K-L.

S7W
THE

OF

HERITAGE

INDIA

OF

HISTORY

HINDI

SERIES

LITERATURE

BY

F. E.
(Church

M.A.

KEAY,

Missionary

Society, Jubbulpore)

Author

of

Indian

"Ancient

Education"

3'

75

ASSOCIATION
5, RUSSELL
LONDON:
NEW

CALCUTTA

STREET,

OXFORD
YORK,

BOMBAY,

PRESS
.

UNIVERSITY
TORONTO,

CALCUTTA

PRESS

MELBOURNE,
AND

MADRAS

PRINTED
AT

WESLEYAN

MISSION

THE

PRESS,

1920.

MYSORE

CITY,

CONTENTS

Page

viii

Preface
.

(Inset)

Map
..

I.

The

..

..

Language

Hindi

and

..

..

Neighbours

its

..

II.

III.

IV.

V.

General

Early

Survey

Bardic

Early

Mughal

VI.

VII.

Tulsi

The

Court

Hindi

in

(1400"

Poets

Das

and

the

Successors

of

..

..

..

..

..

..

12

19

1550)

Artistic

the

Influence

(1550"1800)

Literature

and

Literature

(1150-1400)

Chronicles

Bhakti

The

Hindi

of

Rama

(1550"1800)

Cult

Kabir

(1550"1800)
..

VIII.

IX.

X.

XI.

XII.

The

Krishna

Bardic

-The

Some

Cult

Other

and

Modern

Present

Literature

Period

General

Position

(1550-1800)

(1550"1800)

1800)

(from

Characteristics

and

of

Prospects

of

Hindi

Literature

100

Hindi

Literature

104

Bibliography

..108
..

..

..

..

Index

..110
..

..

..

..

..

PREFACE

The

India
in

Series

each

be

one

of

is

of

the

impossible,

the

this

detailed

account

the

Amongst

Editors

of

read

criticisms
Mr.

M.

the

proofs.

Singh
school,

book

T.

and

for

and

the

Kennedy,
I
Mr.

am

attempt

of

more

persons

help,
;

in

the

Dr.

Rev.

have

who
also

much

who

August

1920.
"

to

time

of

give

to

G.

Rev.

J.

W.

who

valuable
and

Macdougall

C.

carefully

read

indebted

to

of

through
Mr.

of

masters

some

thank

Dann,

offered

and

formation
in-

supplied

especially

Frank

Jubbulpore

the

taken

made

have

I must

Masih,

translating

it

literature.

manuscript

in

to

the

to

been

has
recent

Sakhawat

help

down

no

other

been

has

when

review,

justice

do

to

the
more

and,

under

care

movements

thisxoeries

the
;

great

many

given

or

limits,

the

of

nothing

pages

comes

of

provide,

outline

hundred

volume,

but

is to

trustworthy

literatures

historic

Heritage

The

Necessarily,

into

within

Harischandra

kindly

and

of

literatures

literature.

greater

sketch

volumes

vernacular

compressed

In

the

these

clear

the

whole.

the

on

case,

history
can

of

purpose

the

E.

Kallu

my
extracts.

Keay.

own

I.

ITS

AND

LANGUAGE

HINDI

THE

NEIGHBOURS.

The

form
of

family

large

Somewhere

One

their

of

of

these

pushed
the

on

peoples
who

the

of

North

of
speech
"natural,"

"

or

and

Diphthongs
the

language

The

dialects

and

of

more

the

from
Prakrits

of

still

one

meanwhile,

Those

in

ordinary

the

gradually

as

This

language.

Sanskrit,
began

to

the

Sanskrit,

is

that

changed.
but

softened,

were

of

quite

known

Prakrit,

Some

The

culture

called

areas

these

time.

but

like

like

of

fixed,

combinations

another.

of

into

thence

became

form

is

remained,

and

literary

became
which

people

Aryan

Indo-Aryans.

"purified"

different

of

as

literary

Pahlavi,

migration

unartificial,"

harsh

the

period

parent

(Medic,

Kabul,

long

lines.

the

became

The

and

different

of

the

they

sections,

two

two

on

branch

the

people,

the

into

up

known

dialect

literary

polished

as

received

is

that

Sanskrit,

but

are

its

and

times

ancient

over

language

Indo-Aryan

Oxus,

India.

India

into

came

the

languages

valley

spread

was

Aryans,

other

The

into

plains

the

language

of

family

etc.).

Persian,

of

forms

two

Iranian

the

called

developed

also

language

derived.

been

people,

split

were

from

language

have

towards

further

Asia

and

Europe

original

the

this

eastwards

advanced

of

over

Asia.

Southern

and

Western

languages

of

class

great

migrated

One

various

these

which

spoken

now

are

spoke

Indo-European

great

borderland

who

people

the

lived

of

part
the

near

the

which

languages,

and

Europe

of

branch

one

guages
lan-

Indo-Aryan

The

Languages."

Indo-Aryan

synthetic.
differ

more

older

forms

became

fixed

HISTORY

received

and
In

literary culture,

last

the

Indo-Aryan

of

stage

as

of

modern

for

such

instance

Pali.

as

the
modern
Prakrits, before
from
developed
them, they are
These

vernaculars

differs

considerably in

These

modern

North

1000

the

are

into

came

tence
exis-

though the date

a.d.,
of different
languages.

case

languages

parents

India, namely,

etc., which

about

direct

the

are

of

Hindi, Punjabi, MarathI,

somewhere

LITERATURE

the

languages
Apabhrams'as.

known
the

HINDI

OF

longer

no

but

synthetic

analytic.
It is most

Hindi."

what

by

mean

we

It is

ambiguously.
loose

India

North

the

to

sense

important
Hindi, as
for

often,

vernacular

between

the

understand

to

the

clearly

is often

word

used

instance, applied in a
of
speech of the whole

Punjab

Sindh

and

the
East.
on
Bengal
of scholars, such
as

But

the

on

the

philological
researches
Sir George
Grierson,
that there
have
shown
are
really four chief languages
in this
Hindi,
Rajasthani, Western
namely,
area,
different
Eastern
a
Hindi, and Biharl, each
having
Biharl
guages
of lanreally belongs to a group
parentage.
and

West,

of

Hindi
The

word

member.
Bengali is another
is closely connected
in origin with

which

is also

Hindi

literary High Hindi

and
both High Hindi
developed

from

(or Hindostanl)
the

the

sometimes
the

Urdu

Punjab

and

to

High

but

not

Hindi,
Urdu.

of

the

Urdu

will be shown
Hindi.

that

; but

below,

Hindustani

sometimes

used

Hindustan,
Sindh

to

modern

to denote

is the

country

Bengal, but is also

is
simpler speech which
and

both
India, and of which
literary developments.
The
literature
whose
history

modern
are

Book."

in this
Eastern
It

name

mean

Hindi

of this
Scope
will be described

Western

all

lingua franca
and

as

were,

Panjabl.

denote

to

dialect of Western
of

used

used

contradistinction

Urdu

is also

vernaculars

between

in

often

ern
West-

may

book

will

Hindi,
seem

at

include

Rajasthani,
literature

and

Biharl

first

sight somewhat

of these
literatures
the
together
arbitrary to group
distinct in
been
believed
to have
are
languages which
Western
and when
Hindi, for instance, is
development,

HINDI

THE

LANGUAGE

ITS

and

NEIGHBOURS

in origin with
Punjabi, and
closely connected
the
other
with
languages
with
Bihar!
Bengali, than
Moreover
whose
them.
with
Urdu,
here
grouped
from
is here
a dialect
excluded, is developed
literature

more

Hindi.

of Western

together

literatures

these

Bengali

and

Punjabi

which

literatures

have

modern

developed

lines,
proceeding each on its own
in
literary history is contained

are

in

connected

closely

become

have

book

this

justificationfor grouping
lies in this, that
whereas

Urdu

and

whose

languages

the

the

But

their

where
In the
they are
areas
literary development.
be
has
to
come
accepted as a
"High Hindi"
spoken
do
who
all those
not
use
literary language by almost
still used
vernaculars
the older
are
Urdu, and though
is developof them
ing
for poetical compositions, not one
of its own.
literature
Moreover,
a separate
prose
are
distinct, they
as
by scholars
though considered
have
enced
which
mutually influlanguages
closely related
of
of
literature
the
each
one
other, and
any
understood
is to a large extent
vernaculars
these
by
These
others.
of the
who
those
languages
speak one
million people.
a hundred
spoken by over
are
As

is

really

dealt

with

connected

with

distinct

it is

Grierson

accurate

more

has

done,
of Hindostan."

and

here

to

in

literature

lyrics

of

literature

Urdu
of

is not

Urdu

from

is

Dialects."

MewatI,
Marwari

not

very

Hindi

The

chief

of

bulk

The

Hindi.

it

is

Bihari

the
for
and, except
important.
Rajasthani

chronicles.

has

an

the

models,

dialects
and

important
it

metres

the

and

largely influenced

by Persian
of

point

employs.

substance

of

themes.

Raj asthani

Malvi.
Jaipurl,
It is
chief literary dialect.

Marwarl,
is the

in

convenience

generally be referred

of bardic

consists

of

Eastern

or

extensive

Persian

follow

poetry

it will

ture
Litera-

Vernacular
sake

the

literary language

difference

These

very

pages

guages
lanthough cognate
describe
it,as Sir George

Modern

for

Hindi

Vidyapati,
mostly

"

following

the

Literature."

Western

as

the
But

"Hindi

as

written

as

to

circumlocution

avoid

to

in

literature

the

are

Of

these

also

called

HISTORY

Dingal,
Pingal,

the

dialect

of Western

area

as

has

of

in

is

chief

the

Muttra

lower

to

Delhi

and

Meerut.

from

franca

great

introduced

Rajasthani,

for

writing

"Camp."

it.
Urdu

"High

Hindi"

exclusion
substitution

Hindi.

name

is sometimes

original
modern

used

dialect

High

of

Arabic

by

Indian

The

dialects

Modern

Urdu

the

by

words

Delhi

and

scholars

Meerut,

Hindi

of modern

wide, and

the

and

of pure
Indian
or
origin, Sanskrit
Khari
Boli
{i.e. "pure speech")

developed
not
identical, as will
they are
the
when
subsequent
chapter
formation

and

from

means

madan
Muham-

literary language.

and

used

literally
far

use

developed

Persian

of those

The

its

Panjabi

was

language.

camp

extended

of

character

"Urdu"

word

the

that

originated.
origin were

those

as

Persian

the

district

camp

well

as

the

of North

Arabic

and

of

neighbourhood
a
long time

this

Mughal

the

was

of

of

good

Provinces

conquerors

of Persian

became

eventually

Central

spoken
country

and

for

being

the

was

poetry
is

the

Bundelkhand

dialect

The

for

and

valley
in the
spoken

and

influence
it

in

this dialect

and

Doab

central

in the

the

words

into

Hindi

Muhammadan

of

many

surrounding

Delhi

of the

language
district, which

Braj Bhasha), which

Bundell,

Narbada

dialect

headquarters
India, it was

lingua

this

the

Bhasha,

Western

of the

part

another

the

and

similar

north

Braj

of

portion of the
and

in

used

principal dialects, Bangaru,

in the
Ganges
highlands of the

dialect

Kanauji (very
the

also

was

its

as

Panjab

spoken

to

in

distinguished from
Rajputana to the Braj Bhasha

Hindi, which

South-Eastern

in the

is

connection

given

Hindi

west

the

LITERATURE

literary dialect.

the

this

name

Western
to

in

and

HINDI

OF

by

Lallii

be

shown

for

the

and

for

the

Ji

Lai

later

circumstances

literary Hindi

of Eastern

both

Hindi,

are

from

of

but

in

the

related.
North

to South

the
Of these
Avadhi, Bagheli, and Chhattisgarhi.
chief literary dialect
is Avadhi,
spoken in the country
of
is also
known
Avadhi
as
(Oudh).
Ayodhya
are

Baiswari.

LANGUAGE

HINDI

THE

Bhojpurl,

practically all

dialect, and
down

to

us

formed

Hindi

arranged

in

the

principles.

One

or

is

used

is also

which
also

used.

used

in

the

Hindus.

KayathI

adapt it

chiefly in
we

the

the

purpose

Eastern

letters

written

forms

But
and

Baniautl

is from

so

or

the

amongst

is not

there

even

of

Kayath,

derived

by slight alterations which

It
of writing quickly.
with
portion of the area

but

only

are

originally

was

are

modifications

both

writer-caste

the

is

(or Nagari),

other

word

not

are

character

Devanagari

are

character

concerned,

are

the

This

of

name

Devanagari
to

Sanskrit

The

They

(or Kaithi).

the

way,

(or Sarrafi)

business.

Kayasth,
from

as

of the

called

The

Character."

languages included
that of Sanskrit, and
that
is on
phonetic

for Sanskrit.

used

come

other

same

Hindi.

Mahajani

KayathI

the

and

same

is the

generally what

have

in the
is spoken
of Mithila, that is

Written

and

two

in

however

kingdom

old

is the

it in this book

with

It

literary

Ganges.

Alphabet
for Hindi

alphabet used

which

works

the

chief

is the

dialect.

the

of the

north

The

this

in

are

region which
in Bihar

Maithili

Magahi.

and

Maithili,

principal dialects, namely

three

Bi/iarlhas

NEIGHBOURS

ITS

and

better
is used

which
as

common

Devanagari.
The

Vocabulary."

of words

majority

vast

in the

used

have
those
which
considering are
down
from
the
come
original Indo-Aryan
language
the
of
centuries.
the
But
through
long development
of to-day there
in the language
often
found
words
are

languages

which

are

called

we

are

direct

Tatsama

from

them
of

that"),

in

the

root

which

long

Tatsama

are

process

and

co-exist

great
modern

those

have

the

Persian.

writers
authors

that

of

language,
Words
find

these

such

as

Tulsi
to

even

Das,

write

In

the

also

nature

many

cases

word

been

or

and

Yogy

Jog

borrowed

in the

works

and

though

"pure

tinguish
dis-

change

same

as

are

to

undergone
the

such

have

We

affect

("of

development.
forms

These

that")

as

words

Tadbhava
in

same

Tadbhava

of

("fit, worthy").
from

("the

words

Sanskrit.

from

borrowings

of

Hindi,"

the

some

few

HISTORY

books

OF

be

can

HINDI

which

found

do

origin. Some
English words, have

Persian

of
many

LITERATURE
contain

not

Portuguese,
also

and

found

words

some

nowadays

their

into

way

language.

the

Hindi

which

has

prosody
in Hindi.

than

There

Prosody."

of

Its system

Sanskrit

accent,

on

It does

poetry.

but, like

and

is based
Rome,
But
syllables, long or short.

of Greece

the

probably no language in
more
elaborately developed
is derived
ultimately from the

been

principles which
govern
like English, depend
poetry

is

the
the

on

not,
classic

quantity
is

rhyme

also

a
universally, and in Hindi
poetry
rhyme
of
the
but
that
the
last
not
means
a line,
syllable
only
those
of
last two
with
syllables at least, correspond
A
another
line.
in
good deal of liberty is allowed
of grammatical
and
even
struction,
conrespect of orthography

used

almost

but

the

skilful

is the

poet

the

result

The

complicated.

for

rules

various
in

however

production

of

metres

the

are

hands

the

poetry

very
of

form

and

of which
has a wonderful
charm
rhythm
probably not
in
of metres
The
number
language.
surpassed
any
of Hindi
recognized in books
prosody is very
large.
be
mentioned
can
principal ones
doha
A
line of
here.
(or dohrd) is a couplet each
contains
which
or
twenty-four matras
instants, divided
again into feet according to a recognized plan.
up
the
denotes
A
Mdtra
occupied in
length of time
A

the

the

of

utterance

diphthongs

is

half

second

with

the

The

metres.

of

each
half.

popularity.

has
the

sixteen

kundalzya,
kavitta.

the

the

composition
In

throughout

line

these
all the

of

the

same

changes
with

ranks

of four

lines, each

much-used

chhappai, the
metres
Many
verses

doha

the

chaupal

Other

of

vowels

Long

and

consisting of two matras.

of all
frequent
popular and
is an
inverted
doha, that is the

It consists

the

vowel.
as

The

matras.

and

sung.

most

soratha

first

the

short

regarded

are

doha

The

in

of

only

few

of

doha

which

metres

are

kdvya, the
savaiya
are
specially used in

which

rhyme

lines of the

the

place

poem.

are

is

intended

often

to

be

continued

HINDI

THE

LANGUAGE

The

in

thick

of

whose

languages

(The

printed

Family

ITS

and

Languages.

Indo-Aryan

literature

NEIGHBOURS

is

described

in

this

book

are

type).
(Modern
(Apabhrams'as)

Languages)

Unknown

Kashmiri

Unknown

Kohistani

Unknown

Lahndi

Vrachadi

Sindhi

Gaurjari

Gujarat!

(Western

Prakrits

"......._."

Sauraseni
^auraseni

(Vernacular)

-J

"

"

Panjabl)

Panjabl
Western

Hindi

Rajastham
Avanti
Pahari

Ardhamagadhi
Indo-Aryan

"/

Eastern

(Bihari
Bengali

Magadhi

Language

Oriya
Assamese

Mahara"tri
Sanskrit

(Literary)

Hindi

Marathi

II.

GENERAL

SURVEY

OF

HINDI

LITERATURE

the

After
who

had

was

built

Indian

to

become
clans

often

were

of

them

of

hands
of

to

Ghori

Sindh

his
induced

progress

(also

Prithlraj

ruler

Chauhan

victorious

first

captured

was

the

Ajmer

and

Muhammadan

But

many

Rajput

clans

completely

the

The

Tarain,

but

in

reasserted

it

many

Hindu

themselves
new

to

compose

the

and

under

were

and

Muham-

maximum

its

fell,

kingdoms

Kingdoms

and
the

captured,
and

at

following

occupied

were

the

Prithvlraj

till, under

attained

Rajputana
Many

in

soon

was

1340,

madan
Muham-

Hindus

place

same

continued

the

Pithora),

Rai

Delhi.

the

conquest

confederacy
or

advance

Kabul,
into

Muhammad

Kings

great

Delhi

though

subdued.

Hindu

killed.

in

strongholds

at

in

mad-bin-Tughlak
extent.

and

real

1191

In

battle

defeated

were

year

in

when

a.d.

Prithvlraj

called
of

1175

the

form

and

quarrels

the

attacks.

frequently

fallen

invaders,

roads
in-

the

Although

previously

till

begin

not

commenced

their

had

doms
king-

but

West

foe.

common

Muhammadan

did

the

play

to

These

another,

one

the

Rajput

destined

history.

from

the

period

various

were

with

war

meet

and

the

India

at

enough

strong
this

and

subsequent

Muhammadans

the

Punjab,

the

in

The

Muhammadan

During

which

shape

disorder.
the

prominence

there

India,

government

into

part

until

lost

a.d.),

647

or

North

and

power.

took

important

united

restored

came

principalities
an

is

paramount

Rajput

confusion

History

again

conquests

in

Empire

of

period

( 646

Harsha

King

large

up

long
of

unity

of

death

never

were
were

set

Muhammadan

later

and

up,

profitable

more

monarchs
It

India

of

form

the

in

stirring times
for

themes

of

the

monarchs

of

literature

therefore

which

not

nevertheless

be

are

taken

naculars
ver-

earliest

the

liberal

history, their

record

Hindu

patronage

Though
legends,

many

sober

as

the

between

struggles

Rajput

modern

labours.

with

stirring

the

their

embellished

to

it

in
appeared
The
Rajputana.
produced
ample

lived

and

royal bards,

and

the

with

of

they

encouraged

panegyric

found

of Hindustan

chronicles

bardic

the

often

period that the

taking shape, and

were

vernacular

modern

them.

this

during
of

alliances

make

to

LITERATURE

sovereigns

to attack

than
was

HINDI

OF

SURVEY

GENERAL

of

the

kingdoms

full
and

poems

desperate
and

their

and chivalry
invaders, and of the heroism
such a period called
forth.
The
which
greatest name
in the
literature
of this
is that
of
Chand
period
of
with
Bardai, the bard
Prithvlraj. Contemporary
bard
the
Chand
while
famous
of
was
Jagnayak,
a
middle
of
the
fourteenth
Sarang Dhar,
century was
of
the
who
the
valorous
Hammir,
sang
prowess
Muhammadan

Prince

of Ranthambhor.

about

the

another

worship
beginning of
impetus

great

branch

of
of

form

of

rise of the

The

Krishna

vernacular

this

form

of

took

place

century,

gave

literature.

One

Vishnu

worshipped

and

which

fifteenth

the

to

Vaishnavas

Rama,

worship

under

the

had

long

been

the
to
popular.
Now,
largely
owing
great
of Ramananda,
influence
others
made
Rama
their principal
of
A
later
due
in
object
worship.
development,
to Muhammadan
some
influence, and in which
measure
Kabir
the first great teacher, was
in the direction
was

of

non-idolatrous

theism.

part of a
widespread amongst

great

were

was
use

time

the
on

the

vernacular

by religious ideals
which

had

This

period

been

the

for

vernacular

almost

From

mostly
entirely on

by the

about

various

literature.

literature

laid down

these

ments
move-

which
religious revival
people, and all began to

their

and

begins

All

1400

was

Vaishnava
and

this

dominated
the

lines

reformers.
includes

such

10

HISTORY

poets

Namdev,

as

Malik

in
of

period

same

earliest

this

vernacular
in this

the

Hindustan

patrons

established

of literature

and

( 1605-1627

Jahangir
Muhammadan

Rajputana
language which

their
the

had

for

feel

to

their
This

the

their

poems

the

was

Literature.
literature

vernacular
The

Mughal
rule, but

strong

Under

art.

in India

But

composed

venture.

)and Shah

rule

the

was

practically
to-day ; and, as

of

1550.

about

begins

only

of

was

vernacular

great

and

Literature.

language, they

the

using
making

Bai

this

period

spoken
speech

youth of Hindi
of
the
golden age

The

bards

Hindi

next

language

in

they were
period of

not

of

authors

for

way,

of

infancy

poets

the

as

earlier

transition, using a
Prakrit
and
forms,

of

the

works,

Mlra

of

the

the

when

LITERATURE

Vidyapati,

The

time

still full

was

Kabir,

Muhammad.

wrote

HINDI

OF

sovereigns
liberal

were

(1556-1605),

Akbar

( 1627-1658) the
highest point of

Jahan
its

reached

of

also the
period of
magnificence and this was
often
the
It has
literature.
glory in Hindi
greatest
than
been
pointed out how it synchronizes with the Elizabetime
age of English literature, and that at this very

outward

each

India

and

England

This

other.
of

an

first

period

marked

was

into

artistic influence
in

into

came

versification

greater polish
first attempts
to
systematize

to

writers

such
the

Tulsi
of

of

age

the

and

Das

Bihari

like

writers

formed,
great
of

the

deal

like

of

the

period however,

the

by

tion
introduc-

literature, leading
form, and the
of
art
by
poetry
and

This

Hindi

was

literature

Lai,

as

"

well

as

Tripathi brothers,
the
period when

the

and

when

many

which

Dadupanthls,

religious

with

contact

others.

of

stars

Senapati. It was
Gra?ith
was
compiled

were

end

and

Das

greatest

the

and

Sikh

Kesav

Sur

great

Kavi

sects

The

the

Das,

other

Dev

as

the

real

verse

during

of

the

new

duced
pro-

high
eighteenth
order.

of the
of the decay
coinciding with the time
of decline
in the
time
high
a
Empire,
was
Mughal
contain
not
many
quality of Hindi literature, and does

century,

writers

of first-rate

excellence.

SURVEY

GENERAL

At
influence

with
the

into

came

English

for mastery,

but

English

the
break

of

up

further

old

Mughal

Empire

the

Maratha

to

make

itself

amongst

other

and

more

of the

West

from

internal
of

genius
which

time

also

created

principal medium.
spread literature
poetry
also

itself.

led

was

rise of the

the

Hence

of

wide.

dated

each

from

begins

(1)

modify

about

1400,

Vaishnava

(2)

about

1550,

felt ; and

began

to

from

contact

be

literature

something
writer

(3)

shows

will

be

is influenced

to

Hindi

of

period

saw

West.

said

by

with

the

bardic

then
as

to

the

influence

new

Hindi

begin
of

influence

which

In

period

each

other

how

far

came

fulness

forms
each

ideas.

makes

literature

the

its

the

literature

influence

the

new

period is

new

periods

spirit in

new

and

all the

when

modern

the

up

of

influence

affect

1800,

the

described

its

be

First

that

artistic

new

the

the

prose

dividing

These

to

about

by

period

began

now

in

religious

began

with

first of all be

each

the

when

India

to

was

important

an

literature.

when

affected

that

after

; and

movements

itself

and

the

began

drama.

point where

to

there

this

and

principle adopted in this book

literature
into
periods is as follows.
infancy of Hindi
literature, connected
is described

native

revival

The

The

chronicles,

the

of this

which

Hari^chandra,
Hindi

the

Hindi

literary
The
printing-press
and

with

in

modern

dialect

far

by

India

literary renascence
At the beginning

mighty

the

affairs, and

encouraged

gave,

reassert

began

stimulating many
freedom
security which

of

is still in progress.
Ji Lai laid the foundation

Lallii
and

to

by the
weakening

of

effect

sense

disorder

India

this

about

the

of

contact

the

had

ideas, while

new

the

and

now

felt in Indian

more

things

the

influence

English

power.

French

decided

established
and

century

the

been

had

was

the

with

new

contact

eighteenth

in India

conflict

that

now

through

the

supremacy

of

culture

In

struggling

been

had

century

literature

Hindi

11

LITERATURE

nineteenth

the

of Europe.

culture

the

of

beginning

the

HINDI

OF

the

will

in turn,
group

or

III.

EARLY

BARDIC

Earliest

The

they

struggling

were

valour

bards

and

said

are

Sevagas

Pancholis.

and

claimed

both

first

but

these

by

the
A

vernacular.
tradition
1150

is

Their

is to

called

sixteenth
work
the

in

the

is
the

scholar

ninth

In

date

Prakrit
bardic

speech

became

of

the

by

modern

on

certain

his

capital

influence

of

Jain,

a
a

and

romantic

Charitra.

Pala

called

chronicle,

1143

wrote

Kumara

the

fragment

no

the

of

from

founded

Gujarat,

he

modern

family

dates

but

Hemachandra

entitled

as

it

language

the

ruling

under

1159,

and

the

In

of

king

Punda),

(or

survived

been

century,

and

Akaram

which

survived.

has

by

and

or

the

have

Hemachandra

late

early

of

to

modern

700

Ali

not

Rasa,

said

became

rather

anonymous

Khuman

Anhilwar.

at

poem

in

in

Pal

Jain

the

the

Pushy

Prakrit

as

the

whether

chronicle

poetic

original

Kumar

being

reckoned

Prakrit,

between

has
say

used

mentioned

are

Qutub

to

Bhatas

local

into

are

however,

century,

written

of

be

vernacular.

Mewar,

these

impossible

used

the

poems

Masaud,

work,

therefore

they

at

Das,

Ananya

Faiz.

of

Bhatas,

language

been

bards

composed

chief

The

Kedar,

of

castes,

and

developed

number

having

as

a.d.

Prakrit

race.

also

Charanas

have

must

their

were

The

the

song

Charanas,

descent.

bards

gradually

which

The

Brahmanic

in
and

been

have

to

invaders,

patrons

guilds,

to

while

and

power,

celebrated

their

the

when

Muhammadan

who

of

belonged

there

their

the

bards

heroism

and

These

at

had

court

every

with

its

time

the

establishing

were

(1150-1400)

During

Poets."

clans

Rajput

CHRONICLES

the

same

vernacular

An
name,

is

14

1192.

LITERATURE
mixed

are

The

Raso.

with

up

history

conflicts related

repeated
Prithi

between

place

taken

have

to

fiction

and

Legend
in the Prithl Raj
in

HINDI

OF

HISTORY

Raj

Sultan

and

the
quite unhistorical, and
before
Mughals are brought on the stage thirty years
It is therefore
they really appeared in Indian History.
in its entirety is a conthe document
whether
temporary
doubtful
is
the
but
language used, which
poem,

Shihabuddin

have

likely

that

of

earliest

which

in Hindi

poems

of

the

have

to

the

to

read

it have

high opinion

from

value

immense

of

one

Owing
easy
studied

have

is of

It

literary merits.
of
point of view

of its
the

the

not

poem

who

seem

certainly

survived.

language
scholars, but those

for

even

it is

it is

difficultyof the

it

is

poem

that

forms

strange

used, makes

be

to

Bardal, and

Chand

in

abounds

long since ceased

the
original core

work

the

and

in character

transitional
which

be

to

seem

linguistic

study.
following lines

The
of

book

Chand's
Sen,

of Padam

epic.
an

are

The

opponent

from

taken

daughter
PadmavatI,
had
heard
of
Raj,
of her
had
beauty, and

fair

of Prithi

nobility of Prithiraj, as he
her marriage was
when
arranged with
a message
by a parrot to Prithiraj to
to
with an army
her.
Prithiraj came
the

bride
"

twentieth

the

another, she
come

seize

and

her

sent

rescue
as

his

"

the road

Watching
Happy

Hearing
The
She

she when

was

the news,

Delhi,

the parrot returned,

her eyes ;
glad were

was

elated with

off the

dirtyclothes

maiden
tore

in the direction of

the tokens
from

her

of

love,

body,

Purified, and anointed, and adorned herself with robes,

for priceless
jewels (for her person) from head to foot,

Called

Arrayed with the tokens of the king of love.

Fillinga golden tray with pearls,
Lighting a lamp she waved it round,
Taking her confidante with her, boldly the maiden
Rukmini
to meet^Murari ;
Goes
went
as
Worshipping Gauri, revering Sankar ;
Circumambulating and touching their feet.
Then
on
seeingKing Prithiraj,
She smiled bashfully,
hiding her face through shame.
Seizingher hand, puttingher on horseback,

The

King,

The

rumour

They

beat,

Seize ! Seize !

and

There

the King
Prithlraj

When

heavens

chiefs and

Eager

king.

in front

let

The

deadly blades

fly countless

of the barat

As

warriors

On

the field fell heads

took

the

on

field,

dyes the sand,

of the foe.

trunks

the field of battle ;

on

the

the chiefs

of the heroes

smote,
and headless

his face towards

Turning
Having won

King,

blood.

draw

flows, and

stream

death,

as

arrows,

of the wounds

the sweat

foe fell

(awful)

the

rushes

on

bows

thick

battle,

rein,

turns

all look

heroes

for blood

The
From

elephant,

stand still,
the world-serpent shakes.

