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Manual Bisar 3
Manual Bisar 3
0
User Manual
This document is CONFIDENTIAL. Neither the whole nor any part of this document may be
disclosed to any third party without the prior written consent of Shell International Oil Products B.V.,
The Hague.
The copyright of this document is vested in Shell International Oil Products B.V., The Hague. All
rights reserved. Neither the whole nor any part of this document may be reproduced, stored in any
retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, reprographic,
recording or otherwise) without the prior written consent of the copyright owner.
Bitumen Business Group
May 1998
Contents
1. Introduction
3. System Requirements
11
12
14
14
16
17
Database Maintenance
17
18
19
20
Print Preview
21
21
22
22
30
33
35
35
38
12.Error Messages
41
Appendix 1
42
42
42
Appendix 2
The radial direction within fixed and local co-ordinate systems
Appendix 3
Overview of Units and Prefixes
References
44
44
46
46
47
Page 2
1. Introduction
The Windows computer program BISAR 3.0 replaces the DOS version BISAR-PC 2.0. The
program is suitable for Windows 3.1, Windows 95 and Windows NT.
In the early 1970s, Shell Research developed the BISAR mainframe computer program1, which
was used in drawing the design charts of the Shell Pavement Design Manual issued in 1978. An
abbreviated version of the BISAR program for use on a personal computer2 was issued in 1987
as BISAR-PC (Release R 1.0). A PC version comprising all extensive mainframe options was
not feasible, because of the lengthy calculations at that time, The PC version was issued to
facilitate the use of the design charts and to avoid laborious interpolations. To avoid these
limitations, the DOS program BISAR-PC 2.0, issued in 1995, offered all the possibilities of the
former mainframe program.
With the release of BISAR 3.0 the full possibilities of the original mainframe BISAR computer
program are now available for use in the Windows environment. In addition to the calculation of
stresses and strains BISAR 3.0 is capable of calculating deflections and is able to deal with
horizontal forces and slip between the pavement layers. This offers the opportunity to calculate
comprehensive stress and strain profiles throughout the structure for a variety of loading
patterns, including air-crafts. In this way, BISAR 3.0 package is a valuable calculation tool,
which can be used for refining the SPDM 3.0* designs, to carry out more complicated designs
(e.g. for cement-bounded base layers or airport designs) and as a stand-alone program for
theoretical calculations on elastic multi-layer systems.
To facilitate SPDM related calculations the present BISAR 3.0 version contains options to
access with ease the Standard Dual Wheel Configuration and to automatically select important
positions in the layer structure under consideration.
The BISAR 3.0 package provides two types of output. The so-called Detailed Report contains
the same information as the original BISAR mainframe program. The Block Report provides an
overview of the main results, which in general meets the needs for less complex studies.
BISAR 3.0 comprises advanced report layout, improved file and database management. It
further includes automatic calculation of the layer number and facilitates selection of positions
at a layer interface.
SPDM 3.0 is the Windows version of the computerised Shell Pavement Design Method.
Page 3
** In calculations dealing with shear forces acting at the loaded surface, no response should be asked for positions at
the surface. BISAR does not properly account for that boundary condition and calculated results may be erroneous.
In such cases it is recommended to select a position just below the surface of the structure.
Page 4
The detailed output comprises the following information for each selected position in the
structure under consideration:
for each load separately (all expressed in terms of the cylindrical co-ordinate system for the
loading):
- the components of the stress tensor (normal and shear)
- the components of the strain tensor (normal and shear)
- the components of the displacement vector
for the combined action of all loads (all expressed in terms of the fixed Cartesian co-ordinate
system:
- the components of the stress tensor (normal and shear)
- the components of the strain tensor (normal and shear)
- the components of the displacement vector
- the principal values and directions of the stress tensor
- the principal values and directions of the strain tensor
- the maximum shear stresses and strains
- the midpoint of the Mohrs stress circles
- the strain energy of distortion
- the total strain energy.
A full description of the fundamentals behind the BISAR program is given in the user guide of
the first program (External Report AMSR.0006.73). Essential parts of this document remain
available to interested parties for reference to the theoretical basis of the elastic multi-layer
model.
