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PeriodicTable

Sizeof
theatom

AtomDiameter

1010 m=0.1nm

NucleusDiameter

1014

ProtonMass

1.673x1024 g

m=0.01pm

ProtonCharge

1.602x1019 C

NeutronMass

1.675x1024 g

ElectronMass

9.109x1028 g

Electron Charge

1.602x1019 C

14C

AvogadrosNumber
Numberofatomsrequiredtocreateamassin
gramsnumericallyequaltotheatomicmassin
amu

6.022x1023

Amole(orgrammole)istheamountofasubstancethat
hasAvogadro'snumberofatoms

Onegram
Moleof
Carbon

12gramsof
Carbon
(0.42Oz)

6.022x1023
Carbon
atoms

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SteelExampleProblem

StainlessSteelRecipe
Element

WeightPercent

Nickle

7%

Chromium

17%

Silicon

1%

Sulfur

0.03%

Manganese

2%

Carbon

0.15%

Phosphorous

0.045%

Iron

72.775%

AtomicPercent

Total

Model1,000,000atoms=howmanygramsofstainlesssteel?

Approximately=1gram

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ElectronEnergy

ME34400Lecture2

Niel BohrsModel

Energyduringtransition

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QuantumPhysics

QuantumPhysics

SchrodingerWave

SchrodingerWaveEquation

4QuantumNumbersdescribeanelectronorbitaldefinedbywaveequations
n=principlequantumnumber
L=Subsidiaryquantumnumber
mL =Magneticquantumnumber
ms =Electronspin

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OrbitalShapes

PauliExclusionPrinciple

Notwoelectronsinthesameatomcanhaveidenticalvaluesforallfouroftheirquantumnumbers

n
1
2
3

l
0
0
1
0
1
2
0
1
2
3

ml
0
0
1,0,+1
0
1,0,+1
2,1,0,+1,+2
0
1,0,+1
2,1,0,+1,+2
3,2,1,0,+1,+2,+3

#OrbitalsName#electrons
1
1s
2
1
2s
2
3
2p
6
1
3s
2
3
3p
6
5
3d
10
1
4s
2
3
4p
6
5
4d
10
7
4f
14

He,Ne,Ar,Kr,Xe,Rn

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ElectronStructureandChemicalActivity(Cont..)

Electronegative elementsacceptelectronsandbecomeanions.[groups6A&7A]

Someelementsbehaveasbothelectronegativeandelectropositive.[group4Ato
7A]

ChartofElectronegativity

Remember,rangesfrom:0 4.1

IonicForceforIonPair

Bonds

Ionic

Nucleusofoneionattractselectronofanotherion.
Theelectroncloudsofionrepulseeachotherwhentheyaresufficientlyclose.

Covalent
Metallic

PermanentDipoleBonds

FluctuatingDipoleBonds

Forceversusseparation
Distanceforapairof
oppositelychargedions
Figure2.11

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IonicForce

Sizesofatomsandions

Figure2.6

BondingEnergy

LatticeEnergy

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CovalentBonds
MetallicBonds

Na

Mg

PermanentDipoles

CH4

CH3Cl

Symmetrical
Arrangement
Of4CHbonds

Asymmetrical
Tetrahedral
arrangement

NoDipole
moment

Creates
Dipole

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Whydoesmethane(CH4)meltat183Candwater(H20)meltat0C?