Pat detonate ie be tao 6 Ferri, are cau fom the tine T° when the sess Becomes constant, 8 shown Basemin an expression forthe sain in terme of the ne Deine te Fiting value for hearin a the eT got 0200 A lina vio pein i usted to he conan sre tela nd ‘nlasdhiory, which showa la Fie P14, Develop an exesion forthe Stn history) for anytime # > 47" Clete hs expeesi forthe sean ‘ig the rep compliance J) = (1-096 10° Doe he spesimen scsi xg gh? Io, sma the te reed far ebanial econery to |Atetng program whichis wed wo study the response of near racodasic steal a Flos [t)consane sain rte deformation fom the undeformed sate dig te inenal0=¢ Ty (2) no jump strain sues a tie Ty (3) conan sen ene unloading atl ime Ts when the speci is com pitty unload, (4) the peimen comply unloaded for ines Ts (a) Show his program on sesame and srai-ine plo (0) Develop an expen fo he rai for ene T, 0 a6 FO, Recall hat if Gc) 20, the material ac a 4 wold. Vicor Bid ep ca be acount for by sing Gs) = “The consti eqtion (336) when ss i mde of 4.21), can be resin as 0 =m) +860+[[ts) + cent =ccext) sacs acute —od we Sagi hil eal yn 2 i si) nfoterinueaf aceite] =af[emeef scinedl ne + feffacieeoneea] oot}. (63)Clune eof seine G"(u) nef A) con (64) ‘Thea (3) an be writen a (= co{G (sina + G4} cos). 6s) Ica io be writen in he for a()=eo[@'e.n? +6" nF] sinc + 0), 66) whee sanbleyt) =" e8/G'(20) 6 ‘While the sin isis inne, he ses i arbre of he tine-dependet etic (65 o 65) e's mw assumed that tbe een we faph of AG). Thai for ve number [fscina—m (6) Ge= neta, c= gore oo Ty ead 9 oro tyme [f Acte)conaeds, (6.10) and there it dependence only onthe feguncy of olan. Equation (6 or the coon bese 0) =e sina + Oe) aa ean) eta (66) ao 67) bee a0) 9[o'w? + 6°uF] "aarp om sod sana) = GWG 13) “These res show dha inal the sss noe sinusoidal because ofthe ine tee oul ow? sour, oan td 6) sdf in (613). These reason an be invert tog (631)(= cla, (6) Accodig 0 (6.32), |G") che apie aio beeen ses and sin, nd a) he phase cern 6.2 Sinusoldal Stress Meters [Now conser he rin reponse 0 sind ses iso of he fon 269) = aysinas 0 26 ‘The sin response can be aks using ter (338) in which che eter epeds on J, (3.96) a wich he tara depends om) Therein ‘hsecton wel be deve wang the general frm ofthe cep compan shown ‘a gure 4 which epee the Aad vic, Rese os ike shavor ‘a hen be obtained by ling "The same muha tea which ld to the decomposition of the sess seazation fasion into the frm (421) ao app bere Im oder that te nepal, Lge, seceep compliance i decomposed a folows otnes, #610.) (633) XK ee th dfinon of ie shown in igure 63. Nove hat 0) ~ (0) This form S appropri for se with (3396) since lt)» Oa = n= fete, (639) ome soak Is) ~ ho. (635) + oo) ~A70), Sac ¢)— 02s 1 0 tis fom is appropiate fr ws with (338. Te alo asumed thatthe areas unde the paps ofA) and) ae Bie, hat 1 they sts condsons analogous to dat i (68). This done eo ese the Cavern ofthe integrals which ai inthe subsequent peraton, Te (635) be sabaedno(-38). On impinge grain a {of} the coasts uation fo the stain cote, oe 3, Dep fp hs i fin arenion-Woar-Larone-nae exo [Now et he sts hor sina in (6.3) be it int (6.36) Aer sing the appropriate sigonomeric Metty snd easing the fe ita, the exreion forthe sin canbe exes at aan se -of ana saed) sina +(-3 favors) aout ott (637) Asthepropetis of) at sock that he negra in (6.37) convege at = he faa approaches a stadystateoxiion atthe ste feueney at that of de es and is dese by «o ana oma 62 oon sn 110)=14) of a and a (639) Jf areoant [New eth ses htry oy cosas in (6.3) be susan in (6.36, Procolingi A sme manner sound ta the stain dere sey state olations en ty 0) = (econ 1) int, (6-0) andthe expressions foc) and Jo) ae again piven by (6.9 "Now conse the alternate fora fo th cee comiane in (634). abi ing this ito (3.39), ee for of he Sos eum becomes covet fonds uot + [ tee (an Proceeding ove fo theses itor sin, the sey state sin epee found eo be piven y (638 where now 7)=140 [ese wey re bP isons ay fa ee soy oa esi en i) 4°) ace ven by (6:2) eo be noted tar exesns in (639] ad 62) ate eaten lcgetion by par‘Asin Section 61 thse ros can be soma y the we of somplex var abs, Theses hts i (633) can be combined 0 fore the compen ss story ot en + snus = 9 (643) exe) and.) denote the onlay in pons comesponing the et sts oy 0648 ad sinus especie These re the eal a iain parts ofthe complex sain Bstony =e) 40, (as) ‘sing (6.38) and (6.40) and carving out he Same culations as wee sed 10 etn (6.7) the onlay prt ofthe san cesponie ca be wen a complex feem a e() =Pleie* = Pet, (as) Todas +H) (646) “The beguncy dependent fnction J) anther material respons anton and is cal th complex complies ‘By (5.39) al (546) the complex compianc can be writen inte fom odo) aie on we 62 and (6.46 ead the aerate fom Fea ior [jane coas) Teicha dhe esha thi eton are the sounerpars fre in Seton 6. In ordr sha cher es comple compari, te sonal fac shouldbe note The i inthat 647) and (6.48) canbe obtained by sting (643) n> (6.36) and (64), espectivey The second that be San espose the Ses hoy pcos = Reo te by 0) = Reif ote, © which edaces wo (6.40), The sai sponser Sins = Ij] ve by (tale (650) which reduce the ositry pt of (6.8) The complex compliance an be writen in pola form Fey= irene, (6st) ia which yen= [rere tanote) = rear. — | v (6) “Tes ca be ered give é 1) = Vico), : S)= -Tesinal) ae Fal sng (6.51) in (45) gives d= aire (6s 6.2 Relation Between G"(e) and Js) ‘Conse strain itory of he orm ie by (640) fra feguncy of oil ‘Sona Such asta tory is the sperpodion ofthe hte (someon eal a)sinats As shown in Section 62, ths sain hitory cmesponde 0 the steadysate Sees history cpconut. By inearey of reponse stn ity (640) abo the superponison ofthe espn the scart tain ati ee send by its em Ths y (611) and (6.1) the ses respon sien by cl (a6) sinut + O"e)eonet] + asa)" (coset G(s 635) ‘This canbe rite cont = WIG) ~ 106] cosa + y%e169 =I METI snce (56) In ode tat (656 be sted at ech ine, Taye") +"IG'e)=0, TiiG'e)-a1e"e)=1 (6s ‘hes are ow equations for) and J") in terms of Go) and Go), whose soon 49) = G2) Je aoe