Page 5
3. System Requirements
The minimum requirements for the computer system to run BISAR 3.0 are as follows:
Part
Description
Computer
Operating system
Memory
Disk-drive
Hard disk
Screen
Mouse
Printer
Page 6
In Windows 95/NT
Start Windows 95/NT (or close all running programs if Windows 95/NT is already started)
Place the CD-ROM in your CD-ROM drive
Select Run from the Start menu
Type: D:\BISAR3\SETUP (where D: is the drive letter assigned to your CD-ROM drive)
Press the [Enter] key
Follow the instructions in the section Installation Screens (CD-ROM) below
It is recommended that BISAR 3.0 is installed in a directory called BISAR3, however, a different
directory may be specified. Pressing the OK button starts the process of installing the
BISAR 3.0 files into the specified directory.
As files are installed, a progress meter is updated as shown below:
Page 7
In Windows 95/NT
Start Windows 95/NT (or close all running programs if Windows 95/NT is already started)
Place the disk labelled BISAR 3.0 Disk 1 of 2 in Drive A:
Select Run from the Start menu
Type: A:\SETUP
Press the [Enter] key
Follow the instructions in the section Installation Screens below
Page 8
It is recommended that BISAR 3.0 is installed in a directory called BISAR3, however, a different
directory may be specified. Pressing the OK button starts the process of installing the
BISAR 3.0 files into the specified directory.
As files are installed, a progress meter is updated as shown below:
When the following screen is displayed, remove DISK 1 and replace it with DISK 2 before
pressing the OK button.
Page 9
Installation Troubleshooting
If installation appears to be extremely slow, or if problems are encountered as installation
progresses, files may be manually copied to your hard disk and installed from there. To do this,
follow the instructions below.
Using File Manager (in Windows 3.x) or Windows Explorer (in Windows 95) to create a
temporary directory on your hard disk.
Copy all of the files from both BISAR 3.0 installation disks to this temporary directory.
Run the BISAR 3.0 SETUP program from this temporary directory.
Network Installation
Although BISAR 3.0 may be installed on and run from a network, it is not recommended since
the internal database is not designed for multi-user access.
Page 10
Page 11
Page 12
Help is also always available when pressing F1, except within Block Report and Detailed
Report. For details using Help, refer to your Windows Manual on Help.
Page 13
Previous Calculations
Loads
Layers
Positions
Page 14
which allows all options for Systems, Loads, Layers and Positions as explained for starting a
New Project (see section 10.1)
Page 15
Note that this option is only available when all projects are closed.
After selecting Project Input, Loads, Layers or Positions a following window (or similar) is
displayed to delete a certain item
Page 16
Database Maintenance
Under certain circumstances (e.g. loss of power in the middle of a calculation) it is possible that
the BISAR 3.0 database is corrupted. If this occurs then the following message will be displayed
when attempting to open or save projects:
Selecting the Repair Database option will remove any corruption of data which might have
occurred and BISAR 3.0 operation will continue normally.
When projects and results are deleted from the BISAR 3.0 database, the space that they once
occupied is not automatically reclaimed. The Compact Database option manually reclaims this
space. Please note that if used infrequently, database compaction can take one or two minutes
to complete.
Page 17
Page 18
The Block (or Detailed) Table provides a convenient way to view a large number of results (up
to 2000). Horizontal and vertical scroll bars will appear, if necessary, to allow navigation when
more results have been calculated than can be displayed in the Table window.
The Table is initially displayed with all results selected (highlighted). Pressing the Copy to
Clipboard button will copy the selected results to the clipboard so that they may be pasted into
another application. For example, copying the results and pasting them into a spreadsheet
application would allow the graphing of results etc.
If too many results are selected for copying, the following message will be displayed:
If the above error message appears, it is still possible to copy all results to another application
by copying the results in a number of smaller selections. To copy a smaller selection, use the
mouse to point to the first required cell and drag to the last required cell (the cells will appear
highlighted). Now use the Copy to Clipboard option to copy the selected cells. It is possible to
select whole columns of results by clicking on the heading for the desired column.
The Block Table and Detailed Table options are also available from Previous Calculations.