The
The

He

and

horse

in
joined

King

All

their

going

was
Prithlraj

King

The

force.

behind him,
all his army
the horsemen
advancing arrived ;
meeting King, the warriors

With

city,

by

warrior.

each

the heroes
possessed

When

the

in all directions.

shouted

'

15

her away.

saddling of

is

there

armed,

ran,

Rage

took

Delhi,

of

spiead that, outside

are

They
1

the Lord

carrying off Padmavati

are

Drums

CHRONICLES

BARDIC

EARLY

Delhi,

battle,went

Prithlraj,

glad.

were

Padmavati

him

with

Rejoicing,King Prithlraj."1

Bardal's

Chand
a

poet

and

possibly

of Chand

(Parmal)

been

has
a

Bardai

been

described
was

handed

recensions

many

language

in
works

Mahoba

which

poem

has

the

and

of Mahoba

Prithiraj. His
in

parts of the

some

J"gndiydiU.." Jag-nay

have

attended

have

not

(or

Khand

been

were

posed
com-

ary
contempor-

was

of Paramardi

court

who

was

rival

_survived,unless
Khand),

Alha

down

by

oral

differ

to

suit

tradition

from

the

another

one

It
and

and

is

by Mr. John Beames, in Vol. 38

Bengal (1869), pp. 152, 153.

epic,
poem

exists

in

both

in

still sung

the

dialect

we

which

of Chand's
spurious canto
written
This
by Jagnayak.

as

which

modernized

the

Bundelkhand,

and

Translation
Asiatic Society of
1

have

Raso

(or Jagnik)

subject matter.
professional singers in India

always

said to

him.

by

of

is also

Jalhan

son

language
of

the

of the

by
is

reciter.

Journal of

the

The

HISTORY

16

Udan).

Feud."
poem.

the

ballad
"

title of
A

few

When

Jambay

And

settle
from

Alive
So

I may

aim

but

shall go
strike we."

good,
the

one,

And

stringdid twang,
fly;

Alha

the shaft went

Now

how

may

turned

She

care

bide
his

at

Twice

hast

thy

peace

Alha

And

way

part of
From

the

to
a

To-morrow
And

My
One
And
Then

And

Raja

if in Maro
name

chance
see

drew

take,
so."

made

bare,

cry

trade

Kshatri's

to

it were,

fly."
stand

in heaven

homes

blow

'scap'stnot

the battle trench

are

there

Jambay spake,
foiled my

his breast

there

did

right hand

to Mahoba

thrice thou

For

There

thou

aside.

the spear

hear, Banaphar,"

Now

they drew,

near

as

Alha

Sarada's

Queen

sprang,

whizzing by.

javelinflew

his

Then

string.

to

the

arrow

the howda

Across

"

son,
me

field

turn

was

did

Fast

No

broke,

drave.

with

cause

fitted the notch

The

But

and

law ;
strike,by the Chandel
strike first,
O King ";
good red bow did Jambay draw,

And

In

King Jambay

not

Do

'*

by

of

thou

Then

"

thy

the

turn

idea

some

Maro

they fled,he spoke,

saw

champion, Devi's

Mahoba's

the

save

elephantonward

his

Now

11

their lives to

hope

or

staggered,they scattered

warriors

In

"

will

lated
trans-

Waterfield,

Chain

give
Alha's victory over

It relates

11

Nine-Lakh

The

been

Mr.

by

ready for all,

if not to-day ;
this tide shall

shall live for

is left thee,
thou

miss

the

King

thrice he

smote

fall,
aye."

King,

to

save,

"

more

no

his

shining glaive,

full

sore.

(or

Udal

and
have

metre

stanzas

The

Alha

recension

one

English

LITERATURE

are

poem

of

Portions

into
under

this

of

heroes

HINDI

OF

this
:

"

hurt

No

Then

And

lopped their
need

Its master's

Now,

it

has

my

And

his

the boss

he waver'd

And

Jambay drew
Long time their
Alha's
body no
11

bind

Now

Pachsawad
Soon

in the

been

of two

author
Hamrriir

he

Dhar

is also

called
the
lyric stanzas
was
published in 1363.
These
early bards
of

some

whom

chronicles
record
1

are

of the
Calcutta

will

Review,

flourished

who

is said to have

He

is the
Rasa

Hammir

of

the

of Hammir

valour

Ala-ud-din,

and

Vol.

the

royal
in

at

his

whose

Sarang

famous.

very

reputed

of Sanskrit
anthology
Paddhati, which
Sarngadhara
of

had

be

an

long

line

mentioned

of

later

successors,
on.

Their

only as literature, but

the
in which
Like
they lived.

valuable

times

chronicles

death, is

author

the

the

as

emperor

his

received

hands

bard

Bardal.

The

the

struggle against

century,

are

of Ranthambhor.

chain,

ground
plain,

the

fourteenth

which

Aavya,

seen,

Dhar,

known

poems

field,

he bound.1

of Chand

descendant

house

of the

middle

the

he cried.

to the

arms

Sarang

Dhar."

Sarang

to

fro.

his iron

lightedon

fast his

hurl'd

was

foe,"

whirl'd

Alha

And

hurt

the howda

Dashed

dagger keen,
they plied;

steel

the

shield,

his
blow

and

his

Then

strove.

was

to

thou,"

tusk,

he dealt

elephant'sdriver

The

On

he
to

dash'd

forward

Alha

With

take
drove

champions

the

met

"

stroke

elephant on
howda, tusk

to

Close

now

betrayed,

now

Raja,

blade,

this
;

away

to-day !

Howda

Then

limbs

life is lost

My
'*

was

elephants with

down

hewn

Jambay snapp'd,
nigh.

of

sword
he death

wist

I have

lifted high ;

was

length the

At

body happ'd,

Alha's

on

shield

His

17

CHRONICLES

BARDIC

EARLY

not

63

(1876),

pp.

414

ff.

as

old

of

chronicles

throw

they

of

nevertheless

who

These

mentioned.
of

end

and

Daud,
fourteenth

Hindi

Yogis,

of

order

an

Hindi

and

his

likely
The
almost

being

century,
very

was,

certainly
works

of

some

but

uncertain.

as

their

include

written

early
date

about

as

at

the

present

of
must

Sanskrit

it

as

seems

are

are

have
the

be

a.d.

prose,

They

They
middle

of

1200
in

him.

followers.

his

also

founder

but

one

by

to

expressed

all,

lived

he

is

both

been
at

person

which
not

by

has

of

the

poet

the

as

doubt

that

and

about

There

regarded

Mulla

Persian

the

at

Srngk,

ascribed.

author

historical

works,

Hindi

was

also

may
wrote

Nalla

the

as

Some

he

the

placed

and

works.

that

is

who

Gorakhnath

certain

period

flourished

latter

writers

other

who

and

also

are

is

written

two

or

who

The

verses

is

which

light

were

this

to

Khusro,

century.

whom

One

century,

Amir

the

they

Bhupati,

are

thirteenth

the

that

value.

belong

to

much
but

which

Period."

this

considered

are

be

to

of

Poets

in

great

very

contain

history,

as

period

the

LITERATURE

they

unreliable

on

Other

lands

other

and

legendary

HINDI

OF

HISTORY

18

bably
pro-

been

fourteenth

regarded

as

IV.

EARLY

The

BHAKTI

Vaishnava

literature

caused
in

movement

Scholars

temples

and

severely
to

be

given

The

Vaishnava

this

time

fall

in

points
love

and

and

his

for
him

obtain

release.

against

the

essentially
emphasised

its

by
in

Sanskrit,

the

of

the

view

of

Ramananda's

it

that
to

but

the

Sikhs,
some

were

of

compiled
of

the

the

the

who

earliest

Guru

It

literature

it

was

this

rather

the

revolt

philosophy

vernacular,

It

is

is

than

produced.
from

movement

North
were

Arjun
specimens

generally

the

greatest

India

about

gave

movement.

by

was

literature.

who

others

would

ceremonial.

of

the

as

who

whole

of

worship,

and

of

Hindi

revival

of

movement,

importance

in

many

full

is

who

Brahmanic

mere

amount

Ramananda

religious

harbingers

of

Predecessors."

was

there

of

use

have

those
a

at

Krishnaite,

is demanded

as

of

India

North

object

from

religious

vast

constitutes

point

is the

was

faith.

Hindu

the

God,

(bhakti)

formalism

impetus

sects

personal

movement

popular

various

intellectualism

cold

lifeless

the

This

The

of

Ramaite,

requirement

broken,
suffered

great

groups,

devotees,

Hindu

the

idols

of

devotion

important

for

movements

the

all

common.

pity

and
form

three

But

towards

most

the

into

deistic.

and

and

religious

quest
con-

Hinduism

though

Vaishnava

the

to

But

Vaishnava

Muhammadan

dispersed,

destroyed,

not

was

the

difficulty

been

down.

of

The

great

had

cast

it

of

in Hindi

development

growth

India.

time

(1400-1550)

new

the

by

North

been

religion.

Revival."

was

had

POETS

his

agreed

impulse
this
and

predecessors

The

Adi

in

1604,
we

Grant
has

possess

timer

of

the
the

preserved
of

Hindi

20

HISTORY
of the bhakti

poetry

(bhagats)

HINDI

OF

of

LITERATURE

whose

those

Among

movement.

compositions

fragments

preserved in the Granth, and who

Sadna
and
Namdev.
are
Ramananda,

been

contains

also

sometimes
of

of

end

Gita

twelfth

the

of this Jaidev

Sadna,

fifteenth

Sindh

and

hymns

about

1400

according

showed

great
time

in the

He

devotee.

Marathi

in

verses

in

1430.

and

in

his

is the

the

north

Hindi.

have

been

of

he

the

in North

this time

1470,
1430

was

an

began

to

worshipped
was

the

he

band

great
of

number

noteworthy
religious
wrote
also, and
many
number

Granth.

of

hymns
is

Namdev
of

first

the

about

began

lived

probably from

about

1400

ascetic

who

somewhere

about

the

preach

that

the

God

should

under

source

him

India.

who

Ramananda,

tailor,

became

are
by
most
interesting figure and
probably one
leaders of the new
religious revival which

composed

flourished

with

and

was

afterwards

considerable

India

in

and

but

company

considerable

him

in

born

probably

boyhood,

was

of

beginning

country

however,

author

but

the

He

life in

repented,

about

By caste he was
preserved about

legends
evil

an

hymns,

leader

is

circumstances

the

Maratha

Pandharpur.

devotion

He

the

towards

Granth.

the

to

the

to

lived

of dacoits.

author

(kasai). He gave
up
Only a couple of his

devotee.

preserved
at

to

butcher

belonged

between

for

been

of Vithoba

devotee

is said

century,

became

Namdev

the

unknown.

have

to

are

and

probably flourished

who

and

date

has

who

identification

the

But

the

Jaidev

lived

than

Granth

The

Jayadeva,

Govi?ida, who

and

are

of the

his trade

with

have

earlier

are

certain

century.

doubtful

than

more

and

identified

been

Sanskrit

the

of

fragment

devotees

the

of

name

of release

from

eternal

Rama,
the

that

evils of

Rama

to

year

be

alone

tion,
transmigra-

sought by fervent devotion

been
The
had
him.
{bhakti) towards
already
way
similar
lines,
on
prepared by the preaching of others
such
that
and Ramananda
with
success
evidently met
and

he

took

that

up

this

should

his residence

be

in Benares

and

made

that

the

22

the
he

HISTORY

1425.

year

barber

was

Jat, is said

the

these

in Hindi
fourteen
the

was

chamar

celebrity

great

have

hymns

14

art

hill,then

the moon,
if Thou
break

God,
Thee;

with Thee, whom

art

lamp,

If Thou

art

place of

then

is

There
Rav

Das

as

Thee

poet

Muhammadan

legend he
who, in order
to

to

Hindus
latter

Macauliffe,

"

The

an

and
on

by
Sikh

away.

(1440-1518). According
of

son

by

up

by putting
the

is cut

noose

widow,

Brahman

exposed

shame,
Benares,

and

to

Thy pilgrim.

am

service ;
O God.

as

their

sacred

child.

own

The

using

cord

Hindu

Religion," Vol.

though
names

VI.

his

and

entirely miraculous
boy he is said to have
Muhammadans.

covered
dis-

was

weaver,

them

infant

the
it

where

Muhammadan

as

her

near

Even

join ?

Thee,

Kabir

the

with

disciples of Ramananda,
the
religious leader, was

conceal

Niru,

of his birth.

or

Tank

break

not

of the

brought
version
gives

and

is

God,

to

Thy service."1

really the

was

Lahar

by
wife Nima,

caste,

obtain

weaver

angered

The

with all others.

Death's

greatest

I will

am

like

Thee

singethto

The

Kabir."

he

Granth.

Adi

Thy wick
pilgrimage,then I

Lord

other

no

By worshipping

both

thirty of his

than

me,

shall I
I

joined true love with

Joining Thee I have broken
Wherever
I go there is Thy

offence

attained

and

his relation

with

not

If Thou

Another

Das

Thy peacock ;
am
Thy chakor;

am

then

art

1 have

the

Rai

Dhar.

the

in

philosophy

"

If I break

in

tion
explana-

an

If Thou

whether

of
of

More

describes

Sen

Of
Raja of Rewah.
only a few hymns
Granth.
Bhawana?id,

Amrit

in

mendicant.

in 1415.

Ramananda,

preserved
he

Ramananda
a

author

devotee.

of

born

system
of

in which

If Thou
0

Vedanta

disciple

been

following,
a specimen

reputed
the

as

been

Adi

called

chapters

became

Ramananda

the

of the

and

the

in the

disciple,is

another

disciple

of

court

preserved

have

to

disciples of

been

have

the

at

three

LITERATURE

On

becoming
his sovereignty

abdicated

Dhana,

HINDI

OF

p. 331.

account

given
former
of

for

low
God

BHAKTI

EARLY

he

though
with

was

being
to

He

Muhammadan.

23

disciple of
be accepted.

He

down

therefore

had

the

of the

upon

steps

become

to

ghat which

might
words

would

his

This

order.

uttered

the

hope
Ram,

words

Kabir

regularly, but though

far beyond
his master

originally
He

was

He

uses

the
the

influence

Kabir,

him

sects

theology.

weaving
to

reliable

interest
seems

with

him

after

in

(as

went

he

was

doubt

no

that

his

ideas.

in

India.

as

other

well

as

the
who

denounced
a

and

rites.

indirect, has been

and

leading ideas

the

these

will

sects

the
are

information

persecuted

being

direct

him

There

of many

been

condemned

voice

ceremonies

opposition
of their

by the

by

troublesome

which

legends

about

the
the

to

him

their

but

not

life of Kabir.

neglect of his

sometimes

into

trouble

more

of

their

of

mentioned

many

both
in

offended

were

be

literature

religious questions
to have
brought
his family, but
even

Muhammadans,
have

he

movement

in

from

denunciation

both

with

produced.

conflict

traced

Hindu

to

of

Many

much

His

claim.

the

is

be

unsparing

no

the

owe

in connection

on

leaders

he

only is the sect of Kabirpanthis, which

but
its founder, still very
numerous,

as

other

very

of

of

Not

enormous.

later

that

Whether

there

God

of

visited his guru

to have

not,

for

no

as

with

many

then
mantra

admitted

deistic

Rama

incarnations, and
idolatry and most

claims

guru

has
Hari, Govind,
Allah, etc.) and
of
ideas, but he rejected entirely the doctrine

Vedantic

The

the

claimed

teaching.

can

of the

name

such

names

in his
or

founder

knew

Ramananda

and

Kabir

he

disciple of Ramananda

influence

Muhammadan

' '

is said

Muhammadan

realised

Ram.

the

lips as

Ramananda

and

this initiation

After

his

to

was

' '

initiated

been

had

readily

not

stratagem.

visited, he hoped that in the dark

that
stumble
over
him, and
probably
so

might

he
to

recourse

ing
Desir-

guru.

Ramananda

rise

also

taunted

was

without
a
nigura, that is one
he
this reproach
wished
but
feared
that
Ramananda,

remove

Lying

POETS

came

Hindus
turn

and

his

at

He
to
practices.
seems
Sikandar
Emperor
Lodi,

both

Hindus

person,

and

and

madans
Muham-

finally

was

24

HISTORY

from

exiled

HINDI

OF

Emperor's

the

by

Benares

LITERATURE
orders.

in the Gorakhpur
Maghar
district,
his days.
he ended
where
The
composed
by Kabir are
numerous.
poems
very
he
himself
commit
It is probable that
did not
them
to
remembered
and
treasured
writing, but that they were
Various
collections
of
by his disciples.
up
poems
He

went

ascribed

Kabir

to

found

compiled
the
Bijak
perhaps

in

the

in

1604.

as

disciples, about

the

in various

verses

different

1570.

year

The

Bijak

immediate
is

The

Brahmans.
and

Birhulls

similar

are
an

Sakhis,

short

or

but

in

exposition

of

of

whole

their

entirety

there

five

over
verses

India.
of
a

are

the

thousand

Kabir

collection

Granth,

to

Kabir

which

Panth
of

the

Bijak
of

have

Kabir

of the

in the

four

can

Kabir.

of

which

metres

are

of

consisting

be

sums

in the

Besides

Sakhis
still

up

regarded

collected)

been

harts,

hundred

contained

verses

number

large

very

the

the

work

the

as

ascribed
At

in

those

nor

the

system

Pad, which

Ko

Bijak

Neither

matter.

Granth

Adi

Sayar

Vipra-

over

each

the

the

verses

with

ends

apophthegms,

the

single doha, and

the

religious

are

are

Belts, Chanc

Vasantas,

collection

The

orthodox

the

on

KaharSs,

Hindolas

named.

so

is made

attack

tion
collec-

Ramainls

The

religious signification of the consonants

In the
of
thirty verses
Nagarl alphabet.
an

been

have

to

Kabir's

is

can

probably

the

matlst

in

in connection

of

Chauntlsa

The

metre.

was

treasure

said

"abdas

The

is to

is contained

of Kabir

metres.

poems.

tions
collec-

collection

hidden

death

one

account-book,"or

or

It is often

Das,

these

produced

the

is

there

Sikhs, which
"

was

after

the

doctrinal

short

work

Bhago

by

in

One

which

by

Panth

but

us,

collection

of instruction.

compiled
of

of

Another

This

Kabir

book

Granth

Adi

located").
the

genuine work.

document

to

is much

there

(literally"invoice,"

"

with

down

come

that

his

is not

that

be

have

probability

strong
be

live at

to

in

these

(of which
and

other

in

current

Chaura, which is the headquarters

there
is said
to be
at Benares,
works

includes

of

about

Kabir,

called

twenty

different

the

Khcts
books.

BHAKTI

EARLY
of

Many

these

dialect

The

is the

Bijak

Kabir

of

it

make

language

have

been

always

not

disciples

The
the

the

poetry
and

style

understand.

to

easy

together

strung

in

contained
and

or

published.

Hindi.

of

unpolished,

loosely

often

are

of

them

dialect

and

rough

works

compositions

the

Avadhi

old

is

Words

in

used

of

few

though

successors,

the

evidently

are

25

POETS

with

very

and the sentences

grammatical accuracy,
The
often
full of colloquialisms.
are
elliptical and
of
the
and
frequent play on words
obscurity of many
increase
the
the
used
similes
difficulty. But in spite
of all this Kabir
be given a very
must
high place in
little

regard

Hindi

to

literature.

with

boldness

amazing

The

which

his
day,
practices of
shams
and
reality in
tolerating
no
demanding
the
all
and
those
who
God,
seeking after
were
of his appeal
moral
to
to men
earnestness
put the
in itself give his work
an
things of God
first, would
this the
But besides
stinging
outstanding importance.
satire which
his
and
his
he has at
command,
ability to
produce striking epigrams, and the fascinating rhythm
of his verse,
all combine
to give a wonderful
to
power
his poetry.
called
the
He
has been
pioneer of Hindi
he

the

attacked

literature
in view
such
to

and

of the
claim
that

say

religious

of all Hindi

father

the

predecessors
can
hardly be

it

he

was

but though,
hymns;
already mentioned,

have

we

allowed,
than

more

any

it is

certainly

religious literature
popularized Hindi
extended
literature
its influence, and Hindi

subsequent

of his

Translations
the

charm

and

help
produced.

to

may

him

to
11

of

force

give
Here

his

one

are

or

him

give

poems

idea

some

to

owes

of the
two

of

kind
the

few

He

idea

of

extracts

of literature

Sakhts

Everything is from God and nothing from His servant;

He
into a mountain
and
can
change a mustard-seed
The

same

debt.

little

very

style, but

of the

great

vastly

and

he

ascribed

"

into
"

Kabir

to

him

before

others

who

type

true

house
who
in

mountain

mustard-seed."
of God

climbs

to

pieces."

is

distant,as

the top, tastes

is

tall

of heaven

palm

;
; he who

falls is

ground

26

HISTORY

A
11

Consider

parableof

the

retains the husk

So

let pass

men

be

flour

is

good

is useless."1

the
the

who

the

and

men

what

Kabir's theological standpoint

of Kabir's

you

verse

of Allah

and

and

earth

sky

and

His

is my

hard

is

He

guru,

of the

Hence

"

inspiration

Of

the

to

the

in

reach

to

with

lengthways: to-day

Karma,

of his

with

woven

father

the

which

the

whom

proverb,

of

teaching

"An

which
Kabir
the

in

Nanak,

which

Sikh

the

Translations

are

very

from

Granth,
similar

Westcott's

their

is

more

Sikhs, which

was

(1469-1538).

twenty-seven

of

years

but

in

to

those

"Kabir

and

the

met

only in

afterwards
doctrines

of
the

is

It

age,

not

in

seems

owe

none

to

unlucky
born."

was

of the latter is seen

Kabir, and the influence
of Kabir's
the
compositions
large number
included

he

unwoven

he

Kamal

son

movements

many

when

Nanak,

two

are

moon

weaves.8

weaver

religion of
Punjab
by Nanak

the

and

is the far-off end.

the

than

important

sun

spreadsthem

arose

Kabir's, in

was

the

into the world

came

named

sayings

opposed.

who

is also said
Kamal,
made
his couplets to have been

poet, and

refutation

pp.

your

poetical merit

the

weaver

beams

threads he

Kabir,

of

son

been

within

Ram

livingforms.

He

illustrate

the two

are

still,but

weaveth

that

of Ram

of that

Says Kabir, Joining Karma

threads,splendidlythe

founded

Look

West.
Karim

are

pilgrimage,
?

"

filled shuttles.
Taking a thousand

Nanak.

this world

your

without

happens

is in the

will

the mystery
spread the warp.

and

to have

what

of the world

knew

one

The

find upon

you

will find both

extract

more

The

does

whom

to

Pir."a

my

One

then

which

; Allah

women

is the child

Kabir

image

East

heart, for there

said

swallow

mosque,

is there to know

is in the

Hari

family

pass, but

to

be within

then

have

and

illustrate

within

belong
If Ram

No

the sieve ; it suffers the

"

If God

All

LITERATURE

what

lines below

The

HINDI

OF

Kabir,
Kabir

of
and

Panth,"

95, 86, 93.

a

Translation

by

Bijak. Ramaini

Sir Rabindranath
28.

(Rev.

Ahmad

Tagore, "Kabir's
Shah's

Poems,"
translation.)

69.

BHAKTI

EARLY

undoubtedly
stands

Hinduism

to

nearer

deal

great

owe

POETS

him,

though

Nanak

Kabir.

Nanak

made

to

than

27

directions
in
several
accompanied
by his
journeys
while
Nanak
who
played the rebeck
disciple Mardana,
His hymns
and
other
poetical utterances
were
sang.
in a mixture
of Punjabi and Hindi.
Although he is not
is clear
and
a
as
equal to Kabir
poet, yet his verse
Nanak
lacking in poetical excellence.
pithy, and not
of his most
of followers
and one
soon
gathered a number
famous
compositions is the Japji, a collection of verses
in praise and
for their
he
which
daily use
arranged
this he composed
Besides
a very
large number
prayer.
of

other

which

verses

following is

The

is

"There

one

limit

no

God's

to

there is no limit.
is no limit to His
There
There
The
The

is

Japji.

and

His

to

God

far side
His

can

limits cannot
Nobody knoweth
more

we

Great

is the

Then

He

be

repeat them
is

giftsthere

limit to what

limit.

no

heareth.

He

be known.
; neither

His

near

nor

the

their hearts.

vex

many

ascertained

His

say,

"

be discovered.

limits how

His

Gra,7ith.

who

those

praises; to

mercy,

limit

know

The

the

to what
seeth, no
no
limit of the secret of His heart cannot
limit of His creation cannot
be known

His
To

from

verse

Sikh

in the

included

are

limits.
there remains

more

be said.

to

Lord, and exalted is His seat.

His exalted name
the most
exalted.
is higher than
Were
else ever
exalted,
so
any one
would

that exalted

know

Being

Himself.
great He is He knoweth
God
bestoweth
Nanak,
giftson whom

How

He

looketh

with

favour

and

mercy."1
The
as

well

the

Krishna

those

as

of

name

names

use

of

Nanak.
1

Vol.

to

the

used.

idolatry, but
images were

the

Japji, XXIV;

indeed

as

followers

incarnation,

an

of

to

of
and

incarnation

and

Kabir

and

rejected

still bhakti
bv

The

doctrine

both

Translation

Ramananda,

Nanak,
generally gave
other
Supreme
God, though

Rama

was

of

and

accepted

It

I. 208.

Kabir

sometimes

Ramananda

the

Rama

were

permitted

of

followers

The

Cult."

Rama

Macauliffe, "The

by

which
Sikh

they

Religion,"

28

HISTORY

but

preached,

LITERATURE
invisible

the

as

There

Vaishnavas

however

was

God,

not

another

as

an

of

group

God
under
the
form
worshipped
Krishna.
Like
incarnation,
namely
of Krishna
cult
the
also
had
worship

of

who

another

Ramaite

in

beginnings
about

Rama

to

incarnation.

HINDI

OF

the

time

this

before

centuries

received

this

the

its
but

period,

impetus, which
of
well
marked,
as
as
use
furthered, by the
vernacular
for its religious literature.
Sometimes
the child Krishna
who
was
was
especially thought
of
but
it was
often
as
object
an
more
worship,
Krishna's

of

aspect
relation

and

the

Radha-Krishnaite
Gita

Govinda

early

of

Gujarat!

Gopis

of
that

his

that

received

the

Sanskrit

with

the

Little

however

rests

Bihari.

In

Radha

bore

relation

on

these
to

of the

most

poems

possess

middle

he

story

of

to

as

an

God.

Many

of

he

fame

of these

were

of

which

describe

to

all
was

dialect
love

the

allegory

the

chief

His

Maithili

the

of

spread

in the

uses

the

founder

life, but

works.

in

Vaishnava

famous

his

also

in Hindi.

afterwards
of

is

Bisapi

the

wrote

He

verses

the

was

which

Sanskrit

who

his sonnets

soul

influence

He

is known

Krishna

adapted
and
Chaitanya,
great

of the

India.

flourished

language.

in

one

of several

author

that

as

appeared

hymns
there

Mehta

Bihar

master-singers

Bengal.

over

of

is

Eastern

of

school

1480

and

century,

similar
having composed
who
lived
at
Thakur,

century,

of

twelfth

Narsingh

district

Darbhanga

to

Krishna

and

lyrics in

Vidyapati

poets

1450

named

poet

fifteenth

in the

century

Between

back

goes

Jayadeva

Radha-Krishna
credited

verse

fourteenth

the

as

in Bengali.

other

it

with

concerned

was

the

attention.

most

His

was

new

life which

Radha

to

the

wards
after-

made
and
by
popular
Bengali
imitators.
Vidyapati has had
many
had
and he has
great literary merit
to

on

the

literature

of

the

Eastern

part

of India.

Umapati
and
and

also
in

was

wrote

Bengali.

probably
Krishnaite

contemporary
songs

both

of
in

Vidyapati,
in Maithili

30

HISTORY

A
The

OF
of His

sharp arrow
through, O

love

LITERATURE

hath

pierced my

and

body through

Mother.

it struck

When

HINDI

it not

I knew

me

it cannot

now

endured,

be

Mother.
I

Though

charms, incantations,and

use

drugs, the pain will

not

depart.
Is there

God,

Thou,

meet

Saith

will

who

one

any
Mother.

art

treat

; Thou

near

me

art

is the

Intense

distant ;

not

come

quickly

to

me.

MIra, the Lord, the mountain-wielder, who

quenched the fire of my

Lotus-eyed hath entwined

hath
The

agony,

body,

compassionate

Mother.

soul

my

is

with

of

twine

the

His

attributes."1

The

Vallabhacharya."

Krishna,
the

was

of

son

Krishna
this
in

his

Sanskrit, but

his

has

in 1531

and

from

South

the

and

succeeded

his

sect

in

works

the

movement

writers.
of the

leader

as

of
from

and

many

Hindi

many

born

was

of

doctrine

wrote

He

image

an

Hindi, though

He

by

sect

Vitthalnath.

son

lived from
Vitthahiath, who
of the
the leader
only became
founded

is also

but

is doubtful, he
short

is also

work

prose

of Radha

about
sect

with

credited

Hindi

Besides

writer.

the

He

produced
was

India

Braj country,

spread
in

the

established

India.

nothing

initiated

died

of

to

in

of

worship
Vallabhacharya.

most

He

headquarters
parts

many

he

1479.