aoe rt) Toro wr (639) By 16.1) and (6.481, Gu) 16%) oureur Ow) 10%) “CGC UICT) OT 1 1 ew Foros") 39)hich sos hat TIC Ww) =1 (600) Thecomplex modus and complex compliance at ths ot indepenen ste {ba consqoene of 60), the pola form off) in (6S) ea be expres in terms ofthe pla lo 08 G's} 8 1628 by Te) a (oa) a ‘Work per Cycle During Sinusoidal Oscilations “The definition ofthe ste of work per uit ohame of materi, preene in (5:29), pli to ay dlormtionhisoy Using this einition, the work pe nt Ylume rng 2 ee of steadystte sinusoidal silaion sper by weg Ha (60 whee Tis an aia ae ‘Whes the sain story i (= yn the conesponding nd tate ees, response sien by (623). The work per ee ia (663) Beams wena cayman ens cna ee When she sin history i) = pcos, the corerpondngseadystte ares is ‘ven by (624) and the work per ele W = col (6')coses 6" (a)sinas} sina. 663) ‘Ths can be write, respects ot dof FE Le) crea and nafs When te iterations (6.66 ate cari os, bath exresions ie the same reel, Wado", oo (cos) + Genta (666) aur eeaeanon oF AN.) “The coef of Gu) i (6.66) ae wren a exact desis and been when igre ver meee They repel fcc in ad ein {2p The couse of G"(o) ae poste nd thus do aot vanish on eget, “Tey eevee de network tha cone inthe. WO hen orwe0 (68) “The caclvon can abo he ase oe forthe ae of snail es ory. As sen fom (6-58), and a shown in Problem 65, te conta the net work be ostre impbes tat Tes 60) ‘Not tha if 6.65) is sts fora serial hen (658) mpi that 6.59) st ao te sal. 65 Complex Viscosity Inions sale the complex cosy. Tecan be motel by sali he Keb ‘oie soll om Chapter 2, whose consti equation ha he fom em aetaes 6m) in which 2 = he spring constant, and = he vss nthe mec slog. By (523), vicodstic material which abet othe ai ory ce) ~ coanus ha the te espe ft) = Ctdeeturs Goce wo season nme a= toe 2, om) ‘comparison of (65,70 with 6.72) sug the assocason of Go) wit the ping constant E and G(s withthe waco Tht eoeter wih the eeu i ‘Seton leads othe following terminology G's cle he storage modi, GG) is cl the los mls and Gove th dynamic vont, wh i th complex pt of Gua th comple vac "A numer of rks developed in Seton 2 forthe Mas i ate ees here for enveione in presentations of Cateuteion of (2) ana (2) ‘onstitire equation (28), Pome =a 673) relaxation fancin, (2.18) nd 219, 1ci -Benis acme, (om) whee Go)=3, ny =B (675) ee compinen, 24) nd 1.8, (676) (67 “Te complex modus forthe Maxwell Bid canbe culated inthe folowing manner Reeling (421), is ea that Gos) = Dad Gla) = AGI) By 620, OB +0) em 1+ "Nav consider he akon for the complex compliance. Recaing (6.35) its secu that Af) = 0 ad 0) Jo) = Pala By (6471 and (6:7) the Pe) can pia) TO ae Pt Pe Porte) a Hay ay 1 a (629) ‘The sien be expt beat of 60), Tis scl to ate that ese rests could have been obtained dec from ‘he dirt union for of the sonata by conser e sedate oman afer the wanes have dh nt Then ct) = eye an 21) = Golege Le tee be abit tee deel equation orm fhe fens sun (6, (lt) + Plea (680) “This ele to ott) + rae" os) thigh least the same expression fo Go) at in (6:78). Nowe shat if the con "ute equton wren in opertor nota, (D+ mo= ade, (622) Dw - O10 (65) ‘hen the exprion for the comple mada is obtann! by seing Diu, = Guhe1in (682) Thee, 24s) Pie) a “The following rule ae obsned from (6.78) satgn wee} (65) oT 5 : os of thse onions are show in gure 64. They shi tat here is a elation eee the low and igh Fequency ing vale of te feueny depend functions and desl and large tine vale of be tine depen fons Tot seample aw = 0,6") On) = O,6) = 7/2,0" ao and ane eo, eG) ‘xara 8 x0 voeT SoU ‘The conse esto, fs (236) is reo at ae (636) ‘Using the method jae dice for cntiaive equations in dierent opetsoe fon i found hae ow) eta, (67) Oe (a) = Palge— alee) r= teste (om where 4/49 =e ad a9 = Hos). ThenFige 64 Fey di mil pen etn Mee i ew=8, o% ty m=" Fy Ho) HL,, yyy lees), Tea ee Me fate. tandle) = ros (639) ow of thee fncsone ce shown in Figure 65. Noe tha 8 ~ 0,)'e) Joo and af 0,60) = 92 2 . ees ae Fie 6 rape depen alpen Kia a uae econmanere 00 ‘Thee elsonfncton for epee si om (279), 610) = 6) + (610) oe (680) hee Go) ~ Gf) > 0. By A714, 64) = (0) - Gt" (eon ‘coe mid yg 191) 62g 6) = 00m) 1460) cenetnee fom) Then oe “Then she ea and iapinary pas and phe iene eeererces em ee) = WrUIG(O) = Gs a) e+ om sad sane) = SUG Gle (99) Gio) + CO? “The err smn fr» phrenic gir hy (97), marth ith aiarand aan, J) = Heo) +(91) Hose, (695) a oe: “5 ey te compari of 6.95) with (635 shows hat 9 Jol) = Je) a8 A) =) =) ae or By 64M, s0)= gy 9 rey=te)-= Luter-sore tee alee +r) es oo)eee ee eee ee eee eee ee eee ee eee ees Soo) = Hoare? POST Hor ty = rN) ~ Koo (639) in ae jont Wea ee of (684 is lpia eo show tht Co) in (6.92) aod F's) (68) sais 6.60, Gaps ote anton in (93), (69 and (698) ate sown in Figure 6. Observe that a8. 0,60) ~» Gla) I(a) Joo, a o=2,G') + 6O).F*e) =I Each ofthe thre models based on chanical analogs spresnts parca com nation of viscous tid and inaoraneous cate response afte nop change fn ses oat tep change trun ad ve vera). Tse propria ate ‘he bhavir ofa) o 4) in the ea» ands es Ths shown Table 6.1. These limits are alo shown in Figs 645.6 The ling vac of "ap oo) are characteristic of the eon ofl vsti mates With ‘Say Wcogs thd ad nse cane charac re 67 (olay 1976 Fg. 8,7 35) sows a rery lig resale abou the ahiliy of consiuveeqstons bated on single mechanical alos to represent ‘cu otra Behavior. The gue shows plow flog) vlog forthe tee chanical analogs js discussed, apd for for esl manera ca fh he simple modes cannot aaguntly epee the response ofthe octal materia one ‘ny uel fequncy ange On conclid that eter mae complestd masa ‘alos ned ro become whch tive higher order dfeenal oper as {or in he consi guano funcions are needed forthe nee FE ‘odes The ler poe of ew i . taken here, fae) es 67 Low and High Froquvency Limite of ands) tha the fow and ig eqoeney ts of "(and J) can be expe ines of he vals of Gl) a) st and as foe, The ess Aepiced in these Spurs for models based on simple mechan analogs Foun of mi per acon At ele fora nee Sc coed material st ony tt et wt or