Page 19
The arrow buttons at the top of the preview window enable you to move backwards and
forwards in your report. The action of those buttons is as follows:
Moves you to the first page of the report
Moves you to the previous page
Moves you to the next page
Moves you to the last page of the report
Cancels page formatting. For long reports, page formatting may take a few
moments. If you want to stop the page formatting, press this button.
Previews the page to be printed
Sends your report to the printer
NOTE: You can also use the keyboard to move around in the print window. [Ctrl]+[Home] moves
you to the first page, [Pg Up] moves you to the previous page, [Pg Dn] moves you to the next
page, [Ctrl]+[End] moves you to the last page, and [Esc] closes the print window.
NOTE: You can use the scroll bars to move around individual pages of the report.
Page 20
Print Preview
The magnifying glass button is the print preview button. This button lets you see each page in
its entirety, as it will print. When you Click this button, the program displays the page thats
currently in the preview window, reduced in size so the entire page fits in the window at one
time.
Printing to the printer
To send the displayed report to the printer, click the printer button. A screen similar to the
following will be displayed. Note that BISAR 3.0 will print the report on your default printer. To
select a different printer in Windows 3.x use the printers option in the control panel. To select a
different printer in Windows 95, use the printers option in My Computer.
The print range option allows you to print all or just part of your report. Select ALL to print the
entire report or specify a page range for a partial report.
The default number of copies printed is 1, however this may be changed by specifying a
different number in the copies box.
The Collate Copies option determines how multiple copies of a report are printed. To print
multiple copies of a multiple page report in the order 1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,3, etc. leave this option
empty. To print multiple copies of a multiple page report in the order 1,2,3...,1,2,3, etc. then
select this option. Note that certain printers do not respond to this collating option and will
always print a report in the order 1,2,3,1,2,3, etc.
Page 21
A new project is untitled and a project name can be given after completing the input and
starting the calculations. The default number of Systems (maximum 10) is set at 1. The input
panels for a certain system are made active via Tabs. The System Description box offers the
possibility to give narrative details. Per system the input panels for Loads, Layers and
Positions can be made active.
The load characteristics can be given in three modes:
Stress and Load
Load and Radius (default)
Stress and Radius.
The example below shows typical input data for a Super Single Wheel in the Load and Radius
mode (next page).
Page 22
It is possible to Save and Retrieve user defined load configurations in the internal database* .
By pressing Save in the Loads panel a following window appears
By clicking the Use Standard Dual Wheel checkbox, it is possible to directly include the standard dual wheel
characteristics as used within the Shell Pavement Design Method (see section 10.2).
Page 23
The number of layers can be varied between 1 and 10. The checkbox Full Friction Between
Layers is active as default.
BISAR offers the opportunity to study the effect of full and
partial slip between certain layers in the structure via the so
called Shear Spring Compliance parameter. The use of this
option is explained in section 10.3 and Appendix 1.
The next step is to provide the co-ordinates of Positions in the structure where output is desired.
It is not possible to select positions without defining the structure first.
The Position panel below shows (by way of example) the co-ordinates below the centre of the
load at the top of the surface, in the middle of the top layer, the interface between layer 1 and 2,
a position in layer 2 and the interface between layer 2 and 3. With this new version of BISAR it
is no longer required to input the layer number. This number is now automatically calculated and
displayed when typing the Z - co-ordinate of the position.
A proper choice of the layer number is very important because at
the interface discontinuities may occur. Discontinuities may for
instance occur in
Page 24
When a Z- co-ordinate is positioned at an interface the layer number is indicated in the format
1/2. The panel offers the possibility to select the desired layer number or to choose both by
clicking the Select Layer button
e.g. as follows
Page 25
By clicking the Number of Systems indicator in top of the input panel, the number of systems
for a certain project can be extended up to 10. In that case more system indicators become
available e.g. system 2, starting with empty data fields:
Page 26
Via Copy From and (in this case) selecting System 1, the already provided content of
System 1 is copied to System 2, and can be adjusted where required. In many cases, the user
would define new positions in order to obtain extended stress and strain profiles for a given load
configuration and a certain layer structure.
