Mechanical Properties - Stresses & Strains

Types of Deformation :

Elasic

Plastic

Anelastic

Elastic deformation is defined as instantaneous recoverable deformation

Hooke's law : For tensile loading,

=E

where is stress defined as the load per unit area : = P/Ao, N/m2, Pa
l
and strain is given by the change in length per unit length = l , %
o
The proportional constant E is the Young's modulus or modulus of Elasticity :
E ~ 10x106 psi [68.9 GPa] for metals [varying from 10x106 psi for Al, 30x106 for Fe
and 59x106 for W].
Poisson's Ratio [] : ratio of lateral contraction to longitudinal elongation
= - x / z = - y / z [for isotropic materials]; in general, ~ 0.3
Thus the total contractile strains is less than the expansion along the tensile
axis thereby resulting in a slight increase in the volume of the material under stress this is known as Elastic Dilation .
Modulus Of Rigidity or Shear Modulus [G] : G = / ; G is the shear modulus and
is related to E and , G = E / 2(1+ ).
Bulk Modulus [] : the change in volume to the original volume is proportional to the
hydrostatic pressure [hyd] : V/V = hyd , where is the compressibility .
The inverse of the compressibility is the bulk modulus [] : = 1/ .
is also related to E and :

= E / 3(1-2 ) = 2G(1+ ) / 3(1-2 ).

Thus one can evaluate the various elastic moduli from one or more
experimentally evaluated constants. Note that the elastic moduli are related to the
interatomic bonding and thus decrease [slightly] with increasing temperature. Any
change in the crystal structure, for example following a phase change
[polymorphism], one notes a distinct change in the elastic moduli.

KL Murty

page 1

MAT 450

Stress - Strain Curve

Definitions
vs

Nominal (engineering)
P
l
S=A ,e= l
o
o

True
P
l
= A , = ln (l )
o

Proportional limit (PL)

= S (1+e) & = ln (1+e)

Yield strength
(Sy) 0.2% offset; (SLY)

true Yield stress

(y) 0.2% offset

Tensile strength
(TS or UTS or SUTS)

true Tensile strength

(TS or UTS or UTS)

Fracture strength (SF)

true Fracture strength (F)

Uniform elongation (eu)

true Uniform strain (u)

Total elongation (ductility)

(et or ef in 2 )

true Total elongation (ductility)

(t or ef in 2 )

Necking strain (en = et - eu)

true Necking strain (n = t - u)

Reduction in area (ductility) (RA)

Volume is conserved Aolo = Al

Volume increases (Elastic Dilation)

Energy to fracture
Elastic ( = E ) Plastic ( = K n )

Resilience (Uel =

2E )

KL Murty

units (J/m )

page 2

n+1
Toughness (J = K n+1 )

MAT 450

 - curves
smooth (SSs & fcc)

with yield point (steels & bcc)

Rate Effects
Plastic deformation is rate dependent

d ln
(generally at high temperatures) : f( D ) = A D m, m = SRS = (
) T,
d ln 

m ~ 0 at low temperatures
m et

vs

m|max = 1

n eu

Group Work :
left of the instructor : (1) Derive relation between and S :
right of the instructor : (2) Derive relation between and e :
all (3) Show that u= n

KL Murty

page 3

MAT 450

Concept of Stress

lim F
A 0 A

Force extended on reference section by remaining sections body in equilibrium

Normal and Shear Stresses

F

N = A

cos
F

shear = = A

sin

x=
y=

recall RSS (RSS) :

KL Murty

page 4

MAT 450

Stress - Strain Relationships

Elastic Behavior
F , Force is a vector (1st rank tensor)
while ij should be specified with 2 directions : plane normal and force direction acts on plane perpendicular to i along j direction

Sign Convention (Fig. 2.2)

z
z

zx

zy
yz
y
yx

Tension : +ive
Compression : -ve
ij (or ij) is +ive if both
i and j are +ive or ive
ij (or ij ) is - ive if one of i and j is - ive

xx

= yx

zx

xz
yz no net moment ij = ji or only 6 components or

zz
x xy xz
xx xy xz
= xy yy yz ; book notation
y yz

xz
yz
zz
z

Values of ij depend on the choice of reference axes (see 2-D example 2.3)
xy
yy
zy