evosolé 50 none mnie 5 eer tow eReavecy um oF THE couPtsx woDuLIS Cie te epson fr) 20 Then SP) Gce agi" senemae cm etgne soins =6199, (610 wheres ashen made of the essumgtonexprone hy (68 hatha ie aren nde the plc of G(s). cueing 0 (100), she init of Gu) ass» Oa eal umber, hati, f om ‘one Sota natu —7 ebepmer Fipee log ga til nid mai ay WTUigG(e)= Go), go") =0 (6201) By (610) an (6:13), aff sot ements wh eu aime ana 7 tial actosmende= [acinds aff 00 inant =0 (10 Sif sl) #0 fle fn a 08 lige [ actos sonny HL a (309 Fo hi) =a an (6109 on [lsctronea gino) = Bg ts109 scan nn or hi at ein fe is tig acces nay part of he complex vison ie [lace vs we a yb In dro asin he igh feueny ii ofthe complex ms, is more coos 10 wet fo of G2) i (627. Ths, ons op eom ne [Eacmyene ‘cam ‘Use wl be made ofthe Riano-Lebesqu Theor (Kaplan 1962:ch 4, pp. 76 {77h which sats that if) 2 commas anion, hen inf eisnats=0, mf tos (108 mtn 00 we) =a, ewe ao, (09 $01) =00), imo") —0. isx10) In she words the high egunc it of (is eal mambes, “The expression fr tan) oheined fom (6.107) 6 | [ie y+ Zacipomnt (aG(9) sinus tanto) = (ony Then ° Sgn = SFG em tow even oF cour cour Ferree etme em ot) 81647 the ‘igo = Joe) — ning [ase ae tg =nter-tge fatostne ay Foc solid 9 ~ 0. Using the asumpson that she area under the plot of) is fie, ing) = 140) =), en ayo), yo) 0 ns) “Tha the ow gue in f(a) a real abe. For id yi Sie, Acorn (613), yo =~ tea Way =H, bar my ae ue Say Bg ie) taf tare) ven) soe tht ex) gel)ow raven oF TE courte comPuance Tris comers tous the expesion for (a) gies by (648). Tus 0-0) et (cian tn 90) 96:0 lo ‘ne = 10, tx InyienO, smyrerne tou ‘The low and hig quency its dered hese te amma fora soda ad linear viscoelsic mateals ith nstantneons cy ia gue 68 a) res owe 8 Chi acy es ofl pop fan ae ‘The ruts which have ben obtained so fr are hued on expressions for the fregroy dependent mati response functions a) ad Mc) items of te time-dependent mate propery functions Gl) and Jee lathe wea ttn, ‘apreions ae obs for Gi) and J) in ems of Glo) and Pa, 88 Fou {ef denoe a fntion wich sectional continous on cv faite trl of the Fans a shown in Figure 63. Ata point of dco ty ty fe fe) be ined as flees) +f-3h Alo the ine Loe ‘ave nie vale. Then, or evry valu ofa which onesie devo exis, Theorem, Fourer Transform NOL podem), 0, GE)>0. (7A tneae violas sl i sabe othe iil sein ory HO ~eianet cyan he eal <1. Cla te wok done ing hein ea mT eo Tine {Ler comple nls or es vcs be wen in te om Aston}, ,1-A¥un) GiB) “Tn TF om hee A= G(oo}/G(0)=01. Suppo thatthe materi subj eo the ra hiry do) esinayt + sinane whee = 1/2rqiey= 3/2, Assume tht all trams have decayed ut, sd wit the exrestion fo the cereponding ster sespone 89° Alinear viscoelastic maerl i sbjece othe uniaxial es hsory o()=oysinat + osendat, Caleaite the wok done ding the neil rm ToT +25 {89 Consider wo Klrn-Voigt cements in ste, Find expressions te complex ‘modus and complex compliance S91 Alinear viscoelastic materi as he camplex mols Cn Tear iar Domine the maximum aut of wk done per and th een wich ctu {Tera mari have the ses elation faetion Glo) = (006% + 2006-9 + 5), where Gy constant withthe dinensns of es (a) Rnd G4). (b) Wha isthe work done pee yee folate, fran abinaryfegueney o 1 the elation fncton for ine vaso rate gv by Glo) = (0140969 108 Nt (a) Gaels (Ph (by Deemie the ses for the stn hisory ei) meisnet tern dut, wher 1. Cleulate the wok done dig ene itera om TwTt ine,os an CConier ass elation action nthe fom Show ae eta), + $e ea, OE ET er a rose, Pater, ‘When theses relation function «sum of exponcori, che imaginsy prof complex mols conzains te folowing expresion” Tew la) Mortis asa unto of eguency Show the equeny a which hee 153 local mama and Sethe vale of thie anim (8) Ploe G2) wu when theses lation futon ven by te) = (5006 + 2006-451, Consider the seadystate sts o() coespondig 10 the sin itary ejacanet (a) Show hae the plo of on. is decid by a uation ofthe form Ae Aor + Ay? = Ae, ln which the cots A depend only onthe quency ()) Ths tte ego a elie whowe major and ino sat aa me snl othe anc axes, The clipe ata eer frequency is shown in Figure PS. Determie the dimeric sown nthe Bue (o) Wha the ara he poe? (i) Desribe he lips ia the i of very igh a very aw ein ‘Lethe ren elation Fiction oF nt vote materi be ie) = B54 426° 4031, whee Gy conan os (a) Find G') and 6") (6) lathe rr in Ga) coreponing to the fi exponentil ia (sh term corresponding t the second exponential in Cle, and the tt ‘egesion for G's). Ler te cle on the boruonal aut be 2-220, and ke the sale onthe vera as be normaled by Cy [Noe eat alow each ern (hs ste wel-eoed pea hit ‘combined efter on G" (0) to produce boa platen Consider 2 re elation faction of he or Gi) = Gu+(G)~ Gu), a n= feie and 2 % and fn ate cons, (a) Fad exprenons for Gs) and G"(). Uae vers in thi cheer when robe (b) Consider the htm inthe expeion for (a). Find the fen 2 nh hs cm ae mai vale (9 len =2,6, Cy ad 1 ot) = evn 2, nd the work done per eee You may quote ress ‘fom any previous alton ‘Consider a sess elation fonction of he orm Git) = Ga +(G)~ GE), where ee Sree eer to slow that HT y/Jo) = 10" imate the vse of 7 1b) Soppose the sisal Sess ot) = reine the wok doe perce,12 Cami iwc mail ih el te stro) = ener 1 Sh te rity ig eae rps cere nen a yume e)emat =(cff cern) snoe~ (cf conse) cee (8) Consider he (N+ tec, and lec tie¢ ding tha ple be ten | (= Ni +h whee 7 isthe ine neared fo the ening the cele ‘8 showin Figue F620. Fors tee purmeter sl, wi Ge) = Gu + 6 Gale, show tha the trast ems ave the factor, Etimate the numberof yee that must osu Before he transit canbe neghted st es jp eran ce wot Fee 121A tneaevicoelaic oi asthe complex mods tosaous | ns Tat Tea The mate is sebjece the sti history ee ~ cosines Bina, ow whos graphical eeesettion india in Pure R24 (a) Assuming the complete decay of al ase wrie he expression forthe ‘responding sees rpone (by Pe sn (sn24/4 and ete on he sae se ofa. (6) Plc te sess esonses to sng, n20)/4 and 0c on the same se of Sop i) The sesrcie graph will oc have the same shape a the satine ‘gph Whar popes of