Calculations are started by selecting Results and Calculate or by pressing F5
Here the user has the opportunity to save the input data and to give a description (name) to the
project input by pressing Yes:
Page 27
After pressing OK, the calculations are performed and the following window is displayed:
The output of the calculations can be accessed as (see also sections 8 and 9)
Block Report
Detailed Report
Block Table
Detailed Table
The Detailed output contains the same extended information as produced by the original
BISAR mainframe computer program. The Block output compiles the main results. The Report
function prepares for browsing and printing.
When using the Table option a following window is displayed, in which the data is selected and
ready for Copy to Clipboard. This option gives the opportunity to copy and paste data to any
other Windows application.
Page 28
Closing the Table and the Calculated Data window results in the display of
After confirmation via Yes the calculation results are saved under the same name as the project
input and may be reassessed through use of the Previous Calculations options in the Project
menu.
Undo All Changes on the Edit menu will cancel all changes since the last time Project Input
was saved.
Details on file management items as Saving are described in section 7.
Page 29
and confirming
Page 30
the program gives the possibility to directly select relevant positions for the combination of
Standard Dual Wheel and the given layer structure by clicking Select Positions for Standard
Dual Wheel in the Positions panel of the System, resulting in (after confirmation)
Page 31
Page 32
In this case a reduced spring compliance value of 15 m (for the interface of layers 2/3 and 3/4 is
chosen as 100 times the radius of the load. As explained in Appendix 1 this value approximates
full slip. The corresponding load itself is defined in the Loads input screen:
Page 33
The user can choose between input of the standard and reduced shear spring compliance in
the Layers input screen. There is an automatic link between the two compliance modes. By
clicking Standard Spring Compliance the value corresponding to the provided reduced spring
compliance value (via modulus and Poissons ratios) is directly displayed
Page 34
Page 35
Structure
Layer
Number
1
2
3
4
Loads
Thickness
(m)
0.300
0.200
0.150
Modulus of
Elasticity
(MPa)
Poissons
Ratio
Load
Number
Vertical
5.000E+03
1.000E+03
8.000E+02
2.000E+02
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
1
2
X-Coord
(m)
Y-Coord
(m)
Depth
(m)
XX
(MPa)
YY
(MPa)
ZZ
(MPa)
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
-1.575E-01
-1.575E-01
-1.575E-01
-1.575E-01
-1.575E-01
1.500E-01
3.000E-01
3.000E-01
6.500E-01
6.500E-01
1.500E-01
3.000E-01
3.000E-01
6.500E-01
6.500E-01
-1.475E-02
1.919E-01
1.416E-02
2.704E-02
1.399E-03
-2.084E-02
1.834E-01
1.319E-02
2.563E-02
1.314E-03
-9.446E-02
1.409E-01
3.954E-03
2.539E-02
9.881E-04
-3.776E-02
1.450E-01
5.514E-03
2.317E-02
6.976E-04
-1.290E-01
-5.623E-02
-5.623E-02
-1.327E-02
-1.327E-02
-2.388E-01
-5.453E-02
-5.453E-02
-1.262E-02
-1.262E-02
Load
(kN)
2.000E+01
2.000E+01
Stress
(MPa)
5.774E-01
5.774E-01
Horizontal (Shear)
Load
Stress
(kN)
(MPa)
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
Stresses
Position
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
10
Layer
Number
1
1
2
3
4
1
1
2
3
4
Radius
(m)
X-Coord
(m)
Y-Coord
(m)
Shear
Angle
(Degrees)
1.050E-01
1.050E-01
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
-1.575E-01
1.575E-01
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
YY
strain
ZZ
strain
UX
(m)
UY
(m)
UZ
(m)
