S DNG SNG A CHN NGHIN CU MI TRNG

N HI PHI TUYN
Trn Ngc Ton *
M u
Trong thm d du kh, cc phng php a vt
l( c bit l phng php a chn v a vt l
ging khoan) l cng c ch yu nghin cu
cu trc lng t cng cc tham s c trng mi
trng. Ngy nay cc phng php a vt l
c dng kt hp vi nhau cng nh kt hp
vi cc phng php a cht, khoan v.v.. s
dng cc th mnh ca tng phng php ring l
nhm thu c nhiu thng tin v i tng
nghin cu tr thnh phng thc ch yu ,
qua cc phng php a vt l khng ch
phc v cho tm kim thm d m cn phc v
cho giai on pht trin m v khai thc m.
V phng din l thuyt, cc bi ton thun
trong a vt l cng ngy cng ch trng cc
mi trng bt ng nht . Tuy nhin v nhng
kh khn v ton-l khi nghin cu mi trng
bt ng nht bt k rt kh vt qua, cho nn
ngi ta thng chp nhn xem trong nhng
khng gian nht nh no ( mt lp, mt tng,
mt khu vc hp v.v) l ng nht. Ni cch
khc,v phng din ton- l l nhng mi
trng tuyn tnh. Trong trng hp khi bi ton
thun khng gii c v mi trng thc c tnh
phi tuyn ni tri th phi nghin cu thng qua
cc m hnh vt l v t s dng nguyn l
tng t nghin cu mi trng thc ngoi
thc a.
Mi trng tng cha c tnh n hi phi
tuyn.
i tng nghin cu quan trng nht trong giai
on pht trin m v khai thc l tng cha.
, cc tnh cht ca mi trng cng bit r chi tit
bao nhiu cng c li cho sn xut by nhiu.
Nh ta bit, tng cha du kh thng c thnh
phn thch hc khng ng nht nn ni chung

l mi trng n hi phi tuyn ( elastically

nonlinear). Cc lp trm tch c tng thch
hc thay i hoc cc tng cha nt n l nhng
v d in hnh cho loi mi trng ny. Trong
cc m du khai thc bng bm p nc khng
ng quy trnh kht khe ca k thut, nhiu khu
vc cha du b khi nc ln bao vy nn b
b st( bypass), cng to thm tnh bt ng
nht ca mi trng. Trong nhng iu kin ni
trn , thnh cng ca n thit k thu hi tng
cng ph thuc rt nhiu vo chnh xc ca
cng tc v bn tnh cht tng cha, mt
vic lm rt kh khn v chng ta ch c cc d
liu do khoan cung cp m nhng d liu ny
thng l ri rc, cc im rt xa nhau v
khng phn b u trn din tch nghin cu.
a vt l c th gip ch mt phn hn ch
kh khn ny bng ng dng php phn tch a
chn thch hc, nhng y khng phi l ch
ca bi vit ny, hn na vic tch bit cc hiu
ng di su xy ra trong mi trng sng
truyn qua trn cc tn hiu a chn thu c
trn mt t hoc trn mt bin cng khng h
d dng.
Nh ni trong phn m u, trong l thuyt
thm d a chn ngi ta thng chp nhn gi
thit trm tch c tnh n hi tuyn tnh
nhng iu phn ln khng ph hp vi thc
t. trm tch cha mt lng ln cc ht trm
tch c bn cht thch hc v kch thc, hnh
dng rt khc nhau, chng tip xc vi nhau
theo cc kiu rt a dng khng theo mt trt t
no, ngoi ra cn c nhng nt v, nhng hang
hc vi m nn h s rng v thm bin
thin theo khng gian khng ging nhau. Trong
cc l hng li ti lin thng hoc khng lin
thng ca chng cn cha cc lu th a pha.