the response aceunt fr ths bape change? For example the sain zero att = = Does he ses vanish ine? Woe wy? {22 Consier the clations beeen (the penomenon of sess relaxation, 3s ‘eprom by AGI®), (2) the imaginary par ofthe comple modslar {Gah (3) the equeny dependence of"), and) the ne werk oat with defen history which abicay for 0 ¢-2 Ts and for whch 10) =4(1*)=0. Dies what ach of he allowing sumone ead fone of hese guanciesiplis abo the ote he: (@) Ac =0.020. (b) G(s) independ of fequeny. f@ Guo. (@) No ot works done ina deormation history for wich (0) ~e{T) = 0, ‘The flowing equation ay be stl u)= Go) +f” Act inued, (6:10) ff actejoods, (610) ew =) if ars say (aay aus (145) (4008 +m") ass)CHAPTER SEVEN Constitutive-Equation for Three-Dimensional. Response of Linear Isotropic Viscoelastic Materials 7. imroduetion (ne ofthe undedving assumption rin the development of mathe mode for bea is thts beamsinan ames of eet meal eames acho which undergoes lel uni logatonal or shoeing deformation, The com sive behavior of his difleenal mtr ements taken fo be these ha (of foe sample of material underpomgs dort eth no pal asi Sich a deformation is aed» homoganeoe deformation Themomestcaraate ‘atin fo he kez isthe culated by sng the emai een he ‘uel eset cojution wth appropri ee ad geomet equ The ‘sie asmpton alo made in decting the neal spon of bear shaped rds. epi bodys eared a an asenBlage of deren mater clemet “he consitive behavior ofeach lene he same a tat cs fnte sane undergoing te same hrogeneous delr=aton, Te eon of bedi ie dsezaonl-by making Us of he sre itil conte ego OF Be ‘wateielame. loti hope, will dewlop he constioaneeqonton for 9 ‘eearotonsvicoeniamama and sere aeeon te hmngeerem dete Cone block of mater which ina undef unre ate for ines £0; shown in Buse Za For tines ¢ Ochs Hock sual tere sores on each fs ries, shown a gure 718. The gare aa nodes the toeton forthe normal and sear es compo “The mat of sess component ech tne! ould cult) eit c= [25 Sl) Sle on) au lec el emote deed yo whee = 1.2.3 and 1.2.4 A ened above] =< 0 Mtn hcg an low ir Second ne 22 ‘One etn on the ss cx aes om te Law of Costin of op Meum Fag 195 spp. 2 129) scene a ts seo Sy cin ec ne oy gee 7 a mil Sachin teai=Iuldh| FR Bima [ee eee) 4s) cor by (7.3) and (7.13), Foti tucli,) GER Beka cam su mooULs is woereRDERT oF rae ‘Aczocding oth astumption, theres no reason of the mean hyde sess ae steep of the volumetric stain. Then “Ry(t)= Kel) ande by 38h, Rels)= (1/Ra\G)The vr espn ato beac. aN en eyo dhKtiey saeotemtey 46) waa) rae) 1 cea a nt E28 <)> 0 SB) Imonornily desing fancon of tin, lls fom (764 to) weal te monotony ncexingfncson of tineon ein a ae au at ane) dy (73) a (713, be) eet cary sion, (7:41) nd (72) nly batik (78 lineal 2) can) ae intieeninTenmnstsirimttitany No, x famof hens quo dep inthe ein con a te a tom aie expen! eas oft rvs in ator nner dare ro he ante ean osha 78) tnd.) Se wm tan nie? 749) een and se ain ae ed by wom meedry, = 12.23.28, ons 750) lows rom 716. When = 11,22 3,737.3) an 749 ve ede, v0) Ws7itisteans fe een Io ey= rd 25nd H6h om) ty wih 732, Ve (atu dese (Kx Fix) dl totes) (73) (repens could be deed in tems of the eensonl popes and men's rt, However thie eran nel epsed Saker covoaons far hn apes in 715) and ey wll seb pond hee linpotaot dass of apliions are when ech es component ass sna daly withthe sme feaueney nit) = oho, es) ce coe te amplade of ocilation of the se omponent. The sl of er 6 sogest dat he Sean components wl abo vary sino withthe ne feqeney afer tansons have decayed. Thos elthade (755) where denotes ie amplideof xilitin ofthe sein somone. The elation Tere of and e could be derived by subsiuing (7.54) ito (7-15) and (7.18 However ie more state to repeat the appeach wed in eiving (7-5) and rs. “hs coe fit the response iia exension, where Ay 0 0 a= [Co ale boo Recling the dssson in Chap 6, lation (7.245) py tha he rain in he Ciecton of te sen wil ult wth sede respomie which as te ‘eine cult) = Eolehe = che, 756) eae) Be = oe sa) where Ej) ithe extensional ompex mola cle oF) an Eo is The exensoml complex compliance cklsted from @)- At was sown in {Chapter 6 thse ar elt by. FLDER()=1 osm ‘Note fn (7.56) hth apts of ret and sin at elaed by ss) [Now cider the abn fhe expression fo y(n (758i the expres sion (7.7) forthe warovese tain Before dong 5, () be epesentd i te form 8) = Hee) ~ A040, ss) 4s depicted in Fgue 7.9. Then, wing the diacson pce in Chapter 6 the ‘rain comporeot ea) wil veaaly andro a tad olan, nd ruiie, ca) ithe complex Poison’ rao lated 109) BF Fe 79 Gp gm f dec 79) avo (x)= anine oa ‘Te wae sel sae shail, calc oa 8) the later being a conseguese of 758). "Wi above in ein ican be een hat when the sess in (7.54) s subi lingo 7180) and antes decay othe esa eult)= [hy ees —w oe eet coo ~ pig [eh-v eke] ade co) ‘More general i ells tha when the seis en By (7.54 the in ap les (755) az given by ss) where) the complex shea necked fom (andi) the ‘ompler sear modal elated fm pe). Noe hat ele) = (756) Iris possible roel the complex moun enension ad shee an the comp obo ato. To hs en cl tha equations 7.12) tho 723) ac ali fo brary hore. In parla ht ou) ~ ef exp( tin 7-25). Them, by the Same diconion ay wed in eguad (25h ay-tvyede apples FU +o Cheap, According to -23), 9 apposches LL + VIE Oe “Thus the sain approaches fs exit, whee Rent +E) ca Bas, hy (765) and 7-66, = Whe ths i sed ino (7.67 te rout het va oxy 7 a 756, ita =i 00 tai af 7.0, than 7, tales, ares, mem 07 vee fhadiody Pai (citeh +e), and Kio) she complex bulk dls cell from Kui) cam be shows ‘sing (7-38) cat Ryo) = 31-20) ELL, (7a) nae Ste ony 1-3 eae “Te egeey- atime dependent verions of rations between the mate mo hilae summarised Section 7.14. Abo shown the special eases sociated wih the vious assumes aed esr. traning herve of he secon i ws t eal dhe continsne equaton fr lnea stop elastic mati y= Boy room eee san= Blen vou auaton @=m2na. om A eampaion of 745 ad (772) sows tht the ition Roe he ze nd fai pads Gg ead oily ape he ane oe 3 a ‘Shave equation for lita trop lac materia. Moraver 768) a (7.715) fe