Gobardhan

at

as

Brahman

in

Benares

at

owed

however,

of

spread

said

to

called

to

1585,

his father

which

been

having

not

had

Hindi

genuineness of which

the

verses

1515

have

been

Mandan

of

author

the

dealing

with

the

of the
be one
must
Krishna, which
in
earliest extant
It is written
writings in Hindi.
prose
of the
Four
Braj Bhasha.
disciples of his father
disciples
Vallabhacharya, together with four of his own

story

the

became
in

later

celebrated

of the

(1400-1550)

VI.

into

Translation

356.

Chhap, who

Ashta

are

mentioned

chapter.

Divisions

fall

and

the

Bhakti

various

three

During

Movement."

bhakti

by Macauliffe,

"

The

of

movements

namely

groups,

this

(1)

Religion of

the

period
ism
Hindu-

those

Sikhs,"

who
Vol.

POETS

BHAKTI

EARLY

31

incarnation
and
Rama
an
practised
as
worshipped
God
under
the
who
worshipped
idolatry, (2) those
the doctrine
but rejected idolatry and
of Rama,
name
Krishna.
of incarnation, and
(3) those who worshipped
In

each

to

be

used

and

to

spread

helped
the

on

during this period Hindi

group

Hindi

literature.

Hindi

literature

Almost

much

little to

remarkable

how

of

whole
with

the

this

of

bards

of the

poetry

period

been

had

Malik

Muhammadan

Muhammad

affected

birth

of

he

at

In

He

be.auty
as
as

Delhi,

the

of

Chitor

who

heard

Besides
he

and

of
order

Padmini
to

gain

attributed
the

his

mavatl,
Padu-

called

poem

the

story of a
parrot of the

Padmini,

returned

Ala-ud-din,

much

was

tells the

from
or

profoundly

saint, and

the

religious

who, hearing
Padumavati,

mendicant

in

Amethi,
of

1540.

devotee,
and
He

prayers

by
of

about

Kabir.

Padumavatl

his bride.
also

lore,

at Amethi.

seen

also

Sen

Ratan

Ceylon

capture

be

wrote

Akharavat.

the

of

affected

flourished

of

show

Padumavatl

the

Hindu

with

to

son

is still to

Padmini

by the teaching
Raja
by the

honoured

to

was

acquainted

was

great

verse

to

seems

was

certain

had

religious

This
religious revival.
Muhammad
Malik
Jayasi who

tomb

chronicles

bardic

than

the

the

of

another

or

one

The

currency

poem

the

even

but

subsequent

outside
contributed
and
above,
Rajputana
of vernacular
the development
literature, but

described

one

which

doctrine.

Jayasi."

local

more

factors

great

the

is impressed

Muhammad

Malik

to

of Vaishnava

forms

these

helped

came

while
movements,
they
of
stimulate
the
growth

various

the

hand

other

of the

one

was

literature

the
and

to

journeyed
Chitor

with

ruling sovereign
endeavoured

possession

of

to

her.

taken
Sen was
unsuccessful, but Ratan
prisoner
and held as a hostage for her surrender.
He was
wards
afterfrom
released
of two
captivity by the bravery
heroes.
He then attacked
king Dev Pal, who had made
insulting proposals to Padmini
during his imprisonment.
Dev
Pal was
Sen, who
mortally
killed, but Ratan
was
returned
His
to Chitor
two
wounded,
only to die.
was

HISTORY

32

OF

PadminI

wives,

this

while

of

gates

and

it.

At

it

all

Ratan

man,

Ala-ud-din
and
the

story.

details

The

with

in

place

the

is

Chitor

soul, Padmini

time

the

is wisdom,

siege of Chitor, which

considerably modified

has
also

in the

from

dialect

vernacular

idioms.

and

Persian

It

character.

stories.

other

tinged slightly with

words

in the

he

borrowed

and

Persian

actual

1303, but

Muhammad's
written

the

is written

poem

of

is the

Muhammad

is

facts connected
took

Malik

poem

allegory.

an

Sen

at the
appeared
bravely defended,

was

of the

him, and

is the
delusion, the parrot
guru,
thus
and
is given to
a
religious character
Malik
Muhammad's
is based
the
on
poem

on,

so

end

being

as

it

though

the

satl for

Ala-ud-din

happening

was

LITERATURE

another, became

Chitor, and

captured
explains
body of

HINDI

admixture

an

originally

was

It is

Malik

of

of great

work

originality and

be reckoned
poetic beauty, and must
of the masterpieces
of Hindi
literature.

one

following translation

The

Muhammad's
idea
"

When

Kailasa

the

risingfrom

of

description

of his excellence
man

mount

the

odours

of mount

it

the

as

of

Ceylon

poet

Malik

from

extract

an

give

will

as

some

"

approacheth this land, 'tis as though he approacheth

of heaven.
Dense
lie on
every side,
mango-groves

earth

to

the

very

and

the shade

Each

sky.

covereth

tall tree
the
exhaleth
the world
as
though

Malaya,
night. The shade is pleasantwith its Malaya breeze ; e'en
of Jye"tha [May-June]
'tis cool amidst
it. It is as
in the fiery month
from
from
it
the
shade
and
cometh
cometh
that
as
though
though night
of
the
When
the
cometh
thither
suffering
sky.
wayfarer
greenness
his trouble
in his blissful rest, and
whoso
from the heat he forgetteth
hath
this perfect shade, returneth
ne'er
found
again to bear the
were

sun-rays.
'*
So

many

The

end.

it

and

whole

so

six

dense
seasons

always spring.
pleasant thick mango-groves
(humbly) do the
they bear, the more

though
11

main
fair
sweet

tell their

cannot

they flower

fruit, as

and

were

branches

and

appeareth the

trunks
barhal

molasses, and

of the
to

him

the black

trees

jack
who

wild

fruit,and

bear

The

as

that

these groves,
of the year do

are

bow

trees, the
looketh.

plum,

their

jack
The

like black

the
heads.
fruit

On

the

ripen,and

khirni
bees

fruit

more

ripeneth

(among

its

they ripen as
ripen and ripeneth the khurhur;
leaves). Cocoanuts
doth
From
mahud
the
orchards
in
Indra's
heaven.
the
were
though
and
its
is
its
scent
flowers
such sweetness
flavour,
;
exude, that honey
and in these princes'gardens are other good fruits,good to eat, whose

EARLY

names

who

knew

"Arecaand
On

every

thick

are

fruits,
of

groves

33

like

nectar-

for

longing

ever

all

nutmeg,

side

with

appear

remaineth

them

tasteth

once

all

They

not.

POETS

BHAKTI

of

and

he

more.

produced

are

tamarinds,

branches,

luxuriantly.

there

palmyras,

and

of

tongues,

and

sporting

date-

palms.

joyfully

(eka-i

the

its

crieth

ever

the
'

Tyre,

sounded

sweet

**

Filling

to

Other

the

also

wrote

the

Sudama

These

works

author

of

detached

Hit

importance
Hindi

how
Kesav

and
of

in

and

name,

He

this

of

(fl. 1530)
Charitr.

Dhruv

verse.

its

in
with

dealing

also

was

the

art

of

author

in

Braj

the

of

poetry,
for

prepared

work
Its

Bhasha.

earliest

the

being

being

was

the

was

written

Tarahgini

way

kun

poems.

lies

the

green

kun

poets
Das

the

and

(fl. 1540)

Ram

Kripa

tongues.
the

cry

other

Narottam

"

stories

kuhu

many
while

hath

that

Two

Charitr

are

in

crieth

tongue."1

own

mentioned

be

may

and

crows.

bird

Period."

this

only

rejoice,
Kuhu

peacock's

the

caw

every

his

khi.

milkmaid-bird,
The

honeyand

thou

hawk-cuckoo
tuhin

speaketh

woe.

loudly

sitteth
in

of

period

in

ear,

Creator

Poets

entitled

and

orchards,

the

praiseth

each

the

The

shouted

the

of

tale

'Tis

the

sportively

about.

king-crow

crieth

its

telleth

plaintively

fly
warbler

the

dahi]

[dahi,

tyre

pigeon

while

cuckoo,

'

out

parroquets

and

skulking

the

dawn

At

cries

emerald

kurkur

cry

and

beloved,

many

nectar-branches.

turtle-dove

the
The

hi).

tu

rock-pigeons

for

and

in

singing

these

upon

fragrant,

are

thou'

birds,

the

look

they

as

suckers

dwell

There

11

work

extant

it

and
the

shows
of

work

Das.

Padumdvati,
Pandit

Bengal

Canto

; New

II.

Series,

No.

Translation

27-29;

Dwivedi

Sudhakara

in

877,

by

Vol.

I.

Sir

Indica

Bibliotheca

15,

16.

George
of

A.Grierson

Asiatic

Society

MUGHAL

THE

COURT

INFLUENCE

AND

THE

HINDI

IN

ARTISTIC

LITERATURE

(1550-1800)

The

New

religious

court,

artistic

with

the

court

Persian

unlikely

not

seems

with

which
a

there

middle

under

developed
Previous

only

it

who

he

and,
also

in

marked

was

music,
The

rulers

Akbar

was

wrote

was

strong

from

who

Hindi.

by

in

successful
on

great

the

of

patron

painting
Emperor

reign

and

and

art

and

established

court.

ture,
litera-

of

(1556-

Akbar

Not

splendour.
establishing
but

government,

were
a

to

patronage

large

he

ture,
Architec-

literature.

calligraphy

new
was

Mughal

in

and

the
a

encourged

The

good

whole,

about

which

the

extended

war

have

appeared

first

brilliance

its

verse

literature

events

had

it

may

literature,

encouragement

own

Persian,

Hindi

in

there

Hindi

in

its

Persian

all

century

Muhammadan

but

1605)

standard
At

when
after

on

acquainted

before.

influence

and

from

polished

became

sixteenth

the

artistic

those

been

were

developed

the

artistic

higher

had

of

that

connected

fashioned

influence

Hindus

many

suggested
than

direct

any

was

power

was

Hindi

highly

language,

it

developed

without

possessed

who

this

the

language

developed

Hindus

Though

the

Muhammadan

learn

to

models.

lines,

the

and

language

already

Many

came

literature

Urdu

had

India.

India,

the

Arabic,

was

This

before

in

in

used

which

character

Although

Poetry."

Muhammadans

Persian.

was

established

Hindi

the

they

literature,

large

\vao

of

language

the

in

language

literary
of

Influence

all

aged.
encour-

library

of

MUGHAL

THE

various

of

books

Persian

into

patronized and
The
magnificence
glorious reign of Queen

Poets

with

contemporary
influence

stimulating
Hindi

in

of the

influence
could

Hindus

towards

pursued

of

in

other

far

away

from

the

were

helped

by feeling

that

in

they

peace

good

secure

order,

writers, stimulated
literary activity, and encouraged
of

felt most
the

those

by

Akbar

writers

and

by
to

as

outburst
of

was

in close

of

in

improvement

lived

who

well

as

great

ment
encourage-

extended

influence

The

art.

ment
govern-

tolerant

the

course

touch

with

court.
Poets

at

of

author

Sen.

Raja

Persian

Mai

that

Urdu

language.
into Persian, Todar

(1528-1583)

was

by

name

great

translating
Mai

was

being on
a Kanauji

the

the
morals
Dube

court

the

musician

ministers
the

to

in making

developed

probably

were

largely due

(1523-1589)
was

is the reputed
in Hindi, in which
he

They

Akbar's
It

Todar

best

Ray.

of

himself

verses

Emperor's

authors.

the

Akbar

"

Akabbar

Besides

verses,

Court.

detached

Some

also

were

few

in the

composed
Tan

Akbar*

himself

signs

of

poetic

and

Muhammadans.

as

Muhammadan

standards

directions.

under

policy of protection
learning. The
patronage
in high position, to Hindu

others

the

which

England

deliberate

Hindu

and

lived

well

as

in

as

who

to

ality.
liber-

great

reign, like

Elizabeth

labours

enough

strong

him,

their

on

carry

court

vernacular-

with

such

well

as

writers

those

Even

of

translations

the

and

35

but
exercise
not
it, could
a
all sides, and
this was
felt

on

literature

had

rewarded

were

was

LITERATURE
and

languages,

Sanskrit

from

made

HINDI

"

COURT

of

influence

Hindus

and

(mtt)

learn

accepted

Bhagavata

author

of
.

state

some

Raja

as

Purdna
Hindi
Birbal

and
at
Brahman,
was
first a poet at the
of the
court
Raja of Jaipur. The
latter sent him
of Akbar,
his ability
to the court
where
He
not only skilled
soon
brought him into favour.
was
in business
that he soon
to a high position, but
so
rose
also possessed great musical
and poetical talent.
Akbar
him
the title of Kavi
Ray (poet-laureate) and he
gave
received
He was
famous
for
rapid promotion.
as
a poet
was

HISTORY

36

his

short

No

complete

of

verses

to

LITERATURE

witty

and

humorous

by

him

has

survived,

him

are

work

ascribed

verses

HINDI

OF

still

character.

but

many

When

current.

he

of
a
high position he himself became
patron
Das
other
(fl.1577), another
Raja Manohar
poets.
also a poet.
of Akbar's
courtiers, was
Maharaja Man
of Akbar's
generals,
Singh (1535-1618) of Jaipur, one
and
is reputed
to
a great
was
patron of literary men,
lakh
of rupees
for a single
have
a
as
given as much
brother
of Abul
Abul Faiz_(or Faizi) was
Fazl,
verse.

reached

who

Faiz

Abul

Akbar.
The

of

ministers

state

(1553-1627).

He

He

Sanskrit

and

his

was

friends

of

Persian

poet but

the

Akbar's

amongst

Abdul

the

in

throne.

the

poet

was

was

aid Akbar,

whose

only
couplets.

Hindi

skilled

most

were

Both

not

was

Hindi

of many

author

on

Aln-i-Akbarl.

the

wrote

Rahlm

Khankhana
Khan

of Bairam

son

great

through

established
youth, had been
sian,
acquainted with Arabic, Per-

Hindi,

besides

being a poet
was
a great
especially of Gang
patron
Hindi
morals
His
Kavi.
on
especially those
verses,
(niti) are very much
a
admired, and he was
poet of a
he
the
several
works
Amongst
produced
high order.
of poets,

himself

Sat

Rahlm

is the

and

Sal

in which

of

some

his

best

poetry

is found.

Islam,

to

Akbar's
other
the

him

(fl.1560-1610)

Sen

Tan

courts

he

first time
two

also

was

of

celebrated

of his

age.

poems

Akbar

Besides

rupees.

Hindi.

He

Hindu

is said

being
lived

vert
con-

musician

at

service

After

by Akbar

summoned

in

Gwalior,

most

performed

he

lakhs

wrote

indeed

and

court

the

was

of

in

1563,

at

and

given
singer he

have

to
a
on

into

the

his
are
compositions
Amongst
reign of Jahangir.
of
Ram
the
Mala.
Das
the
Sahglt Sar and
Rag
of the
Das, was
Gopchal, the father
great poet Sur
another
as
regarded
court,
great singer of Akbar's
Hindi
other
Sen.
second
Among
only to Tan
poets

who
Karnes

given

attended

Akbar's

court

were

the

two

friends

latter was
The
for Karan) and NarhariSahay.
the
the
title of Mahapatr,
by Akbar
Emperor

38

HISTORY

dedicated

to

Pravin

famous

short

Indrajit Singh,
Das

Akbar

of

son

to

have

Ke3av

reputation.
inscribed

was

Shah.

Indrajit from

excuse

It

instrumentality, got
had
fine he
heavy
was
greatly honoured

subjects

kindred

and

but

giving rules,
each

that

so

merit.

poetic
reading,

but

is

there

his

principal works

many

imitators.

which
a

says

[grey]

my

Maidens

with

now

call

me

is

is

not

easy
poet of

reckoned

be

to

great

commentaries
of

here,

done

he

and

of

few

poetry:

fair as

Baba

can

on

has

had

his

lines,
give only

"

to

what

me

enemies

my

employ
serve

friend
an

Brahman

and

the moon,

eyes

like

deer,

[father].

fool your
not

being

his

for

hairs have

countenance

not

his

of

verse

of

written,

space

with

illustrations,

Das

translation

have

we

of

many

been

have

poetry

on

Ke3av

name

Very

Ram

the

do;

cannot

Do

his

inadequate idea of

Ke"av

of

doubt

no

The

is all that

very

Do

foremost.

the

amongst,

collection

poetry

skill, and

great

very

The

only
original

provided

is also

works

Rasik

concerned

not

were

also

work

These

prosody.

on

art

to

KeSav

was

Das
imposed upon him, and Ke"av
also
the
Ke3av
learned
wrote
by Indrajit.
(sahitya) and
Priya on poetical composition

Alankritmanj

of

authoress

great

named

days

the

Das

Birbal's

Raja

those

also

of Madhukar

through

who,

of

was

which

poems

Chandrika

Ram

The

LITERATURE

courtesan

Paturi, who

Ray

numerous

HINDI

OF

is

who

of

greedy

fees; do

make

not

;
; do

ungrateful master

that

praise poetry

not

is

full of defects.
*

Ke"av

When

says,

"

see

glancing eyes

good

my

heeded

the opinion of the world

My

ears

discernment

The

of

the Creator

to

is no longer
instruction,and

right and

chariot-like motion

stopped like
May

deaf

become

good

intentions

river that has ceased

a
*

and

eyes

my

go,

closed

to

all

wrong

of the

forbid that such

resolutions

of my

mind

becomes

to flow.

should

woman
*

fix her eyes

on

me.

who
is a thief,
with an unsteady gait, a servant
Avoid
a horse
is
friend
without
mind which
master
a
fickle,a
intelligence,
who

is

miser.

HINDI

"

COURT

MUGHAL

THE

LITERATURE

39

house, dwelling in
dog-kennels,
Taking food in another's
these things,says Kesav
in the rainy season
Das,
travelling
of
trouble.
lot
a
give
"

Keeping

sinners, a

with

company

of ill-fame

under

woman

hurtful

these

to
are
Cupid, a son
Folly,old age, sickness, poverty, falsehood, anxiety
"

"

Ke"av,

says

are

things,

these

earth.

hell upon

Das.

"ffttesa.v

Contemporaries

Some

of

control

the

the mind.

The

"

brother

Balbhadra
Sanwhose
name
was
Das,
include
which
several
works
a
ctdhya Afisra, wrote
PurSna.
His
the
most
on
Bhagavata
commentary
is recognized
is a Nakhsikh,
which
famous
as
poem
of

Kes'av

with

works

part of the

(nakh)

to

the

on

used

kind

is

in which

described
often

work

(fl.1600)
wrote

this

good

Artistic

Poets

Hindi

effects

literature

ideas.

or

called

of

the

by Akbar

heroines

are

which
the

on

Krishna

is
of

art

TripaM

former

of whom

Chandrika.

Ras

time

the

Nayak-Nayika

writers

Bal

to

similar

A-

and

1600), the
(fl.

Nath

of

were

intended

minuteness

Other

period

prosody

The

Jahan."

with

toe-nail

the

was

of heroes

absurd.

Kasi

and

of

lovers,

on

is

(iikh) is described

work

want

kinds

classified

pedantic and
of

in

poets

from

hair

the

Such

various

and

poetry

of

which

is closely connected
In a Nakhiikh
every

of poetry.
heroine
hero
or

verses.

other

by

of work

Bhed,

art

of literature

form

writers, and

body of a
the
top-knot

illustrative

with

is

Hindi

amongst

common

be

This

work.

standard

of

Jahangir

given

encouragement

lasted

long

Shah

and

after

his

to

death.

Jahan
(1627-1658) very
Jahangir (1605-1627) and Shah
Akbar' s policy of encouraging
largely continued
poets.
Dara
of
the
Shah
Shukoh,
son
Jahan, was
a
great
with
a
patron of learning and literature
strong leaning
Hinduism.

towards

Even

(1658-1707), although

he

in
was

learning, the title of Kavi

to deserving poets.
Sundar
(fl. 1631) was

Ray

title

court

of

Kavi
a

work

Srihgar,

and

wrote

Ray
on

was

at

the

the

time

of

unfavourable
continued
Brahman
of

the

author

to
to

who

Shah

poetical composition
also

Aurangzeb

of

be

Braj

given

held

Jahan.
called

Hindu

the
He

Sundar
Bhasha

40

HISTORY

version

of the

OF

Se?iapati was

LITERATURE

Battisi, which

Singhasan

into Urdu

translated

HINDI

by Lallu

Ji Lai.

about

1589

Kanauji Brahman
the
His principal work
was
dated
1649, and deals with

and

He

was

of

poetry

in

his

for

born

well

as

of

description

his

considered
the

exception

his

is

the

Dev

Kavya

afterwards.

as

art

excelled
famous

in

he

which

Hindi

all

is

with

poets

Another

Datt.

of

work

His

were

poems

collected

and

verses

following is from

The

the

He

seasons

detached

is

is especially

Kalpadrum.

written

probably

six

which
of

aspects

matters.

excelled

of

of Krishna.

Ratnakar,

various

the

have

to

Kavitta

1649.

after

devotee

nature, and

of

description

died

and

other

as

afterwards

was

his

of

description

spring (basant):
"

11

the

During

sportivespring the palds

trees

red

however
flowers, parts of which
appeir
of bees are
have been dipped in ink.
Swarms

in full

are

from

their

going

blackness

them

to

with

bloom,

to

gather

to

blowing fragrance in the gardens and

In the spring,by constantly
looking
poet Senapati says,
of
at these flowers the idea
writing poetry has been strongly brought
The
mind.'
red glow of the upper
to my
part of the flowers clearly
of a
the
desire
and
lover, while the
burning
yearning
pourtrays
blackness
of the lower part, like a fire burnt out completely and
turned
of
to charcoal, suggests;.the
separation."
pangs
mild

The

honey.

forests.

The

of

became

famous

Hindi
Jahan

and

of

Das.

The

Tripathiy

who

well

the

by

as

of the

Emperor

great

Shah

authorities

the

latter

amplified and

patronised

was

in

the

the
half

developed

eldest

was

Chintamani

by

several

rulers

Jahan.
on

whom

in

flourished

Aurangzeb
and

in

all of

sons,

They

century

Kesav

four

poets.

was

Tikvampur

at

had

seventeenth

work

one

lived
and

Cawnpore

Tripathi

Ratnakar

"

who

reigns of Shah

as

Brothers.

Brahman

district

the

is

'

Tripathi

Kanauji

of the

wind

south

The

the

is

He

subject

of

as

regarded

poetical

Chhand
are
composition
(sahitya). Among
Vivek, Kavi-kul
Bichar, a treatise on
prosody, Kavya
He
also
the
Praka's.
and
Kalpataru,
was
Kavya
and
other
in kavitta
author
of
metres.
a
Ramayan
his

The
or

name

Nil

of

Kanth

the

youngest

Tripathi.

brother
Both

works

was

Jata

Chintamani

Sankar
and

Nil

Kanth

excelled

were

but

Sitara

special patrons
Chhatrasal

and

monarch

latter

were

poet's palanquin,

the

and
The

principal work
is

which

and

poetry,
verse

and

been

lost.

Chhatrasal.
the

rank

for

famous

his keen
and

poetry

which

is

interest

which

the

Maratha

Ramachandra
waters,

subdued
overcame

"ambhu

as

leopardovercomes
lightovercomes
Mati

patron
Lalam.

he

herd

Raj

work

understood

deer,

as

Krishna

the
the

weaken

to

of

of

one

lion

as

the sea,

overcomes

the wind

overpowers
of Brahmans,
of

tree,

as

elephants,

overcomes

Kanha,

overcame

as

the

the Lord
branches

the

first at

lived

of Bundi

Nath

Sulanki.

composed
the
Among

as

Rama,

as

Singh

so,

In

work

on

as

well

as

Bhushan

honour

rhetoric

love

verses
verses

of

court

at

of

raja
Mahathat

his

are

of

first

called

Lalit
in

many

and

clear
and
give a very
the subject of rhetoric.

to

of

as

the

afterwards

and

illustrative

is considered
account

fire

the Muhammadans."

overcomes

praise of his patron

His

his
this

was

translation

overcomes

of

Tripathi

Bhau

Sambhu

Raja

Cupid,

overcame

Ram

Rav

is

glory
of

Sivaji,

to

much

Jambha, as the barav

the hypocriteRavan,

darkness,

the lion Siv

says,

much

so

Here

B5.1, as fire

Sahasra

overcame

did

It

admired.
so

"

Indra

"As

one

him

power.
:

of

much

very

who

hero,

verses

is

attached

Muhammadan
his

this

holds

and
progress
features
the

in the

interest

of

is especially

He

poets.

are

excelled

have

styles, and

terrible

Hindi

amongst

Hindus,

of

there
$iv Raj Bhushan
praise of Siv Raj and
to

have

the

tragic, heroic, and

high

very

by

between

Bhushan

of

works

in

used

as

composed

was

is considered

Bhushan

Bhushan

Raj

Siv

poem.

the

in

verses

elephants

is illustrated

rhetoric
It

lavish

single

carry

of

besides

But

five

rhetoric

of

Raj.

Some

other

extant

in

of Siv

1673.

1666

is the

account

figure of

each

in honour

for

rupees

the

to

bestowed

occasion

of Bhushan

excellent

an

shoulder

Raj

one

on

upon

occasion

one

own

Siv

and

him, giving
twenty-five thousand

rewards

his

with

helped

kings,
(or Sivaji) of

Raj
On

of Panna.

two

of several

courts

Siv

41

other

the

by

poets

as

Ram.
and Mati
brothers, Bhushan
Bhushan
Tripathi visited the
his

LITERATURE

HINDI

"

COURT

MUGHAL

THE

others.

easily
It

was

42

HISTORY
about

composed
treatise

The

Nayika

Bhed

work.

Mati

As

Chhand

The

in

is

treatise

Ram

also

containing
Mati

Sat

and

purity

excellent

very

Sat

the

the

Sambhu

Ram.
of

sweetness

of his

similes, and for his

descriptions of the dispositions of men.
Many of his dohas
considered
are
equal to those of Bihari Lai.
Other
Poets
of the
time
ol Shah
Jahan."
Raja Sambhu
Nath
the
and
friend
(fl.1650) was
Singh of Sitara
of

patron

learned

Jahan

chief

work

in which

(fl.1650)
he

took

of this
are

of

as

considered
of

Brahman

the
in

in

Benares,
of

Hindi.

His

Kalpa

Lata,

his

of

praise
and

Shukoh

Dara

prince

to

instance

Kavindra

poems

many

are

extant.

the

was

which

is sometimes

was

kind

the

was

Nakhiikh

At
composition.
to
writing poems

Sanskrit

there

well

as

latter

He

poets.

and

of its kind

work

in

Shah

BJied

The

Sarasvaii

other

and

Nayika

best

the

excellence

Ram

admired.

much
be

Mati

of

author

the

for

of

lovers
be

is

Pingal

honour

to

composed

is famed

Sar

on

is considered

and

his language,

LITERATURE

composed

Ras

he

poet

1664.

prosody
Raj

on

Nath.

HINDI

OF

the

patron

Begam

Sahiba.

(fl.1655)

Tulsl
but

in

1655

(fl.circ. 1650).
etc., by Hindus
the

orders
Lai

Bihari

writer

Chaube

born

in

from

He

are

the

was

the

of

manner

The
the

and
On

of

the

Jaipur, who
gave
Lai's
fame
Bihari

him
as

was

Jahan.
Hindi

celebrated
of

is

Bihari

have

been

poetry

is said

to

spent

his

marriage

he

settled

His

of

months,
compiled

in

boyhood
at

Muttra

his
dialect, in which
Raja Jai Singh
patron was
for each
do ha.
gold ashrafi

Bhasha

Braj

composed.

the

have

to

his

the

which

art

He

Vedang Ray
Par si Prakas,

was

most

with

poems

1643.

to

counting

Muhammadans,
of the Emperor
Shah
Chaube."

1443

of

author

of

anthology
includes

period

and

Gwalior

home

this

of

(circ.1603-1663).

Bundelkhand.

verses

authors

in connection

Lai

the

different

describing

work

by

which

himself,

poet

excellent

an

Mala,

writer

Another

mediocre

Kavi

the

by seventy-five

compiled

he

called

poetry,

only

was

poet

rests

upon

his

Sat

Sal

(1662),

is

which

hundred

of

collection

do/ids

and

sorathds.

take

the

shape

couplets

of

intended

rhetoric

and

constituents

do

verses

of their

arrangement

recension.

Shahi
will

help

The

is born
the

vast

indicate

to

seems

indicate

to

poetics.

and

miscellaneous

nearly

by

hundred

which

among

the

with

is

section
of

the

and

of

occasions.

illustrating

the

are

considered

are

hdsya

(furious),

and

other

different
in

are

first

describe

India

the

be

(comic), karund
vlra
(heroic),

third

The

verses

descriptive

fourth

part

there

sayings

the

last
there
of

priate
appro-

besides

are

verses

which

poetry,

in number.

These

(pathetic), raudra
(terrible),
bhaydnaka

(disgustful),adbhuta
(marvellous),
(erotic). Only the
(quietistic),and srihgdra

last
in

an

are

referred

to

(sringdra) had
earlier

part

in this part
already been

of the

and

part

bibhatsa

eight

deal

seventy

allusive

nine

Next

its ensuants,

and

styles (ras)
to

the

constituents

and

with

verses

few

able
applic-

verses

various

In

In
a

illustrating sentiments

verses

various

reversed.

separation.

and

type
poet

(ndyikd).

hundred

In

on

this

that

which

ends

work

(nfiyak), followed

hero

in

Azam

works

of

are

of

son

be

to

heroine

seasons.

conclusion

the

love

Hindi

dictum

excitants

apophthegms

collection
to

of

Nakhsikh,

moral

are

of

of

about

verses

Indian

six

this

illustrating the

pangs
a

of

verses

sub-varieties

verses

are

the

there

kinds

poetic style (ras),its

of

four

two

and

varieties
there

of

each

third

called

there

Then

famous

most

hence

have

recension

verses.

have

the

the

the

they

Shah,

literature

of

order

The

of

India

in

story the
and

of

would

made

Shahi

in

nature

amount

As

poem.

description

the

that

not

Azam

to

brief

changed

prince Azam
and
Aurangzeb,

of

is

into

for

Emperor

the

of

recensions.

in different

made

is that

to

be

can

the

complete
illustrate
figures

themselves

connect

not

down

come

other

seven

of

utterances

couplet

itself.

