SQL LANGUAGE IS FURTHER DIVIDED INTO THE FOLLOWING

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

DDL
DML
TCL
DCL
DQL

DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE

DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE
TRANSACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE
DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE
DATA QUERY LANGUAGE

DDL
1. CREATE
2. DROP
3. ALTER
4. RENAME
5. TRUNCATE
DML
1. INSERT
2. UPDATE
3. DELETE
TCL
1. COMMIT
2. ROLLBACK
3. SAVEPOINT
DCL
1. GRANT
2. REVOKE
DQL
1. SELECT
CREATE THE CREATE COMMAND IS USED TO CREATE DATABASE
HIN THE DATABASE SCHEMA.
SCHEMA :- IT IS A COLLECTION OF VALID DATABASE
VERY SCHEMA IS IDENTIFIED BY A
SSWORD.

OBJECTS WIT

OBJECTS. E
USERNAME AND PROTECTED BY A PA

SYNTAX FOR "CREATE TABLE" COMMAND

CREATE TABLE <TABLE NAME> ( <COL NAME> DATA TYPE
..,[...,]);

[(SIZE)],.

IN A SINGLE TABLE IN ORACLE DATABASE WE CAN HAVE A

MAX OF 1000 C

OLUMNS.
EX:- CREATE TABLE DEPT (DEPTNO NUMBER(2),DNAME
2(10),LOC VARCHAR2(10));
CREATE TABLE EMP5(EMPNO NUMBER(4),
ENAME VARCHAR2(10),
JOB VARCHAR2(10),
MGR NUMBER(4),
HIREDATE DATE,
SAL NUMBER(7,2),
COMM NUMBER(3),

VARCHAR

DEPTNO NUMBER(2));
DROP TABLE:-THE DROP TABLE COMMAND IS USED TO DROP A TABLE
TABASE SCHEMA

IN THE DA

SYNTAX DROP TABLE <TABLE NAME>;

DROP TABLE EMP;
DROP TABLE DEPT;
INSERT :- THIS COMMAND IS USED TO KEEP DATA IN A TABLE ,
YNONYM.

VIEW OR S

SYNTAX:-INSERT INTO <TABLE NAME> VALUES (<VALUE LIST>);

EX:-

INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES (10,'ACCOUNTS','NEW YORK');

WE NEED NOT ENCLOSE NUMERIC VALUES IN QUOTES.

SYNTAX:-INSERT INTO <TABLE NAME> (<COL LIST>) VALUES

(<VALUE LIST>);

THIS METHOD SHOULD BE USED WHEN WE WISH TO INSERT

SELECT COLUMNS
INSERT INTO EMP (EMPNO,ENAME,JOB) VALUES

DATA ONLY INTO

(1001,'ALLEN','MANAGER'

);
THIS WILL KEEP THE GIVEN VALUE IN THE 3 COLUMNS AND
MNS WILL GET NULL VALUES
SYNTAX:-INSERT INTO <TABLE NAME> [(<COL LIST>)] VALUES
&COL NAME>',...);
EXAMPLE:- INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES

BALANCE COLU

('<&COL NAME>','<

('&DEPTNO','&DNAME','&LOC');

DELETE :- THIS COMMAND IS USED TO DELETE THE DATA/ROWS FROM

A TABLE

SYNTAX:-DELETE FROM <TABLE NAME> [WHERE <CONDITION>];

OR
DELETE <TABLE NAME> [WHERE <CONDITION>];
EX:DELETE FROM EMP WHERE ENAME='ALLEN';
DELETE FROM EMP; - > WILL DELETE ALL THE ROWS
DELETE EMP; - > WILL DELETE ALL THE ROWS

UPDATE :- THIS COMMAND IS USED TO MODIFY EXSTING DATA WITH

NEW DATA.

SYNTAX :-UPDATE <TABLE NAME> SET <COL NAME> = <VALUE>

>];
EX:-

[WHERE <CONDITION

UPDATE EMP SET SAL=SAL+100 WHERE JOB='CLERK';

UPDATE EMP SET SAL=SAL+300;
UPDATE EMP SET ENAME='ALLEN' WHERE ENAME='SMITH';
BASIC SYNTAX FOR SELECT STATEMENT:SELECT * | <COL LIST> FROM <TABLE NAME> [WHERE

* - WILL SELECT ALL THE COLUMNS AND ALL THE ROWS IN

<COL LIST> - IF SPECIFIED WILL SELECT ONLY LIMITED COLUMNS
ABLE

<CONDITION>];
A TABLE
FROM A T

WHERE <CONDITION> - WILL RESTRICT THE NO OF ROWS THAT ARE

Y BASED ON
THE CONDITION THAT IS SPECIFIED

RETURNED BY THE QUER

CONSTRAINTS :- A CONSTRAINT IS A CHECK OR A RULE THAT IS

D ON TABLE COLUMN TO ENSURE
HAT ONLY VALID DATA IS ENTERED OR UPDATED
AT COLUMN.
ORACLE DATABASE WILL SUPPORT THE FOLLOWING CONSTRAINTS

APPLIE

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

FOR TH

NOT NULL
UNIQUE
CHECK
PRIMARY KEY
FOREIGN KEY

NOT NULL :- IF A COLUMN IS DEFINED WITH THE NOT NULL

THAT COL WILL NOT ALLOW
ANY NULL VALUES.
CREATE TABLE DEPT (DEPTNO NUMBER(2) NOT NULL,DNAME
LOC VARCHAR2(10));

