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Last Time: - Two Multicast Algorithms For Total Ordering
Last Time: - Two Multicast Algorithms For Total Ordering
Steve Ko
Computer Sciences and Engineering
University at Buffalo
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Physical Time"
CSE 486/586, Spring 2013
IP addresses: 128.205.32.58
Prefixes: ICANN, regional Internet registries, and ISPs
Hosts: static configuration, or dynamic using DHCP
10
A client-server architecture
Flat namespace
/etc/hosts
SRI kept main copy
Downloaded regularly
DNS queries
Iterative queries
Recursive queries
11
12
Central server
Properties of DNS
Root servers
Top-level domain (TLD) servers
Authoritative DNS servers
13
14
A Verisign, Dulles, VA
C Cogent, Herndon, VA (also Los Angeles)
D U Maryland College Park, MD
K RIPE London (+ Amsterdam, Frankfurt)
G US DoD Vienna, VA
I Autonomica, Stockholm
H ARL Aberdeen, MD
(plus 3 other locations)
E NASA Mt View, CA
F Internet Software C. Palo J Verisign, ( 11 locations)
m WIDE Tokyo
Alto, CA (and 17 other
locations)
15
edu
org
generic domains
uk
ac
zw
arpa
Client application
country domains
bar
16
Using DNS
unnamed root
com
in-
ac
addr
Server application
west
foo
east
my
my.east.bar.edu
cam
12
usr
34
usr.cam.ac.uk
56
CSE 486/586, Spring 2013
12.34.56.0/24
17
18
Example
Host at cis.poly.edu
wants IP address for
gaia.cs.umass.edu!
requesting host
cis.poly.edu
Recursive query
19
dns.poly.edu
3
4
20
DNS Caching
Performing all these queries take time
3
4
Iterative query
local DNS server
Ask server who
to ask next
dns.poly.edu
E.g., all other requestresponse pairs
1
requesting host
dns.cs.umass.edu
cis.poly.edu
CSE 486/586, Spring 2013
21
Negative Caching
RR format:
Type=A
Type=CNAME
name is hostname
value is IP address
Type=NS
name is domain
(e.g. foo.com)
value is hostname of
authoritative name server for
this domain
CSE 486/586, Spring 2013
22
23
Type=MX
value is name of mailserver
associated with name
24
Reliability
;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
nydns1.about.com.
nydns2.about.com.
26
ANY
;; ANSWER SECTION:
nytimes.com.
267
IN
MX
100
NYTIMES.COM.S7A1.PSMTP.com.
nytimes.com.
267
IN
MX
200
NYTIMES.COM.S7A2.PSMTP.com.
nytimes.com.
267
IN
A
199.239.137.200
nytimes.com.
267
IN
A
199.239.136.200
nytimes.com.
267
IN
TXT "v=spf1 mx ptr
ip4:199.239.138.0/24 include:alerts.wallst.com include:authsmtp.com
~all"
nytimes.com.
267
IN
SOA
ns1t.nytimes.com.
root.ns1t.nytimes.com. 2009070102 1800 3600 604800 3600
nytimes.com.
267
IN
NS
nydns2.about.com.
nytimes.com.
267
IN
NS
ns1t.nytimes.com.
nytimes.com.
267
IN
NS
nydns1.about.com.
;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
nytimes.com.
nytimes.com.
nytimes.com.
25
267
267
267
IN
IN
IN
NS
NS
NS
IN
IN
A
A
207.241.145.24
207.241.145.25
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;nytimes.com.
IN
;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
com.
172800
IN
NS
K.GTLD-SERVERS.NET.
com.
172800
IN
NS
E.GTLD-SERVERS.NET.
com.
172800
IN
NS
D.GTLD-SERVERS.NET.
com.
172800
IN
NS
I.GTLD-SERVERS.NET.
com.
172800
IN
NS
C.GTLD-SERVERS.NET.
A.GTLD-SERVERS.NET.
