Bearing Capacity

(Daya Dukung Tanah)

Dr. Ir.H. Erizal, MAgr

Definisi
Daya dukung yang diizinkan (allowable bearing cap.)
tekanan maksimum yang dapat diaplikasikan ke tanah
dimana 2 kondisi diatas dipenuhi.
Daya dukung batas (ultimate bearing cap.)
tekanan minimum yang menyebabkan keruntuhan geser
(shear failure) pada tanah pendukung secara cepat ke
bawah.

Footing Performance
Vertical Load

Vertical movement

Elastic
maximum tolerable
settlement

safe load maximum service ultimate

load
capacity

Plastic

Serviceability
Ultimate Limit State
Maximum allowable load =
min [safe load, max service load ]

Plunging
Failure

Limit States

Serviceability

Ultimate

Serviceability Limit State

Maximum load at which structure
still performs satisfactorily :
Settlement
Horizontal movement
Rotation
Sliding

Force (kN)
Applied Load

Bearing Pressure Definitions

Allowable Bearing Pressure qa=< qFs (settlement)
/A
F

Plan Area, A

Ultimate Bearing Capacity qult = Ffail / A

Foundation Failure

Rotational Failure

Soil Heave

Force

Resistance

Generalized Shear Failure

q

Soil Failure
Lines
Settlement
passive

rigid
radial
shear

log spiral

Local Shear Failure

q

minor surface
heave only
Settlement

Medium dense
or firm soils

Punching Shear Failure

q

No surface
heave

Settlement

Loose or
Soft Soils

Methods for calculating bearing

capacity

Full scale load tests

Load tests on model footings
Limit equilibrium analysis
Detailed stress analysis such as the FEM
method

Limit equilibrium analysis

solutions for weightless soils:
Solutions with = 0 :
Prandtl smooth punch : qult = 5.14c
Prandtl rough punch : qult = 5.7c
Solutions with 0 :
Rough punch
passive

active
log spiral

Bearing Capacity for real soils

Exact,
Exact, theoretical
theoretical analytical
analytical solutions
solutions have
have only
only been
been
computed
computed for
for special
special cases
cases -- e.g.
e.g. soils
soils with
with no
no weight,
weight,
no
no frictional
frictional strength,
strength, or
or no
no cohesion,
cohesion, c.
c.
Approximate
Approximate solutions
solutions have
have been
been derived
derived by
by
combining
combining solutions
solutions for
for these
these special
special cases.
cases. The
The
first
first solution
solution was
was by
by Terzaghi
Terzaghi (1943)
(1943) -- father
father of
of soil
soil
mechanics.
mechanics. Others
Others later
later modified
modified this
this solution.
solution.
The
The failure
failure mechanism
mechanism corresponds
corresponds to
to general
general failure.
failure.
Corrections
Corrections are
are applied
applied to
to check
check for
for the
the possibility
possibility of
of
local
local or
or punching
punching shear
shear failure.
failure.

Jenis pondasi berdasarkan kedalamannya

1. Pondasi dangkal (shallow foundation)
bila kedalaman pondasi, Df , lebih kecil dibanding lebar
pondasi, B
2. Pondasi dalam (deep foundation)
bila kedalaman pondasi, Df , lebih besar/dalam dibanding
lebar pondasi, B

Terzaghis Bearing Capacity Eqn.

For strip footings:
qult = c.Nc + ZD .Nq + 0.5BN

Terzaghis Bearing Capacity Eqn.

For strip footings:
qult = c.Nc + q.Nq + 0.5BN

q = .D
.Df

Df
c

B
soil density, (kN/m3)

Terzaghis Bearing Capacity Eqn.

For strip footings:
qult = c.Nc + q.Nq + 0.5BN
Bearing Capacity Factors for soil
cohesion, surcharge and weight
functions of friction angle,
determine by equation or from graph

Nc

Nq

in
in Degrees
Degrees

40
30
20
10
0
70

60

50

40

Nc and Nq

30

100
80
5.7 1.0

20

10

20
N

40

60

General Bearing Capacity Eqn.

(1973, 1975)

Based on theoretical and experimental work:

qult = c.NcFcsFcdFci + q.NqFqsFqdFqi + 0.5BNFsFdFi

General Bearing Capacity Eqn.

qult = c.NcFcsFcdFci + q.NqFqsFqdFqi + 0.5BNFsFdFi

q
.D
=
ZD = f.D

Df
c

B
soil density, (kN/m3)

General Bearing Capacity Eqn.

qult = cNcFcsFcdFci + qNqFqsFqdFqi + 0.5BNFsFdFi

Bearing Capacity Factors for soil

cohesion, surcharge and weight
functions of friction angle,
determine by equation or from graph
or Table 3.3

General Bearing Capacity Eqn.

qult = cNcFcsFcdFci + qNqFqsFqdFqi + 0.5BNFsFdFi

Correction factors for footing shape (s),

footing depth (d) load inclination (i );
could have additional base
inclination (b), and ground inclination (g)
determine from appropriate equations

General Bearing Capacity Factors

(Table 3.3)
50
N Hansen

45
Friction angle (degree)

40
35
30
25
20

Nc
N Meyerhof

15
10

Nq

5
0
1

10

100
Nc, Nq and N

1000

Wall on
Strip Footing

Shape Factors
Birds Eye View

Column on
Square Footing

For non-strip footings :

Fcs , Fcq , Fs 1
Failure lines

Failure lines

Wall on
Strip Footing

Depth Factors
For buried footings :
Fcd , Fqd , Fd 1

q = .D
.Dff
increasedstrength
failure generally
line length
increases with depth

VV==1000
906 kN
kN

Inclination Factors

H = 423 kN

For inclined loads :