CONSTRAINT THEN

VARCHAR2(10),

WHEN WE SPECIFY A CONSTRAINT FOR A COLUMN THEN

THAT CONSTRAINT
WILL BE GIVEN A NAME INTERNALLY BY
ORACLE. USING THAT NAME WE CAN AT A LA
TER POINT OF TIME
DROP OR DISABLE OR ENABLE THAT CONSTRAINT.
TO GET THE NAME OF THE CONSTRAINT AFTER IT HAS BEEN DEFINED WE MUST WRITE A QUER
Y
SELECT CONSTRAINT_NAME,CONSTRAINT_TYPE,STATUS FROM USER_CONSTRAINTS WHERE TABLE_
NAME='EMP';
1 SELECT CONSTRAINT_NAME,CONSTRAINT_TYPE,STATUS FROM
S WHERE TABLE_NAME='DEPT'
SQL>
CONSTRAINT_NAME
CONSTRAINT_TYPE STATUS
------------------------------ -------SYS_C00590
C
ENABLED

USER_CONSTRAINT

CREATE TABLE DEPT (

DEPTNO NUMBER(2) CONSTRAINT
,DNAME VARCHAR2(10),LOC VARCHAR2(10) );
SQL> SELECT CONSTRAINT_NAME,CONSTRAINT_TYPE,STATUS FROM
S WHERE TABLE_NAME='DEPT';

NN_DEPTNO NOT NULL

USER_CONSTRAINT

CONSTRAINT_NAME
C STATUS
------------------------------ - -------NN_DEPTNO
C ENABLED
UNIQUE CONSTRAINT :THE UNIQUE CONSTRAINT IS USED TO CHECK FOR
TABLE COLUMN.
WHEN A UNIQUE CONSTRAINT IS APPLIED TO A COL OF A
NOT ALLOW ANY REPEATING
VALUES BUT IT WILL ALLOW NULL VALUES. UNQUE
L NOT CHECK FOR DUPLICACY IN NULL
VALUES BECAUSE NULL IS NO VALUE

DUPLICATE VALUES IN A
TABLE IT WILL
CONSTRAINT WIL

CREATE TABLE DEPT (DEPTNO NUMBER(2) CONSTRAINT UN_DEPTNO UNIQUE,DNAME V

ARCHAR2(10),LOC
VARCHAR2(10));
CREATE TABLE DEPT (DEPTNO NUMBER(2) CONSTRAINT
TRAINT NN_DEPTNO NOT NULL,DNAME
VARCHAR2(10),LOC
SQL> SELECT CONSTRAINT_NAME,CONSTRAINT_TYPE,STATUS FROM
ERE TABLE_NAME='DEPT';
CONSTRAINT_NAME
-----------------------------NN_DEPTNO
UN_DEPTNO

C
C
U

UN_DEPTNO UNIQUE CONS

VARCHAR2(10));
USER_CONSTRAINTS WH

STATUS
-------ENABLED
ENABLED

CHECK CONSTRAINT :- THE CHECK CONSTRAINT IS USED TO CHECK FOR A CONDITION BEFORE
THE DATA IS ENTERED INTO THE COLUMN OF A TABLE.
CREATE TABLE EMP (EMPNO NUMBER(4),ENAME VARCHAR2(10) CONSTRAINT CK_ENAME CHECK (
ENAME=UPPER(ENAME)), SAL NUMBER(7,2) CONSTRAINT CK_SAL CHECK (SAL BETWEEN 1000 A
ND 3000),DEPTNO NUMBER(2));
PRIMARY KEY CONSTRAINT :- IF A COL IS DEFINED WITH THE PRIMARY KEY CONSTRAINT TH
EN THE FOLLOWING ACTIONS ARE PERFORMED ON THAT COLUMN.
1. THE COLUMN
2. THE COLUMN
3. THE COLUMN
4. THE COLUMN
FOREIGN KEY COLUMNS

WILL
WILL
WILL
WILL

BECOME NOT NULL

BECOME UNIQUE
BE INDEXED
ALLOW ITS VALUES TO REFFERED IN OTHER OR SAME TABLES

CREATE TABLE DEPT (DEPTNO NUMBER(2) CONSTRAINT PK_DEPTNO PRIMARY KEY,DNA

ME VARCHAR2(10),LOC VARCHAR2(10));

SQL> SELECT CONSTRAINT_NAME,CONSTRAINT_TYPE, STATUS FROM USER_CONSTRAINTS WHERE

TABLE_NAME='DEPT';
CONSTRAINT_NAME
C STATUS
------------------------------ - -------PK_DEPTNO
P ENABLED
FOREIGN KEY CONSTRAINT :- IF A COL IS DEFINED WITH THE FORIEGN KEY CONSTRAIN THE
N WHEN WHENEVER
WE INSERT OR UPDATE A VALUE IN THE FORREIGN KET COLUMN IT WILL REFER THE PRIMARY
KEY COLUMN FOR
A MATCH ,IF FOUND THEN ONLY WILL IT ALLOW US TO KEEP THE NEW VALUE IN THE FOREIG
N KEY COLUMN
IN A FK COLUMN WE CAN KEEP NULL VALUES
CREATE TABLE EMP (EMPNO NUMBER(4),
ENAME VARCHAR2(10),
JOB VARCHAR2(10),
MGR NUMBER(4),
HIREDATE DATE,
SAL NUMBER(7,2),
COMM NUMBER(3),
DEPTNO CONSTRAINT FK_DEPTNO REFERENCES
DEPTNO));

DEPT(

SQL> SELECT CONSTRAINT_NAME,CONSTRAINT_TYPE FROM USER_CONSTRAINTS WHERE TABLE_NA

ME='EMP';
CONSTRAINT_NAME
C
------------------------------ FK_DEPTNO
R
WE CANNOT DROP THE PK TABLE ONCE IT IS REFFERED BY

FOREIGN KEY .

WE CAN DROP THE FK TABLE AT ANY POINT OF TIME

ONCE FK TABLE IS DROPPED THEN WE CAN DROP THE PK

TABLE