Absolute Temperature

We showed:

Energy efficiency of the Carnot cycle is

independent of the working substance.

Definition of temperature independent of any material property

A temperature scale is an absolute temperature scale if and only if
Q1C
T1

T2 Q C
2
C
C
where Q1 and Q 2

are the heats exchanged by a Carnot cycle

operating between reservoirs at temperatures T1 and T2.

Q C2

Measurement of C 1
Temperature ratio

Q1C
Q c2

T
1 1
T2

T2
W

T1
T2

T1
Q1C

As discussed earlier, unique temperature scale requires fixed point

T

Q1C
QC
2

Kelvin-scale:

Tfix

or

T 1 C Tfix

Tfix =Ttripel=273.16K

It turns out: empirical gas temperature g 3 lim

P3 0 P3

proportional to thermodynamic Temperature T

Why
Because: Calculation of efficiency of Carnot cycle based on PV nR
1

aT
yields
C
2
With fix Tfix

a=1

From definition of thermodynamic temperature

Q1C

T1

T2 Q C
2

If any absolute temperature is positive all other absolute temperatures

are positive

there is an absolute zero of thermodynamic temperature

C
when the rejected heat Q1

however
T=0 can never be reached, because this would violate the Kelvin
statement