.
Hnh 1: Cc sai phn ph

Hnh 3: Tng tc phi tuyn ca 2 sng

a chn

Hnh 5: iu bin rng ca cc nt n gy

bi sng a chn tn s thp

Hnh 7: Phng php ghi hnh v tr v phng

v nt n

Hnh

2: Hiu ng iu bin

Hnh 4: Phng php ghi hnh rng ca

tng cha

Hnh 6: V bn phi tuyn

Hnh 8: Trin khai thc a ngun iu bin

pht hin nt n

Tnh n hi ca chng l hiu ng n hi

tng hp ca cc c trng cu trc v thnh
phn vt cht phc hp ni trn, do
trm tch ni chung , cha ni ring c
tnh n hi phi tuyn. Trong mi trng n
hi tn trng tuyn tnh, hai sng n hi
cng truyn ng thi khng tng tc vi
nhau nn nguyn l chng sng (principle of
superposition) c Tri li trong mi
trng n hi phi tuyn iu khng cn
ng na. Nu c hai sng n hi c tn s
khc nhau cng truyn i ng thi trong mi
trng phi tuyn th chng tng tc vi
nhau to thnh mt sng hn hp c tn s
khc vi tn s ca mi sng ring l.
Westervelt ch ra ln u tin vo nm
1963 rng hai ngun sng s cp tn s cao
t gn nhau , song song nhau th cc sng
n hi hn hp hnh thnh c tn s bng
tng hoc bng hiu ca tn s cc sng s
cp. Tnh cht c bit ny c dng v
bn tnh cht tng cha ti ch.
Trong mi trng nt n , cc k nt
chi phi hng thay i ca thm, cng
tc l chi phi dng chy ca du kh trong
cha. Nh vy vic v bn phn b cc
i nt n v phng k nt trong cha c
ngha rt ln trong cng tc tng cng thu
hi du kh trong cc m, c bit trong cc
m trng thnh. Do hiu ng nn p trng
lc ca cc tng nm trn nn cc k nt
trong cha thng c phng thng ng
v thng kt thc ti cc ni tnh cht thch
hc ca mt tnh lin tc. Cc k nt c
th nm rt gn nhau hoc cch xa nhau v
cc khong khng nt n thng nm xen
k gia cc tp hp k nt. Vic khai thc
du kh trong mi trng nh vy i hi
phi chn v tr t ging khai thc ng
nhng ni c nt n h mi mang li hiu
qu kinh t cao.
Xc nh v tr v phng k nt .
xc nh v tr v phng k nt
ngi ta dng k thut o phi tuyn ca
nt n i vi cc sng n hi truyn qua

khu vc c nt n trong dng 2 ngun

sng, mt ngun c tn s cao, gi l sng
mang( carrier wawe) pht t lng ging ,
truyn xuyn qua khu vc nt n v c thu
trong mt ging th hai. Mt ngun th hai
tn s thp, gi l sng iu bin( modulation
wave) pht t mt t/ mt bin ,s dng mt
ngun di ng (movable) ging nh my
rung a chn trn mt. Trong c hai trng
hp, tn hiu a chn sinusoidal vi nhng
tn s chn trc c s dng. Ngun tn
s thp c t ti nhng v tr xc nh
trc nhm iu bin cc nt n h di su
thng qua hin tng cc chu k p nn dn n ca sng iu bin. Cc c trng
truyn sng( transmission characteristics) ca
nt n c o nh cc nt n xch li gn
nhau hay b nn p trong mt chu k nn v
m ra trong mt chu k dn ca tn hiu sng
a chn iu bin tn s thp. Php o
phi tuyn c th tin hnh thng qua phn
tch bin sng v cc hi(harmonics) ca
sng mang tn s cao trong qu trnh chu k
nn p v dn n ca sng iu bin tn s
thp (h.1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8)
Trong chu k nn p , p lc truyn
qua k nt tng , iu ny lm cho cc nt n
xch li gn nhau mt chng mc no , do
n lm gim hiu ng phi tuyn ca
cc nt n, v qua lm tng bin ca
sng mang. Trong chu k dn n p lc ni
trn gim ,iu ny lm cho k nt m rng
ra,do phi tuyn ca cc nt n tng,
qua lm gim bin ca sng mang .
Trong qu trnh cc chu k nn p-dn n
ca sng iu bin , nhng sai khc trong
sng mang gy ra do phi tuyn ca nt n
c o bng bin tng i ca sng
mang v ca cc hi ca n (h.1). S khc
nhau ny t cc i khi ngun sng iu
bin tn s thp t trn mt t ngay trn
hoc gn ngay trn ng vung gc vi
khu vc c nt n h di su. S sai khc
ni trn s bng khng khi ngun iu
bin( trn mt t) c t song song vi
phng nt n hoc t ngay trn khu vc