-8.831E+00
1.868E+01
1.868E+01
2.572E+01
2.572E+01
1.062E+01
1.999E+01
1.998E+01
2.327E+01
2.327E+01
-1.815E+01
-3.454E+01
-6.257E+01
-3.953E+01
-7.054E+01
-4.366E+01
-3.389E+01
-6.108E+01
-3.712E+01
-6.660E+01
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
-1.366E-01
-3.101E+00
-3.101E+00
-3.920E+00
-3.920E+00
9.900E+01
9.516E+01
9.516E+01
7.978E+01
7.978E+01
9.778E+01
9.284E+01
9.284E+01
7.845E+01
7.845E+01
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
Strains
XX
strain
1.269E+01
3.246E+01
3.246E+01
2.849E+01
2.849E+01
1.519E+01
3.034E+01
3.035E+01
2.743E+01
2.743E+01
Displacements
Page:
Page 36
Structure
Loads
Modulus of
Elasticity
(MPa)
Poissons
Ratio
Load
Number
0.300
0.200
0.150
5.000E+03
1.000E+03
8.000E+02
2.000E+02
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
1
2
Layer
Number
X-Coord
(m)
Y-Coord
(m)
Depth
(m)
XX
(MPa)
YY
(MPa)
ZZ
(MPa)
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
-3.150E-01
-3.150E-01
-3.150E-01
-3.150E-01
-3.150E-01
1.500E-01
3.000E-01
3.000E-01
6.500E-01
6.500E-01
-1.583E-02
1.222E-01
9.982E-03
2.192E-02
1.088E-03
-6.004E-02
6.552E-02
-1.345E-03
1.736E-02
-5.138E-05
-6.675E-02
-3.354E-02
-3.354E-02
-1.087E-02
-1.087E-02
Layer
Number
Thickness
(m)
1
2
3
4
Position
Number
Vertical
Load
(kN)
2.000E+01
2.000E+01
Stress
(MPa)
5.774E-01
5.774E-01
Horizontal (Shear)
Load
Stress
(kN)
(MPa)
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
Stresses
1
2
3
4
5
1
1
2
3
4
Radius
(m)
X-Coord
(m)
Y-Coord
(m)
Shear
Angle
(Degrees)
1.050E-01
1.050E-01
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
-1.575E-01
1.575E-01
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
YY
strain
ZZ
strain
UX
(m)
UY
(m)
UZ
(m)
-6.227E+00
6.901E+00
6.901E+00
1.687E+01
1.687E+01
-8.040E+00
-1.985E+01
-3.657E+01
-3.078E+01
-5.619E+01
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
-6.995E-01
-5.374E+00
-5.374E+00
-7.118E+00
-7.118E+00
8.742E+01
8.537E+01
8.537E+01
7.478E+01
7.478E+01
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
Strains
XX
strain
5.710E+00
2.219E+01
2.219E+01
2.456E+01
2.456E+01
Displacements
Page:
Page 37
Fixed XYZ-system
normal
XX
O'
r
XY
shear
Y
Y'
Z
shear
X'
rr
normal
Z'
Figure 1: Outline of directions of normal and shear stresses within both coordinate systems.
The meaning of various notations for stresses (and similar for strains) is illustrated in Figure 1,
which contains examples of the notation for type and direction of normal and shear stress within
the fixed Cartesian co-ordinate system and a local cylindrical co-ordinate system. The origin for
the latter system is indicated as O (the X-, Y- and Z- axes in Figure 1 are respectively parallel
to the X-, Y- and Z-axes of the fixed Cartesian system).
Page 38
Layer
Number Thickness (m)
1
2
3
4
Load
Number
1
2
0.300
0.200
0.150
Normal
Stress (Pa)
Shear
Stress (Pa)
5.774E+05
5.774E+05
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
Youngs
Modulus (Pa)
5.000E+09
1.000E+09
8.000E+08
2.000E+08
Poissons
Ratio
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
Radius of
Load Position
Loaded Area (m)
X (m)
1.050E-01
1.050E-01
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
Shear Spring
Compliance (m3/N)
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
Load Position
Y (m)
-1.575E-01
1.575E-01
Shear
Direction ()
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
Page:
Page 39
Position Number: 1
Layer Number: 1
X Coord (m):
Displacements (m)
Load Distance to
No. Load Axis (m) Theta ()
0.000E+00
Y Coord (m):
0.000E+00
Z Coord (m):
Stresses (Pa)
Radial
Tangential
Vertical
Radial
Tangential
Vertical
Rad./Tang.