analogoar 0 wel-Eaowa rations for his cls of mari, 7.4 Laplace Transformation ofthe Constitutive Equations Lette Lplice transform be split (78) and (7154, [aka = le) aerate) ata laiakcl, ony doing omtnd 1 (7.16) nd 07.13, s a lai alee), = 1223/31 75) moms / 76 In view of hese alcltons the Laplace ansforms of 7.15] and (7.16) are ctaomeeormemae,), eine emcee, / - seegeovereann, “The Laplace trasforms of relation 7.27) and (7.2) become ore fits, em) Ree on) {A compan of (72) and (7.77) shows tha the Laplace tarformation of the “onsite equation fr iter sole nics bs he same fom a tha for linear owop ela, wh the corepondene EesTylah, wo aiglah, vos. (720) When this corespondnce ie made i 7.78, ie boas the wellknown rion (729 fo las topic maser A sindarsatemet canbe made fo (7.79 7.12 tfect of Viecostastcty on Principal Directions of Strate Conse the materi block shown in ig 77 ad tite in wate of lane se ‘octespoainn theses maria Seton 7.7, The reson this ok ine Sr shown in ip 710m and iglane deemed sae atime shown Fie 7.108 Tae expensing be reas with rept the a0 the fy aes were preted in Seon 7.7, were the citespondig eat for thei Alo presented wete he consti elasons with eget each af the ‘ine axes, In hisseon, bowl Be wed explore the ration hee the [winspl econ of sessed sein a exch ine ‘A each time tthe ia choise ofthe yy as foe which (0) =0, a lndated in gre 7.108, The ange ofthese ak wth eet the ry anes ou 4 ie | Ny we) ie Go o » Sie tere i ene ove by 9). Te coresponding normal zee (én) te the principal Stretes ae andl) denne papal ein f sess tine fA ack ine thre ial a choise ofthe 5.4 a for which (0) =O, a indeed Fie 710, These ofthese xen with rept the tts ass denoted by (fl) The corespending normal eins (2) ae the pri stains ine and) denotes 2 pial decton of ain aie rections fo the penal esos of aes and in tinea deed soo) 288719) at cman = Poul can oyex =[loy on) + dou ~ oll ede Kon ~on)*d(1+1)] dB (oneal ditt) Fa 33) ing (7.2), tires 1 en =f Hou on) de oy ( sbinting the Se of (716) a (784) no (78, he exrsion ford ial econ of sin atin 1 ses to due 0 amo die Sapper the ses compones haves commos fcr of proportionate ary thin (proporooa lading euit)= hal, ui) =ebse, onle)= obs, 786) ste yt oman. Bak he npn in (5) the fe Sadie oes dc By (281 85) and 786, 2a sl 4-@ oe Accoing to shis rest, when the sees component sai (7.86), the pics decions of sues aad sin cine a al ine an ave» Bae econ, ‘Suppose now tha the ses component sty 74s) 02% = tn onl) =cut, ea) ~ oath oa Tien 2h etd : (902 T= To odie deed Became oie hea cep pose L @: 87 gedac oo eflows tha 6) # andthe rnipaletos of sce ad wrsn do nt vine. [ican be conchded fom this dscssion tae, except for sib tre the inp dectons of sue and rain ary with inetd do nox cine 743. Summary of Conotittive Relations ‘The consinstve equation for thee-dneasioal woop ear vselaic response can be pected im sveral ult alert forms. Each of thee nls Air of mate rope, oi expensed in the te dora o hee ‘ue domain. These ae snared blow. erly Cp mies _ St ei cin Enea ey 0 Se det) mat mi Kat m0) fe) Poison a faction EcedEy=1. ncwdun =, KeedRy~1 nom 2140) dey By = 210-40) ode Kewl Boedle, Ey 3020) dK cuslon ead on edi) sdk enalen eu ed ~ on edi] dc ene lon~ eu ede— don sais dlc mneurtie mentee we neatte com Bags deat eH) en tent) aa STE ater [Saenuna rmovcramaper onus 12 mtn a a Bo (complex Poon rai fancton MOO GOO eN KOKI) 1 wAsUL VON, bd = nw RvaK-wwIW, Mele g Ee a -glykh werk vert wh] ay pig [three vere) i aolRelations for Spe Jn Sasion 7 several peal aumpions segaring the volumetric response were retered For each ofthe, the selon tween te reson, sea nd bale ‘erp functions aod Poe's aso fain ede 0 singe ams Ths att Tied below =H, Vel=t To Tat) onl jt) it) Ky) coal c KG)wale Freq Kx()= Kul), Ki) = Ko i Tab) =a Ef) Fegan By i ra ASsuMPrion: SSO RATIO Is MOGPERDET OF ME He) =I, He) = 0 pete ree Te BH Bet = hth, Freer (0) = 42m) i) esas romeo 11 Lattheclaation funciona shut be Bien by a(t) = 101 + 96°) ane the ne dependent Poison’ tobe pve by He) 0480166, aka and plo the ses sdaston faction a exention Ex) 12 Leta tnseoonc vcore material hae te following popes Eyl) = Ba + (Ea ~ Ele, 1) =e Ho vad Decemine an expen fc the sear elation fection ()- vate and Plot ese das Ep S300MPa, Ey =1MPa, = 508, Be =032, ne 049, r= 100s 12 Conde tins stops vice marin ual loan (a) Develop an expression forthe volumetric sain) the extensional try dered by <0) = al (b) Dace the vrston of 0) sien that the ine dependent Poisons ao 4s) =048 — 0160" (6) ee an equation fr 6 fr theses sory out) = op Let g(t) = Ba Ub y= 3500, 40s TAA spsimen of ines topic colic materi sbjte he iia oes haar shown a Fg 74, an undergpes a homogeneous deforma ton istry. The copie Poon at and ompexenteson moda ee to given (a) Determine the ein respons darng wendy silos, (b) Thereof wook per ui olame Ben by ‘lett the tot woo per ui volume dria one ero of ead tate ‘xl. ate) 100 422 048032986 15 specimen ofa ea ntopc vidas materalis ejected othe nial ‘ere hiory ey) = yaa. Astume steady state Olio. {ab Find he pase ange beersen ey) aad et TBs oro it) we \(6) lod the volar rain istry) 7 1420 0484 (032)8) Fie) = WOT Mae 1S Consider the ual xeon of 4 bar ofan tropic nee vcosatc materi. Leto () = at. Develop expressions for (ee) 9) ems srasinteit 12 Consider block ofa bop: nee vscolac wold which sje 0 onthe normal ses history oy () ey) ~ oy, deemineexpresons foc ea, ates of general material pepe. Using he specie proper liste low, sack the ine varatonn of (en) Dies ‘kien nin nase ith ie or dow ee ih ot He) 048-06, Ect) = F100 996° Noe a hat vedom SB +380 —s1.4te™) 18 A blok ofan sop tins vicocc matali placin a caviny ina ii ranteal as shown in Figure 7-8. The Hock fx exacy ino the iy, nd theres notion bene the Bock ad the wal Awe plate placed onthe lock ad a force P(e) sapped othe plat. The lt i made 9 move down a cosa ie ache consiative reason betwen the nora sess trans ave the form in (753) 64 Ban odes + (Ku —ja) eden teh 12,38 = =e ae xa Foe {0 he bk response elution funtion ad (the he ‘raion fonction. {a) Determine an exprenion