43

approximately
The
majority

amorous

each

but

Krishna,
are
They

and

Radha

LITERATURE

HINDI

"

COURT

MUGHAL

THE

recension.

of the
dealt

Sat
with

Sat,
at

sdnta

first
as

the

length

44

HISTORY

Bihari

Lai

of

the

not

was

Similar

composition.
one

HINDI

OF

is

which

verse).

time

of Bihari

Bihari
in

Tulsi

Sal

had

written

imitators.

many

Benares
small

Conciseness

of

Bihari

had

is

He

is perhaps

phenomena,

laden

breeze

from

the

style is

and

difficult

very

Bihari
At

even

Lai

with

Toyed
Snatched

He was
Aurangzeb.
still
In 1634, while
his

literature

founded

in

on

rhetoric

on

writer

some

Thy

'

boy,

fame

'

Sanskrit

one,

Though
on

this

from

he

Singh

his

on

had

Das

Kesav

is

who

Gazetteer

died
the

of

Jodhof

in

1681.
In

Bhushan"

work, which
large number

was

the

considered
do

breeze.'

throne.

Bhasha

This

subject he

Imperial

abounds

opponent

an

to

dohas.

for those

pilgrim

caresses.

and

came

has

scent-

'please'

'No, dear, the

1625

rests

in 261

points, and

Translation

the

tresses

my

love ?

in

of

work

"

with

born

chief

commentators.

Hindi

'

Indian

peculiarity of its
In the
following

the

with ne'er
audace
with
then wooed
me

"

of

way-worn
of this kind

Jaswant
Maharaja
figures in history as

(Marwar)

work

Singh."

Jaswant

and

picture.
necessity,

The

describes

"

kiss

it,dear

was

riddle:

sweet

rude

'Who

gives

felicityin expression.
his
description of

translate.

to

the rogue,

came

of

account

on

such

of

he

guise of
Naturally a work

south.

entire

absolute

in

the

Each

in

yet

turn.

best

when

as

under

in obscurities

his

at

number)
1775) of

in

artifices

of skill and

triumph

large

Sanskrit.

into

in

illustrated

Lai

natural

verse

be

to

had

(fl. circ.

different

the

But

excellence

thirty

an

the

poets.

has

as

therefore

style was
all

work

itself,and
give an

must

poet

this

besides

in

before

great

very

Sal

complete

the

space

rhetoric

be

to

Hindi

Prasad

Sat

the

Sanskrit

the

Sal

Sat

Sanskrit,

centuries,"i.e.

seven

other

as

Hari

translated

couplet had

pur

well

as

("

Sat

of

form

in

Satika,

undoubtedly achieved
particular line, and his
of commentators
(as many

number

and

Lai,

this

appeared

Lai

this

and

Das

had

Sapta

called

of

originator

works

equivalent of the Hindi

of

LITERATURE

not

of India,

of

first great
heretical

follow
Vol.

was

Kesav

II, p.

423.

46

HISTORY

the

season,

the full moon,

nightsof spring

time
This

of

decay

when

the

however

While

the

there

and

no

names

of

most

who

poets

the

unfavourable

but

the

and

of his
are

only imitators

the

time

the

Aurangzeb
Hindu
learning,

his

of

and

the

Bhed

well

as

and
to

court

as

other

Chaube

was

of Bihari
Lai
Chaube.
nephew
of Maharaja
of
Ram
Singh

(born 1646)

Jt

also

ing
follow-

The

art

His chief
is dated
Jaipur.
work, which
Ras
Rahasya,
poetics.
a work
on
Ram

and

court

"

Agra

attended

entirely

not

was

eighteenth century :
Misra
(born circ. 1620)

Kulpati

of greater

of poetry
down
Aurangzeb

of

of the

Brahman

to

the

on

as

successors,

(1707-1712).

writers

great

severe

and

arts

the

importance

are

Shah

subjects from

end

He

the

be

to

his immediate

The

in

evident.

and

them.

to

of

some

kindred

writers

of

end

his time

becomes

in.

by the

the

after

more

decline

the

Bahadur

son

towards

the

set

is shown

as

of poets
patronage
poets attended
many

court

withdrawn,
that

still

preceded

was

But

of Akbar

time

the

first

at

also

was

poetry

of poets still continues

of such outstanding

number

are

marked

felt

and

century,

in Hindi

"

reign of
beginning

the
It

Empire.

above.

Aurangzeb's reign,
eighteenth

Mughal

excellent.

The

by

of the

days

most

are

Poetry."

marked

the

sun,

these

says

of

was

not

was

mentioned

names

morning

of decadence

period

the

Art

(1658-1707J

Aurangzeb
the

the

on

LITERATURE

Dev

"

Writers

Later

the

HINDI

of November,

month
winter

of

OF

was

the

author

1670,
of

is

the

Nayika

works.

(born 1643),

several
wrote
Bundelkhand,
works
poetical composition.
on
attended
Dev Misra
Sukh
(fl.circ. 1680), of Kampila,
title
him
the
several
The
courts.
Raja of Gaur
gave
of Kaviraj
He
works
poetical
wrote
on
prosody,
and other
a poet
composition
subjects and is considered
Mandan

of

of very

great

(fl.circ. 1700)

Newaj
the

Court

author
of many

of

merit.
was

Brahman

lived

who

of Panna.
He
Raja Chhatrasal
Natak
play called the Sakuntala

of
a

detached

verses.

was
as

well

at

the
as

MUGHAL

THE

is

Jambu.

He

Among

other

considered

works

Kalidas

Hajara,

selected

from

1423

with

married

and

Alam

was

court

of

Raja

of

excellent

poet.
called

anthology,
thousand

poems

hundred

two

Brahman

Shekh

in

Aurangzeb.

who

poets

became

He

the

service

His

poetry

of

Muhammadan

also

wrote

Muazzam

is

love

Rangrezin,

Rangrezin

in

fell

Shekh

named

woman

her.

was

the

the

1718.

dyer by trade.

of

over

in

the

at

an

contains
of

47

Banpura

an

compiled

works

(fl. 1703)

was

be

to

which

Muhammadan

who

he

the

to

Alam

of

in attendance
for many
years
that
afterwards
and
at

Doab, was
Aurangzeb,

from

LITERATURE

(fl.circ. 1700),

Trivedx

Kalidas

HINDI

"

COURT

poetry.

Shah,

considered

of

son

be

to

very

beautiful.
of the authorities
as
Sripati (fl.1720) is counted
one
His most
famous
work
is the
on
poetical composition.
He
several
other
also.
wrote
works
Kavya Saroj.
Suraii

Rasik

Sat

the

on

rhetoric

and

the

wrote

verses

in

work

work

wrote

the

orders
in

works

(the

who

on

who

Vazir

of

the

gave

his

which

the

on

Brahman

Khan

of

one

Nakhiikh.

was

Qamruddin
Shah)

Ganjan

patron

there

poet

are

many

It is considered

be

to

merit.

(fl.1734)

Singh
the

of

name

excellent

an

also

tary
commen-

Sat

Raja

was

in

AmethL

His

Bhilpati.

Sal

of

principal

imitation

of

that

of

Lai.

(fl. 1734)

Nidhi

Tosh

of Allahabad.

district
other

He

Benares,

poetics

on

under

was

Bihari

of

also

praise of the Vazir.

wrote

work

are

At

of great
Datt
Guru

He

of

Muhammad

rewards.

wrote

subjects, including

service

Emperor

Agra,

Lai, and

Das.

(fl.1729),

liberal

of

of Bihari

Kesdv

other

an

in the

was

Sal

of

Priya

Gah

(fl.1729),

Mtera

works

much

He

poetics

on

lived

in

Singraur

at

wrote

the

including

Sudhanidhi

Nakhsikh,

the
and

which

admired.

Dalpati

Ray,

(fl.1735 J, both
collaboration

merchant,

of whom
the

Alahkar

and

lived

at

Bansidhar,
Ahmedabad,

Ratnakar.

It

was

Brahman
wrote

in

inscribed

48

HISTORY

OF

Jagat

Singh,

Raja

to

commentary

the

on

HINDI

of

LITERATURE

Udaipur,

and

is

Bhushan

of

Raja

Bhasha

kind

of

Jaswant

Singh.
Som?iath

(fl.1737)

by

of the

son

he

works
to

be

I? as

of

Gulam

Nabi,

wrote

several

works

Ahg

Uday
Doab, was

Nath

Trivedi

poet-laureate

Bhasha

His

Datt

of the

the

on

wrote

Hardoi,

include

of

in

Banpura
He
of

the

was

Amethi,

His

the

and

Dulah

son

subject.
subject of rhetoric.
same

the

on

be

to

standard

the

work

Raja of Gaur.

He

successful

became

Ratan

His

patron

Fateh

Manx
verses

well-written

Shah

considered

twelve

the

works

on

the

pupils, all

circ.

1741)

of

whom

are

Prakds
be

to

mostly

works

wrote

Shah

Fateh

the

on

and

the

of

great

praise

of his

poet

in

verses

(fl.1772) has
his Chhand
Chhappani

be

of

of Bundela.

of the

account

to

esteemed

many

is said

court

the

given in

Misra

somewhat

which

Ram.

attended

is considered

He

examples

of

of Mati

had

include

Ram

in his
author

the

was

rhetoric

on

Lalam

(born

Bhushan.

merit.

Kishor

poets.

Kavi

poetics, which

work

wrote

He

poetry.

the

successful

very

(fl. circ. 1770)

(fl.1773)

Ray

be

whose

in

collected
to

poet

seasons.

Lalit

excellent

an
are

Datt

Lalitya Lata,

of

was

six

Dev

or

resemble

which

which

poetics.

is considered

Chanda?i

six

of

verses

He

Sahgrah.
description

Fateh

of

district

Raja

is considered

detached

various

art

the

wrote

(fl. 1768)

Kishor

to

also

Bharan

Sayyad

was

excellence.

of great

of the

of

court

(fl.
1768)

Sal

Bairi

is considered

Trivedi.

Kalidas

subject

ffl. 1750)

Trivedi

the

(fl.1740),

of

the

the

on

other

Darpan.

son

at

Among

name

poetics

on

called

the

real

in

nised
patro-

was

of poetry.

art

whose

Bilgram,

Nakhsikh

wrote

the

on

(fl.1740),

Lin

who

Raja
Bharatpur.
Piyiish Nidhi, which

work

standard

Brahman

of

the

wrote

was

art

resembles
very

excellent.

very

of poetry.
the

Sanskrit

the

fifty-

concise

This

and

poem,

Sutras,

is

He

Panna.

with

the

of

praise

his

Jan

Gopal

Samarsar,

verses

(fl. 1776)

work

49

which

connected

Ishg?idmd

much

are

and

admired.

written

were

He

mostly

Subhan.

named

courtesan

of the

author

which

verses

poet of love, and

was

LITERATURE

circ. 1773-1803) was

(fl.

was

detached

some

HINDI

"

Flrozabadi

Bodha

in

COURT

MUGHAL

THE

author

the

was

is said

full

be

to

of
of

the

poetic

feeling.
DevB

(fl.1784-1800)

Nandan

Charitr, which

is

Nayak-Nayika

Sringar

the

wrote

and

Bhed,

other

connected
with the art of poetry.
much-praised works
Than
Than
the
Ram,
or
(fl.1791), a Bhat, was
of a work
author
on
poetics called Dalel Prakds.

(fl.1792-1817)

Bern

His

etc.

with

verses

of poetry, wrote
the poetic art.

Bhikari

in

who

Braj Bhasha

Pratapgarh, in Bundelkhand.
known
of Das.
by the name
brother
from

of

other

works

translated

the

Guman
Akbar
Harsha

Vishnu

Khan.

and

Raghu
of Gokul

wrote

Nath

He

on

admired.
of Bihar!
Kumar

poet,

who

the

of

art

into

Hindi

works

sidered
con-

Besides
also

he

verse.

the

attended
the

is

poet.
poetry

of

court

of

Naishadha

"ri

on

the

as

Hindi.

father
of

translator
Nath

Raghu

of

his works
poetry,
include a commentary
on

art

They

is celebrated
into

of

Kayasth

poetics.
the
(fl.1745), of Benares, was

Nath, who

writer

the

ana

connected

Sripati, but

translated

several

Mahabharata

the

Pur

in all the

more

excellent

(fl. 1744)

Misra

Ali

with

connected

skilled

is

Prithvipati.
poets, especially from
an

of satire.

generally
Hindupati,
patron was
He
borrowed
phrases

His

to be

verses

works

was

He

Raja

nevertheless
many

was

(fl. 1734-1750)

Das

ric,
poetics, rheto-

on

said to be

are

(fl.1794 ), a Bhat,

Bhaun
graces

best

works

wrote

was

being

much

Sat

the

Sal

Lai.
Mani
wrote

Bhatt
a

(fl.1746)

good work

on

was

poetics

skilled

very

called

Rasik

Rasal.

Sambhu

Bhagwant

Nath

Ray

Misra

Khichi,

(fl.1749)
Raja

of

attended
Asothar.

the

court

He

wrote

of

HISTORY

50

much-admired

several

Siv

of

Raja

the

savaiya

metre,

style.

His

on

works

the

his

Sat
also.

the

was

poetical

on

an

position
com-

Rasik

and

Sal

of

prosody

and

works

Bihari

is

rhetoric.

(fl.
He

the

Lai,

and

erotic
He
Lai.

Bihari

of
a

of

Brahman,

commentaries

was

the

the

on

Das,

Kesav

the

Satak.

Sal
was

wrote

of

in
the

Thakur

Sat

1778)

Priya

in

mostly
the

of

pupil

was

especially

are

work

family

the

to

and

on

Das

belonged

excelled

commentary

(Marwar).

Priya

wrote

Bhinga

1750)

famous

most

Krishnagarh
Kavi

on

circ.
and

Char

Hari

and

poets.

1770)

and

wrote

(fl.

Thakur

wrote

other

1750)

circ.

Goncla
He

Arsela.

also

(fl.

Singh

Jagat

and

circ.

poetics

on

prosody.

and

Siv

Arsela

(fl.

Arsela

LITERATURE

works

Siv

of

preceptor

of

HINDI

OF

author

as

well
of

other

as

VI.

TULSI

RAMA

THE

AND

DAS

CULT

(1550-1800)

is

literature

Hindi

in

his

is

is

name

when

he

Das.

The

to
to

he

He

at

which

is

from

is said
when

that
she

Das

or

he
had

from

her.

it involved

wife,

Tulsi
devotee

become
Das.

of

wife

home

to

as

her

after

river

him,

saying

devotion
These

taking

left
up

his

acted

home,
abode

in

us,

and

at

it

man

young

day,

one

Tulsi

house,

separation

her,
the

although

dark.

His

if

that
the

Rama,

to

words
he

in

his

that

studied

of

account

swollen

great

Banda.

tells
he

much,
father's

hastened

daybreak

Rama,

was

very

is

preceptorial

himself

he

of

said

in

that

on

rebuked

gold.
At

his

therefore

crossing

have

When

troubled

however,

would

would

loved
gone

He

sixth

Ramayan,

the

is

it

was

But

accepted

district

the

He

Soron.

greatly

was

who

certainty.

Chitrakiit.

and

Brahman,

to

Sukar-khet,

in

Tulsi

Hastinapur

at

near

Ramananda,

introduction

with

generally

Rajpur,

at

but

of

name

born

most

mother's

his

known

was

his

and

Rambola,

the

Hajipur,

others

Narharidas,

succession
the

birth
he

Kanauji

a
was

guru

is not

born

was

was

his

scanty.

1532,

first

took

he

The

very

and

at

was

devotee

some

tradition

that

of

place

according

he

are

Ram

not

world.

about

Atma

as

name

own

became

legends,

whose

fame

whole

born

been_

given

His

According
the

have

to

Hulasi.

from

Hindi

Das,

deserved

the

throughout

life, apart

Tulsi

and

great

in

name

of

that

had

but

said

father's
as

has

India
of

details

celebrated

most

undoubtedly

Ramayan

only

He

The

Das."

Tulsi

as

and
at

only
earth

call

became
Benares.

to
a

52

he

There

the

spent

visited

also

he

OF

HISTORY

HINDI

greater

been

have

to

supposed

with

connected

the

and

him,

in

influence

in

age

him.

which

Raja

directly
Singh and

befriended

have

affected

is also

Das

Man

to

artistic

the

by

of

characteristic

was

died

Das

Tulsi

is

that

not

was

said

was

lived.

he

legends

Bhaktamala,

Sur

He

are

which

literature

the

and

friend,

he

Many

of

author

court, though

doubt

no

as

scarcely anything

Khankhana

Rahim

Abdul

life, though
Soron, Ayodhya,

Brindaban.

visited

have

to

his

his

of

part

places, such

other

Chitrakiit, Allahabad, and

about
told
him, but
are
Nabha
reliable.
Das, the
is said

LITERATURE

the

Benares

at

in 1624.
The

is the

This
but
"

masterpiece of Tulsi Das is the Ramayan.

it is generally known,
name
by which

great

himself

he

of the

Lake

of Rama

story

Sanskrit
of Indian

poets

Ramayan

of

of

great
in the

deal

of

often

have

quite

different

II to

books
a

man

been

only a
interpolated
and

in which
later

Rama

Supreme

of

addition.
appears

God.

their

into the

the

theme
The

translation

The

general

there

is

It

only
only

is
Not

agree.

work

in

even

of Valmiki

theological
poem

in

except

in

differently placed
The
complexion.

Valmiki's

man,

sixth

one

book.

Rama

and
main

In
as

appears

The

the

and

outlook.

passage

which
first

has

book,

regarded as partial
as
by scholars
Vishnu, is considered
of Tulsi
In the poem
Das, however,

and

Rama

incarnations
a

of

VI

each, but

the

between
is in

Das

of Tulsi

are

the

of India.

but

two

in

by

frequent

treatment.

the

that

incidents

the

difference, however,
that

probably

same,

episodes

different

story

the
in

difference
outline

broadest

main

long

predecessor.

is

story

prologue.

before

is not, however,

Das

Sanskrit

his
the

there

are

in the

lived

who

in

commenced

was

been
a
B.C., and it has
in the various
languages

of

outline

told

been

had

Tulsi

of

that

It

statement

own

Valmiki,

poet
century

fourth

his

to

the

Ram-charit-manas,

of Rama."

deeds

1575, according
The

it the

called

his brothers

throughout
The

same

as

are

an

incarnation

theological position

of
as

the
that

54

of the

Das

"Lake

the

been

wretches

no

here

are

frogs

lustful

and

and

just

given it

much

so

in

value

dialect

The

wari,

from

words

that
it ; for

snails
the
are

come,

Das

was

which

high

has
ideal

moral

in

scruple

similes

which

mythical

the

water

of such

Tulsi

Das

are
was

of

place he speaks
*
like
distress, writhing

true

nature

until

"The

taken

Lord
lake

from

went

of beggars
crowds
lotus-leaves the water

the

Pampa

saints ; with charming

beasts of different kinds
at

as

came

was

good
as

such

there

the

to

on

difficultto

show

great
turbid

puzzled
this

was

of

love

the

as

"

of the
the

as

deep
soul

and

of the

of its four

each

gate.

shore
clear

as

they listed,to
man's

Das's

passages

Kand

its water

us,

that

Tulsi

Aranya

flightsof steps
a

tells

Growse

Mr.

ples.
exam-

his

of

scour

stant
con-

of nature.

in

Dasrath,

fish in the

many

from

on

called

King

lover

and

nature.

in

his

which

passages

discovered

of

out

comes

and

and

from

"lotus-feet," are

someone

phenomenon

following,
beautiful

which,

passage

commentators

milk

separate

observer

true

or

of many
use
The
phrases.

mixed,

other

one

river," a

been
as

many
a

to

swan

metre

serpent's head,

in the

to be

phrases

there

But

makes

he

stereotyped

it has

which

his

it fit into

poets

of the

power

with

make

and

is supposed

gem
the

use

to

Indian

other

conventional

uses,

in

pronunciation,

rhyme.

Bais-

Hindi, and through

his day has
ally
gener-

since
He

old

colloquialisms, and Tulsi Das

altering a word, or adopting a

abounds

Like

of Eastern

poetry

is the

uses

however,
many
dialects,especially from Braj Bhasha.

other

little

corrupt

do

poem
a

up

says,

like

by Tulsi

Das

dialect.

this

language

has

dialect

Ramaite

in

been

In

they

holding

Tulsi

which

AvadhI,

or

his influence

that

if

his

he

therefore

and

of

poem

near

stories,

made

his

its readers.

before

His

claim

which

crows

come

water,

it is this feature

and

one,

This

and

ever

crane,

in

deeds,"

cranes

nor

the

on

greedy

disappointed."

passage,
he
calls

seductive

and

scum

crow

one

Rama's

of

pond

prurient

no

In

like the

are

part in such

have

LITERATURE

explaining why

(or ''pond")

Sensual

or

Krishna.

of

has

HINDI

OF

devotees

Tulsi
"

HISTORY

drink

Under

as
distinguish

sides ; where
of the flood, like

its

cover

of

dense

is the unembodied

TULSl

55

CULT

RAMA

THE

AND

DAS

The
under the veil of delusive phenomena.
happy fish
spirit
supreme
like
of
the deep pool,
the days
all in placidrepose at the bottom
were
of many
colours
Lotuses
of the righteousthat are
passed in peace.
flowers

displayedtheir
honeymakers

that

; while

they
and

praises. The geese

only seeing would

swans

and

cranes

be

beautiful
delightfulvoice of so many
built themselves
had
saints
The
wayfarers.
round
forest-trees
all
with
lake,
magnificent
and

mdlsari, the kadamb

the mango.
was

Every
with

resonant

fragrant,was
was

tamdla,
had

put

its

hear

that

into

is divided

Rama's

the

it.

by

generous

humble

than

kdnds,

or

Kishkindha,

these

Ayodhya

at

scenes

like

Aranya,

Of

Uttara.

and

Lanka,

describes

which

flowers

chapters,

seven

respectively Bal, Ayodhya,

Sundar,

the
and
and

be broken

ground,
only more

low to the
bowed
trees, laden with fruits,
of
fortune
renders
increase
whom
every
before.''1

named

the

and

would

saint's meditation

The

story

near

champa,

soul

The

an

house

kathal, the dhdk

leaves

new

them.

invitation

delightfulair, soft,cool and

delicious motion, and the cooing of the cuckoos

in

ever

the

pdtala,

forth

of bees.

swarms

pleasant to

so

tree

the

as

the

"

numerous

so

so

telling

describe

birds seemed

the

were

were

were

could

words

The
to

and

Lord
birds

other

believing,no

waterfowl

and

recognised the

had

garrulous bees, both

of

buzzing

was

bumble-bees
think

would

noisy you
his

and

; there

the
that

second,
led

to

up

the best.
forest, is considered
of the
The
characters
are
consistently drawn, and many
full of deep pathos.
The
are
grief of Dasrath,
scenes
the filial piety meekness,
nobility of
generosity and
of
the wifely devotion
and
Rama,
Sita, the courage

banishment

of

enthusiasm
as

the

but

genius

awaken
The

story,

to

value

accepted,

movement,

the

tempered

was

identified

with

to

in the

Tulsi

Translation

Das

had

in
verse

for

of the

like

as

of Rama.

worship
other

leaders

of

Bharat,

them,

of the

vehicle

cannot

reader.

mind,
a

however,
wonderful

preaching the
Though Tulsi
the

Vaishnava

pantheistic teaching of the Vedanta,

by belief in a personal God, whom
the

incarnation

passionate
appeal to men
the worship
of this God.
1

heart

tell in beautiful
it

use

described

has

Das

response

merely

but

supreme

Das

of Tulsi

of

unselfishness

the

Lakshman,

object which

not

was

the

to

by

Mr.

F.

S.

Rama.
to

The

Growse.

devote

His

poem

themselves

it
he

is

to

theological digressions

HISTORY

56

which

Tulsi

hymns

he

the

excused

by
In these
hymns
manifest, and
ideas

which

"

To

the

of

the

Tulsi

who

do

admire

display.

they
in

had

Das

as

are

view.

poet

are

his

gious
reli-

accept

spiritual

the
The

but

Das

not

frequent
drawback

Rdmayan,

of Tulsi

those

the

extent

some

which

but

and

earnestness

from

following is

the

"

the

of heaven

King

distress and
Priests

and

kind

and

favour

glory given, refuge of creation

Ocean's

of

in

fair.

all

than

to

now

souls

best

triumph ending,

thy strange mysterious

loving,humble

reach

brief

daughter

upholder, who,

earth's

the secret

scan

all

befriending,hell's

of Lakshmi,

and

Heaven

be

care,

kine

beloved

Ever

to

powers

even

hymns

Kdnd:

Bal

LITERATURE

makes,

be

purpose

cannot

the

HINDI

sometimes

Das

inserts, may
literary value

the

to

OF

bolder, dares

men

way

to

approving, may

thy gracious

I pray.

me,

sense
fleshly
Spiritall-pervading,

evading, hail Mukund

immortal,

lord of blissfulness
Ever

and

pure

holy,

supreme.
whom
the

of endless

Glory, glory, glory, theme

in

sages

incarnation,who

and

other

of

Folly

has

to

power

no

story, sung

by

and

saints

ecstasy of love.

an

Daily, nightly gazing on

blessing,Hari, lord of
Triune

Queen

world-deludingdream.

tangle in her

aid

was

at

the

sight amazing,

heaven

above.

earth's

creation,wert

source

alone

of

every

presiding,

none

Though in prayer unable, and my faith unstable, O great

destroyer,hear our hapless moan.
Life's alarms
dispelling,all disasters quelling, comfort of
faithful,be

our

succour

sinthe

now

gods implore thee, fallinglow before thee, with unfeigned

of body, soul, and vow.
submission
Lord God
Bhagavana, Ved and eke Purana, Sarada and Seshnag,
and all the saintlythrong,
Find the theme
too spacious,
only know thee gracious; hasten then
hour of wrong.
to help us in our
In all grace excelling,
Beauty's chosen dwelling, ark on life'sdark
All

the

ocean,

God

and

of all most
saints and sages,

to

The
to

rank

world's
1

home

sweet,
this tempest rages,

now

flyin

tion
consterna-

clasp thy lotus feet."1

is undoubtedly
a
worthy
great poem,
of the
the great classical masterpieces

Rdmayan

amongst
literature.

Translation

by

It is not
Mr.

F.

S.

indeed

Growse.

without

its

literary

DAS

TULSl

Tulsl

excelled

have

Hindi

other

defects, and

RAMA

THE

AND

such

poets,
in

Das

Das, may

Sur

as

their

of

polish

the

57

CULT

verse

the
But
Ramayan
handling of metres.
its place as
the
work
hold
Das
Tulsl
will always
its
of
The
importance
a
great literary genius.

of

their

and

of

fluence,
in-

Tulsl Das founded

be exaggerated.
too, cannot
the
added
to
indeed
theology
nothing
sect, and
which
he
Hinduism
of
to
belonged,
school
that

no

of

is

there

but

factor

potent

most

of

cult

the

vast

the

that

doubt

no

Ramayan

making Vaishnavism
majority of Hindus
in

in

has

been

the

the

accepted
India

North

to-day.
brief mention

Tulsl

of

works

Tulsi

Gltavall
which

Ramayan,
epic poem
it is

that

collection

as

moral

Kavittavali,
of

story
a

work

is

similar

work

ascribed
of

to

greatest
the

works

other
The

or

other

Supreme,

many

but

with

which

is

there

of Tulsi

worshippers
there

seem

movement,

The

Rama

to

and

Sat

of with

is
are

dohas.

also

works

of

deal

doubt.
his

undoubtedly
also

are

ness
genuine-

the

to

Sal

fifty

wrote

emblematic

great

the

exhibited

in

composed.
of
the
greatness
Ramanandis,
amongst

marks

Das

the

that

of Rama
to

The

instead

regard
a

other

with

Lai

other

an

thinks

The

Rama

powers

he
It

importance
Vaishnava

with
hundred

poetic

Bhaktamala."

achievement

much

so

metre.

hymns
Bihari

which

great

them

his

Doha

or

deals

kavitta

Ram-charit-manas

work

verses

hand.

admired.

much

seven

Das,

of
the

Although

Tulsi

some

also

of

collection

1585.

It is dated

is not

later

in

is written

It contains

Krishna.

by

is connected

later, but

years

made

is very
to that

which

is

and

is

Dohavah,

and

Kavittsamba?idh,

Rama

in

Rama

Sir George
Grierson
from
collection
of dohas

Das,

or

Patrika

Vinay

of dohas

Ram

the

In

of

The

object of

the

work.

probably
Tulsi

have

story

literary

other

Rama.

singing.

for

is

of

poems

the

tells

adapted

are

them

of

worship

Das

of the

made

of

All

Das.

the

popularizing

be

must

be

than
and

the

as

Hindi

fewer
in
this

incarnation

other

is

no

works
sections

doubt

due

of the
of

standing
out-

of

the

to

the

58

HISTORY
influence

dominating
There

The

some

disciple

Agra

leader

of the

Vallabha

but

others

is said

by

Nabha

must

the

work

of

dray an
according

who

of

movement

been

have

to

be

tioned.
men-

Nabha

Das.
to

Das

He

some

was

was

Krishna

worship,

disciple of Rama-

by caste, and it is said

that when
he was
he was
a child
exposed by his parents
time
of famine
woods.
to
a
during
perish in the
and
It was
at
Agra Das found him
brought him
up.
the
that
Nabha
Das, when
suggestion of his preceptor
the Bhaktamala,
he arrived
at maturity, wrote
probably
The
somewhere
1585 and 1623.
between
Bhakta?ndld,
nanda.

"

Hindi, written

Nabha
The

of

style is

in

those

his

this

briefest

who

obscure

possible

or
were

Western
It

metre.

Krishna,
worshippers
been

gives

devotees,
though it

of

have

of Rama.