1.500E-01
Strains
Rad./Vert. Tang./Vert.
Radial
Tangential
Vertical
Rad./Tang.
Rad./Vert.Tang./Vert.
1.575E-01
9.001E+01
9.993E-07
0.000E+00
4.950E-05
-4.723E+04
-7.377E+03
-6.449E+04
0.000E+00
-7.877E+04
0.000E+00
-4.415E-06
6.345E-06
-9.075E-06
0.000E+00
-2.127E-05 0.000E+00
1.575E-01
-9.001E+01
9.993E-07
0.000E+00
4.950E-05
-4.723E+04
-7.377E+03
-6.449E+04
0.000E+00
-7.877E+04
0.000E+00
-4.415E-06
6.345E-06
-9.075E-06
0.000E+00
-2.127E-05 0.000E+00
YY: -9.446E+04
YY: -8.831E-06
UY: 0.000E+00
ZZ: -1.290E+05
ZZ: -1.815E-05
UZ: 9.900E-05
YZ: 0.000E+00
YZ: 0.000E+00
XZ: 0.000E+00
XZ: 0.000E+00
XY: 0.000E+00
XY: 0.000E+00
Maximum:
Minimax:
Minimum:
Maximum:
Normal
Stress (Pa)
-1.475E+04
-9.446E+04
-1.290E+05
Normal
Strain
1.269E-05
-8.831E-06
-1.815E-05
Shear
Stress (Pa)
Shear
Strain
5.711E+04
1.542E-05
3.985E+04
1.076E-05
1.726E+04
4.660E-06
-7.186E+04
MiniMax:
-5.461E+04
Minimum:
-1.117E+05
Strain Energy (J):
1.494E+00
X
Comp.
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.7071
0.7071
0.7071
0.7071
0.0000
0.0000
Y
Comp.
0.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
-0.7071
0.7071
0.7071
0.7071
Z
Comp.
0.0000
0.0000
1.0000
-0.7071
0.7071
0.0000
0.0000
-0.7071
0.7071
9.266E-01
Page:
Page 40
Validation of Layers
Field
Actual Error Message
Thickness
The Thickness Value should be greater than 0 and less than 100
Modulus of Elasticity The Modulus of Elasticity Value should be greater than 0 and less than
1E20
Poissons Ratio
The Poissons Ratio Value should be greater than 0 and less than 1
Spring Compliance The Spring Compliance Value should be between 0 and 1E+10
Validation of Positions
Field
X Coordinate
Y Coordinate
Z Coordinate
Page 41
Appendix 1
BISAR Calculations with Slip between Layers
(Shear Spring Compliance Concept)
A1.1 Theoretical Background
One of the possibilities of BISAR is the capability to account for (full or partial) slip. This type of
calculation is made with aid of the shear spring compliance, a parameter which should not be
confused with the well-known friction coefficient.
Within BISAR, it is not possible to use the classic friction coefficient, because its value differs
for static and dynamic conditions. Use of this parameters would require BISAR to be able to
cope with discontinuities (step functions). The mathematics behind the BISAR model, however,
assumes continuous relations for all its parameters.
To solve this problem, the designers of BISAR have developed the concept of shear spring
compliance. In this approach the interface between two (horizontal) pavement layers is
represented by an infinite thin inter-layer of which the strength is described by means of a
spring compliance. Physically it assumes that the shear stresses at the interface cause a
relative horizontal displacement of the two layers, which is proportional to the stresses acting at
the interface.
The physical definition of the standard shear spring compliance, AK, is given by
AK =
stresses acting at the interface
AK
AK +
1+
.a
E
in which
a
E
=
=
=
=
ALK =
.a
One of the values of AK and ALK is input for the BISAR program. The value of , called
interface friction, used in all computations is derived from the input (either AK or ALK).
The friction parameter should not be considered as a classic friction coefficient. The interface
friction parameter depends on the diameter of the applied load and is therefore not a pure
material property. Within calculations with loads of different diameters, different values for
apply for one ALK or AK value as physical characteristic for a specific layer interface. It is
Page 42
therefore formally not correct to express a percentage of slip as a proportion of the spring
compliance for full slip.