nt n, bi v tn hiu iu bin s khng c

hiu ng nn p trn b rng ca cc nt n
h. Nh vy bng cch chuyn dch ngun
iu bin n cc a im khc nhau trn
mt t v tin hnh o bin trn sng
mang ta c th xc nh c phng ca
nt n. Mt khi phng ca nt n c xc
nh,v tr ca khu vc nt n di su c th
c xc nh bng cch di chuyn ngun
sng iu bin trn mt t trn mt ng
thng vung gc vi cc k nt cho n khi
hiu bin v phi tuyn gia cc chu
k nn p dn n bng khng. Ti im
ny, cc k nt nm ngay bn di hoc nm
dc theo mt phng truyn sng ca ngun
iu bin trn mt t.
Xc nh rng ca tng cha
K thut xc nh rng ca
cha da trn vic o tn s tng v hiu
c to ra do tng tc ca 2 tn hiu sng
a chn khi chng truyn i ng thi trong
cha bt ng nht. Mt trong 2 tn hiu
ny l giao ng qut( vibratory sweep)
thng dng trong ghi sng a chn ; tn s
c qut trn bng a chn t thp n cao
hoc t cao n thp trn mt chu k ko di
khong nhiu giy.Tn hiu th hai l mt tn
hiu sinusoidal tn s n( monofrequency)
c cng chu k nh giao ng qut.C hai tn
hiu c to ra v truyn i bng cch dng
nhng ngun rung chun t mt c cu (thit
b) ngun n hot ng nh mt ngun
n t trn mt t( h.4,5,6,7,8) . Sng a
chn kt hp c dng cho ghi phn x a
chn. Sng ny truyn qua cc thnh to
pha trn lt ct, xuyn qua v phn x ti
cc gii hn thnh to c chnh lch tr
khng m hc. Cc tn hiu a chn phn x
c ghi bng cch dng mt thit b
detector bi t trn mt t hoc trong lng
cc ging khoan hoc c hai ni. Phng
thc ghi sng cng ging nh phng thc
thng thng trong thm d a chn. Trong
phng php ny tng tc gia hai sng khi
cng truyn trong cha c o nhm v
bn cc c trng phi tuyn ca cha