Ramanandi.

ally
Genercompressed.
and
each
to
devotee,

and

characteristics

in

described

are

allusions

with

manner,

old

Vaishnava

only is given

chief

in

poem

chhappai

to

seems

very

stanza

one

of Rama

himself

Das

is

principal

the

chiefly with

deals

Dom

in the

worshippers

whether

mainly

account

an

was

Bhagats,"

of the

Roll

or

Das

as

work.

great

who

was

Das,

Das's

writers

also known

was

of

LITERATURE

Tulsi

Bhaktamala

(fl.
1600),who
the

of

however,

are,

HINDI

OF

to

the

different

holds
in his life.
The
Bhaktamala
legendary events
important
a
religious history.
place in Indian
very
be almost
It would, however,
unintelligible but for the
This
it.
which
was
always
accompanies
commentary
in
Das
in
1712.
kavitta
written
the
metre
by Priya
There
further
added.
In this commentary
legends are
have

also

work

is often

of

been

Nabha

chief

Aurangzeb,
worship
also

use

with
Rama

Das,

the

as

images.

text

The
in

adapted

of India.

vernaculars

was

Das.

gloss of Priya
and
fully translated

been

their

original

the

D"s."Maluk

Maluk

connected

commentators,
together with the

and

has

and

later

printed

Das

Bhaktamala
all the

other

founder

of

the

Ramanandis.

an

incarnation

The

main

in

lived

who
a

reign

of

is closely
Dasis
Maluk

which

sect

The
of

the

the

difference

Supreme

and

between

this

TULSI

Maluk

of the

teachers

Ramanandls

of the

that

and

sect

RAMA

THE

AND

DAS

Dasis

Maluk
founder,
laymen.
occupation, and is said to have
and
the district of Allahabad,

Monasteries

places

are

Maluk

Das

Das

at

the

regard for his devotees

dissertation

the

on

soul

"

Jagan-

and

other

na's
Krish-

which
is

He

to

("The

with

khana,

God.

and

at

Ratna

deals

; Ratna-

in

ascribed

Das

which

Bhaktavatsal,

died
Kara

by

Kara,

at

works

The

following

the

trader

born

followers

include
;

been
have

existence.

")

was

to

still in

Jewels

Ten

of his

that

ascetics, but, like

not

are

59

be

to

seems

their

nath.

CULT

is

also

the

of a large number
of detached
verses
reputed author
still quoted
which
the
and apophthegms
are
amongst
famous
A
is translated
one
as
follows, and
people.
with the teaching of St. Matt.
vi. 26 :
has been
compared
M

python doth no service,nor hath

its living);
to perform (to earn

The

Maluk

Quoth

all doth

For

Das,

the fowl of the air

duty

provide their daily

Rama

bread."

idea

The

in

of the

India

that

the
belief
on
couplet is based
the
python (ajagara) is unable

for its food, but

its prey
to walk
Other

disciple
companion,
have

to

Gosai7i

of

Tulsi

Madhav

Bent

was

written

and
a

subject.

same

is mentioned
of

art

other

entitled

Nataka.

mouth

for

open

also

Worship

was

also

also

was

of

his

the

other

Chintamani

previous
a

there

Rama,
works

called
other

Ramayan
Tulsi

of

works

other
of

the

is

He

of

author

"

constant

master

Besides

Nakhsikh.

wrote

his

(fl. 1600).

Das

biography

of Rama.

Das

appeared
with

connected

(fl.1650), who

Tripathi
chapter as
Ramayan

writer

in

on

kavitta

the
and

metres.

Man

works,

in the

poetry,

its

the

who

Das,

(or Ram-charit-manas) and

the
dealing with
story
this
several
period
during
the

with

with

connected

Charitr,
including

works,

wait

to

hunt

to

into it.

Works

said

has

current

Das

(born 1623),

Ramcharitr,
the
Ramayana

which
of

of

Braj,

wrote

is founded
Valmlki

on

and

Hindi

two

the

poem

Sanskrit
Ha?itima?i

60

HISTORY
Prasad

Ishwari
Bilas

OF

HINDI

(fl.1673)

Tripathi
which

Rdmayan,

LITERATURE

is

translation

the

wrote

Ram

Valmiki's

of

poem.

Bal
both

praise of Rama

in

Slta

and

(fl.circ. 1692)

All

wrote

honour

of
of

in

till
the

was

he

eldest

the

was

of

of

of

the

to

other

none

in that

had

aroused
to

deal

of

but

the

Ram-

His

well

in

as

renowned

in

and

left his

becoming

Besides
Ghat-

the

he

but

Ghat-Ramdyan,

differs

namesake,

willing
un-

was

Hathras.

it

in

from
is

and

language,

of

that

it

as

substituted

was

style

and

published

not

was

char it-manas

subject matter,

but

called

opposition

work

(1763-1843)

previous birth
Tulsi
Das
himself,

in

the

composed

Bilas

Ram

and

work

great

1760.
work

therefore

He

world,

than

great

place.

Poona,

for

in

the

of

the

Another

Sahib

settled

in

Mughal

the

Tulsi

the

that

birth

world

in its
as

the

(fl.

and

treachery

throne.

the

of

was

Raja

claimed

He

Ramayan.

by

Rama

the

and
renounced
kingdom
wandering ascetic finally
he
wrote
hymns,
many

was

Nehprakas

Fatehpur,

attacks

(fl.1750).

son

of

Rdmayan.

story

succeed

to

district
killed

author

dealing with the

of Sambhu
Nath
the

the

resisted

years

Emperor,

was

entitled

and

works

Ja?ik Rasiki
Saran
Dhydnmahjari.
the Avadh
is a poem
Sagar, which
Rama.
(fl.1750) was
Ray
Bhagwant

Asothar,

several
He

of two

Ram

1703)
ruler

Sita

and

author

the

was

his

more-

inferior

decidedly

in

character.

Sudan

Madhu
of

poet

(fl. circ.

Das

considerable

merit,

in which
Ramasvamedh,
made
Like
by Rama.
and
his poetry
Rama,

1782),
the

was

describes

he

Tulsi

Das

resembles

was

of

author

the

horse-sacrifice

the

he

who

was

devotee

of

that

the

of

great

master.

Singh,

Maniyar
was

He
the

another
was

of Rama

Kshatriya,

Saundarya

of

all

who

the

of

Rama

(fl.circ. 1785),

Yar

Benares.

Laharty

Chhabbisi,
legends regarding

Hanuman
the

devotee

called

also

was

His

skilful

works

Sundarkand,

which

deal

and

Hanuman.

with

poet.

include
and
some

the

of

VII.

SUCCESSORS

THE

of

teaching
number

of

which

he

the

associated

other

has

of

each

and

mahants

Chhattisgarh

the

said

sometimes
but

probably

Kabirpanthis

have

Kabir,

found

its

of

the

ascribed

to

belonging

to

the

this

Nidhan,

sect

may

which

Kabir,

also

death.
be

probably

in

Supreme.

to

the

use

works

literature

examined

by

mentioned

works

about

the

as

of

often

compiled

These

mentioned.

belongs

the

already

other

the

is

scarcely

Two

ways

rejected

amount

probably

was

the

various

Except

of
the

from

such

Bijak,

are

himself

of

large
been

The

sect.

his

the
has

sect

with
after

years

himself

free

he

introduced.

that

Although

condemned,

he

been

this

to

connection

fifty

which

Kabir

but

the

These

Kabir

sect.

and

disciples

has

incarnation

an

have

outside

those
in

as

rosary,

the

incarnation,

practices

Hindu

into

Das.

kept

influence

by
of

Gopal,

later.

whole

ruled

personal

little

Hindu

divine

of

regarded

now

as

back

way

doctrine

lived

images,

of

worship

been

have

to

Central

descent

Dharm

to

The

the

is

Surat

and

died.

in

The

to

who

Benares,

Kabir

divisions

back

their

divisions.

two

Chhattisgarh

is traced

mahants

Benares

have

in

its literature.

has

ideas

Kabirpanthis,

where

these

large

the

to

have

Kablr-chaura

in

the

the

sects

Kabir,

to

Maghar

centre

Each

Provinces.

of

with

its

origin

The

the

at

by

These

origin

centre

is also

mahant,

owe

which

shown

their

vernacular.

direct

its

has

is

promulgated.
in

their

trace

which

KABIR

influence

great

exercised

Kabir

sects

literature

One

The

Kabirpanthis."

The

OF

about

belonging
are

the

the

middle

Sukh
of

SUCCESSORS

THE

OF

and

eighteenth century,
probably as late as 1800.

the

about

1800

and

metre

was

Paltu

wrote

Nanak,

whom

kundaliya

The

mentioned

nine

by

sacred

the

of

of_the Sikhs,
Granth
r

It contains

Sikhs.
Guru

An

Guru

gad, Guru

Teg

Govind

Guru

Amar

last two

compilation.

Besides

Granth

the

bards

also
who

contains

Gurus

by

of the

Guru

The

added

were

the

them

on

1604

Nanak,
Das, Guru Arjun,
and
a
couplet of

writings
panegyrics of

attended

later

Guru

Guru)
tenth
Guru).

(the

of these

the

of

ninth

(the

Singh

was

compositions
Das, Guru Ram

the

Bahadur

sixth

the

the

in

compiled

was

(1563-1606), who

Arjun

Guru

Guru),

of

most

gurus

book

of

teaching

Sahib

Tenth

Sikhs, founded

the

by

in

the Adi
(or sometimes
Original Granth,' to distinguish it from

Granth

first

in

'

"

is

flourished

who

of the

influenced

followed

was

Granth

the

called
i.e.

religion

the

poets.

were

been

already

has

greatly

was

Nanak

Kablr.

which

Mill,

Amar

Kablrpanthi
pithy verses

some

that

previous chapter
by

63

Sahib.
It

Sikhs."

The

the

KABIR

positions
com-

after

of these
the

Gurus,

Gurus

admired

or

the

by
their

of
several
as
hymns
bhagats, such
and
rated
others, whose
teachings corroboof the Gurus.
The
not
hymns
are
arranged

characters, and
Kablr
Namdev,
that
in the
to

the

Granth

according
thirty-one Rags,

or

All
they were
composed.
of Nanak
adopted the name
the

beginning

of the

their

to

authors

musical
the

volume

as

is

but

to

measures,

Gurus,
their

according

except

which

the

last,

At
plume.
Japji, which

de

nom

placed the

composed
by Nanak, and then follow the So-Daruy
the So-purkhu,
and the Sohila, which
from
extracts
are
later
All
these
tended
inpieces were
parts of the books.
for devotional
and therefore
placed at
purposes,

was

the

beginning

of the

volume

slokas

of the

is the
and

book.

Bhog,

After
or

panegyrics.
ideas

the

Rags at the
conclusion, which
The

whole

forms

end
tains
cona

the
it contains
which
volume,
lengthy
being
it is a
For
variation.
the
Sikhs
repeated in endless
and
of
hymn-book
prayer-book as well as a manual
The
theology.
language varies in different parts, but

64

for

HISTORY

the

part the

most

with

of Hindi

11

one

the way

On
The
On

where

On
The

There

There,

of God

saith

Guru,

office from
and

Khalsa

religion

in Persian

employ,

Granth

it

the

Adz

praise
the

of

to

the
other

many

of

stir

up

to

authority

same

Japji,

martial

the

it

verses,
account

an

Singh,

Govind

in

hymns,

or

is

which

the

it is not

but

the

guish
distinfor

used

religious

Ndtak,

mission

life and
calculated

poems

Besides

volume,

Guru
is

Govind

one

purposes,

having

some

after

into

It

many
also

together with
in the Guru's

1734,

Singh

the

into the

but

some

year

other
as

Vichitr

the

verses

of

Granth.

Sikhs

and

God,

works,

of the Tenth

and

Granth.

Adi
of

valour
the

by

contains
of

from

called

composed

These

the

oped
devel-

Muhammadans.

Singh

Mani

the

regarded
as

Bhai

is called

promotion
the

in

collected

were

Singh's death, by
which

other

Singh,

introduced

were

thee."

on

who

order

(Braj Bhasha),

Panjabi.
and

he

was

military

Govind

Govind

was

It

ideas

thee ;

over

to resist the

them

Hindi

in

translations

the

"

shall rain nectar

name

great

Sikhs.

and

great sunshine,

shadow

1708.

Hindu

mostly

verses

into

many

of the

Arjun

counted,

of God

name

to

organized

him

Under

and

whose

1675

Sikhs

the

the

Nanak,

tenth

The

be

The

be

there is very terrible heat

of God
the name
shall be

Where

held

of Guru

of

hymn

chapter.

thy provision;
pitchdarkness,
shall accompany
and lightthee
thee,
nobody knoweth
shall be there to recognisethee

where

name

previous

dialects

there is

of God

name

the way

in old

of Panjabi.

cannot

shall there

where

the way

The

the miles

of God

name

written

are

given in
of the hymns

was

is

following

hymns

LITERATURE

admixture

some

Nanak

Guru

HINDI

OF

and

valour

other
of

the

Sikhs.
The

Dadiipanthls

was

Ahmedabad,

but

According
by caste,
1

to

but

Translation

Dadu

spent

common

the

founder

of

(1544-1603),

who

The

Dadupanthis."

of

most

report

by Macauliffe,

"

he
of

tradition
The

life

his

was

his

Sikh

the
was

in
a

sect

of

born

at

Rajputana.
cotton-carder

followers

Religion,"

that

Vol.

he

III. 202.

forgiveness
to

Dayal.
Kabir, but

His

which

protested

sect.

Dadu

rejected,

that

great

so

was

he

is very
similar
much
affected
by

not

so

of

Hinduism

the

its way
for instance, the

against
into

back

found

has

Dadu

spirit of

teaching

Much

ideas.

Muhammadan

is

65

His

correct.

(daya)

kindness

and

of

that

probably

Dadu

called

was

is

Brahman

was

KABIR

OF

SUCCESSORS

THE

the

of

teaching

the

of his modern
idolatry, but some
Hindus
followers
Vedantists, and only twice-born
are
has
the
read
the Bant, and
allowed
sect
to
no
are
Bdni
D"du's
Moreover,
dealings at all with outcastes.
Dadu's teaching
idolatrous
is worshipped
rites.
with

Vedanta,

by

spread

was

and

caste,

in

contained

are

thousand

fifty-two disciples.
the
Bdnl, a book

of

about

into

divided

is

It

verses.

doctrines

His

five

thirty-seven

the
Divine
such
subjects as
chapters dealing with
Meeting,
Teacher,
Remembrance,
Separation, The
The
The
Mind, Truth, The
Good, Faith, Prayer, etc.
of Dadu

verses

set

are

music

to

The
worship.
Dadu's verses
Receive

"

attractive

very

which

hymns

and

rhythm,

are

and

both
is

following

of sin.
of your
'*

Cast

off

is

your
love

have

to be upon

because

Draw

it in their power
from

your

of

to take

away

punishment ;

their

lives,but they

own

for God

alone

is able

to

for
not
absolved

within, and dedicate it to God ;

of your flesh,ye will think only
the imperfections

mind

if ye subdue

is devoid
the thread

him.

pardon the soul, though few deserve His mercy.

11
Listen to the admonitions
of God,
and
will care
you
hunger nor for thirst ; neither for heat, nor cold ; ye will be
from the imperfections
of the flesh.
M

few

hearts to the exclusion of

of God, for this Dadu

pride,and become acquaintedwith that which

and suffer
yourselvesto Rama, who is sinless,

meditations
All

of

them

private

public and

translation

perfectinto

release their souls

cannot

amongst

that which

Attach

for

musical

"

all besides ; abandon

all things for the
declares is the true devotion.
"

have

included

are

used

and

forth, from

of God.
"

you

If ye call upon
and
the
evil

; but

they

will

God,

ye

will

inclinations
return

to

you

be
of

able
your

to

subdue

mind

again when

ye

tions,
imperfecyour
will
depart from

cease

to

call upon

him.
"Dadu
essence

and

loved

Rama
incessantly;he partook of his spiritual
the mirror, which was
within him.
constantlyexamined

66

OF

HISTORY
subdued

"He

evil inclinations
of Rama

him."1

upon

Dadu.

which

founded

Dadu's

in Hindi.

literature

fifty-two disciples

all his

most

important

Das

the

Hindi

best

writer.

sons

poets, and

were

are

reported

many

later

large

very

have

to

posed
com-

followers.

The

amongst

is

he

poets, worthy
in Hindi

names

two

Dadupanthis

the

By

as

has

his discipleswas
Sundar
is also
called
(fl. 1620-1650),who

poet

younger

Busar.

highest

well

as

verses,

the

all
imperfectionsof the flesh,and overcame
crushed every improper desire,wherefore the light

; he

sect

LITERATURE

the

will shine

The

HINDI

regarded
rank

to

literature.
his most

Amongst

as

of

one

the

amongst

He

was

admired

nous
volumi-

works

his

are

Savaiyas (sometimes called the Sundar

Bilas) and the
Nischal
Das, a later Dadupanthi poet,
Gyan Samudra.
introduced

Vedantic

The

Dasis."

Lai

founder
to

of

and

Alwar,

traced
the

other

hymns

The

teachers

of

the

of

members

the

Dasis.

of
in

the

be
of

value

teaching
the

the

sing

often

can

His
called

work

called

the

Rama.

the

belonged

tribe

emphasized

name

sect

He

sect.

was

doctrines

whose

he

contained

are

Lai

in 1648,

predatory

Kabir's influence

to

repetition

and

the

as

of the

teaching
died

Das, who

from

came

Like

Meos.

Lai

known

sect

into the

ideas

Bani.

hymns

to

founded

in

music.
The

1658

by Blr

part

of the

his

The

Sadhs."

and

Bkan,

Bir

Doab.

of

were

collected

Sadhs

is found

verses

of

into

called

volume

the

at

meetings

was

Kayasth

founded

He
1

upper

received

have

Das

Translation

Societyof Bengal,

sect

by G.
Vol.

by

R.
VI.

Adz

\Upadesa

sect.

was

in the

caste,

which

the

verses,

of the

lived at the village of Manjhi

He

the

together with
and
Dadu,
Kabir, Nanak

like

H^s."Dharnl

Dharni

to

in

teachers

other

recited

are

chiefly

claimed

Bhan

("Original Instruction").These
those

was

instructor
in the
superhuman
(sabdas) and couplets (saktiis). These

from

doctrines

form

the

of

sect

and

born

in

1656

district of Chhapra.
became

(1837).

Journal

devotee.

still survives.

Siddons, in the

and

He
of

the

is the
Asiatic

THE

SUCCESSORS

reputed

author

and

Prem

the
Some

of two

KABIR

OF

Hindi

Sufi

Poets."

Muhammadan

have

been

Some

of his

Hindi

Kesav

Das

of

about

1730.

century,

Two

of

of these

first half

probably
The

had

many

is

Charan
guru

of

the

holds

has

crept
Like

in

Hindi, and
its members,

are

sect

many

by

to

Das

back

first
was

other

Hindi

his

followers.

and

the

been

works
Two

word

the

sity
neces-

denounced
the

by
The

sect.

the

laid

large

on

this

Sanskrit

being
in

least

at

which
of

Hindi

Gltay

Bhagavad
Das

is

and

sect

it has

made,
Charan

he
also.

translations

possesses

and

the

and

is

of

He

women

of

sects

use

exists.

and
Kablr,
of the repetition

into

stress

1730

year

of

was

place in

the

himself.

but

(bhakti),

great

have

the

teaching,

value

similar

Purana

said

part, by Charan
esteemed

and

importance

important

very

The
discouraged.
of the
Bhagavata

which

the

Idolatry

guru.

divine.

as

amongst

madan
Muham-

Shah,

still

that

to

of devotion

but

as

the

God,

need

Das,

literature

in the

(1703-1782)belonged

Das

similar

doctrines

having

regarded

been

the

About

very

such

(sabda),

have

in

lived

Bulle

of

caste

name

of

Charan

Dasis."

teaching
the

Hindi

Sufi.

emphasizes
of

of

Another

also

was

eighteenth

flourished

and

who

Both

are
movement,
of Marwar.
Sahib

century.

verse

Sahib

Sahib.

may

Baniyas.
at
sect
a
Delhi, which
disciples who
spread his
as
disciples not only men

admitted
His

Muhammadans

of Hindi

Dhusar

he

similar

eighteenth century
a

founded

Gulal

the

who

as

flourished

authors

Dariya

eighteenth

Charan

to the

Bihar, and

of the

of the

or

such

whom

reputed

writers

same,

were

writer
half

Hindi

the

Sahib

the

Delhi-

at

verse,

of

to

seems

taught

half

latter

are

other

with

connected

in the

both

and

Dariya

and

He

disciple of Bulla Sahib was

had a disciple called Bhikha

flourished

verse.

lived

and

disciples also wrote

and Bulla
Sahib, both

latter

of these

Both

Sufi,

Hindi

wrote

(1668-1723).

Sahib

Yari

who

was

the

Prakas

Prakas.

verses

and

Satya

the

works,

67

also
are

his

posed
com-

much
women

in

HISTORY

68

OF

HINDI

LITERATURE

These
were
disciples were
Sahajo Bai and
poetesses.
said to have
been
sisters and
are
to
They
Daya Bai.
CharanDas.
Their
caste
have
belonged to the same
as
of

are

verses

Bodh

Daya

The

Siv

The

lived

who

considerable
of

Daya

merit
Bai

dray

he

devotion.

in

was

an

1734

In

Ghazipur.

near

of

composed

was

Siv

Narayanis."

full

and

1751.

Rajput

founded

sect

Brahman
without
as
worships God
attributes,
is himself
and rejects idolatry. Siv Narayan
regarded
incarnation
Outward
an
by his followers.
as
formity
con-

which

observances

to the

is

and

permitted

people

is said

It

members.

of Hindus

that

(1719-1748) became

Shah
founder

was

The

1782) is said
anachronism,
from

sprang

that

Garib
the

with

(1717-

Das

although
he

sect

This

Kabirpanthis.

the

The

sect.

verse.

Kabir, which,

show

to

seems

the

of Hindi

of

as

Muhammad

is credited

and

guru

been

have

to

of

member

books

The

Dasis."

Garib

admitted

are

Emperor

writer

sixteen

having composed

Muhammadans

castes

the
a

voluminous

all

of

and

an

founded
which

sect,

must
is still in existence, consists only of sddhus, who
The
he
book
which
castes.
belong to the twice-born

composed,

called

sakhls

chaupais.

to

and

be sakhls

The

Of

Sahib,

contains

these, however,

Garib

Das

lived

district of the

Rohtak

Sanehis."

Ram

Granth

Guru

of Kabir.

in the

Chhurani

the

The

sect

of

at

24,000

7,000 are said

the village of

Panjab.

Ram

Sanehis

was

in
(born 1718),
by
He
at first an
idolater, but gave
was
Rajputana.
up
founded
the
of idols
and
of Ram
sect
the
worship
is now
The
sect
Lovers of Ram,"
Sanehis, or
sented
repreof sddhus.
order
His sayings
merely
by an
into
Bant.
The
been
collected
have
and
a
hymns
Dulhd
of the
who
third
leader
Ram,
sect, named
about
in 1776, composed
Sanehi
became
10,000
a Ram
in
died
1824.
He
and
sakhls.
sabdas
4,000
Ram

founded

Charan

lived

who

"

The

Satnamis

and

seems

to

Satnamis
middle
of

of the
its

Jagjivan
have

seventeenth

origin

are

The

Das."

sect

been

founded

century,

but

unknown.

It

the
was

of

before

the
the

ces
circumstan-

reorganised

70

HISTORY

(sdnta ras).
and

Hindi

few

verses

characterise

the

truth, the

not

are

of

name

to

of

dealt

with

of

may

than

poets.

Kabir, they

charm

the

certain

Hindi

which
in these

The

need

value

of

of
the

importance

supreme

delusions

into

and

him,

God, the

come

rather

extensive.

very

due

respect

vigour
subjects

mical,
rhyth-

the

a,

value

sober
duty of living a righteous and
few kindred
topics are
over
repeated

life,
and

again, in different

over

in

and

The

(bhakti), the

of devotion

these

the

those

than

and

to

religious
high amongst

rank

in

had

was

rugged

lacking

repetition of the
of

less

works

and

guru

of them

which

felt by them

doubt

no

his work.

voluminous

is smooth

verse

interest

are

often

also

are

were

their

literary,and

LITERATURE

artistic influences

the

But

If their

of their

Much

literature

extent.

HINDI

OF

at interminable
length,
ways,
which
is apt to be
to the ordinary reader
Nevertheless
there
are
striking pasmany
sages

manner

tedious.

found

to be

which

lessons.

valuable

full of

are

the

During

beauty

greater

and

inculcate

part

of

this

passing through a time

The
of great
reign of Aurangzeb
political change.
(1658-1707) was
a long
struggle against disintegrating
worse.
forces, and after him the politicaldisorder
grew
rebellion
Internecine
strife and
were
frequent. The
the

period

invasions
Shah
The

exist

of Nadir

also

Marathas
which

except
of

Shah

(1756)

Durrani

Empire,

of India

North

(1739) and
a

afterwards
of

time

of Ahmad

terrible

disaster.

constantly attacking the Mughal

of
the
this period ceased
end
to

were

by
in

were

was

name.

It

persecution'and

was

time
; but

of

frequent
during this

calamity,
tyranny
of heart
in
sought peace
thoughtful men
period many
in such
circumstances
piety and quietism, and it was
referred
in this
of the
to
that much
religious verse
the writers
In these
not
produced.
chapter was
poems
feeling after
aspiration and
only expressed their own
which
beautiful
forth
thoughts
God, but gave
many
in times
of distress, and
others
to
an
a solace
were
after
seek
the
to
and
to live nobly
incentive to them
is described
in
literature
The
sects whose
highest ends.
cases
something to Kabir, in some
this chapter all owe

SUCCESSORS

THE

the
all
and
the

influence

stand,
a

same

being
in

great

theory
many

as,

or

OF

direct
at

of

similar

in

and

others

least,

for

their

theological

to,

those

KABIR

71

indirect.

They
theism,

non-idolatrous

which

conceptions
Kabir

taught.

are

VIII.

THE

KRISHNA

CULT

(1550-1800)

The

Ashta

Chhap."
who

Vitthalnath,
chapter
at

the

as

whom

near

Chhap,

Ashta
the

they

poems

for

dialect

that

dialect

This

in

district
and

ban

has

Cult
also

Hindi

been

of

worshippers
of

Das

Govind

half

He

Sur
was,

Das,

His

poets.

sixteenth
Aharl

Pay

the

best

Krishna

According

of

the

Aharl,

Pay

nath
Vitthal-

Nand
the

about

to

seems

to

of

writer

known

in

Das

middle

century.

equal

not

the
The

included

Svaml,

of

of

Hindi.

Those

has

dialect

most

Das

flourished

these

the

though

sattvanirilp.
became

of

and

are

Chhit

Das,

it

and

Eastern

Das.

time

Krishna

the

poetic

Krishna

Das,

All

however,

stanzas.

in

Kumbhan

and

Das

Krishna

Das

who

Sur

Das.

second

Tulsi

wrote

Chaturbhuj

were

of

Rama

were

Parmanand

and

though

their

Bhasha,
the

the

Brinda-

and

with

as

upon

wrote.

after

Since

Braj

Vallabhacharya

Chhap

Ashta

looked

excellence,

par

in

standards

they

Muttra

connected

the

because

as

which

all

as

named

namely

composed
be

in

country.

poetry

sect

known

regarded

Bhasha,

lived,

previous

Diestamps,

Hindi

son

disciples,

are

or

are

surrounding
Hindi

four

had

Seals,

his

Vallabhacharl

the

They

Braj

they

to

disciples

Eight

the

which

come

each

Western

was

all

almost

Muttra,

produced
of

the

in

mentioned

poets.

the

or

been

of

Hindi

were

and

leaders

early

Gobardhan,

of

or

have

Vallabhacharya

him

Das

is

poetical
and

called

some

one

pupils
of

rival

merit.

melodious
the

several

had
to

in

graceful

work

been

have

them

Prem-

who
was

KRISHNA

THE

73

CULT
.

(fl.1575),

Das

Agra

who

in turn

was

the

of

preceptor

of the Bhaktamala.
Das, author
Das
Nand
to Sur
Das, the
holds, next

Nabha

as

He

Chhap.
him

be

to

those

amongst

poet

was

are

and

Brahman,

of the

brother

who

highest place

included

in

Tulsi

great

believed

have

some

Ashta

the

Das.

is

There

gariya, Nand
(or melters),
jariya, "All others are simply founders
is the artificer (who joins the
Nand
Das
pieces of

Das
but

him

about

proverb

into

which

Glta

Sanskrit

"

whole).

well

as

is

He

Pane

author

the

was

of

detached

in

imitation

as

poem

called

Govinda,

sab

Aur

says,

composite
of several
larger works
of his compositions
One
metal

verses.

of

the

had

hyayt.
The
Sur
Das."
Chhap,
greatest of all the Ashta
Sur Das.
The
particulars of his life are
was
the

and

It is said

of Baba

son

of the

court

Ram

he
was

At

the

his parents
and
to Muttra,
devotee.
he
removed
Afterwards

Agra

between

and

wrote
a

was

his

that

to

In

father's
consider
this

father

lived

at

killed

Ram

was

Hari

where

verse

name

to

be

Gopchal

in battle

and

with

had

the

bard

at

self
him-

he

he

that

says

Chand

Brahman
is

Ghat,
disciple

which

lived
a

information

Gau.

to

Bardal,
his

that

and

Chandra,

Chandra,
him

singer at the
of eight he
age
became
the
pupil

verses

famous

very

commentary

of the

descendant

however,

the

ever,
how-

Brahman

was

became

he

of his emblematic

some

grandfather,

where

Muttra,

Vallabhacharya.

he

Das, who

Akbar.

Emperor

that

with

went

of

uncertain.

and

scanty

of

Agra.
Some,
regard the
spurious. His

and

given

as

seven

sons,

six of whom

Muhammadans.

He

alone,
blind
(either literally or figuratively) and worthless,
he says, remained
He
had a vision of Krishna,
alive.
as
"all was
darkness"
and thereafter
to
him, which
may
were

he

mean

became
birth
are

became
of

one

in

blind.

1483

the

Ashta

and

his

uncertain.