On the other hand, it remains difficult to assign or justify a specific value for AK (ALK).
Therefore, it is recommended to always perform a series of calculations with different values for
ALK as a kind of sensitivity analysis. A numerical variation in ALK from zero to, say, 100 times
the radius of the loaded area covers the range from full friction to (practically) full slip ( = 0.99).
The physical meaning (see above definition of AK) of such input values should be considered in
connection with the moduli of the layers in the structure and the corresponding shear spring
compliance (AK) values, with aid of the relation
1+
AK = ALK .
E
Page 43
Appendix 2
The radial direction within fixed and local co-ordinate systems
Fixed XYZ-system
P'
X
P
O'
P
Y
Z
Figure 2-1
L (xL,yL,0)
P' (xP,yP,0)
P (xP,yP,zP)
Z'
L (0,0,0)
P' (r,,0)
P (r,,zP)
The input for BISAR is expressed in terms of a fixed Cartesian co-ordinate system (X,Y,Z). The
actual BISAR calculations, however, to determine the response of a load at a certain position in
terms of resulting stresses, strains and displacements are carried out in a local cylindrical coordinate system (r,,z) for each load. An outline of both systems is given in Figure 2-1. L is the
centre of a load in the X-Y plane at the top of the structure and is the origin of the local
cylindrical system. P corresponds to an arbitrary position in the structure, with P as projection
of P on the surface plane.
Tangential
direction
yP
yL
O
Figure 2-2
Radial direction
xL
P' (x ,y ,0)
P P
(r,,0)
xP
The so-called Detailed Report contains a value for the angle (theta), which is internally used
by BISAR. This appendix explains the relation between the radial direction with respect to the
fixed Cartesian Co-ordinate system (defined by the user) and the radial direction used and
reported by BISAR.
The situation in case of vertical loading, without applying any shear force, is outlined in
Figure 2-2.
The radial direction for a load and position combination with respect to the fixed Cartesian Coordinate system is given by the (internal BISAR) value , the angle between the intersection
line of position and the centre of the load with the positive X-axis.
In case of vertical loading
=
so the BISAR output (theta) is equal to the direction with the (fixed) positive X-axis of the user
defined Cartesian co-ordinate system.
Tangential
direction
yP
yL
0
Figure 2-3
Radial direction
xL
P'(x ,y ,0)
(r,,0)
Shear direction
xP
When applying a horizontal shear force on the loading, the situation is more complex, because
the value of in the output now also depends on the direction of the horizontal loading. The
situation is illustrated in Figure 2-3.
The radial direction (angle in the Detailed Report) used to perform the calculations within the
local cylindrical co-ordinate system is now taken with respect to the direction of the shear force.
This direction is indicated by , the angle between the shear direction and the positive X-axis
(input in the load screen). In other words, the value for varies with varying shear direction,
while from a designers point of view the radial direction for a specific combination of load and
position does not change.
As illustrated in Figure 2-3, the latter direction (with respect to the fixed Cartesian Co-ordinate
system) and indicated by , can be found from
==
Page 45
Appendix 3
Overview of Units and Prefixes
Parameter
Units
Input Screens
Load
Radius
Stress
Co-ordinates
Shear Direction
Thickness
Modulus
Poissons Ratio
Spring Compliance
- (reduced)
Strains
Displacements
Distance to load
Theta
Strain Energy
- of Distortion
kN
m
MPa
m
degrees
m
MPa
m3/N
m
-
Block Report
kN
m
MPa
m
degrees
m
MPa
m3/N
m
m/m
m
-
Detailed Report
m
Pa
m
degrees
m
Pa
m3/N
m
m/m
m
m
degrees
J
J
Page 46
References
1. D.L. de Jong, M.F.G. Peutz and A.R. Korswagen, Computer Program BISAR, Layered
systems under nornal and tangential surface loads, AMSR.0006.73.
2. R.C. Koole, C.P. Valkering and F.D.R. Stapel, Development of Pavement Design Program for
Use on Personal Computer, Paper presented at the 5th Conference of Asphalt Pavements for
Southern Africa, Swaziland, 5th-9th June 1989.
Page 47