{can determine these components using tensor transformations, Mohr circle, etc.}
First, we look at 3 important examples of Stress States
1. Plane Stress (p.20) 2. Hydrostatic & Deviatoric Stresses (p.46)
3. Principal Stresses (various sections such as 2.14)
KL Murty

page 5

MAT 450

Plane Stress (p. 20)

- stresses are zero in one of the primary directions (or 2-D stress state) Examples :
1. Thin sheet with loaded in the plane (stresses are zero along the thickness
direction)
2. Pressurized thin cylinder (stresses along r or thickness direction are zero for
cylinders when wall-thickess is about 1/10th of diameter) :
=

Pr
Pr
, z =
with r 0
t
2t

Principal Stresses (p. 22)

Principal Planes are the planes on which maximum normal stresses act with no shear stresses
and these stresses are the Principal Stresses

Designate 1 , 2 , 3 implies no shear stresses or ij = ij ij

Proof is clear from Mohrs circle representation (see text Fig.2.6) for 2-D
3
Note : max = 1
2

Hydrostatic and Deviatoric Stresses (p. 46)

Total stress tensor can be divided into two components (Fig. 2-18)
Hydrostatic or mean stress tensor (m) involving only pure tension or compression
& Deviatoric stress tensor ( ij' ) representing pure shear with no normal components
m =

kk 1 + 2 + 3
=
3
3

1
ij = ij' + ij kk
3

KL Murty

page 6

MAT 450

Example on Hydrostatic and Deviatoric Stresses

80 20 50 a. Find the hydrostatic part of the stresses.
Given the stress state: ij = 20 40 30 ,

b. Find the deviatoric part of the stresses.

50 30 50
hyd

Ans. (a) ij

1
1
= m ij = 3 (11+22+33) ij where m = 3 (80 -40 +50) = 30 so that

ijhyd

dev
(b) By definition, ij

hyd
= ij - ij

30

=0

0
30
0

80 20 50 30 0 0 50 20 -50
= 20 40 30 - 0 30 0 = 20 -70 30

50 30 50 0 0 30 -50 30 20
dev

Note that the mean hydrostatic stress for ij

KL Murty

0 .

30
0

page 7

dev

dev

dev

= (11 +22 +33 ) = 0, as expected.

MAT 450

Principal Stresses (p. 22)

Principal Planes are the planes on which maximum normal stresses act with no shear stresses
and these stresses are the Principal Stresses
Designate 1 , 2 , 3 implies no shear stresses or ij = ij ij
Proof is clear from Mohrs circle representation (see text Fig.2.6) for 2-D

For 3-D such an analogy is not useful and these are determined from the roots of of
the determinant (cubic in ) :
11
12
13
21

22

23

31

32

33

= 0

0 = 3 - (11 + 22 + 33) 2 +
2
2
2
(1122+2233+3311-12 -23 -31 ) 2

(112233+2122331-1123 -2231 -3312 )

Expand the determinant

where Is are invariants of the stress tensor

(Eqs. on p.28 of Text) :
I1 = (11 + 22 + 33)
2
2
2
I2 = -(1122+2233+3311-12 -23 -31 )
2

3 I12 I2 3 = 0

(a) Uniaxial stress

(b) Biaxial stress

(c) Hydrostatic pressure :

(d) Pure shear

[text - x,y,z 1,2,3]

0 0
0 0 0

0 0 0

1 0 0
0 0
2

0 0 0
p 0 0
0 p 0

0 0 p
0 0
0 0

0 0 0

Special Stress States

KL Murty

I3 = 112233+2122331-1123 -2231 -3312

page 8

MAT 450

Normal and Shear Stresses on a Given Plane

[Cut-Surface Method]
3

Given ij in reference system 1 2 3 ;

n is the unit vector normal to the plane =
n1 n2 n3

ij

m is the unit vector in the plane =

m1 m2 m3

N = normal stress along n

= shear stress along m
1
2

= 0; n 12 + n 22 + n 32 = 1 and m1 + m2 + m3 = 1
Note : n . m

note : if n = 1, 2, 5 n =
where

12 + 2 2 + 5 2 =

1
,
30

2
,
30

5
30
2

n is a unit vector
2

30 so that n1 + n2 + n3 = 1.