All

either

blindness,
his life, and
of

Agra."

he

He

from

is often

to

went

the

in

1563, but

traditions

birth,

or

referred

at

Tradition

Chhap.
death

live

agree

from

later

a
"

to

as

the

Braj, and
his

places
these
as

dates

his

to

period
blind

of

bard

74

HISTORY

Sur

Das

and

the

in connection

with

the

writer

of

him

by

(Drisktakilt),for

an

explanatory

which

Sur

the

story

of

the

moon,

Kegav

exquisite
of lyrics

and

Radha,

also

and

Sagar

emblematic

himself

Das

He

commentary.

in

great number

the

from

passages

of Krishna
worship
collected
which
were
together in the Sur
the Sur avail.
The
contains
Sahityalaharl
verses

styles of composition.

and
episodes
were
reproduced

was

he

LITERATURE

in many

excelled

of
large number
Bhagavata Purana
verse,

HINDI

OF

wrote

Hindi

in

wrote

Damayantl.
Altogether he is
credited
with having composed
as
as
75,000 verses.
many
holds
Sur Das
Some
a
high place in literature.
very
Indian
authorities
would
the foremost
place
give him
Hindi
would
reserve
poets, though most
amongst
persons
that
honour
for Tulsi
Das.
An
often
quoted couplet
Hindi
is the sun, Tulsi
referring to
poetry says, "Sur
of

to-day

great

a?id

so

there."

of stars, but

cluster

the

poets

glow-worms
giving light
is undoubtedly
a
poet of

many

Sur

He

power.

is

Das

like

are

and

here

Nala

Das

is considered

in his

excel

to

of all

use

of

style recognized by the authorities on

An
Hindi
of images and similes.
poetry and in his use
said with
court
regard to
poet of Akbar's
anonymous
the

ornaments

"

and
Birbal in the kavitta
Gang excels in sonnets
Kes'av's meaning
is ever
metre
profound, but Sur
;
the excellency of all three."
possesses

him,

A
All
One

few

specimens

days

are

day

he

went

clothes

had

in his

live

to

from

in

One

day

The

next

house

forest,and

crying in a very terrible

re-united
day having become
in

day Raja
(Krishna)
next

the

SIta is

about

takes

power

wealth

like Mount

Chandal,

balloon

of flowers.

Yudhishthir

was

as

and

there

company,

stretches

forest ;
with
Ramchandra,

reigning

with

Sri

forth

both

Bhagwan

his follower ;

day (his wife) Draupadi is made

away

of

The

The

"

the

in every
next
day he has to live in the
and legs.
hands

go

burying-ground.
bridegroom, attended by a bridal
direction flagsare placed ;

is

man

and

One

here

given

are

day

next

removed
One

alike ;
Hari"chandra

work

not

day King
Meru

The

of his

her clothes.

naked, and

Dusasan

The

doings of
anxiety;

Sur

Das

the former
"

letters written

by

In those
Now

he

In vain
In vain

become

have

are

like enemies.

here) these

heap

seemed

creepers

cool,

very

of

red

"

Das

"

seed.

like the ghunghchl

up

forehead) ."
*

become

was

mind, give

qualities? True

the

(on the

bowers

foolish

fieryflames.
is flowing, and the birds twitter ;
the Riverjamuna
the lotuses are
blooming, and the black bee hums ;
Looking for the lord, my eyes have become
says,

they

Sur

I describe

can

Gopal these
days (when

appear;

the Creator

Without

birth

far

How

says,

75

CULT

KRISHNA

THE

*****

and

day my eyes shed tears

with
always the rainy season
collyrium does not stay on

Night
It is
The
The

become

cheeks

have

cloth

of my

eyes

Das

says,

do you
The

hands

my

eyes,

away.
and

like

the

in the

heart

of water.

stream

tired, and

limbs

rivers,my

Braj is

fixed

the

is

period

Chaurasi

the

have

to

which

work

important

An

Varta."

(or

Varta
been

written

of Vitthalnath.
(fl.1568), the son
in date than
and
whereas
the Bhaktamala,

by Gokulnath
Bhaktamala

contains

Vaishnava

of

accounts

Chaurasi

sects, the

of

devotees

Varta

of the
stories, mostly
legendary,
of
of Vallabhacharya.
deal
It lays a great
the erotic side of the Krishna
From
legends.
of the literature
of view
it is very
important
in

of

prose,

which

it

is

of

one

It

is

the

various

is devoted

sively
exclu-

followers

to

written

stars

being submerged (in tears), why

now

"Eighty-four Tales"), reputed

earlier

my

deliver it ?"

not

this

to

went

away.

"

Chaurasi

belongs

my

Syam

gets dry, because

never

running

become

moving

are

Sur

have

since

dark,

bodice

midst of it is

My

;
me,

stress

on

the

point

as

being

the

earliest

It is written
clear and easy style,
in a very
specimens.
and although written
three hundred
and fiftyyears
ago
the language
little from
the
differs very
used
modern
Braj dialect.
Other

early

early

members

Hindi

poets

Two

Vallabhacharis."

of
must

the
also

(fl.circ. 1574) is said

Vallabhachari
be
to

mentioned.
have

been

three

or

sect

who

other
were

Hit
Bhagwan
a
disciple of

76

HISTORY

Vitthalnath.

was

wrote

He

full of devotion

and

Qadir Baksh,
The

this

Radha

sect

of devotion.
Hit

1585
is

placed above

Its founder

Haribans,

Jt)

Hit

or

His

be

to

of Raskhan

founded

was

Krishna

Hari

was

said

in

Radha-Vallabhis.

the

as

Krishna

poetry.

sect

new

known

of

are

Hindi

then

was

disciple

wrote

name

which
A

also

(fl. 1614)

worshipper

sweetness.

who

about

his

honour

Radha-Vallabhis."

Brindaban
In

first and

his

Krishnaite

some

Raskha?i

became

in

of

merit.
at

verses

LITERATURE

author

considerable

Ibrahim.

Sayyad

was

the

was

Muhammadan

and

He

of

lyrics

HINDI

OF

as

(also

Vamsa

father

was

object

an

called
man
Brah-

Gaur

named

who
in the
of the
service
was
Vyasa,
Muhammadan
Hari
in SansVarhSa
krit
wrote
Emperor.
the Radhaconsists of 170 coupsudha-?iidhi, which
lets.
Chaurasi
Pad
His
in Hindi
is the
principal work

(or Premlata).

in
prominent
imagery,

very
sensuous

skill
A

as

poet

few

stanzas

Whatever

pleasingto

the
can

My

eyes.

would

Love

holds

are

here

dark,

loving pair,

one

separate
11

wave

from

Beloved,

my

is

are

cult

is

full

of

great

possesses

in Hindi

pleasingto

doeth.

to

literature.

like

fair,

fain

two

I would
the

be

be

apple

life ; and
Hari

; tell

cygnets

is

whatever

place where

body, soul, or
Rejoice,Sri Hit

me.
are

; and

me

would

than

me

lives for
one

The

Beloved

my

of

my

Vans
who

us

water

has

Vam"a

high place
given :

Beloved

thousand

they

and

doeth

eyes ; and
is dearer
Love

lose

works

Krishna

the

"

Beloved

that my

side of

Hari

but

Beloved's

is in my
my

these

and

my

me,

erotic

The

the fair

spoken

this is

surely a

beautiful

O friend,
night ; the lightningis folded in the lustycloud's embrace.
is the woman
could
with
who
where
so
quarrel
exquisitea princeof
with
hearkened
gallants ? Rejoice,Sri Hari Vans ! dear Radhika
her

and

ears

Come

44

started

with

voluptuous

Radha,
dance

on

emotion

you

knowing

the

bank

of

joinedin

one,

the

your

love's

delight.

of

paragon

Jamuna's

stream.

lovers

has

Bevies

of

are
joyous
dancing in all the abandonment
sound.
the
forth
Near
Bansi-bat,
a
a
sweetly
stirring
pretty
gives
pipe
the
with
delicious
where
air
breathes
where
the
softness,
spicy
spot,
fills
the
with
world
overpowering fragrance,
half-opened jasmine

of

damsels

beneath
with
head

the clear radiance

rapturedeyes
to foot,quick

are

to

of the

autumnal

delight; the

full moon,

the

milkmaids

gazing
your gloriouslord, all beautiful
love's
remove
every pain. Put your arms
on

from
about

Das

Hari

language

(fl. 1565)
Chaitanya

art

last

day

express

the

Biharini

by

Das

being
he

verses

the

of

intensity
was

Das.

Both

minous
volu-

very

the

uses

of his

leader

by

sect

most

religious

of the

sect,

wrote

in

Das,

also

the

in

work

writer

with
famous

merit

whose

as

of

sect

on

Krishna

the

Sat

Sat

deal

of the story of Krishna.

Other
also
Krishnaite
wrote
poetry

other
of

art

to

chapter

his

Bhatt

the

considerable

connected

verses

Dhar

Chaube,

Lai

previous

was

or

the

uf

Bihari

of the

on

belonging

verses

honour.

phase

writers

Hari

Gad

Verse."

Krishnaite

and

Most

of

sayings

Krishna

of

described

some

contains

sect.

of poetry,

Cult.

latter

numerous

which

was

Krishna's

with

his

Writers

Other

the

leader

as

(fl.1723), who

of the

been

of your

belonged
Lalit
Prakas,

has

darkness

the

Sahachari
Sara?i (fl.1763) also
skilful poet.
Dasls.
to the Hari
is the
his works
Amongst

also

founder

the

to

Sital

devotion.

LITERATURE

poets, Biharini

In

one.

in

when

and

Hindi

were

was

nothing

succeeded

was

Vipul,

Vitthal

erotic

HINDI

"

nigh."

these

for

all goes

chamber,
draweth

OF

HISTORY

78

verse.

century,
admired

of

chapter
under

title Bal

the

who

was

which

is

skilful

an

account

Man,
A

She

the

Muhammadan,
wrote

but
much

some

Purdna

the

into

famous

tenth

Hindi

verse,

Llld.

(fl.1732)
He

poet.

of Radha

was

and

Saneh

the

wrote

of Panna,

Kayasth

Krishna,

Sagar,
well

as

Brahman

of the

Krishna

famous

work

Baiswara,

of

Khanda
in

wrote

entitled

connection

in 1761

as

with

Bilds
(1770). It was
Braj
Das, of Brindaban, and contains

the

Braj

Bast

from

Mr.

F.S.

Growse's

Mathura,

lation
trans-

Krishna

the

is the

Translation

Kallol.

Krishna

Cult

teenth
seven-

works.

other

some

translated

Mukund

Hahsraj

Bakhshi

of

of

honour.

(fl.circ. 1650)
the Bhagavata

Bhishma

first half

Krishna.

of

in his

verses

wife

the

was

worshipper

was

in the

flourished

who

Taj,

work

of

description

p. 210.

KRISHNA

THE

CULT

79

at
Brindaban.
during his residence
Braj Basi Das belonged to the sect of Vallabhacharls.
to
1798) was
Bat
Kunwari
(fl. 1760
a
Sundari
of
and
daughter
Raj
family,
princess of the Rathor
and
She
of Rupnagar
Krishnagarh.
Singh, Maharaja
of
Bhadra
Bal
married
to
Singh, Maharaja
was

Krishna's

of

life

of her
Many
large number

many

of which

Raghavgarh.
lady wrote
devotion,
the

Krishna, and

of

childhood

His

Krishna.

of

Ratan

She

1842.

was

helped

who

to

In

of

deal

Remarks

the

the

(milkmaids)
glamour

is

other

Krishna.

which
to

of

is

the

life of

of

be

was

very

from

and

the

who

the

other

she

was

to

creation

Gopis

Gopis

Radha.

was

full

Cult

the

threw

all

great

Krishna

with

Krishna

whom

Literature."

bhakti

and

an

verses.

especially with
of

given

has

in addition

and

Krishna

of

stories.

sportive emanation,

she

with

connected

Braj, and

these

Radha

religious

account

an

Ratna

Krishna,

amours

Deity,

devotees.

of

Bundelkhand,

of

Krishnaite

teachers

over

Supreme
a

of

Hindu

great

of

on

poetry

with

deals

of

considered

of many

authoress

General

in honour

Prem

the

devotees

of the

the

was

full

poetic excellence.
born
about
of Benares,
was
Kunwar,
of Raja
Siv Prasad,
the
grandmother
in the
teenth
nineHindi
literature
develop

century.
account

poems

Krishnayan,

are

poems

high standard
Bibi

are

this

poets, and

were

Surbhxdanllla, which

of

author

of

(fl.circ. 1779),

Dvij

Manchit

family

of

stood

The

mystical
them

the

was

but

love
for

to

his

human

Radha
especially typified the devotee,
souls, of whom
God.
In
self in devotion
to
ready to offer her whole
the

literature
the

movement

and

sensuous

with

connected

writers

imagery

often
to

use

this form
the

describe

most

the

of

the

bhakti

erotic language

soul's devotion,

to her
picture of Radha' s self-abandonment
could
of the verses
not be translated
beloved.
Many
of
these
writers
the
Yet
into
lyrics of
English.
often
of real religious
were
men
passionate devotion
in
motives
impure
quite free from
earnestness,
any
of this
kind
literature
them.
That
has,
composing

under

the

HISTORY

80

however,
been

in

Many

had

which
in

of

poets

were

which

proximity
by

poetic
was

came

Hindi.

that

great
to

be

the

regarded

their

as

the
and
time
the

of

Das

is

said

of

felt

very

of

their

the

poetry

Braj

poetic

the

influence

Braj

onwards

chief

close

with

perfection
fame

seen

in

the

poets

towards

from

Sur

and

be

Muttra,
was

channel

excellency

the

and

art,
so

tendencies

the

strongly

that

work.

connection

some

whatever

doubt

no

to

movement,

court,
had

through
is

there

came,

have

to

But,

court.

Mughal

the

chapter
influences

are

their

the

this

artistic

literature
in

of

centre

to

tradition

Hindi

often

too

movement.

in
The

degree

the

was

merit.

into

marked

Krishna

the

mentioned

high

very

come

very

of

writers

the

has

tendency

history

the

of

LITERATURE

dangerous

very

shown

HINDI

OF

Bhasha

dialect

of

IX.

BARDIC

LITERATURE

OTHER

AND

(1550-1800)

Hindustan

was

Rana

Jagat

1628

to

1654,

called

bard.

The

Aurangzeb,

of

by

written

lived

his

at

patron's
Raj

also

court

life

written

by
is

which

poets

date

was

given

one

day

and
he

Dev

whom

he
had

Bilds,
he

had

of

chronicle

bardic

Chhor,

Ran

was

son

whose

is doubtful.
Bards

six

of

Pattand,

The

Jai

kings

the

author

Raj

the

his

wrote

which

work

was

of

lives

of

Another
entitled

court

who

(1681-1700)

poets.

his

at

series

conquered.
Mewar,

of

patron

was

who

poet

Ratnakar.

Raj

of

struggle

Another

Singh

Jai

Rana

was

the

(fl. 1660),

title

the

also

was

(fl. 1660),

Man

Singh.

Saddsiv

was

under

Singh

Raj

and

The

suggestion

describes

which

Bilds,

Aurangzeb

between

of

Dev

Prakd's,

poet-laureate,

Rana

poets.

the

an

opponent

of

At

bard.

his

famous

Raj

by

Singh,

Jagat

the

from

written

patron

called

couragement
en-

of

reigned

was

the

was

great

anonymous

Raj

of

who

time,

Singh

the

wrote

his

an

Raj

Rana

was

of

chronicle

Bilds,

Jagat

successor

(1654-1681),

Singh

Raj

the

great

who

Mewar,

of

times,

chronicle

the

parts

where

states

of

in

modern

to

them.

to

bards

other

down

the

Singh,

of

unknown

of

given

time

and

right

one

was

of

Rajputana

continued

was

Mewar

and

of

kingdoms

various

succession

The

Mewar."

of

Bards

poets

patron

of

to
to
at

of

In

Marwar.

poets.

have
his

poets,

Siir

Maharaja

distributed
court.
as

also

Marwar

"

well

six

His

son

as

his

great

Singh

lakhs

Gaj
grandson

of

Singh
Amar

patronage
is

said

in
to

rupees

also

was

Singh.
6

82

HISTORY

Singh

Amar

He

exiled.

the

murder
a

in

with

the

court

to

for

revenge

and

Emperor,
of courtiers.

number

Singh

by Amar
panegyric

of his

his
of

down

cut

was

and

about

and

the

after

Lai,

who

Nath
Raghu
Maharaja

1634.

of

time

the

the

wrote

was

Ray,

Maharaja

Abhay

Singh

In his poem,
called
Singh.
a history of the
period from

Ajit
wrote

both

Ajlt Singh,
written

history

solar

of

Jodhpur

at

(1724-1750),son

of

bard

and

poet

of the

commencement

the

killing

patronised

poets

in Marwar
of Jodhpur
(1681-1724), had a work
entitled the Raj Rupakakhyat,
contains
which

of his family from

Karan
to 1724.

was

the

Banwdrl

patron,

father

Shah
Emperor
to
slight he attempted

Among

were

flourished

of whom

LITERATURE

quarrelled
went

but

Jahan,

HINDI

OF

Surya

the

1638

Prakas,
in

1731

to

race

he

7,500

Maharaja
Vijai Singh, who reigned at Jodhpur
1753 to 1784, was
himself
from
and he also had
a poet,
written, entitled the Vijai Bilas, which
a work
gives an
in 100,000 couplets of the
account
between
war
Vijai
Singh and his cousin Ram
Singh.
lines.

Bards

Shah

Jahan

Jagat
celebrated
by

was

In honour
(fl.1650).
Ray
of Raja Uday
great-grandson
bard

wrote

only

Sawai's
also

poet

the

with

Sarang
Ghan
the

Dhar,

Sukla
the

are

(fl.1731)

and

Jai

(reigned 1699-1743),was

not

Ratan

his

wrote

of

patron

(fl.circ.
and

court

considered
attended

in

lived

who

Raja of Rewah

attended
poems

Raysa.

Rav

graphy,
autobio-

own

Jai

Singh
Bundl,

of

Jodhraj
Kavya

poets.

the Hamniir
who
wrote
Brahman,
deals
of NImrana,
which
of the Maharaja
incidents
by the bard
formerly described

same

Syam

anonymous

an

orders
the

(fl.1650),

Ratan

Rav

Kalpadrum
Buddh
Rav, Raja

brother-in-law,

(fl.1728) was
at

Jaipur

against
Gambhir

named

Singh,

but
of poets
patron
Jai
entitled
Singh

was

of

Sawai,

Singh

their

had

of Mhow,

bard

of

called

history

also

courts

Singh,

of

rebellion

The

poets.

Other

Courts."

Other

at

1680)
in

the

Raja

to

be

of

court

his

of

He

also

Benares.

merit.

Raja

of

court

praise.

of

great

century.
the

attended

wrote

of

the

fourteenth

the

His

Harikesh

Chhatrasal,

of

(fl.1750)
Suraj Mai,

Sujan
which

in

battles

be

to

his

in
he

of Bihari

dialect

called

men

Lai,

poet,

of

letters.

Gorelal

lovers,
the

and

wars

of

Bundelkhand,

that

of his

Kavi

father

achieved

especially
is

the

Chhatrasal's

bravery

and

with

the

at the

of

as

these

His

full

treatise

Chhatra

name

account

an

ancient

on

and

detail.

narrative

Lai

poet,
ing
follow-

The

Praka's

of

Rajas

Chhatrasal

of Deogarh

battle

was

celebrated

battle.

was

of

great
a

of

given

was

of the
of

poem

(1646-

Chhatrasal

gives

life

the

description

account

was

verse

It

raja
Mahapatron
victorious.

writing

Bhasha

excellence

in

his

Kavi.

related

are

great

in his

Lai

most

description

Bundelkhand

succession

and

famous

Praka's.
of

order

author

is

which

most

Braj

Chhatra

entitled

work

in

wrote

of

Besides

Purohit.

he

the

was

in

as

Maithili

the

encouragement

The

known

in

wrote

of the

He

much

battle, but
description of
a

(fl.1780), one

Panna,

at

generally

was

the

ruled

who

Jha

his

Ghat, in which
of Darbhanga,
of Raja
court

Singh,
At

who

Laral,

Kanarpi

of

himself
to

Lai

was

Kanarpi

Kavi."

1731),

bard

Ghat

Narendra
Lai

of Mithila.

battle

the

Lai

poets

famous

Kavi

to

itself.

in

especially

poet,
for

preparations

the

equal

battle

Sudan

style.

narrative

excellent

of

not

heroic

the

83

who
was
Brahman,
patronised by
of Bharatpur.
of the Maharaja
He
is an
of the
account
Charz'tr, which
took
is conSudan
Suraj Mai
sidered
part.

an

account

was

the

son

the

wrote

was

LITERATURE

in

excelled

He

Panna.

OTHER

AND

BARDIC

of

Raja

"

**

Raja Chhatrasal, valiant in war, dreadful in battle,famed for

heroic achievements, active, vigorous, and powerful as a tiger,penetrated
into the midst of the Deogarh Raja's army
while
thousands
of
;
fell
balls and arrows
him
like
and
rain
around.
Firm
discharged at
undaunted, redoubling his efforts he furiouslyattacked the numerous
he was
surrounded.
troops by whom
Entirelydisregarding balls and
bullets,he
foe

inflicted and

confounded.

received

wounds

in

the

enemy's

ranks.

The

amazed
The
sal
at the fightingof Chhatragods were
repellingthe attack of thousands, and
scattering
death and
destruction around, Kali delightedto see
his sword-dance.
His progress
could
no
as
one
an
antagonist had
stop ; for, as soon
raised his sword, Chhatrasal, by superiordexterity,
inflicted a wound
;
and he was
skilful
from
his
in
the
the
of
use
equally
Separated
spear.
was

and,

while

84

HISTORY

troops, and

surrounded

their army

Wherever

wounds,

he

and

for

renown:

sounded

kettle-drums

to be

the camp

Other

he went,
the

renewed

impetuosityand fury,that the

and abandoned
took to flight,
fame

LITERATURE

by foes, he fought his

the other.

to
severe

HINDI

OF

victory followed.

enemy,

the field.

of

garding
Disre-

obtained

Chhatrasal
deer

enemy
of victory,and

strains

flank

one

attack, fighting with such

believinghim to be Kal Rudra,

fled like

the

from

way

from

lasting
tiger. The

Bahadur

ordered

Khan

pitched."1
of

Literature

Besides

Period."

the

ture
litera-

the

mentioned
in
this
the
and
already
writers
other
on
preceding chapters, there were
many
of
the
There
subjects during
period.
a
are
variety
of
the
the
with
works
Vedanta,
dealing
philosophy
the
connected
with
Jain
works
religion, works
on
have

we

(niti),comic

morals

and

verses,

on
topics, including text-books
agriculture, astronomy,

A
Nath

the

which

verses

(fl.before

of

considerable
often

and

popular

His

works

Ram

in

"

wrote

district

the

of

number

was

of

short

versatile

very

are

of

many

them

are

his

Durga

of

entitled

and

was

and

Translation

while

by

W.

He

there

R.

work

was

in

composed

Pogson,

author

Bhawa?ii

poet

the

was

on

Jahangir.

he

and

life.

own

(fl.circ. 1623)

after

famous

most

Jain

the

sometime

religious teaching
In

poet.

died

and

full of

of

follower

was

Jaunpur

of his

of

wrote

Puhakar

though

and
love, morals
(fl.1634) was
a Kayasth

merit, who

offence

Braj,

verses

(b.1623), of Rajputana,

Dhar

time

quoted,

account

an

Ghasi

the

whose

at

as

in honour

work

large

fame

are

admired

gives
Sri

lived

He

religion.

he

here

subjects.

1600), of Agra,

(b. 1586)

Das

Bandrsi

is much

in

dwelt

gery.
sur-

indecent.

said to be

1641.

veterinary

mentioned

Bilgram

of

cography,
lexi-

as

still current.

are

Nazir

poet

other

author

the

was

be

other

many

subjects

and

who

(b.1583), of

All

such

may

and

seasons

Mubarak

Hardoi,

authors

(b. 1584),

Kavi
on

poems

of the

few

great

of

Chhand.

of considerable

subjects.
who
lived during
prison for some
other

the

Ras

Ratan.

History of the Boondelas.

86

HISTORY

Giri

(b. 1713),

Dhar

(niti)

morals

consider

verses

abound

become

in

pieces

which

the

verses
are

some

His

master.

greatest
and

on

much

which

of

metre

colloquialisms

the

of

His

of

many

them

have

of

Indrdvati.

It

his

as

de

nom

besides

merit

(fl.1743)
is

love

the

was

similar

story

Muhammad.

written

Das

considerable

Muhammad

Malik

Nagari

but

Singh,

Savat

was

plume.

being

valour.

great

Nur

name

Krishna-

of

Maharaja

was

real

of

name

poet

was

king

(fl. 1723)

Rajputana.

adopted

is

It

of

author

Padumdvati

the

to

considered

the

be

to

well-

poem.

Manbodh
of

be

to

Das

Nagari

in

garh

of

wrote

kundaliya

the

him

Doab,

the

proverbs.

$ri

He

of

LITERATURE

occasional

used

critics

he

and

He

admired.

HINDI

OF

district

the

(fl. 1750),

Jha

celebrated

of

wrote

version

sections

have

Darbhanga,

in

poets

known

also

of
been

was

Maithili

the
the

of

one

the

which

of

Harivamsa

Jhd,
most

Biharl.

of

dialect

He

only

however,

These,

preserved.

Bholan

as

ten
are

popular.

very

(fl.1751)

Nidhdn
wrote

treatise

Day

and

veterinary

on

(b.

Nidhi

1754)

title

the

under

surgery

each

"alihotr.
Chandra

Ram
end

of

five

books

Char

an

great

the

eighteenth
in

poetic

merit.

who
He

century.
of

honour

Chandrikd.

Brahman

was

It

is

the

feet

considered

flourished
wrote

of

at
a

be

work

in

entitled

Parvati,
to

the

work

of

X.

THE

MODERN

PERIOD

(From

influence

new

of

beginning
with

the

had

its

it

to

the

case

study

of

the

of

of

stimulation
of

the

the

of

English

study

of

renascence

after

India,
disorder
also
of

gave

the

through
the

reasserting

into

which

been

which

long

period

of

which

the

country

of

Hindi
of

itself, and

it had

fallen

in

the

eighteenth

the
to

revive

the
India

great
The

brought
strife
been

the

from

in

by

internecine

recovering

Just

India.

rule

literature

have

led

also

of

had

of

only

Europe

to
so

British

rule

not

only

not

accompanied

the

the

India.

in

literature

were

but

not

of

helped

also

vernacular

genius

spread

vernaculars,

has

security

and

but

that

the

could

learning
classics

British

the

printing-press

thought

of

those

helping

the

The

and

European

the

under

Greek

thought,

literature

peoples

education

revival
and

in

and

of

and

responsibility

many

culture.

life

the

Latin

This

fostering

the

company,

towards

responsibilities

of

had

Empire

vast

govern.

English

the

trading

of

introduction

upon

in

as

cence
renas-

which

other

of

of

Company,

by

duty

century-

but

dearth,

urged

literary

but

effect

peace

to

upon

The

diffuse

India

contact

eighteenth

its responsibilities

education

of vernacular

as

in

the

was

Company.

vast

India

Amongst

and

helped

East

continually

recognised
the

literary

the

at

through

The

possession

called

Parliament.

culture

of

feel

to

was

being

was

time
The

literature

century

West.

into

beginning

whom

Hindi

the

career

come

now

was

of

began.

commenced
had

nineteenth

largely

now

into

came

the

culture

been

1800)

to

and

passing,

opportunity
the

century.

decay
This

88

HISTORY

OF

period is marked
dialect
Lallu

the

Calcutta

was

other

Captain

for the

Dr.

John

encouraged

group

work

but

Lallu

scholars

Hindi

literary standards,

recognised
Brahman
but

form

whose

had

direction

been

of

the

were

family

long

dialects

Hindi

North

India, but

those

who

had
with

connected

produced

was

it

words
for

the

language

Persian

them

Khari

name

for

of

("

dialect

of

from

which

pure

Delhi
Urdu

Many
in
spoken

seen,

amongst

Urdu,

Urdu.

was

Urdu

origin,
or

speech")
and

and

Hindi

from

ing
substitut-

and

origin.

is sometimes

Meerut,

sprang,

result

the

expelling

and

Arabic

itself

commend

desirable,

of Sanskrit

words
Bolt

or

Misra

Sadal

Hindi."

could

which

very

taking

by

the

the
largely from
which
were
specially
A literary language

languages,

was

Gujarat,

polite speech

Muhammadanism.

Hindus

to

was

Under

and

borrowed

Hindi-speaking people

more

of

Persian,

know

Arabic

he

as

Lai

India.

have

we

if
the

were

prose

Ji

"High

as

other

they produced,

in North

vocabulary

and

come

Sadal

by

originally from

vehicle

not

done

Lallu

modern

were,

the

did

however,
Persian

of

language,

languages,

Gilchrist

John

creators

of

had

of

Most

and

established

and

settled

Dr.

which

literature.

of

Urdu,

in those

works

suitable

Urdu

being

works

the

to

were

the

was

as

collected,
gathered together

wrote

what
The

impetus

literature.

with

of

Taylor,

Text-books

new

at

such

W.

J.

officials

also

nineteenth

College,

scholars

who

first prose

the

literature.

produce

for Urdu.

the

literary

College
the
help

With

great

gave

vernacular

for

William

Professor

European

Lai,

of the

of

in connection

Ji

did

Misra,

for

he

to

was

Hindi

new

Gilchrist.

Lockett,

of

of

Fort

officers

study of the

the

the

of vernacular

and

first

of

Hunter,

and

not

head

Abraham

cultivation

creation

the commencement

European

Dr.

and

LITERATURE

prose.

At

Ji Lai."

century
the

the

by

of Hindi

and

HINDI

as

which
well

used
was

as

The

for

the
the

It seems
to be
implied
literary dialect.
and
Lallu
JI Lai was
that
only restoring the Delhi
Meerut
dialect to its original purity and
using it for
modern

Hindi

THE

literary
for

case,

it had

This,

purposes.

