1 Fundamentals of the Theory of Flasticity LA Introduction Relations among the displacement, strain, and stress in an elastic body are derived inthis section 1.2.1 Deformation and Strain Tensor fei t netted crc he inflection th Eee opiyingany eral dete Garren Seca pnerekeni 1ser two points Pand Qin the reference state ofthe body. They move ‘and Q positions after deformation. Displacement of points P and Qs ted by vectors wand u + du, reypecivly (Note: Here and in subsequent vations, vector quantities will be denoted by Boldface letters) Position ors of QF and Q are, lacement and position vec ae desu ‘erm of the thee Cartesian components, the preceding equation ean and x directions, respectively, tation, equation (1.2) canbe writen a6 A, ty dy, a9 a + Ma, + a+ Be te a : a ts 3 Bhan ae te o Inthe preceding equation, the comma () means “derivative” and the sum smationconvention repeated dummy index means summation oer ,2,ard3) fas been adopted "Equation (1) ean also be writen in matrix notation inthe folowing form: 0s es = oie ets cea tara Fa ae Tees eeltaent on ws 1) om en eqn 6 he ftwing (ar itteaa ona 0% 12.1.1 Interpretation of ¢, and efor Small Displacement Gradient 52 a Meat onde 03) = (ey FeaFundamentals of Fracture Mechanics th ce he nial gt ofthe element PO is = dy and he ral 8 a is sy sanP even basen g ‘quation (19) we have assumed thatthe displacement gradients ay are all, Hence ¢j and oy ate small. Therefore, the second order terms inl ‘eyand a, can be ignored (&) ins direction can be 6 ay one cam sho that ny an 8 egineerng norma srl in iecona roped concider two mt coca elements iat nthe deformed ste te elementre oval ‘and PR postions respective, sechown in gure! 2 ef the vectors FQ ad PR be tng = abe sel i = dae, repectvey ‘alter deformation, thee componente ry sta ls pcan Berk inthe fooms ofequaions (i and 12, mapectivee (Ginga (Gang = Fs =e +) oan a dg = Fe de =e +0, ‘pts PO and at ae mal pepe bre orm ao oger Fundamentals of he Theory of Elasticity 5 Us = Bde eg Basen cu (2a = ea = th ‘Let abe the ange between PUY and the horizontal axis, and a, the angle shown in igure 12. Note that a + fone can show that Caro tana, = ey a ea tty +0, =~ Oy ap 1 1 ea Hata;) & @=Ma,-a) rom equation (1:14) it s concluded that 2 isthe change inthe angle between the elements PQ and PR after deformation. In ther words i is the engineering shear strain and is te rotation ofthe diagonal PS (sce rerage rotation ofthe rectangular element PQSR about the and ©, are strain tenor and rotation tensor, respectively, cement gradients Bamplesa rove thatthe stn tenaor etfs the elton Ep B49 Ban Bee "This elation is knowns the compatiblity onion, y= hance ha ey) hart Hee)|) ea ktm, y= ey ey =0 ‘latin fom the comptonii Sy fy fu Benn amp aa Ean ~ 2 by sub heaton Syn ten 22k +O=2k 2a = Dy Since the two side ofthe compatblty equation are not eal the ver strain tate ent pile sin tate 8 Tensor surfaces called traction. To define traction ata point carn et ote i surface, going through thet can cit aes anni number ope ing sack ans ae towne fae te ‘yctor normal tothe plane on which the traction is defined and where T® thas three components that correspond tothe force per unitarea i x and 2 directions, respectively. ‘Stress is snllar to traction; both are defined as force per nit area. The ‘only difference i thatthe stress components are always defined normal or parallel oa surface, while actin companents are not necessaelly normal ‘or parallel to the srfae, A traction Ton an inclined plane is shown in ‘igure LA. Note that nlther T no its thee components, are necessarily ‘oral or parallel othe inlined surface, However, ts two components dy And