forthe force Pan, sing the graphs fo Kx) ‘nd ga) shown ip pe #78, dese hoe he forest Yry Wh (by Do he ame forthe sess produced by he wal of he av. 74 Comider a Ltcariouopi vicodatic peimen whichis ina tte of plane sre gue P79). The sess sory slay andi ven by eu) =S00sinet, ent) =T0Osinut, opt) = 200sinat. et Eo) = E') 48" () denote the complex etessonal mls and er Pia) wu) +1"(o) denote the comple Poston rata. Cone sen ste olson: {a) Develop expressions for ey (ele 18) Given that thereof work per wi oli ‘olathe rota work dove perl of osaon,CHAPTER EIGHT. Axial Load, Bending, and Torsion In he preceding chapters te consetive equation wat edo ead the respons of plese mais undergoing homogeneous deformations. This chap io rnd wth te conse aati she nae nd esi ei ‘ceoeringsactura-componens compote of oleic teal, special, (Smroncon soderaiabloedbendingpandtra Ths wna vines of {exces ve geomet dear, wich vl spol Yoram = 2 en stan, eth amedepndent mater epomie.A ues of xa ste Presaed which lta flee aspects of vcelawtc response andthe corre ‘ponding methods of anaes. These show how the examples for elatc sracaes resend in stunducd and undergraduate teebooks on sold mechanics Beer and ‘aston 1981s Gee sed Teoshesko 1997; Hebbel 1997) canbe inept #0 ‘hat hey appl eo vcolanic race. Ths caper alo bas 4 broder pup. "es and examples ae presen inthe cootet of xia lad ending and tron hich have couterprs in more compbosteddelormasons In tiene, he mth Galop of uentng more completed probiens inode hee 4.2 Structural Components Under Axial Lod Ail oaded sacral component tha i component under tensieo compe sive forces, re Wolly used in enn appleaton. Engineering aia “lenga regus the action of fora nd trations nea compe ‘teseenepenedh. Many cxampler of ch scr and mth for ceying t there aeulaone ae presented a wanda undergraduate rene in the chanics of sls when the components ae compoed of laste materia (eet ‘Jhon 2981 cy Car and Timers 199% chy Hie 1997 eh ic of hese examples can be iterprand ss an engiecting spliton when the components are compel of linen ics aerial ad foe and deforma ons cam be determined using methods presen in previous capers This ill ‘aed byte folowing example whose esi” vero i found in hee anda feleene. The example pected hte wa nen bocrse of leven fo the Aes of testo connecons (Shige and Micke 198 ch. 8, yp. 325-83), Consider a abe whtare asm sown in Figue 8:1. The bolt has = damete dy and is Sed nde ibe whew ote adh tnen we eno lnmeceri dyad wal cick Iter denote the dace he nt ‘ore lng te bok afer one all (iar im "eee ‘nthe pc of heehee. The ‘oro fube and ble mata cia you fesponse, Tay, lack ie erred by rtting then wot ijn contac the be, Te ength othe tbe apd the dimes Fan $B an ey keener ti oe nar ape oth, The seb i then ihined by subjtiog thenartsemedependent ion et deo the umber of ertone ine {apn the damping fce FE) whch the rue everson the na) Acie ‘lamping force F mast be aint ithe nis ott lose, Esse the ine ™ ‘whe the clamping force educa occ vale F “The metodo apeoah the ate a wand nthe anda ferences, that pry thee nae phys concer fre analy, geome compat ‘ny and one redabone. pure 82 shows fecody digrams of tbe tae andthe ola arpa ine and ale the carping fre (The tbe s nde ompenion andthe oti under tension, The estos of force and mores Balance ar aarmatialy meta each sroucratecoupanauiry Figure 82 lan sows te bolt and ee aa epee The tbe has ben shortened by amet), The span beeen the bt head and nat bas changed Treas the nu as adranced slong th hed par ofthe ok by a diane of ft) ad th sho the bl as lngated by 0) Since the ble and tab ast ‘ogee a ach tine, the following elaon mist bet, a6) = Lam +) which implies (0+ tema. o ee gre Ba etn dug tnd beOE ee Arlene, [ “construe sours Trisconenieat 1 lt a= 1 denote quanses auc with the bol and a =2 koe gua sociated with the rb Then edits levees as lsat tnrdn a ws AF yh. nio=10, eso =H et by = Ly and ignote the ection i he length ofthe Ble shank da she rosin ofthe at along the tend Also, L,~ Ly. Equations (2) and 2h) Boome Sfuocn+ foregone] 09 Hy ‘04 fronins eat] ow ns oreo make use ofthe geome compubiliy condos () itis more con enlat owe te gaan ted on (3) 0-8 [rons [nate] oo 40-2 fronr« [14e-ot0a Thus, substitute (6a) and (4b) ine (1), hal . ral nonin Fan] =f Eene=ne apis 6 “hiss a Volta ga equation fr the camping oc when the nu rotation 10) sped Ler) denote an equivalent erp compliance dened by r= Byg as oar ‘90 that (8) becomes ad root + [eka min i a According tothe dicuson in Scion 4.1, andin Appendix D popes (6) these ia ‘corresponding equvalee stress rdaxatonfancion forthe system i) wich sated by (4.2, GH f e—G=14 © “Th a wn en 46 pon whe oF) 8 ft iy oe i, Seder Roe motine [66 -aet = Graymies | Ge sminde = AT RBS, co Soppose temas giten a aatin isto of the fm shown Figase 830 tp change followed by some tne varain, Atte t= 0, uta the sep cova, ‘ellows fom (6) and (7) hae RO aon STOTT to) ‘Thi gre the arping fot js ied IEC rs of al of che pone aa ta Soe af eb dese ee Hage no Ho apn el are oe Ah OME er) fea NOUR 5a ban Tees po OC) an Sapp tha he clanging fron he matt be eta rel ae Fin ond he a yee Ths, By (0 o , Rome, «ay ch provid he non wich mathe sid inode ht het sy {et The fr sl anno i an te te wl yw ae Sone mann ch wi ier rom apo ep eee Sl, ewe he {edn occ oon canbe expec at Herc B). Tes then fegineing iter co deerme a sine when ee 0) Fre 83 St“This canbe determi from or the parpone of 3 smplied analysis let te bot gow be atic and the abe to act a2 ce pants. Then Jy) = (0) = 1/Ey a0 Jal) = Jum + Una Fade a4) ab Hea = pig + tte Fade as ‘can be cated Hohe Uso, 16 inhi an as) in which Go Whe 0) Suppor haf) = ro) 40 hate nt ated isan by moan re sd then Bld Ee. Br Re enti) rl C= Bate] 00) “The ut ays then wl ine T* when Hr) =F =n (Go GaeT], av ‘een whichis founda 7 2 on by 9, Toby donb 7 77h Pidelno)=Ie 8:3 Pure Bonding of Vicoslattic Beams Aetna ohn inte dred te, rio ‘trvineetgnmnsy: npc smeon shor ne 8a Tae Mo kre nine ofa, own Reve Sb, Tesi, big moment wich ase oq nani md Spponse sen at the ens oe Be ‘Teese moments sb anes wich