Fci , Fqi , Fi 1
Inclined load = 1000 kN
Load inclination, = 25o

Failure surface shallower and shorter

Terzaghi or General
General is more accurate
Applies to a broader range of loading and
geometry conditions
General is more complicated

Contoh 1
Sebuah pondasi bujur sangkar dengan sisi 2.25 m diletakkan pada
kedalaman 1.5 m pada pasir< di mana parameter kuat gesernya c=0
dan = 38o. Tentukan daya dukung ultimit (a) bila muka air tanah
berada di bawah elevasi pondasi, (b) jika muka air tanah berada pada
permukaan tanah. Berat isi pasir di atas muka air tanah adalah 18
kN/m3, berat isi jenuhnya 20 kN/m3.
Pondasi bujur sangkar qf = 0.4BN + DNq
= 38o N = 67, Nq = 49
qf = (0.4 x 18 x 2.25 x 67) + (18 x 1.5 x 49)
= 1085 + 1323 = 2408 kN/m2
Daya dukung di bawah muka air:
qf = 0.4BN + DNq = sat w = 20 9.8 = 10.2 kN/m3
qf = (0.4 x 10.2 x 2.25 x 67) + (10.2 x 1.5 x 49)
= 615 + 750 = 1365 kN/m2

Contoh 2
Sebuah pondasi jalur didesain memikul beban 800 kN/m pada
kedalaman 0.7 m pada pasir berkerikil. Parameter kekuatan geser yang
tersedia adalah c=0 dan=40o. Tentukan lebar pondasi bila faktor
keamanan = 3 dan diasumsikan mungkin muka air tanah mencapai
pondasi. Berat isi pasir adalah 17 kN/m3, berat isi jenuhnya 20 kN/m3.
=40o N=95 dan Nq=64
qf = BN + BNq
= ( x 10.2 x B x 95) + (17 x 0.7 x 64)
= 485B + 762
qnf =qf D ;
qn = q - D ;
F = qnf / qn
= 485B + 762 (17 x 0.7)
= (800/B) (17 x 0.7)
= 485B + 750
= (800/B) 12
1
800
(485
B
+
750)
=
12 B = 1.55 m

3
B

Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Shallow Footings with

Concentric Loads

Ultimate Bearing Capacity with Ground Water Effect

Example: Determine the Allowable Bearing

Capacity for A Rough Base Square Footing
Using A Safety Factor Of 3.
d=D=5

T = 125 pcf

B=6

sub = 63 pcf

= 20
c = 500 psf

Solution: Assuming A General Shear

Condition, Enter the Bearing Capacity
Chart for = 20 and Read Nc = 14, Nq = 6,
N = 3. Also note that formula for bearing
capacity must account for the square
footing and the water table within the
failure zone.

B
qult = (1 + 0 .3 )CNc + [ sub D + ( T sub )d ]Nq + 0.4 sub BN
L

= (1.3)(500)14 + [63(5) + (125 63)5 ]6 + 0.4(63)(6)(3)

= 9100

+ 3750

+ 450

qult = 13,300psf
q all

q ult
=
3

13 , 300
=
3

4 , 430

psf

What is the Effect on Bearing

Capacity of Excavation of Soil
Cover Over a Spread Footing?

Student Mini-Exercise on Bearing Capacity

q ult

= cN c + P o N q + 1/2

Properties and Dimensions

(Assume Continuous Rough Footing)
= Unit Weight
D = Footing Embedment
B = Footing Width

A.

B.

C.

D.

Initial Situation T = 120 pcf, D = 0, B = 5,

deep water table
Effect of embedment D = 5, T = 120 pcf, B =
5, deep water table
Effect of width, B = 10, T = 120 pcf, D = 0,
deep water table
Effect of water table at surface, sub = 57.6
pcf, D = 0,
B = 5

BN

Cohesive Soil

Cohesionless Soil

= 0
c = 1000psf

= 30
c=0

qult (psf)

qult (psf)

5530

5400

Student Mini-Exercise on Bearing Capacity

q ult

cN

+ P o N q + 1/2

Properties and Dimensions

(Assume Continuous Rough Footing)

B.

C.

D.

Cohesive Soil

Cohesionless Soil

= 0
c = 1000psf

= 30
c=0

qult (psf)

qult (psf)

Initial Situation T = 120 pcf, D = 0, B = 5,

deep water table

5530

5400

Effect of embedment D = 5, T = 120 pcf, B =

5, deep water table

6130

17400

Effect of width, B = 10, T = 120 pcf, D = 0,

deep water table

5530

10800

5530

2592

= Unit Weight
D = Footing Embedment
B = Footing Width

A.

BN

Effect of water table at surface, sub = 57.6

pcf, D = 0,
B = 5

STUDENT EXERCISE NO.5

Footing Bearing Capacity
Objective:
Find the Allowable Bearing Capacity Using a Safety Factor = 3, for
the Condition Shown Below.
Rough Base Footing 10 50

Final Grade
4
30

10

Sand
= 115 pcf
= 35
C=0

SOLUTION TO EXERCISE No. 5

Footing

Length
Width

50
10

=5>9

Water Level 30 4
=
= 2.6
Width
10

Use Rectangular Formula

= 2.6 > 1.5 Footing Widths

Footing Base
No Water Effect
qult = DN q + 0.4 BN

Qall =

= (115)(4)(37) + (0.4)(115)(10)(42)
= 17,020 + 19,320
= 36,340 PSF

36,340
= 12,113 psf
3

below

How is bearing capacity theory

related to the rule of thumb
equation for stability;
SAFETY FACTOR

H
Soft clay layer
Compact Sand

6 C
H

=
= Unit
Weight

cohesion = C

Spread Footing Design

Bearing Capacity
Explain how footing embedment, width, and
water table affect footing bearing capacity
Activities: Bearing capacity
analysis