ate perpendicular snd parallel tothe inclined surface aa are calledthe sx planes (Le, the postive and negative ‘components (one normal and two shat ‘and negative x plane in Figure L5 are postive ‘ess components, Stress components onthe other fo negative planes are {shown to keep the Figure simple. Dashed arows show three of he stress mponents on the negative plane while solid arrows show the tess com ‘ents on postive planes Ifthe force direction and the plane direction have ‘ferent signs one postive and one negative, then the coresponding sess "mponent is negative. Therefore, in gue 15, f we change the direction the arrow ofan stress component hen that stess component becomes eatve 13 Traction Stress lation ts fea etahedron OABC from continu body in equim ce {ute 16 Frcs (per uni aren) acting the dren oh the four sa {of OABC sre shown n igure. From equim he see DA sTaAot out ayAssi¥=0 eam ABC; Ay Ay and Ay are the areas ofthe ‘OAD, eespectively; an fs the body ‘edn sing ction components on lane ABC and drton ces componcts ‘ne ADC BOC en AO fis the jth component ofthe unit vector n thats normal to the plane ‘AB, then one can write 4, = nA and V = (A/3, where isthe height (of the tetrahedron measured from the spex O. Thus equation (133) is simplified to Taneum tam -aame fd cas Inthe limiting case when the pi Inedson eighth vanishes ad gy asses through point, the tera- 16) is sip fo Ta=0% In this equation the sumination convention (epeated index means sum- ‘mation has been ised ‘Similarly, rom the force equllrium in and. directions ane can write Ta =n an Tyan) Combining equitions (117; and (118, the traction-stess relation is biained in index notation: =o, (196) im, then the resultant foree and moment on that body 1261 Force Eqilbriom ‘Theresultant forces inthe, % and x directions are equated to zero to obtain the governing equibrium equations Fist. directionequilibrium ested. Figure 17 shows all forces ating in the direction onan elemental volume.“hus the zero resultant force inthe x direction gives ours, ou 28a, estes onda sei ones an ) ede fidedeydey =O ) iy a + fidedrte,20 om ay ‘The theee aquations in (120) an (1:21) can he combined inthe fallow ing forms 2 Fhe hnouesi (A-9.739)2 +6 3825) ~ 0.645) =0‘The second and thin! equations of the preceding system of three ‘homogeneous equation canbe sleet bain wo dco cone in tem ofthe thin nea given ere ‘Silat, forthe second principal ses 4p = 9729, the dection Forth third principal ses,» 645th direction cosines are seo. asst 06813 05466 03098-0817 46033-08702 2.9503) Thus, fo’) [elolter =|-08742 9.4682 1.6594 [MPa 29503 16534 ~08650, 12.8 Transformation of Displacement and Other Vectors “The vector V can be expreseed in two coordinate systems inthe following, manner (ge Figure 111 Vie # Var *Voea= Vacs +Vote ty ao) fone ads the projections of VV, and Vo equation (LA0) along the x, “Bilty conditions, subjected to the boundary conctions and regularity Serine crs te long aan sco tion ue aon oo co ‘The avaninge of ths reprtentton ita when these exprsions are sie ie lis aun 2 ne sce boy ieee (f= the imped equim option dug =O sat Sutsted Sbettutingequaton (00 ino the compolity eatin quae Sen 198, one obtain uy =0 (Cas teas: +4 +a) =0 bam tas hase Oae=9 fn Hie PaO avy=0 09) oy= Ont n= y4V ean n=O‘here Vs the potential function fr the body force defined as feaVe ‘when these expressions are substtted into the equilibrium equations yuation 192) those equations, satis i Vig (14 99M #Vn)=0 0308) For plane stain problems, equaio Lbstifuted into the appropriate compa bain Ihave to be lity equation (equation 110) to +¥q) 1-2eav, 9 gy = MEV apy, Vn) = BBY avy caw Gy aM tVal= Gay A