1. Find the stress vector ( S )

{the stress vector : the vector force per unit area acting on the cut }: S = . n
S1
11

S
=
2
21

S3
31

12

13 n1
3

23 n2 Si = ik nk ; i.e. S1=11n1+12n2+13n3 ; etc.

k=1
33 n3

22
32

2. N and follow as : N = S . n = S1 n1 + S2 n2 + S3 n3
n

= S . m = S1 m1 + S2 m2 + S3 m3
cut plane

and max occurs when n, S and m are in

the same plane, or from Fig.
2

| S |2 = + max
m

KL Murty

page 9

MAT 450

Normal and Shear Stresses on a Given Plane

[Cut-Surface Method]
EXAMPLE

8 2 5
A stress state in a given reference frame is (MPa): ij = 2 4 3
5 3 6
Assume that the stresses are independent of position (uniform stress state).
A plane "cut" is made through the body such that the normal to the cut is n =2, 2, -2.
a. What is the normal stress N on the plane ?
b. What is the shear stress along the direction m = 0, 1, 1 in the plane ?
c. What is the maximum shear stress in the plane (consider all directions in the plane)?

Answer :
2
n =
,
10

2
-2
,
10
10

and m = 0,

1
1
,
.
2
2

1
[8 ( 2 ) + 2 (2) + (-5) (-2)] = 8 MPa,
10
Similarly, S2 = -3.53 MPa and S3 = -4.13 MPa.
1
[8 ( 2 ) + (-3.53) (2) + (-4.13) (-2)] = 3.96 MPa
(a) N = S1n1+S2n2+S3n3 =
10
S1=11n1 + 12n2 + 13n3 =

(b) = S . m = S1 m1 + S2 m2 + S3 m3 =

1
[8 (0) + (-3.53) (1) + (-4.13) (1)] = - 5.42 MPa.
2

note: - sign means the shear stress acts in the - m direction

(c) To find the maximum shear stress in the plane : Since = S . m , the maximum
projection of S along m will occur when these 2 vectors are coplanar (containing n
also) - see Fig. below:
2

| S |2 =S1 +S2 + S3 = (8)2 + (-4.13)2 + (-5.42)2 = 93.5.

n

From the figure, note that

2

| S |2 = + max or
max =

cut plane

2
| S |2 - = 93.5 - (3.96)2 =

8.82 MPa.
m
KL Murty

page 10

MAT 450

Example : Stress Tensor Transformations

z, z'

10 5 0
Given ij = 5 20 0 wrt x,y,z axes.
0 0 0

-x

New axes (x',y',z') are rotated 45 around

z-axis.
'
Need to find ij . ij
'

y'
45 o

-y

= aik ajn kn

45 o
x'

'
a. Calculate xy .
x'
ij : y'
z'

x
y
o
45o
45
135o 45o
90o 90o

z
90o
90o
0o

'
xy = axx ayxxx + axx ayyxy + axx ayzxz
+ axy ayxyx + axy ayyyy + axy ayzyz
+ axz ayxzx + axz ayyzy + axZ ayzzz

1
(2
1
+ (2

1
)(10) +
2
1
)(5) +
2

1
(
2
1
(
2

1
)(5) + 0
2
1
)(20) + 0
2

+ 0

= 5 MPa
'
'
b. Show that x = 20 MPa and y = 10 MPa.

20 5 0
'
'
Thus ij = 5 10 0 . Note that x + y = x + y (= 30 MPa)
0 0 0

'

KL Murty

page 11

MAT 450

Example 2 : Same

as above but in 2-D for a general case

x', y' rotation by

y'

x
y

90-
ij : x' |
y' | 90+

sin

cos
aij =

sin cos
y

x'

yx

y'

xy
A

x'

x
x

xy

yx

'
'
xy (or xy) = axx ayx xx + axx ayy xy + axy ayx yx + axy ayy yy
= - sin cos xx + cosy xy - siny xy + sin cos yy
yy - xx
sin2 + xy cos2 Eq. 2.7
=
2
' x + y x - y
Similarly find x = 2
+ 2
cos2 + xy sin2 (Eq 2.5)
and

' x + y x - y
y = 2
- 2
cos2 - xy sin2 ( Eq 2.6)

& Fig. 2.4 shows variation of these 3 stresses with .

'
'
Note : x + y = x + y as should be since I1 is invariant
i.e., sum of normal stresses on mutually perpendicular planes is invariant.
same thing can be done using Mohr's circle representation (easier for 2-D case)
2xy
'
If xy = 0, principal planes and stresses: tan2 =
(Eq. 2.8)
x - y
whereas maximum shear stresses when tan2 = -

KL Murty

page 12

x - y
(Eq.2.10) & max given by Eq. 2.11.
2xy

MAT 450