172800
IN
192.5.6.30
A.GTLD-SERVERS.NET.
172800
IN
AAAA
2001:503:a83e::2:30
B.GTLD-SERVERS.NET.
172800
IN
192.33.14.30
B.GTLD-SERVERS.NET.
CSE 486/586,
Spring
172800
IN
AAAA20132001:503:231d::2:30
C.GTLD-SERVERS.NET.
172800
IN
192.26.92.30
D.GTLD-SERVERS.NET.
172800
IN
192.31.80.30
E.GTLD-SERVERS.NET.
172800
IN
192.12.94.30
;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
nydns1.about.com.
ns1t.nytimes.com.
nydns2.about.com.
86207
86207
27
28
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;nytimes.com.
IN
;nytimes.com.
IN
ANY
;; ANSWER SECTION:
;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
nytimes.com.
172800
IN
NS
ns1t.nytimes.com.
nytimes.com.
172800
IN
NS
nydns1.about.com.
nytimes.com.
172800
IN
NS
nydns2.about.com.
nytimes.com.
300 IN
SOA
ns1t.nytimes.com.
;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
nytimes.com.
300 IN
MX
200 NYTIMES.COM.S7A2.PSMTP.com.
nytimes.com.
300 IN
MX
100 NYTIMES.COM.S7A1.PSMTP.com.
nytimes.com.
300 IN
NS
ns1t.nytimes.com.
ns1t.nytimes.com.
172800
IN
199.239.137.15
nytimes.com.
300 IN
NS
nydns1.about.com.
nydns1.about.com.
172800
IN
207.241.145.24
nytimes.com.
300 IN
NS
nydns2.about.com.
nydns2.about.com.
172800
IN
207.241.145.25
nytimes.com.
300 IN
199.239.137.245
nytimes.com.
300 IN
199.239.136.200
nytimes.com.
300 IN
199.239.136.245
nytimes.com.
300 IN
Spring
2013
TXTCSE 486/586,
"v=spf1 mx
ptr ip4:199.239.138.0/24
29
30
300
IN
199.239.137.15
31
origin server
in North America
Content replication
CDN company installs
thousands of servers
throughout Internet
In large datacenters
CDN server
in S. America
CDN server
CDN server
in Asia
in Europe
32
34
Server Selection
Which server?
GET
index.
html http://cache.cnn.com/
1 cnn.com/foo.jpg
2
Akamai global
DNS server
HTTP
HTTP
Akamai regional
DNS server
Nearby
Akamai
cluster
End-user
Akamai
cluster
33
35
DNS lookup
g.akamai.net
DNS lookup
cache.cnn.com
HTTP
Akamai global
DNS server
3
ALIAS:
4
g.akamai.net
Akamai
cluster
Akamai regional
DNS server
Nearby
Akamai
cluster
End-user
36
HTTP
3
4
Akamai global
DNS server
6
ALIAS
a73.g.akamai.net
Akamai
cluster
Akamai regional
DNS server
Nearby
Akamai
cluster
End-user
37
HTTP
ai.ne
.akam
a73.g
Address
1.2.3.4
DNS
HTTP
Akamai regional
DNS server
Akamai
cluster
Akamai global
DNS server
38
Akamai regional
DNS server
Akamai
cluster
Akamai global
DNS server
8
9
Nearby
Akamai
cluster
End-user
End-user
Nearby
Akamai
cluster
GET /foo.jpg
Host: cache.cnn.com
39
40
GET foo.jpg
11
11
12
HTTP
12
Akamai global
DNS server
Akamai
cluster
HTTP
Akamai regional
DNS server
8
9
End-user
GET /foo.jpg
Host: cache.cnn.com
Akamai
cluster
Akamai global
DNS server
Akamai regional
DNS server
8
9
Nearby
Akamai
cluster
End-user
10
Nearby
Akamai
cluster
Summary
Acknowledgements
Properties of DNS
Distributed over a collection of DNS servers
41
42