Urdu

though

also

Rajasthani
origin. The

many

well

those

in North

as

poetry.

But

in Hindi

this

very

of the

Chaturbhuj
1810.

tenth

been

or

of

other

old

used

for

much

time

works

prose

onwards

extensive

an

Batiisi
and

the

Sat

and

called

author

prose

on

the

gathered

of the

done
Ward
many

these
India.
first

Bihari

Sadal

also

were

some

wrote

called
in

poems

Ldl

Braj

(fl.1803) was
gives in Hindi

Mi'sra

which

of Nachiketas.

story
must

of

Besides

also

Lai

lections
col-

are

be

revival

the

with
made

of the

of Hindi

work

being
about
this time by William
Carey and his colleagues
and
Marshman
the
at
Serampore.
Amongst
translations
of the Christian
Scriptures made
by
missionaries
The

Hindi

version

portions of his
in 1809

Bible

of

In connection

mention

Ji Lai

Lallu

Nasketopdkhyan,

well-known

much

Hindi.

and

collection

Sab ha Bilds.

Serampore."
literature

Sal

completed
also

Pachisi

Baitdl

Urdu

Urdu,

of

version

an

the

mixed

in Hindi

commentary
Bhasha

in

and

Purdna.

is

which

of the
adaptation
and is in Braj Bhasha.

language, was
the Pahchatantra,

and

works

Chandrikd,

Bhdgavata

its

of stories
other

of the

(1809),

R"jniti

Singhdsan

The

Sdgar,

Braj Bhasha
begun in 1804 and

was

is

which

Prem

previous

Mi"ra, and

for

Hitopadesa

chapter

on

The

admired

Lai's

Ji

Lallu

was

founded

was

the

Avadhl,

now

great

still continue

works

this

from

rare,

or

first work
The
began to be produced.
is regarded
which
as
dialect, and
one

new

version

in

before

new

literary speech

the

not

"Standard

however

had

or

has

whereas

were

standard,
It

Bhasha,

Hindi

really

Hindi,"

Poetical

Persian

and

was

and

literature

prose

in

Braj

High

dialects,

"High

India.

in

written

be

Ji Lai

Lallu

this dialect

Panjabi

of

Arabic

of

called, has
adopted as

been

It has

millions
to

it is also

as

success.

of

This

literary dialect.
Hindi

as

words

the

hardly

was

originally from

sprang

Hindi

"

however,

assimilated
as

89

PERIOD

MODERN

was

and

completed

in

was

Hindi

New

Hindi

the
in

1818.

the

Carey's own
Testament

translation
Besides

of

North

work.

The

dialects

lished
pub-

were

of

the

whole

translations

of

90

the

HISTORY

HINDI

OF

Scriptures, Carey

editions

his

and

colleagues also
works,
amongst

vernacular

many

printed
them

the

of these
Most
editions
Ramayan.
perished
fire which
the
destroyed
printing-press at Seram1812.
In
1818
in
to
began
Carey
publish a

being
in

of

LITERATURE

pore

Bengali, which

in

newspaper

in

printed

of

oriental

any

the

vernacular

many

the

was

language,

All

this work
in the

helped greatly

and

newspaper
the
runner
fore-

was

issued

now

newspapers

press.

first

of

Carey

from

the

his

and

workers
co-

of vernacular

development

literature.
Siv

Raja

Ji Lai

Lallu

be

to

easy

the

popularise

to

Persian-ridden

the

Hindi,
speech

which
of

the

by

extreme

speech

the

of the
he

believed

Raja

Bibi

to

the

nearer

of

Munshi

no

grandson
his youth

In

but

Bharatpur,

became

by

the

Kuhwar.

Ratan

High

colloquial
is

was

English service.

the

between

controversy

Siv

who

one

midway

Prasad

Maharaja

the

entered

be

The

as

Siv

Sanskrit-ridden

the

to

people.
Raj
yet.

poetess

Vakil

was

and

not

It tends

Urdu.

as

which

its critics.

learned.

literary speech

Urdu,

he

settled

means

he

it is

words

except

same

without

(1823-1895)is especially remembered

Prasad

tried

understood

into

fall

to

been

not

Sanskrit

many

literary dialect

new

has

produced

it includes

As

The

Prasad."

He

wards
afterto

rose

the

Inspector in the
of Public
He
Instruction.
was
Department
eventually
title
of
Besides
the
lations
transRaja.
hereditary
granted
show
the modern
and other
works, all of which
of a great many
the author
text-books
influence, he was
of Nur

position

and

an

for schools.

Printing-

The

of Hindi

development
been

in prose.
of the
use
at

Fort

literature

production of

the

This

has

but

that
first

works,
development,

at

type

not

were

been

printing-press.

William

and

outstanding feature

The

Press."

of

large

number

very

much

facilitated

It

was
was

expense

at

the

for

hindered

its

characters
The

the
has

works

by

College

first used

ungraceful
with
favour.
regarded
the

times

modern

very

printing
the

in

of

the

press

Hindi

rapid
of

the

work

THE

and

Carey

of

at

others
In

mentioned.

Hindi

in

introduction

that
has

of

PERIOD

has

lithographic

press

onwards

date

turned

lithography

books

books,

social

and
and

books

said

with

from

out

the

press

other

up

publication of
The

followed

the

by

and

magazines, of which

All

kinds

of books
of

translations

"

with

dealing

pamphlets
questions, novels,
many

set

was

the

soon

was

and

on

been

already

increasing continually.

been

publication of Hindi newspapers

there
are
now
a large number.
been

91

Serampore

at

1837

from

Delhi, and

books

MODERN

educational

English
religious

text-books,
it cannot

; but

subjects

have

be

high literary
standard
has yet been reached, and experience alone will
show
how
of them
are
worthy to rank as standard
many
regard

to

them

that

works

of

still

feeling

and

its standards

One

book

had

probably

than
as

Hindi

of

most

its way,
which
has

in

work

literature

prose

circulation

greater

(whether

times

modern

or

is

yet fixed.

not

are

portions) is the Hindi translation

owing to its large circulation is bound

whole

Hindi

other

any

Hindi

literature.

in

of the

to have
Bible, and
The
important influence on the life of the people.
an
of
to
printing-press has also been used
produce
many

older

the

works

accessible
before

to

of

the

now

was

impossible.

West

revived

Hindi

poetry

That
rather

at

commenced

writer
to

was

In

found, and
India

at

checked

poetry
the

real

plays

are

age

of

case

Babu

of

chandra
Haris-

is often
He

was

was

called
cated
edu-

prolific

in many
styles, having
He
of sixteen.
wrote

seventy-five
eighteen plays, and
of
of

the

cultivation

the

and

founder
some

from

influence

new

in the

hundred

these

the

his

of

write

altogether about
works.
Among

freedom.

than

is illustrated

successful

India.

the

(1850-1885), of Benares, who

of India").
("The
moon
Queen's College, Benares, and

Bharatendu

of

are
literature, which
which
public in a way

general

Harischandra."

and

Hindi

his

the

modern

best

they exhibit his great desire

of
and
the
development

work

different

chandra
Haris-

drama

is to

in
be

for the progress

its
intellectual

92

HISTORY

HINDI

OF

Hari^chandra

also

LITERATURE

various

ing
subjects includhistory, patriotism, religious devotion, and love.

He

also

was

wrote

of many
include
the

the

author

historical

works

history of

Kashmir,

lives

of

great

his

to

the

best

He

writers

Hindi

poems

magazine

of

He

old

Next

used

minent
pro-

is full
the

to

of

great

chiefly the

also did much

be

to
are

which

of

Braj

cultivate

accomplish this he started

in which
he published
Harischandrika,
To

poetry.

called

number

his

Haris'chandra

in Hindi

mirth

and

poetry,
reckoned
amongst

be

series

considered

Love

or

European.

are

literature.

dialect.

Kusum,

Charitavali,
and

His

verses.

Kashmir

Indian

love

must

of

interest
a

both

his

humorous

the

part of his work.

characteristics
of

power.

Bhasha

and

men

plays

on

with

texts

much

other

He

matter.

such
the
as
produced anthologies of Hindi
poetry
Su?ida?i
in the savaiya
contains
Tzlak, which
poems
also

works

of

Sudha, which
the rainy season.

is

from

metre

Bachan

with
As

the

of

example

an

warriors,having put

of

collection

the

given

on

your

and

the

Kavi

dealing

poems

HariSchandra

of

poetry

is

following translation
O

sixty-nine poets,

the

"

arise for the

arms,

fight,and flythe

flag of victory;
Draw

sword

your

Having girded
Put

loins,put your

your

saffron-coloured

your

on

up

(as sign of

join the
to

arrow

and

garments

the

or
die) ;
conquer
think of their

to

vow

and

the scabbard,

from

If the Aryans be united, and

will

They

give up

Then

the

When

Even
These

are

Woe

to

bracelet

of battle

dignity,
the

support

race.

Amirkhan

strength of the mean

lion is roused, can

visible enemies,
those who, being

woe

be great.
in battle against him
cannot

stand

dog

nificant.
bites,although it is only insig-

trampled underfoot

ant

an

bow

your

themselves, and

quarrels amongst

of their

honour

own

battle.

to

those

Aryans,

ignore them.

who

have

love

to

those

who

are

barbarians.
Woe

to

those

who

have

dealings with

any

Warriors, arise,and having put

on

them.

all your

plunge

weapons,

into

the battle.

Write

with
both

pen

strengthof
conquered)

of steel the

(conquerors and

the

Aryans

on

the heart of

94

HISTORY

It is

poets.

by

LITERATURE

voluminous

very

Brahman

HINDI

OF

work

and

Krishnanand

named

compiled

was

Vyas

Dev,

and

in 1843.

completed

which
is a collection of poems
Chandroday
and
by two hundred
in
forty-two poets, was
compiled
1863 by Thakur
Prasad
Tripathl.
The
Bhushan
in the year
compiled
Dig- Vijai
was
1869
in the
district
by a Kayasth, of Balirampur
of
The

Pas

from

Gokul

named

Gonda,
the

works

anthologies

by

of this very
Gokul

This

rika, in the
of

history

of

old

the

The

spread
affairs

period
verse.

Benares,
Narayan,

Chet

described

the

works,
Chand-

family

who

was

however,

was

this

his

work

he

pupil Mani

his
the
was

Dev.

influence

modern

on

all at once,
and
in many
still continued
for some

printing-press did not penetrate

to
regions immediately, and poets still looked

rulers
the

not

of

state

work

The

into all

did

and

Nath

of

the

In

Courts."

to this

of other

and

achievement,

Gopi

son

literature

has

Mahabharata.

Patronage

time.

At

his

Raja

author

Bihar
he

edition

in 1883.

Udit

Singh, of Benares,

greatest
of the

by

The

Sukhad

Chet

Raja

of

the

was

of which

latter

translations
assisted

Nath

former

second

(fl.1820),

Nath
instance

the

from

into Hindi

Mahabharata

Gokul

at

His

patron.

the

of the

Govind

the

work

selections

ninety-two poets.

published
belonging

was

famous

Gokul

including

places

work

by

undertaken

of Benares.

Hindi

begun

was

being

valuable

translation

the

and

Saroj was
compiled
The
Singh Sengar.

Siv

Nath."

contains

It

hundred

"iv Singh

The

was

of

Prasad.

of the

of states

to

of Panna

courts

help
and

them

by

Charkhari

their

patronage.

in

Bundelkhand,
Nagpur,
Benares,

of
Baghelkhand,
and other
principalities, poets and bards were
Ayodhya,
rulers
and several
still welcomed
and encouraged,
were
of
Man
themselves
Jodhpur
Maharaja
Singh
poets.

of

in

Rewah

(fl.1810)
Rajasthani.
was

at the

excelled
author

the

was

author

Cha?idra
of

courts

in
of the

the

erotic

Hammir

of various

works

chiefly in

Bajpeyi (1798-1875), who

and
Patiala,
Jodhpur
Darbhanga,
Sekhar

and
Hath

heroic
and

styles

other

and

works.

was

the

Maharaja

MODERN

THE

Hindupati, of Panna,
well

being

writer

attended

various

the

of poets.
patrons
a successful
poet.

Bihari

attended

his

court

(all fl. 1820).

Ram

Din

Bhatt

well-known

(seebelow), who
Ratan

Singh,

also visited

his

Among
Lai's

is

works
work.

great

Tripdthi

1840)

himself

was

The

Baitdl, Man,
Lai, Avadhes, Rdv

(all fl.

all great

Sat

include

Bihari

Khuman

were

(1785-1828)

Sahi

Vikram

of

was

son

Sal, in
who

poets
Bal

and

the

Dev

Gopdl,

Rand,

attended

as

latter

Mohan

poetry.

His

the

Rajas of Charkhari, named

Sahi, and

imitation

of

art

Bhatt

The

Singh, Vikram

Bhatt,

(fl.circ. 1800),

also.

Padmakar

95
of Mohan

patron

Karan

and

courts

courts.

the

was

on

other

named

poet

Sahi

of Rap

as

PERIOD

of

court

Malla
(fl.1840), who
Surya
was
of the
at the court
a
Raja of Bundi, wrote
long work
in the form
of illustracalled the Ban's Bhaskar,
which
tive
Ratan

Raja

Singh.

gives

verses

In

Baghelkhand,
both
encouraged
his

and

kings

ViSvanath

In

Hindi

he

of

Kabir

and

as

the

Bundi.
also

were

Singh (fl.1764-1834)
Both
these
(1789-1854).
but

Hindi.

and
the

on

of Tulsi

Patrikd

Bijak

Das,

kl Sawdrl.

Chandra

Ram

themselves

were

in Sanskrit

wrote

Vinay

entitled

work

poets

commentaries

composed
on

Rewah,

poets

Singh

of

Kingdom

J ai

Singh

patronised

the

of

court

by Maharaja

only

not

authors.

well

the

at

Visvandth

son

of

account

an

The

also
poetical traditions of this royal family were
Raja Raghu
by VisVanath's
successor,
in
the
throne
to
(1823-1879), who
Singh
came
He

the

was

Purdna

Bhdgavata
entitled

Sundar

Maharaja

Man

monarch

who

The

courts

and

this

receive
an

of

(fl.1850)

both

was

Many

Poetry."

kings

poet

great

Priya.
of Lucknow,

attention.
work

Benl
whose

on

of
,

of

Pravln

on

Pdnde
lines

Bdjpeyl
is full

Hanuman,
another

of poets.
attended
who
of

poetry,

continued

(fl.1803)
as

Kegav

(fl.1817), a
of

of the

was

art

composition

same

poetry

poets

Raj
1858.

works.

patron
the

tained
main-

other

Ayodhya,

of the

Gurdhi
the

many

and

writers

were

of

history

besides

particular form

excellent

Kavi

of

Satak,

translation

admired

much

and

Singh
of

Art

the

of

author

as

excellent

to

wrote

Das's

Brahman
verses,

96

HISTORY

several

wrote

of the

One

works

with

connected

of various

of

the

of

and

this

He

richly

was

attended
for

rewarded

of

author

reputed

poetry.

period

Banda.

was

of

art

of

writers

rulers

is the

He

his poetry.

LITERATURE

(1753-1833),

Bhatt

courts

HINDI

famous

most

Padmakar
the

OF

about

seven

mostly concerning the art of poetry, which

are
much
One
of his outstanding qualities
praised.

works,
very

is

his

skilful

considered

of

use

be

to

the

his

days he is
of the
worship

(fl.1860),
A

contemporary

of

Muttra,

who

most

famous

the

same

time

Panna.

was

Bihari
of

several

Gahesh

Prasad
of

Kayasth,
other

Mati

Giri

the

of

author

including

who

of

Sahi

author

of
In

poetry.

is said

and

the

wrote

real

name

different

Narayan

nineteenth

of several

commentaries

resemble

to

and

the

father

was

the

works

(1845-

Sardar

works.

on

Chandra.

Gopal

was

Ray

Nakhsikh

in

flourished

the

art

of

of

the

former

The

century.

works
on

(fl.1843)

Das

Dhar

forty

half

considerable

on
poetics.
high standard
(fl. 1847-1877) was
a

Farukhabadl

about

second

of

(fl.1840)

Tripathl

of

works

Benares,

(1843),

the

art

he

Ram

belonged
has
produced
poets, being a
many
Ram
(fl. 1842)
Tripathl. Navln

His

of

the

About

Pratap

and

Rama

language

Lai

Harischandra.
wrote

of

model.

with

Farukhabad,

works.

1883),
was

his

family which

wrote

He

of

Ram.
a

of

poetry.

also

Pajnes

poet

Gwdl,

of

art

flourished

his

as

connected

cleverness

descendant

of

Lai

rhetoric.

Laharl.

and

was

devotee

works

who

Bhatt

was

Yamuna

little later

Bihari

(fl.1828)

to

or

former,

The

merit, took

Mati

is the

work

the

entitled

on

the

on

of

life to

Padmakar

works

wrote

is

end

Dhar

wrote

of

rival

the

book

Gada

and

poet

(1820), of Benares,

SahayDas

the

work

At

his

wrote

grandson,

and

His

several

His

best

devoted

and

Ganges,
also

was

have

to

His

(1810).

Jagadvinod

said

Laharl.

Ganga

alliteration.

poetry,

Kesav

Das

Lai, and a commentary

The
of the emblematic
on
some
couplets of Sur Das.
of
another
Sardar, is a
Sringar
Sahgrah,
poem
of
popular work
rhetoric, dealing with all branches
on
and

on

the

Sat

Sal

of

Bihari

MODERN

THE

the
A

about

Marwari

nineteenth

is the

written

was

history

is

It

century.

examples

continuous

dialect

which

illustrative

the
in which
prosody
arranged that they give
a

pupil of Sardar.

Ram,

of the

beginning

the

97

was

the

Ma?isa

of

Rupak

Raghundth

in

work

admired

much

Ray

Narayan

of poetry.

art

PERIOD

so

are

of the

life

of Rama.

be

century

may

Maithili

dialect.

of

Maharaja
work

is

Nath

wrote

Chandra

century,

of

output

sectarian

beginning of
from

come

in

nineteenth

has

the

reform.

Still, the
various
1806

In

Hindi

considerable
Benares.

wrote

which

Svami

district

of
a

less

than

influences

to

previous

which

of

in the

to be very

religious

the

have

direction

come

in

since

great deal of
large part of the new

indeed

the

the

well

as

as

religious

form

of

much

used

other

phlets
pam-

for

ideas.

with
the
production of poetry in connection
did
not
entirely cease.
religious movements
Jai
Sanskrit
and
a
Chand, of Jaipur, wrote

work

entitled

of

of

dissemination

the

has

newspapers,

or

in

of

deal

been

have

literature, whether

Prose

Ramayan

religious connection
directly to the various

new

led

has

been

the

century

religious activity in India, but

movements

of

half

of

great

to

seems

West

Tirhut.

admired.

due

the

Harsh

of

latter

author

religious verse

with

the

known

Haran.

the

the

has

Contact

times.

best

Kayasth

described

the

Nath's

of

as

Lai,

Though

movements

court

Harsh

plays. A popular
1873-74, entitled KavittaAkall,
well

as

is much

already

the

Prabhavati

was

Verse."

Religious
literature

Bhanu

flourished

Jha, who

(fl.1850) and

J ha
attended

Phaturi

Maithili, which

the

both

songs
famine
of

by

nineteenth
in

Nath

Bhdnu

many

written

was

mentioned,

Darbhanga.
play entitled

of the

account

poets of the nineteenth

in the
all of whom
wrote

Bihari

few

(born 1847)

Jha

Nath

Poets."

Bihari

book

with

deals

the

doctrines
A

Karttikey"iupreksha.
merit

was

Brindaban

(fl.1817),

Bakhtdwar

Aligarh,
entitled

Ji

who

was

of the
later

Jains,
Jain

of

(circ.1791-1858),
of

Hathras,

in

the

religious mendicant,

Suriisar,which

was

intended

to

98

show

that

that

HISTORY
all notions

nothing

with

the

of the

dealing with
of

the

of God

exists.

connected
author

HINDI

OF

Ram

man

several

cult.

Rdva?i

fallacies

are

were

Rama

and

works

also

(fl.1803)

Aun

Yuddh

of Rama.

stories

the

and

There

the

LITERATURE

and

other

Lalak

was

works

(fl.1813),

Das

Lucknow

the
district, wrote
Satyopakhydn,
relates
the early life of Rama
which
from
his birth to
his marriage.
in the
The
Maithili
Ramayan
dialect,
composed
Jhd, has already been mentioned.
by Chandra

(born 1804), who

Sahaj Ram
a
Ramayan
Sitapur, also wrote
of
the
Sanskrit
Raghuvamsa
Nataka.

In

the

Nath

Raghu
hundreds

of

Das,

of

the

in

district

dealing with

of

the

on

of

vali

Bodhanl
the

on

on

of Siv

half of the

Patrikd.

Lalit

and

the

with

poems

considered

are

also

which

written

were

who

is

with

the

full of

and

who

works,

wrote

were
:

which

Krishna

are

legends,

works

merit

latter

mentioned

be

may

(fl.1860-1873), whose

Krishna

in the

writers

Of

commentary

appeared

following

(fl.1801),

Kishorl

connected

wrote

several

which

These

praised, all connected

much

century

Ayodhya,

wrote

century.

Krishna

Govind

Rasik

Singh,

nineteenth

of

devotees

same

Rama

Hanumdn

nineteenth

Commentaries

Prakds

Vinay

the

SankaDas, such as the Manas

of
which
is
Pathak,
Benares,
the
and
the
Ram
Tattva
Ramayan,

Ba?zdan

commentary^

of

translation

of whom
he
Rama,
period Jdnkl
Prasad,

of

Bareli,

story

be very
excellent.
of Tulsi
the works

to

the
of

honour

Rae

is

of

district

the

of

and
of

in the

while

in

which

Brahman

hymns

devotee,

was

half

latter

lived

are

also

of

works

as

poetry.
The

of

Many
written
Indian
a

in

many

bounds
the

translations

are

which,

English metres,

standards,

large number

and

of

these

of

faith in India

by the production

accompanied

been

Christian

of the

spread

barbarous

sound

have
these

also
have

of the

Christian

most

famous

been

has

of Christian
of

hymns.
hymns

English
judged according
and

written

in Hindi

metres,

popularity far beyond

Church.
Curiously enough,
of

Christian

to

But

uncouth.

writers

also

hymns

the
one

in

MODERN

THE

Hindi

metre

(died

was

Muktavall,

Mukti

while

Thus,

of
a

still

type

of

its

awaits

and

of
show
and

its

made

poetry

to

of

give

an

the

how
prove

of

of

real

thirty

their
value.

or

work

will

The

forty
and
have

still

is

attempt
in

prose

Many

years.

time

in

and

literature

writers

the

living,

still

are

much

of

account

older

themes.

No

to

generally

transition,

Hindi

it

the

it

development.

last

writers

these

of

its
of

glories

complete

more

time

past

many

in

of

ment
developof

though

novelty

no

the

application

produced,

largely

been

has

be

period

literature

subjects,

new

or

was

by

the

the

verse.

century

and

is

work

especially

to

little

spite

here

of

continued

exhibited

period

nineteenth

literature,

number

in

Christ

of

Christian

John

famous

most

characterised

prose

large

life

the

change

great

His

99

named

European

1883).

about

PERIOD

alone

lasting

will
fame

XI.

SOME

GENERAL
OF

Having

from

HINDI

now

characteristics

points

times

to

time

first

when

it

interest.

in

is

and

in

even

form

the

one

bardic

interest
2.

is

Until

practically
There

quite

one

belonging

work

Vitthalnath

in

the

sixteenth

of

the

Markandeya
these,

the

Pur
and

in

the

with
The

of the

these

which

literature,

the

religious

nineteenth

the

literature

the

if

is

century
we

Chaurasi

Varta
Damodar

and

in

the

commentaries

is

dated
the

the

have

of

Das'

him)

by

not

correctly
it

verse.

ascribed

works

The

this

century
in

was

certainly

Then

ana

poetry

movements.

parts

almost

century,

of

connected

of

extant.

and

of

deal

great
art

of

ment
move-

often

exceptions.
and

bhakti

sight.

fourteenth

the

of

Besides

few

in prose,
to

prose

of

(though

Gorakhnath

include

of

half

verses,

even

own

by

illustrative
are

but

out

the

other

some

whole

the

religious

beginning

the

indeed

are

Hindi

and

character,

not

aspects.

them

various

the

chronicles,
in

the

the

its

than

more

with

of

part

of

its

of

works

greater

secular

are

of

the

dominated

from

concerned

these

other

or

general

during

that,

was

springs

other

remainder

the

its

through

much

Probably

or

is

literature

directly

one

be

may

repetition

some

flourished

and

grew

Hindi

literature

the

of

it

of

some

feature

striking

force,

religious

risk

literature

day,

present

chapter

the

at

Hindi

of

mentioned.

The

original

history
the

this

in
even

already

1.

to

the

mention

to

LITERATURE

traced

its earliest

helpful

CHARACTERISTICS

Gokul
s

seventeenth
which

as

earliest
Mandan
Nath

translation

century.
accom-

102

night

; the

HISTORY

supposed
the

rainy
to

the

and

the

beautiful

in

works

is

found

knows

which

it has

metaphors
But

poets.

many

observation

true

that

swan

of

happy

never

stock

Hindi

from
similes, drawn
also
at first hand,
are
of Tulsi
Das, but also

nature

the

other

is

bird, who
beginning

with

water

many

continually recurring

are

for

; the

moon

from

these

"

the

on

chatak

bird, that

chakor

milk

separate

mixed

been

gazing

when

except
how

drink

season

LITERATURE

waiting of the
only raindrops,

eager

to

HINDI

OF

in

only

not

in

the

verses

noticed

in

Hindi

of

of

the

other

poets.
5.

thing

Another

the limitatio7i

only is

with

been

have

details

very

told

There

the

over

in

even

of

fined
con-

are

Rama

and

large part of the subject matter

and

in treatment,

religious poets who avoid

occupied with such subjects

these

themes

have

as

after

again by poet

over

constantly appearing again

are

Not

matter.

with

stories

The

is

poetry

but

dominant,

subjects dealt

differences

are

subject

its

grooves.

form

of Krishna

poet.

this

well-worn

to

of

range

religious interest

the

connection

and

of the

be

to

but

and

the

again.

are

same

Those

largely

very

already been

noted

previous chapter, namely, the value of the guru,

of bhakti, the
the
evils of transmigration*
importance
of the world, and
the deceit of mdyd, the transitoriness
of pure
suchlike
subjects. One misses also the poetry
There
is indeed
human
love.
a
good deal of erotic
the
to
of a very
owing
unhealthy
type, but
poetry
secluded
the
general
practice of child-marriage, and
romantic
the
period of
position occupied by women,
of courtship, does
is the time
not
come
youth, which
in India, and
and
lot of young
into the
men
women
in

when

often

in connection

Padmavati,

of

other

stories

hand, be
to

if
sure

with

the
of

the

great
to

poet

have

There

must

also

was

for themes

But
of

fidelity

Sita, and

not,
a

the

on

some

the

tendency

other
to

look

poetic inspiration,and
in any
subject, he was

of

success

number

it is too

poetry

courtesan.

type

same

achieved

large

the

wifely devotion

forgotten.

previous writers
a

in Hindi

is described

love

hence

of

imitators.

Thus

there

Hindi

which
their

as

6.

has

been,

spite

it

as

been

ever,

tacit

and

people,

the

life

with

the

vernacular

would

very

expressions

with

who

it

scholars,

of

fully

the

people,

understand

people,

the

to

and

is

of

Many
bound

the
its
up

acquaintance

close

peoples

of

heart

closely

most

and

exclusiveness

literary

become

the

noble

popular,

audience.

wide

literature

and

the

appealed

and

thought

feeling

of

seldom,

genuinely

the

have

has
of

dialects

against

revolt

possesses

which

deep

been

truly

It

moreover

the

reached
and

thoughts

was

greater

has

beauties
of

It

Sanskrit

the

It

literature

much

delights."

and

in

confined

are

of

worthy

versification

of

written

great

stimulating

Hindi

received.
of

abound.

as

is

expressions

aspiration,

being

and

excelled,

and

phrase,

and

and

contains

limitations

"garden

nothing,

its

yet

variety

and

system

has

with

connection

area.

excellencies,
than

in

literature

of

103

original

the

Hindi
narrow

described

of

contributed

in

Yet

study

often

have

somewhat

many

and

writers

which

within

if

thought

work

thoughts

has

human

of

realms

whole

are

CHARACTERISTICS

GENERAL

SOME

for

important
of

India.

all

XII.

POSITION

PRESENT

such

With
is the

what

its

are

of

In

the

literature

some

the

first

place

has

to

place

of

which

to

discuss

higher

education.

educated

Indian

should

sons

vast

who

in

that,

the
is

there

vernacular

than
every

as

without

the
way

other

is

to

be

lessening

is

This

educated.

deplored,
the

tendency

for

and

it

to

to

and

intended

his

express

literature,

more

to

him

for

sometimes

at

appeal

natural
to

as

such

somewhat
to

of

of

their

that

vernacular

medium

on

parts
from

Hindi
wishes

productions
for

from

unavoidable

it

with

carrying

of

almost

audience

knowledge

but

vernacular

writer

their

that

sorry

different

most

acquainted

learning,

than

vernacular

things

if

in

that

which

put

or

instruction
true

becoming

should

not

English

very

people

hence

the

of

is

This

of

certainly
be

Hindi

vernaculars,

whether

medium
is

educated

rather

and

unlearned

hoped

this

in

difficulties,

itself.

opportunity

only

educated

English

despise

it

Western

for

disadvantage,

widespread

of

to

that

Indian

to

would

affairs

of

state

regard

What

answer

noted

other

the

is, however,

It

ideas,

be

the

of

stores

possess

use

brief

present

question

the

not

India

attempted

be

to

peculiar

are

gives

is

with

people

with

be

many

But

intercourse

own.

can

face

surrender

English

the

it

should

vernacular

the

that

it shares

which

of

and

all

literature

chapter.

present

some

Hindi

of

achievements

past

development

is

questions

of

record

position

present

prospects

these

of

splendid

PROSPECTS

AND

to

the

condition
is

opportunities

to

be
for

securing
be

may

105

PROSPECTS

AND

POSITION

PRESENT

acquaintance with English,

more
important
given a much

the

an

vernacular

in

place

the

future.

that

it

which

is also

the

that

Some

state
present
authors
attempt

which

are

expelled,
be

standard
the

opposite

not

only
even

meaning.

