Professional Documents
Culture Documents
of Materials, 4th ed
Donald R. Askeland Pradeep P. Phul
Objectives of Chapter 10
Chapter Outline
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Example 10.1
Materials Selection for an Aerospace
Vehicle
Design a material suitable for the parts of an aerospace vehicle
that reach high temperatures during re-entry from Earth orbit.
Example 10.1 SOLUTION
The material must withstand the high temperatures
(1600oC - 1700oC) generated as the vehicle enters Earths
atmosphere.
Some ductility is needed to provide damage tolerance to the
vehicle. Finally, the material should have a low density.
TiAl and Ni3Al have good high-temperature properties and
oxidation resistance and, at high temperatures, have at least
some ductility.
Thus, carbon or aramid fiber-matrix composites (based on
KevlarTM), coated properly to protect oxidation, also will be very
good choices for outer space applications.
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Example 10.2
Identifying Three-Phase Reactions
Consider the binary phase diagram in Figure 10.7. Identify
the three-phase reactions that occur.
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Figure 10.7 A
hypothetical phase
diagram (for
Example 10.2)
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Figure 10.9
Solidification and
microstructure of a
Pb-2% Sn alloy.
The alloy is a
single-phase solid
solution.
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Example 10.3
Phases in the LeadTin (Pb-Sn)
Phase Diagram
Determine (a) the solubility of tin in solid lead at 100oC,
(b) the maximum solubility of lead in solid tin, (c) the
amount of that forms if a Pb-10% Sn alloy is cooled to
0oC, (d) the masses of tin contained in the and
phases, and (e) mass of lead contained in the and
phases. Assume that the total mass of the Pb-10% Sn
alloy is 100 grams.
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% 10 - 2 100 8.2%
100 - 2
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Example 10.4
Amount of Phases in the Eutectic Alloy
(a) Determine the amount and composition of each
phase in a lead-tin alloy of eutectic composition. (b)
Calculate the mass of phases present. (c) Calculate
the amount of lead and tin in each phase, assuming
you have 200 g of the alloy.
Example 10.4 SOLUTION
(a) The eutectic alloy contains 61.9% Sn.
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Example 10.5
Determination of Phases and Amounts
in a Pb-30% Sn Hypoeutectic Alloy
For a Pb-30% Sn alloy, determine the phases
present, their amounts, and their compositions at
300oC, 200oC, 184oC, 182oC, and 0oC.
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Example 10.6
Microconstituent Amount and
Composition for a Hypoeutectic Alloy
Determine the amounts and compositions of each
microconstituent in a Pb-30% Sn alloy immediately after
the eutectic reaction has been completed.
Example 10.6 SOLUTION
At a temperature just above the eutecticsay, 184oCthe
amounts and compositions of the two phases are:
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Section 10.5
Strength of Eutectic Alloys
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Example 10.7
Design of a Directional Solidification
Process
Design a process to produce a single grain of Pb-Sn
eutectic microconstituent in which the interlamellar spacing
is 0.00034 cm.
Example 10.7 SOLUTION
We could use a directional solidification (DS) process to
produce the single grain, while controlling the growth rate to
assure that the correct interlamellar spacing is achieved.
Figure 10.21 shows how we might achieve this growth
rate. The Pb- 61.9% Sn alloy would be melted in a mold
within a furnace. The mold would be withdrawn from the
furnace at the rate of 0.00025 cm/s, with the mold quenched
with a water spray as it emerges from the furnace.
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Figure 10.21
Directional
solidification of a
Pb-Sn eutectic
alloy: (a) The
metal is melted in
the furnace, and
(b) the mold is
slowly withdrawn
from the furnace
and the casting is
cooled (for
Example 10.7).
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Figure 10.23
the aluminumsilicon phase
diagram.
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Example 10.8
Design of Materials for a Wiping Solder
One way to repair dents in a metal is to wipe a partly
liquid-partly solid material into the dent, then allow this
filler material to solidify. For our application, the wiping
material should have the following specifications: (1) a
melting temperature below 230oC, (2) a tensile strength
in excess of 6000 psi, (3) be 60% to 70% liquid during
application, and (4) the lowest possible cost. Design an
alloy and repair procedure that will meet these
specifications.
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Example 10.9
Design of a Wear-Resistant Part
Design a lightweight, cylindrical component that will provide
excellent wear-resistance at the inner wall, yet still have
reasonable ductility and toughness overall. Such a product
might be used as a cylinder liner in an automotive engine.
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Figure 10.26
Centrifugal casting of a
hypereutectic Al-Si
alloy: (a) Liquid alloy is
poured into a rotating
mold, and (b) the
solidified casting is
hypereutectic at the
inner diameter and
eutectic at the outer
diameter (for Example
10.9).
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Figure 10.27 (c) A phase diagram for the CaO-SiO 2 system. (Source:
Adapted from Introduction to Phase Equilibria, by C.G. Bergeron and S.H.
Risbud, pp. 44 and 45, Figs. 3-36 and 3-37. Copyright 1984 American
Ceramic Society.)
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Section 10.8
Ternary Phase Diagrams
Ternary alloy - An alloy formed by combining three
elements or components.
Ternary phase diagram - A phase diagram between three
components showing the phases present and their
compositions at various temperatures. This diagram
requires a three-dimensional plot or is presented as twodimensional isothermal sections of a three-dimensional
diagram.
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Figure 10.29
Hypothetical
ternary phase
diagram. Binary
phase diagrams
are present at the
three faces.
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Example 10.10
Determination of Liquidus on a Ternary
Phase Diagram
Using the ternary plots in Figures 10.30 and 10.31,
determine the liquidus temperature, the primary phase
that forms during solidification, and the phases at
room temperature for the following materials:
Point x: 10% B, 10% C, balance A
Point y: 10% B, 60% C, balance A
Point z: 40% B, 40% C, balance A
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Figure 10.30 A
liquidus plot for
the hypothetical
ternary phase
diagram. The
circles labeled
x, y, and z refer
to the different
compositions
discussed in
Example 10.10.
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Figure 10.31 An
isothermal plot
at room
temperature for
the hypothetical
ternary phase
diagram. The
circles labeled x,
y, and z
correspond to
the different
compositions
discussed in
Example 10.10.
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Figure 10.32
Hypothetical phase
diagram (for Problem
10.22).
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Figure 10.33
Binary phase
diagrams for the
(a) copper-zinc,
(b) copper-tin,
(c) copperaluminum, and
(d) copperberyllium
systems (for
Problem 10.23).
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Figure 10.38 A
portion of the FeFe3C phase diagram.
The vertical line at
6.67% C is the
stoichiometric
compound Fe3C (for
Problem 10.41).
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Figure 10.40
Cooling curve for a
Pb-Sn alloy (for
Problem 10.46).
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