ae pe pecle eth ne of syne. No Fores reaped othe lea suze of the bear “The undeformed beam sod dformed sae appeal tine rae shown, inde ew, im) pure 85. The deformation i astamed to be salad ine effeae elect. ae 84 ldo ae of wh 2 ‘Thebeam scomideed to beananemblage Ne Smmoon Ea Yr Pome of dlifereial dae of thckaes dl Ech de," in rm is considered tobe an assebage of ern materi elemen The end of each sterile iin ae fof she de face, or, equaled of the beam crosses, Thi srt 5.4 Kinemetis of Dotormation Experience and obseation show tat tb kinematics of defecation or Woe bean at uch nnane of ne the se a or atic bmw The deormation © et ruled by et conadring a grid of ines onthe src of the undeormed linger whic consis of potatoe ines ofthe inde, paral co the eae Iie, nd rose sein nes, 28 owns Fig 87. on a pce See nomad deem ee&e ‘me 2, i of grand sc i ea un rin, ‘athe bea deforms ech rots-seion, which wa plane and perpen © ‘hela race Delve deformation state sou nase waich'perpendcl toh ine of sytey Te tosesecions rman plana and espns > the Ineraamice! Conseqenths gencatr ier eange length, bang shored at theo ofthe cesstenon and lengtcaed ear the Rotors, or vce ves. Thi (tcodeer te primary tole of derma in pe Bending: lagatonal san ins parle the generate, ‘Arespresion for congavonal stain ory ofany la ple roa generator ca be developed by fst considering the inersction of» dic ofthe eam wi the eof yma, dows Figure 85. The tersecton is denoted as ABCD. Tn the ndctonmed ste, ABCD ies tangle of wih dL. Ate, ACD defor into & ‘Sor fans Profi ines AD an BC become ral ines wow extensions nese at point ©. Lines B, CD and thee ines which are aralel 0 these nthe dcr se hecome cca aes ie “tat for east beam the ines ut te op which ae parle ro AB are sited rote shen el hes mart besos which se pra to CD are ‘Shamed to be stretches Tis ines thae here some ine EP in he ufo Sve which Beco aces ae tint Bo doe ot hang enh Ming ‘he plan ofsymmatry sca hematin. in» vaccanic beams: Dusie hate meariasicomsder wah lever stn nesardifrtttine Teepe rcs ofthe etl ie aie Leta) dene dance fom btm ofthe crs secon a ane Nom soir a etary ine GH wich we, =) LAT ay ‘ewe 8, Demon sin in ne mers ats dace y fom the Soto af he eosrcsion inthe undeformed sate. I is “Tsuna ote deformation ofthe beam mall for al ees finerest. Then, the Aistance of GH he bts of the rors ne deformed state cana ali fom y. That iy denson changes det the Poison efit are ele "The longa sain ofthe ne elemen: GH ca a e cleat By making ue ofthe astro tha forms 9 ciara at ine Ltd) be he ange eeweenAD.and BC reine Then the elongation ino GH ateame Fs en OF kp dle) dot a a “ice he eg ofthe neal ane a ine when tin ical, ega hain the undeformed sate, when ti eh, a= lease) (82) (nm combining (8.1) and (8.2), te expression for the sin of GH becomes onl) cy @a-9 , a9 nd 3) ach ne ement GH can be lbs by its dance 9 Geom te boom ofthe com Secon, The sina ne ofthe ine clement 87 sow dented a (9) and (83) steno ain=») en Although 84) wat dived for ine caments in the plane of smn, i 0 ‘Ssued 0 be vad or al lines ft di a any datzcey fom the bottom of he ‘osssction Thay tun ary oly inthe 9 desion tech ne seu) ont [8 Constitutive Equation “Thenesepnentat tan yom th bao ofthe eros secon is consieed 0 be che cence ofa difeensal mate erent aided in Figure 8.6. THeswalof ‘hist the congatonl ino be material elemen in te ection ofthe en- ratte lara sare, ri fd asad hat enh teil lees fet ‘kpund or contact the aneverse tion with no resiance om the ajoent ‘Semen on topo side artacen Tus ea mater ent asa fi were an isle ar andegoing onus eenional aia Hory. Let (8) denote ‘ated he sue oni equation as was ied in previous capers. This cof, aor-ndorn, oar [,oo-naro rm(@ | ee Coats y now at a bel forthe ate element. The neal sts of), ecton the en fac ofthe element at (ie Fpre 3), At fied ine 9) ies the normal sires asbation onthe cossetion Ata xed 3.09.4) epee be cs harry aye La (0. be ed 8S ns, ooinm [B= af ona i) ‘The are dsrbution mst sais several conons at enc ine 1. Let Ft) dene he esa cal force he roraetion tie FO) eed to the srs dibuo by r= [foo my save einen cre A) fe secon See peepee peer rd Sime : Sr ea oe Fo he cn so a ne ane [frones—aezo (8:70) et Me) denote the ening omen ine abou a ais which i perpen ‘sla to the lie of sme anda the Doom ofthe resection Then ‘Mis the esa othe noma sass dition at ine and sien by Me = =f fovinnaa, #20. (870) 3. The relent moment ofthe ses dtuibuon abou tein of symm, a ‘eh ine tse Ths conan i expend the fot [fev 120. 78) Me 1 Stress, Bending Moment, and Curvature Relations Consist impisaions of 8.75-< onthe ree ad rain iain (6.6) Note thatthe space and tne wails re independ. This pis tha tie ae aes Inepas ean be interchanged. Thus iterating the second of (8) over the cos Ss?) “ff [f. coe-sareifas, rhc eda afew [ff [fone #9 Jn view of 1.7, (8.9) ples tae ay Af fran cn) nhc eae st the uel ani a tesa af the cost sesxon foal ime. ‘Under te ssamed condos, thas ben sown tha he eral x xed he ‘um However i he ese of compose eam were erent parts of the ea ave difrens characte relaxation times then the neural sis weal oe be acd inser uations (84) an (86) ca now be simplified. The qui 1) eres te ciate of he pearl en and wi be writen 8) =) Lede dene THe dance ofthe veal as rom he bosom ofthe rorascon. Then <4 (84) expres avers of yd the distance of ine fom the neal ot ‘cearoid or convenience, let the ign of coordinates now be located a the Sento. Aso, eroding the change of varable§ = yd so (84 ands (86), and dropping th at (4) reduces 0 int) = a ay) snd (8.6) becomessonal aoa an = Condon (8.7 an now be inerpeced 2 te bending manent abou an axis through the cenit wth he few of 1, poe atta) =—| [>(-re0 66) 4a oe Mar]! aie—9a6¥) = trode, (813) where []re os) fs the second moment ofthe cos seson about the «ai farther follows fom (8:13), 0 om (8.7) a the sco 12 tat sn) = [ate aoar cn Fy, ie i832 (70, Te esd ff —o, 16 wich i automaticly atid or coms ving eof yey usin (8:12) and (8.13) xn be combined pve iy Ay, un) i sunmay (6.13 and (8.15) elt the moment and exists of the