to bi rng , bt ng nht v thnh

phn cc lu th.
D liu thu c cha 2 tp hp
thng tin khc nhau. Lin kt cho( crosscorrelation) vi giao ng qut chun
( standard sweep) s cung cp mt tp hp d
liu chun tc( normal dataset), tp hp ny
c dng cho x l phn x bnh thng
ging nh x l d liu a chn 2D,3D. Tp
hp th hai c rt ra t cch tng hp
c 2 tn hiu qut mi. Cc tn hiu ny c
to ra bng cch cng v tr giao ng tn
s n vi nhng tn s qut cho ra 2
sng qut bin i ( modified sweeps) v
lin kt cho d liu ghi c vi sng qut
bin i ny Tp hp d liu mi ny thu
c sau khi thc hin lin kt cho vi 2
sng qut bin i ni trn cha nhng tn
s c to mi, biu din kt qu tng tc
gia sng tn s n v sng tn s qut khi
chng truyn qua cha c tnh n hi phi
tuyn(h.3,6). Cc tham s x l cho tp hp
d liu mi ny cng tng t nh cc tham
s dng cho d liu c to ra sau khi tin
hnh lin kt cho vi tn hiu qut ban u.
Chui x l 2D v 3D quy c c th c
dng cho c 2 tp hp d liu cho ra
nhng hnh nh a chn phn x ca mt
tng di su.
Tch hp v gii thch 2 kt qu da
trn sng qut ban u v da trn 2 sng
qut bin i cho ra hnh nh cng nh cho
php xc nh cc thnh to di su,nhng
thnh to c tnh n hi phi tuyn do
rng, cc nt n vi m v bo ha cc lu
th gy ra. Cc kt qu da trn 2 sng qut
bin i s biu hin cc tn hiu phn x c
bin cao hn t cc thnh to cha vi k
nt cng nh c rng cao so vi cc phn
x t cc thnh to ng nht hoc c st.
Cc bin tng i ca cc phn x khc
nhau xc nh o tng i ca phi
tuyn ca cc thnh to di su.

ng gp c bit ca k thut ny l
n cung cp mt phng thc lm sng t
s khc bit v rng theo khng gian gia
cc thnh to di su v iu ny mang li
nhiu li ch cho cc k s khai thc. st
v phin st thng c rng rt thp,
tng i ng nht nn c tnh n hi
tuyn tnh nhiu hn so vi cc thnh to,
ct, ct kt, carbonat hoc mng nt n.
Do st v phin st to ra s tng tc
tn hiu /sng yu hn v th hin bc tranh
sng t r rng hn qua phi tuyn ca lt
ct a chn . Cc kt qu a chn da trn
tp hp d liu th hai thu c sau khi tin
hnh lin kt tng quan( correlation) vi 2
sng qut bin i cho php xc nh v lm
ni bt cc khu vc c phi tuyn cao do
c rng, nt n cao, tc l nhng ni
c kh nng cha nhiu du kh trong tng
cha.
D liu a chn cung cp nhng
thng tin v nhng m hnh a cht, tuy
nhin cc m hnh ny thng khng n
nht, do dn ti nhiu cch gii thch khc
nhau. c th nng cao tin cy trong
cng tc minh gii s liu nhm t ti m
hnh gn gi vi thc t a cht tng cha
chng ta cn phi tm ra cc thuc tnh
(attributes) a chn mi. Cch tip cn
thng qua cc phng thc th hin hnh nh
lt ct a chn phi tuyn v phng din n
hi v bn c trng tng cha t ra c
nhiu ha hn. Tch hp gia a chn thng
thng vi a chn phi tuyn s cung cp
cho chng ta nhng cng c gip khai thc
nhiu du kh hn khi chng b cch ly vi
ging khai thc v nhiu l do khc nhau, c
bit l tnh khng ng nht ca mi trng
a cht. tip cn cc bng pht minh v
tm hiu kh nng hp tc s dng sng
to ny c gi c th lin h vi ng
Tawassul Khan, ch tch v l CEO ca cng
ty Nonlinear Seismic Imaging Inc. hoc c
Sofia McGuire, ph ch tch cng ty theo Email smcguire@rjfs. com

Ti liu tham kho

1.Sergey Ostrov, William Wooden.In situ
seismic stimulationn shows promise for
revitailizing mature fields. OGJ,Apr.18,2005
2. Sergey Ostrov,S.A., Wooden,W.O. Method
and apparatus for seismic Stimulation of
Fluid-Bearing Formations. US Patent granted
,July 13,2004
3. Wong.Swet al. Near Wellbore Stimulation
byAcoustic Waves. SPEPaper No82198,SPE
European
Formation
Damage
Conference,The Hague,May 2003
4. Tawassul Khan,Sofia McGuire .Can We
use
dynamic
elastic
nonlinearity
measutements of rocks to map reservoir
properties? OGJSept.2001
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