It

expression

of modern

can

of

good

Owing
modern
very

from

in

At

in

some

Hindi

only

that

the

standard

will be, but

there

poets
to

to

go

words

many

of

deal

for

this should
the

by

practice

is

there

translations

the

borrowing

which

to

great

original

and

used,

and

the

is very

standard

of

language

between

that

to

does
use

of prose.

being written

has

there
The
the

seem

not

in

itself

proved

poetry, it has come

is different
of poetry
are

existence

tendency
is

of

widely

of prose

in many
issue of

language which

different

several

language

of poetry would
be unfortunate
it cannot
be said what
the ultimate

more

common

that

present

that

modern

great

literature

prose

of prose,
but that
still used for poetry.

divergent

writers

to the
language
regard
generally recognised

that

dialects

Other

of time

course

writers.

to

not

if this

But

the

limits

artificial dialect, which

popular for the purposes

about

other

desired.

be

to

from

language

is for

good

the

variation, both

adoption of
much

ideas

place, but

with

works,

is transitional.

inevitable

indeed

seems

prose

of

deal

admit

to,

and

only be settled

go

look

to

past

are

Persian, but also of English

when
there are
simple and well-understood
their
which
could
just as well express
Arabic

of

take

Hindi

There

origin.

language
and

extreme

words

must

the

plant of

possible, all words

as

difficult to understand.

very

Hindi

in

have

of High

language

Sanskrit

or

adopted

folk

origin,

Hindi

of

those

than

far

the

of
write

to

We

production.

of the

as

dialect

the

standards

the

fixed.

literature

prose

modern

prose

any

yet been

not

but

growth,

uses

scarcely
and

have

its

because

disadvantage

only is

not

recent

very

under

of prose

standards
seen

also

is

Hindi

ways,

this

amongst

and
and

matter
some

approximating

106

HISTORY

These

Hindi

OF

disadvantages

literature

are,

favourable

many

with

the

helping

Moreover,
franchise, and to

it necessary

forecast

conducts

publishes

doing

languages.
in

several

publishing

the

works

till

up

particular sect

to

many

which

English

it

works
useful
It

at.

courages
en-

and

European
taken
under-

has

Hindi

ary
dictionalso

others

are

authors, whose
only in manuscript,
outside

known

authors
and

and

Hindi

hardly
the

It

work.

from

Many
existed

been

ters
headquar-

original books

standard

of various

have

great

many

is aimed

works

of

older

the

books

other
of

sign

issues

produce

to

important

works
now

of

also

volumes.

often

have

of

It

not

manuscripts,

old

editions

Amongst
publication

the

it may

its development.
and
the
extension

is also

for

search

writers

translate

eventually

not

of

high standard

Hindi
to

is

good

which

and

Sab ha, whose

useful
most

Pracharini

of

questions.
ment
enlightenby over

understood

for

literature

literature.

in

lines

make

aspects

other

should

societies

systematic
many

be

can

exact

Benares,

Hindi

books

of

Nagarl

at

are

distant

will also

literature, though

of Hindi

The

tion,
educa-

far

various

with

people

the

existence

improvement
hope.

of

modern

great

to

The

and

is not

day

of India

them

which

language

easy

also

the

by-

of

spread

increasing education

millions

develop

of

counteracted

The

people

acquaint

impossible with

hundred

be

that

of the

to

that
a

being

political, social, religious, and

modern
It is

however,

of

development

compulsory, at least for boys, is

of those who
can
rapidly the number
the modern
the
tendency to extend
political responsibility
give increased

numbers

large

present

made

read.

to

the

to

prospect

increase

to

LITERATURE

circumstances.

it will be

when

HINDI

other

lations
Trans-

belonged.
works

the

are

being

it possible even
numbers,
making
with
for
those
who
English to
are
unacquainted
West.
of
the
culture
of
the
knowledge
gain some
with
books
politics,
subjects connected
on
Moreover,
religion are
science, philosophy, morals, history, and
A
great deal
being constantly issued from the press.

produced

in

great

POSITION

PRESENT

of

is

what

produced

literature, but

it is all

the

of

resources

at

is the

Allahabad

other

Amongst
Hindi

the

Through
Hindi

religious nature,

of

ideals

large

part

largely

in

ideas

The

this

of

of the

and

wane,

of

and

is

the

in

as

the

past

her

than

New

with

in

in the
to

past,
many

the

Indian

formed

which

regard

is

ways

excellent

and

teaching

life and

mythology,

ideals

future

been.

other

many

of writers

themes

even

have

the

to

noble
old

of

and
duty, of brotherhood
inspiration for
her, and

due
so

greater
these

as

before

of all that

fulfilment

life.

excellent

very

who

children

social
freedom,
really inspired by

vision

the

much

how

unaware

are

seen

Indian

subjects.

political

reform

has

her

come

been

has

Christ,

the

India

have

of

deal

great

other

largely

religious

righteousness

of

and

for

and

place.

important

an

to

Society

Tract

India

societies

often

are

much

doing

are

hold

India.

produced not only of a directly

stories, biographies, educational

social

on

herself

service

these
of

also

achievements,

past
of

but

ideals.

for

glory

been

and

emancipation,

headquarters

Mid

and

North

of these

movements

new

Christian

the

societies

themselves

the

that

has

books

and

societies

agency

literature

books,
people

North

literature

Christian

other

of

needs

the

its

has

of

in all parts

schools

extend

which

enlarge

and

meet

to

as

conducts
which
Sammelan,
of
standard
and
high
a very
is trying
establish
to
purely

and

diplomas,

grants
Hindi

cultivate

to

value

great

Sahitya

Hindi

in

examinations

and

society

Hindi

to-day.

helping
language

the

have

not

may

107

PROSPECTS

AND

so

are

on

other

is seeking
India
out
charge.
after a
life than
she has
more
complete
In this development
the
lived in the past.
vernacular
literature
is bound
have
to
most
important
a
part to
The
all writers,
play.
responsibility
resting
upon
matters

undergoing
larger, a fuller,a

where

such

but
best
the

are

the
and

issues

great

situation
noblest

production

is

one

work
of

are

at

stake,

which

should

from

all

literature.

who

call
are

is

great,

very

forth

the

concerned

very

in

BIBLIOGRAPHY

of

History

Modern

The

Vernacular
A.

Bengal

(Calcutta).

with

literature,

and

(Khandwa

Mandali

Navaratna.

Hi?idi
nine

Kaumudl.
literature

and

contains

their

Vol.

work.

of

II.

is

the

by
Sur

Das,

the

by

the

Prasarak

of

authors

same

Dev,

Das,

Chand

Ram,

Bihari

and

Bardal,

with
Vol.
I. deals
Tripathl.
Harischandra,
including,

Naresh

time

account

an

authors,
Granth

of

above.

Ram

the

to

Hindi

Mati

as

By
down

Hindi

Tulsl

Das,

Publishers

the

in

writers, viz.,

Harischandra.

chief

the

the

account

Kesav

Bhushan,

Kavita

work

by

of

Society

Hindi

in

account

of

Sir

Asiatic

Allahabad).

An

Hindi

great

Lai,

the

Published

the

by

An

(3 vols.)

Hindustan.

of

Published

of

examples

brothers.

Misra

etc.

Literature

Vinod.

Bandhu

Literature,

1889.

Grierson.

George

Misra

the

of,

89

but

and

poets

not

not

gives

copious

published.

yet

from

extracts

Sammelan

(Sahitya

Office, Allahabad).

Sahgrah.

Santbanl

Contains

(2 vols.)

Hindi

of

thirty-five
Printing Press,

Eficyclopczdia

Britannica.

useful

much

information

in

this

several

on

India.

of
of

the

works
Steam

483-491.

pp.

II.
Grierson.

A.

language

Religion
different

XIII.

George

the

to

as

the

(Belvedere

Vol.

XI.

Sir

from

extracts
notes.

Vol.

hidia.

of

Encyclopaedia
articles

Edition

of

Survey

Linguistic
The

religious poets,
Allahabad.)

Gazetteer

Imperial

with

dialects.

and

and

Ethics.

whose

literature

sects

tains
Con-

Contains
is described

book.

Translations.

Only

translated

(the

list

cases

is

contain

Translation
Growse.

portion of
English.

small

been

not

into

information

of

the

as

following

Ramayan

have
to

of

quantity

vast

The
which

exhaustive)
also

the

the

made,

been
authors

of

some

are

and

Tulsl

Hindi

literature

of the
and
their

Das.

has

translations

which

in

most

work.

By

F.

S.

INDEX

Rahlm

ABDUL

Khankhana,

f., 52

36

Bandan

Faiz, 36

Abul

19

Granth,

Adi

Upade",

66

Das,

58, 73

ff., 63

ff., 45, 73 f.

34

10,

Akbar,

f.

12

Faiz,

Akaram

31

Akharavat,

Alha

Khand,

Amar

Das,

Amar

Singh,

Amir

Khusro,

Amrit

47

Ratnakar,

Alankar

15

f.

81

13,
18

Das,

Angad,

63

12

105

49

Bern,

22

Ananya

Lai, 82
9, 13 ff., 81 ff., 94
23 f., 30, 42 f., 44, 47,
Benares,
49, 52, 60 f., 63, 82, 91, 94,
Banwari

96, 98,

63

Dhar,

68

Bards,

47

Alam,

98

65
(of Dadu),
Ban!
Lai
66
(of
Das),
BanI
(of Ram
Charan),
Ban"
95
Bhaskar,
47
Bansidhar,
BanI

Adi

Agra

Das, 84
Pathak,

Banarsi

Beni

Madhav

Beni

Pravin

Bajpeyi, 95

Bhagavad
Bhagavata

f.

59

Das,
67

Gita,

35,

Purana,
74, 78, 89, 95

39,

67,

'

Afig

48

Darpan,

Anthologies,
Arjun, 19, 63

f.

39

Aurangzeb,
Avadhes,
Avadhi,

f., 43 f., 46

f., 81

94

89

4, 25, 54.
60

Avadh

Sagar,
4, 52, 55, 69, 94 f., 98
Ayodhya,
Azam

43, 45

Shah,

Shah,
Sal, 48

BAHADUR
Bairl

4, 54

Baiswari,

Baital, 85, 95
Baital
PachisI,
BakhshI

Hansraj,

Bal

AH,

Bal

Dev,

Bal

Mukund

Bal

Krishna

Bhushan,

Chhand,
Das,

Bhushan

95

Bible,

Llla, 78

TripathI,

39

f., 47

22

Bhikhari

84

49

Sahib,

67

78

Jha,
Dhar

86

Das,

85

18,
Tripathi,
the, 89 "f.

Bhupati,
39

44

BhawanI

Bhu

60

Balbhadra,

Bhasha

Bholan

97

Bakhtawar,

Bharan,

Bhishma,
78

48

Bhasha

Bhikha
89

f., 73, 75

59
Bhaktavatsal,
19 ff., 27, 30, 53, 67, 70,
Bhakti,
79, 99, 100, 102
Bhanu
Nath
Jha, 93, 97
91
Bharatendu,

49
Bhaun,
Bhawanand,

46

60

52, 57

Bhaktamala,

30, 72

Chhap,

Ashta

Hit, 75
Ray, 49,

Bhagwan
Bhagwant

93

47

41

Biharl, 2ff., 28, 83, 86, 93,97

Bihari
Lai, 95

111

INDEX
Lai

Bihari

f.,49

46

Lai

Bihari

10, 42, ff.,

f.,57, 78, 89, 96
Tripathi, 96
Chaube,

Das, 78
Bijak, 24 f.,62, 95
Biharini

Birbal, 35 f.,38, 74
Bir

Bhan, 66
Dev, 13

Firozabadl,

49

Das, 78, 93
Braj Bhasha, 4, 29 f.,33, 39, 42,
45, 49, 54, 64, 72, 75, 83, 85, 89
Braj Bilas, 78
Brindaban, 52, 73, 78

Braj

Basi

Brindaban
JI, 97
Buddh
Rav, 82
67

Bulla

Sahib,

Bulle

Shah, 67

42, 46, 49, 79, 83,

Bundelkhand,
85, 94

William, 89
Chaitanya, 28, 77 f.
Chandan
Ray, 48
Chand
Bardal, 9, 13 ff.,73
Chandra
Jha, 98
^

Bajpeyi, 94

Sekhar

Chandrika,

Charan

Daya Bodh, 68
Daya Nidhi, 86
Delhi, 4, 8, 13, 31, 67, 88, 91
Devanagari, 5
Dev
Datt
(Dev Kavi), 10, 40,
45,93
Dev
Datt, 48
Devi
Das, 69, 85
Nandan
Devki
Tiwari, 48
Dev
Maya. Prapahch, 45, 93
22

Dhana,

pAREY,

Chandra

Ratna, 59
Daya Bai, 68
Das

Bisal

Bodha

PrakaS, 49
Dalpati Ray, 47
Damodar
Das, 85, 100
Dara
Shukoh, 39, 42
Darbhanga, 28, 83, 86, 94, 97
Dariya.Sahib, 67
Das, 49
Dalel

86

Das, 67
Charitavall, 92
Chaturbhuj Das, 72
Chaupai, 6, 68

Charan

Pad, 76
Varta, 75,
Chet
Chandrika, 94
Chhand
Bichar, 40
Chhand
Chhappanl,

Dharm

Das, 62

Dharni

Das,

66

Charitr, 33
Das, 77

Dhruv
Dhruv

Dialects,4

Dig-Vijai Bhushan, 94
Doha, 6, 43 f.,57
11, 93 f.
Drama,
Drishtakut, 74

Trivedi,

Dalah
Dulan

Das,
Ram,

Dulha

48

69
68

Chaurasi

Chaurasi

Chhand

Sar

100

48

42
Piftgal,

83

PrakaS,

Chhatra

Sal, 41, 46, 69, 82 f.

Chhattlsgarhl,
Swami,

Chintamani

HADU,
^

Bhushan,
Shah

William

87

48

PrakaS, 48

College,88,

Dhar
GADAGambhlr

Ganesh,

Ganesh

72

Tripathi, 40, 59

Christian,John,
Christian

Company,

90

85

Chhatra

Chhit

India

FATEH
Fateh
Fort

Chhappai, 6, 58
Chhatra,

ETAST

99

Literature, 98, 107

64 ff.

Dadupanthis, 10, 64 ff.,85

GaAg"

Ray,

82

61

Prasad

Farukhabadi, 96

Lahari, 96

Gafig" Pati, 85
Ganga. Prasad
36f.,74

Ganjan, 47.
Garlb

Bhatt, 78, 96

Das, 68

(Gang

Kavi),

OF

HISTORY

112

HINDI

Parinay, 93
Ghagh, 85.'
Ghasi

Indravati, 86

Sukla, 82

Syam

Ishwari

Ramayan, 60
Gilchrist,Dr. John,
Giri Dhar, 86

49

Ishqnama,

84

Ram,

Languages, 1, 7

TNDO-ARYAN

Gauri

Ghan

LITERATURE

Tripathi, 60

Prasad

Ghat

88

Das, 93

Giri Dhar

Govinda, 20, 28, 73

Golcul Nath, 49, 75, 94, 100
Gokul
Prasad, 94
Gita

Gopal, 95
Gopal Chand, 93
Gopal Ram, 93
GopI Nath, 94

Govind

Singh,

Govind

Sukhad
of

Granth
63

63 f.

Bihar, 94
Tenth

the

Guru,

f.

Sahib, 10,

Granth

f., 26 f.,

19

63 f.

Gurdln

Sahib, 67
Misra, 49
Pande, 95

Guru

Datt

Guru

Granth

Gulal
Guman

Singh, 47

Hath,

Chhapplsi, 60

Hanuman

Nataka, 59,

Hari

98

Das, 50

Charan

77 f.

Das,
Harikesh, 82
Hari Prasad, 44
HariSchandra, 11, 91 f.,93, 96
Harivarh"a, 76, 86
Nath
Harsh
Jha, 93, 97
2 ff.,88 f.
Hindi,
High
2
Hindi
ff.,34, 88 f.
Hit

Haribans,

76

Hit

Tarangini,

33

31

9 f.,22
KABIR,
66 ff.,70, 95

ff.,31, 62 f.

Kabirpanthis,23, 62 f.,68
Kalidas
Hajara, 47
Kalidas

Trivedi, 47, 48
26

Kamal,
Larai, 83
KanarpI Ghat
Karan, 36, 82, 95"
Karnes, 36
92
Kusum,
39
Ka"I
Nath,
Nath
Kasi
Khattri, 93
Kashmir

Kavi

Sudha, 92
Kalpa-taru, 40

Bachan

Kavi-kul
Kavi

Hitopadesa, 89

f.,47

94

Hanuman
Hari

44

Jayadeva, 20, 28
Jodhpur, 44, 82, 94
Jodhraj,82

Rasa, 17

Hammir

Jan Gopal, 49
Janki Prasad, 98
Janki Rasik Saran, 60
Japjl,27, 63

45
Jatibilas,

Kavya, 17, 82

Hammlr

Jai Singh, 95
Jai Singh Kalpadrum, 82
Jai Singh Sawal, 82, 85
Jaipur,35 f.,42, 46, 82, 85, 97
JalaliDas, 69
Jalhan, 15

Jata.Sankar

Sahib, 68

Gwal,
Gyan Praka", 69
Gyan Samudra, 66
LIAMMIR

r.

Jagnayak (Jagnik), 9, 15
Jahanglr, 10, 36, 39, 84 f.
Jai Chand, 97
Jaidev,20

Japji,64
Jaswa^t Singh,

96

**

oo

Bilas, 81
,84,85, 97
Jains,
Jain Satak, 85

18, 100
Charitr, 59
Das, 72

Govind

uas,

Jai Dev

Gorakhnath,
Gosain

jagjiwan

Mala,

Kavindra

42

Kalpa Lata, 42

113

INDEX
95

Priya, 37, 50,

Kavi

Kavitta, 6, 40, 57 f.,59, 74

Kavitta
Kavitta

Alcali, 97
Ratnakar,

40

Kavittavali, 57
Kavya, 6
Kavya Kalpadrum, 40
Kavya Prakas, 40
Kavya Saroj,47
Kavya Vivek, 40
Kayattri (Kaithi), 5
Kedar, 12
Kesav
Das, 10, 33, 37 ff.,40, 44,
74, 95, 96, 101
50,
47,
Das, 67
36 f.,52
Khankhana,
Kharl
Boll, 4, 88
Khas
Granth, 24
Khuman
Rasa, 12
Kesav

ff.,86

Maluk

Man,

Das, 58 f.
78, 81, 95

Manas

Sankavali,

Manbodh
Manchit

Vyas Dev, 94

Kumar

Mani

Pal.*12

Bhatt, 49

Ram

Marwa'r,"
50,

Mati

Das, 72

AKSHMAN

Singh,
93

Chandrika,

89

Ram,

93

Das, 66
Kishori, 98
Lalit Lalam, 41, 48
Lalit Prakas, 78
Lalitya Lata, 48

Jha, 83
Lai Kavi, 83
Lallu Ji Lai, 4, 11, 40, 85, 88 f.,
93, 101
Lai

84

Shah, 47, 68
Muktavall, 99
Daud, 18

97
Mun,
Muttra, 4, 42, 72 f.,80

Das, 52, 58, 73

Nagarl Das, 77, 86

NABHA

Nagari Pracharini

85
Sudan
Das, 60

Sabha, 106

Natak, 93
Nakhsikh,
39, 42 f.,47 f.,59, 96
Nahush
Nala

and

Damayanti,
Singh, 18
10,20, 63
Namdev,
Nanak,
26, 63 f.,66
Nalla

Nand

Das, 72 f.

Narayan
Madhu

85

AH,

Muhammad

Lai

1V/IADHONAL,

f."

TripathI, 41 f.,48, 96

Ram

Mukti

Das, 98

Sita Ram,

81

Meerut, 4, 88
Mewar,
3, 12, 29, 81
Mira
Bal, 10, 29
Mohan
Bhatt, 95
Moti

Lalit

1V1

60

Marwari, 3, 97
Masaud, 12

Mulla

Lai

Mi"ra, 48

Das, 36
Ram, 97

Mubarak

Kundaliya, 6, 63, 86

Lalak

79

Singh, 36, 52, 94 f.

Markandeya Purana, 85, 100

Kallol, 78

Kumar

Lala

Jha,

Dwij,

Mandan, 30, 46, 100

Man
Das, 59
Mani
Dev, 94

Mansa

Krishnayan, 79
Kulpati Misra, 46

I
^

98

86

Man

nand

Kumbhan

31

Jayasi, 10,

Muhammad

Malik

Manohar

Kripa Ram, 33, 37, 85

Krishna, 9, 27 ff.,40, 43, 54, 58,
72 ff.,98, 102
Das
Krishna
Pay Ahari, 72
Krishna

Mahapralay, 69
Mahoba
Khand, 15
Maithili, 5, 28* 83, 86, 93, 97

Maniyar Singh,

Safigrah,48

Krishna

Mahajani,

Mani

Kishor, 48
Kishor

49, 85

Mahabharata,

Narhari
Narottam

Ray, 96
Sahay, 36
Das, 33

74

114

HISTORY

OF

HINDI

Narsingh Mehta, 28
Nasketopakhyan, 89
Kavi.

Nath

84

Navin,

Pushya (Punda), 12
Bhed, 39, 42 f.,
[46, 49

Nazir, 84

Nehpraka", 60
Newaj, 46, 93
Nidhan, 86
Ni"chal

DADHA,

Das, 66
India Tract

North

Bakhsh, 76
QADIR
Qutub AH, 12
28, 43, 74 ff.
Radha-sudh"-nidhi, 76
Radha-Vallabhis, 76 f.
Raghu Nath, 49
Raghu Nath Das, 98
Raghu Nath Ray, 82
JA

TripathI, 40

Nilkanth

Society,107
86

Muhammad,

DADMAKAR

Bhatt, 95, 96

PadmavatI, 14, 102

Padumavati, 31, 86

Pajnes, 96

Raghunath Rupak, 97
Raghu Raj Singh, 95
RaghuvarhSa, 98
Rag

Panchadhyayl, 73
Panchatantra, 89
Panna, 41, 46, 48, 78, 83, 94, 96
Parmanand

Das, 72
Praka", 42
ParSva
Puran, 85
Ph aturi Lai, 97
ParsI

48

Plyush Nidhi,
Poetesses, 10, 29, 38, 47, 68, 78 f.
PrabhavatI
Haran, 93, 97

Chandroday, 93

Prakrit, 1, 10, 12 f.,93

Nath, 69

Pratap Sahi, 96
Granth, 69
Ray Paturl, 38
Premchandrika, 45
Premlata, 76
Prem
Prakas, 67

Pratham
Pravin

Prem
Prem

Sat

Rajniti,89
Raj Pattana, 81
Rajputana, 8, 10, 31, 64, 68, 81,
84, 86

Pipa, 21

Pran

Rag-Kalpa-

Sai, 36
[drum, 93
Rai Das, 22, 29
Rai Pithora, 8, 13
Rajasthanl,2 ff.,85, 89, 94
Raj Dev Bilas, 81
Rahim

4
Pifigal,

Prabodh

Mala, 36

Rag-Sagarodbhav

Sahib, 63

Paltu

Puhakar, 84
Purohit
GopI Nath, 93

96

Nayak-Nayika

Nur

LITERATURE

Ratna, 79
Ratnakar, 85

Sagar, 89
Premsattvanirup,72
Printing Press, 90
Prithi Raj, 8, 13
Prithi Raj Rass, 13
Priya Das, 58
Prem

f.,97, 100, 105

Prose, 30, 85,
Prosody, 6, 37 ff.,95 ft.,101
89

Raj Ratnakar, 81
Raj Rupakakhyat,

82

ff.,51

9, 20, 23, 27
97 f., 102

Rama,

ff.,

Alankrimanjari,38
Ramananda,
9, 19 ff.,27, 51, 58
Ram

Ramanandis,
21, 57 f.
60
Ram"Svamedh,
Ramayan, 40, 51 ff.,60, 89, 98
Ram
Bilas, 60
60
Bilas Ramayan,
Ram
Chandra
kl Sawari, 95
Ram
Ram
Chandrika, 38
Ram
Charan, 68, 86
52 ff.
Ram-Charit-Manas,
59
Ram
Charitr,
Ram
Das, 36, 63; 73

TripathI,95

Ram

Din

Ram

GItavall, 57

Ram

Ji,46

Ram

Ravan

Ram

Sahay Das, 96
Sanehls, 68

Ram

Yuddh,

97

115

INDEX

Ras

Chandroday, 93

Sarasvati,42
Sardar, 96
5
Sarra.fi,
Satnamis, 68 f.
Sat Sal, 42 ff.,47, 49 f., 57, 78,
Ram
Sat Sal Mati
42
[89, 95 f
67
Satya Praka",

Rasik

Govind, 98
Priya, 38, 47, 50
Rasal, 49
ke Pad, 77

Satyopakhyan, 98
Saundarya Lahari, 60
Savaiya, 6, 50, 66
Nabi,
Sayyad Gulam

Bodharri, 98
Ran
Chhor, 29, 81
Ranthambhor, 9, 17
Ras, 43, 70
Ras
Bilas, 45
Ras
Chandrika, 39
Tattva

Ram

Rasik
Rasik
Ris
Ras

Khan, 76
Lin, 48

Ras

Rahasya,

Ras

Raj,

Ras

Ratan,

46

84
48

79, 90
Kunwar,
59
Ratnakhana,
Rav
Rana, 94

Ratan

Rav

Raysa, 82

Ratan

22, 82, 95

Rewah,

Rup

Sahi, 95

Singh, 85

CABAL
"

Sabdas, 24, 66 f.
Sabha
Bilas, 89
Sadal Mi"ra, 88 f.
SadaSiv, 81

Siddhant, 77

Sadharan

Sadhs,
Sadna, 20

68

Sahajo Bal,
74
Sahityalahari,
Sahitya Sammelan, 107
Sakhis, 24 f.,66, 68
Natak, 46, 93

Salihotr,86
49

Sambhu

Nath,

Sambhu

Nath

6ymbhu Nath
Saneh

Sita Ram
Dhyanrhanjari, 60
Siv Arsela, 49 f.
Siv Narayan, 68
Siv Prakas
Singh, 98
Siv Prasad, 79, 90
Siv Raj,41
Siv Raj Bhushan, 41
$iv Singh Saroj,94
Siv Singh Sengar, 94
48

Sagar,
Sangit Sar, 36

43

Sri Dhar,
Sri Hit Brindaban
84

Saran, 78

Samarsar,

40

Jahan, 10, 39 f.,42, 82

Shekh Rangrezin, 47
Sikandar
LodI, 23
Sikhs, 26, 63 f.
Singhasan Battisi,40, 89
SIta, 51 ff.,102
Sital,78

Soratha, 6,

Sahaj Ram,, 98

Sakuntala

21

SenapatI, 10,
Serampore, 89

Somnath,

66

Sahachari

48

Shah

Kavi,

Ratan

Sen,

42

Ras

60

Mtera, 49

Singh, 42
78

Sanskrit,1, 5, 19 ff.,28, 30, 35 f.,

43 f.,48,52
59, 67, 73, 76 f.,
90, 93, 95, 97, 105
Sarang Dhar, 9, 17, 82
,

D"s Ji
Sri Nagari Das, 86
[Ch"cha, 77
96
Sringar Sangrah,

^rinivas
Das,
Sripati,47,

93

49

Charitr,33

Sudami
Sudan

Sudhanidhi, 47
Sujan Charitr, 83
Dev
Sukh
MiSra,
Sukh

46

Nidhan, 62

Sundar,
Sundar
Sundar
Sundari
Sundari

39

Bilas, 66
Das, 66
Kunwari

Tilak, 92

Sundarkand,

60

Bai, 79

Satak,

Sundar

Sringar,

\/AISHNAVAS,

47

Misra,

Surbhldanllla,

ff.

72

57,

52,

84,

95

Vijai

50

Thakur,

thakur

Prasad

Thakur

Satak,

Ram,

Than

Mai,

Todar

Tulsl,'
Tulsi

72
Tulsl

T
KJ

TDAY

37,

10,

Das,

95,

Sahib,

98,

95,

98

48

95

Singh,

72,

30,

75,

100

78

Vipul,

ff.,
Hindi,

Lahari,

YAMUNA
1

28

93

49

60

NathTrivedi,

Umapati,

57,

W/ESTERN

102

28,

13

Vitthalnath,
Vitthal

51

44,

10,

95

85,

Purana,

Vi^vanath

ff.

f.,

85

Patrika,

Vishnu

42

ff.,

Sahi,

VIsala-deva,

40

65

82

Singh,

35

10,

55,

93

Muktavali,

Vinay

Brothers,

Tripathi

75

37

Gita,

49

47

Nidhi,

Tosh

f.,

64

Sundar,

Vikram

93

Ram,

Tota

Vijai

94

Tripathi,
50

72

thakur,

Vigyan

63

Bahadur,

Teg

Vidya

f.

35

Sen,

Tan

78

45,

23,

Natak,

Vidyapati

78

75,

85

Vichitr

TAJ"

ff.

55,

f.

59

22,

Vedanta,

82

28,

42

Ray,

Vedang

19,

30,

Vallabhacharya,
Valmiki,

Malla,

Surya

52,

74

Praka",

Surya

f.,

96

80,

Sagar,

Sur

36

13,

10,

Das,

72

Vallabhacharis,

79

9,
75

f.,

57

74

Suravall,

Sur

93

Haran,

97

Siinlsar,
Surati

Usha

39

f.

88

2ff.35,

Urdu,

95

Sundar

LITERATURE

HINDI

OF

HISTORY

116

Yari

Sahib,

67

96

ff.,

58,