beam. The incr perations ae the sae efor theunanl respoe ich as ‘en etd i he previous chapters. Equation (17) elt he ses aa bending ‘samen hstre. Noe that this elaon independent of theses eotton function Gis oe the cep faneon J) Inet word theses abon ‘he same orl beame with he sabe com scons ng othe mater epune lez. Home, the deormaton does dpe on the natal through the depen, ene of (813) a (8.15) 08 Ue) and J oy) 8.8 Deformation of Beeme Subjected to Trensverse Lo ‘The siuaton ner consideration shown in ig 810 The beam ca have pin role seprors, be ulin rid esa at oe endo have srg wp, The el een a ae £4. Tp bin pt ech ofthe beat is ants length Leis ese that he ex ser n the seme that 1, The enol axis in de undeformed sate the ano + sundae system, vith orn a the leh end The} so alee he Beat Syamecy of he resection, ‘A time-dependent force sytem acs on the neal sua, citing te beam to undergo acne dependent deforation. The exeral fre suet ca che co sarrted force 6) acing at time-dependent postion heh scoot hon 4) and concentrated moments Gt) acing at batons bi) These are see {ccng inthe postive sense in Fgue 810 Leto denote the nce daltcronry time ofthe point ofthe cn ais inayat poston © ne sound eg formation small an ine efets ean be nected. Tis second seep ‘eas tothe follwing apponinain. The forse ye ten iy sel, ated "the dead shape a met Honesc, i cha fort see a ae {Phoimaton, the forces can be regatde a acing on he unfoaedcogee, ‘on, The equim equations are thes ni inte foes an ate geod ok the derma, 1 ode to transmit th extemal force sem t the suppor, the beams mst ‘eznsmita sear force and bending momen acon each neal oon. tat Ve) eno she shear forse and Ma) denote the bedng moment omc woseaeon ‘cpoion x atte. Thee are draw inthe poste ses fn thr bad deg shown in Fig 8.11. The suppor ae repens conse ones Reha RO “There mst then be force and mero flan at ech sn The sea foe ts deerme fr balance of vertical for ai eben ens Mi is dtcomined by moment bane The sea force and bending moment onthe crosraetion ate resus of ‘owmal sess sad shar ses dsbutons onthe comantion Fora seed, ‘eam the aarmal res piven, 104 very good pronation, (8.7), tase) = Met as)“ yr fate fore ‘heck dg ing king nd aro msn ie “This cant wd 0 idan expres foe he her sess dibaton om the ron cee Vin th ame develops forse beats eran Jobson 1981 SSG USER! Tuner 19975 ibe 1997.) cam be sown tha be Shear st 9 ais he ean [een 7a on inhi 9) and AC) are indicted in Figure 8.12. Now tat (8.19) independent Monel pope nd ho ols forall materia with Bear response ‘Tacteteah apn be egand ata asenblage of dc ach dis defo by = suns of fe Knenatis denied fr pure ending and Kinerase ‘tlecouon ean be showa tha fr snd beams te decom dur ese Se compre tothe deflation de to bending Thus te dic at = eared ees inurebendg under tea of beng moment story Mix) x omntcurvate aon given y (8.13, es) otf, aae—odcin 320 sty t9, tns'= [Meat oan red as ane “The survatate nt am be expres in ems ofthe ton oa) a each sine 1 Ure sumption o sal diplaceene pd slope ican be how that hein i tet) tn) Fea 2) Sotinton of (22) ato (6.20 or (8.21) sus the fllowing equivalent eins ‘toween the being nen history ad te deton history 2) ie Hef ae ay “The cmsequencs of icdauiiy are now explored ia the follwing xamples {82 Beams on Hard Supports, Correspondance Princip Conder beam on Bad ed suppor that ones which do not nave wih time, Figure 813 show spc situation. hi etn, ateton ete 0 ‘el force sys which cam be expessd in the for ain) = ale) + o-F ae, (825) Accoding to (8.25), the force sie the aperpesion of dsb fr, onventatl eso mstent cach of whch has axe pt for and eon, fur whose magnitude cam ar in tne, Sze the equations of force and nome! lune, athe moment surance statins (625) oc (8.24), ae eae hi Tasubeathe dean cre forthe combined fore ate te superposition of tech vet form of = mpl eof 1625), ats) = a (626) “The fnction (ical he ad shape ineton. According hs expen te [ond his he nine shape a al ney Bur led by he Fanton of ene ery dagen of te berm, and ofthe porn of the beam om he let support toa pial texon atx ae shown ia Figure 8.14. Real ha (4) ‘Rprce te force per ui gh tine Fon + Bea seen a= oft ee al an an Ud =th) The eon hi segment te od and irene sh teen gle The T condos of wal fe lic nd ome HEE Same sbow ee mpport ro e bam, Fan sane fi gene oy me i o 1, eo tng» [atsnde + cane of (5.26), thse can Be writen 3 Salar nan =o aed fo , fue 414 ttt dag fener LB) = (0d @ “The support force ate found my the shove tbe an [-stinen as, feta o ston, 1 flee ° Accor to (Bethe sapor feces hive the ne ine variation as dhe extemal fore “Te being moment oa the cross secon 2 is found from the uation for moment lane of the hem pent shown in Figce 8.14. This ge Mixa) = ato + [r= sates [Lars e-naeran fae, 7 “The bending momeat haste spatial vsiaton gen bythe shape faneon Me, and tl has the sane ne variation athe xeon support oes "The arate found by substi (3 sn (824), a9 MOE gona ia) Me a “The suppor conditions far he beam shown in igre 8.1 ae H02)=0, eL=O, #20 o Anexprtion forthe destin (4 cam bobs by dies inepration of 6) wih esp thespatal vale, and hen making oso the oppress (7. However wal be mre urate ofthe general med foreign vl, knows ase Correspondence Fre ro proceed oloes. Conde the conesponding problem in whic he beam deo ies le ‘material andthe foc dstbtion ba the form(s) = iy Ths fore du {ho has the same spatial ape a ise ict ces ure fe spi 6 Fre-by diagrams analogs those ia igure 8 14, re shown in Figure 815 “The suber dents quant which ace acne wih th istic ve “Te eulibam equation fo he bea ate arte sav=afe srt 0 Comparison of (Le) with 2) ier A=Aby, B= Boy, oy hee A and B are en by (4 “The bending moment on he cowcton at x found to be Ms) = Aen + fo sale) = [are fle maear]on =o, 09 where Sis) te sme shape futon fe ‘the bending moment as in (5) y be Let E denote the tensile modulus of the TT sis fan nl Tir ob | ‘the bending moment M,(x) and the deflection 1 “ ee Pox{x) _ Ml : a 0) 3), es wih cones by atthe ns) Sole Bi, » El) ee vas) 1 ders rine a {0} = 0, e{L): oe Patines