RESULT

flow

Pressure drop (mm H 2O)

rate(L/min)
Air

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Water
1.0

11

17

26

48

2.0

19

24

29

33

43

3.0

11

19

25

49

Table 1: Pressure Drop for Wet column

Graph of Pressure drop against air flow rate

100
90
80
70
3 LPM

60

2 LPM

50

1 LPM

40
30
20
10
0
20

40

60

80

100

120

graph

140

160

180

Flow rate
(L/min)
Water

1.0

2.0

3.0

Air
Gas

Log

Pressure

Log

Pressure

Log

Pressure

Log

Flow

Gas

drop

Pressure

drop

Pressure

drop

Pressure

rate

Flow

(mmH2O)

drop

(mmH2O)

drop

(mmH2O)

drop

20

rate
1.301

(mmH2O)
-

19

(mmH2O)
1.279

11

(mmH2O)
1.041

40

1.602

24

1.380

19

1.279

60

1.778

0.301

29

1.462

25

1.398

80

1.903

0.602

33

1.519

49

1.690

100

2.00

0.845

43

1.633

120

2.079

11

1.041

140

2.146

17

1.230

160

2.204

26

1.415

180

2.255

48

1.681

Table 2: Log Gas Flow rate and Log Pressure drop

Air

Air

GG

K4

FLV (1

FLV (2

FLV (3 Pressure drop

Flow

Flow

(kg/ms2)

(y-axis)

LPM)

LPM)

LPM)

rate

rate

(L/min)

(m3/h)

20
40

1.2
2.4

0.0779
0.156

0.0154
0.062

1.454
0.727

2.912
1.456

4.362
2.181

1.52
5.08

5.08
10.16

12.7
25.4

60

3.6

0.234

0.139

0.484

0.971

1.454

8.89

25.4

38.1

80

4.8

0.311

0.245

0.364

0.729

1.093

12.7

40.64

50.8

100

6.0

0.389

0.383

0.292

0.584

0.874

25.4

45.72

120

7.2

0.467

0.553

0.243

0.468

0.728

40.64

140

8.4

0.545

0.753

0.208

0.416

0.624

43.18

160

9.6

0.623

0.989

0.182

0.365

0.546

50.80

180

10.8

0.701

1.245

0.162

0.324

0.485

55.89

correlated in mm H20
(1LPM) (2LPM)
(3LPM)

Table 3: Theoretical Flooding Point

Graph of Log Pressure Drop against Log Gas Flow Rate

Log Pressure Drop, mmH2O

4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

Log Gas Flow Rate, Gy

3 LPM
2 LPM
1 LPM

Figure Graph of Log Pressure Drop against Log Gas Flow Rate

Graph of K4 against FLV

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

CALCULATION
Information given :
Density of air, air = 1.175 kg/m3
Density of water, water = 996 kg/m3
Column diameter, Dc = 80 mm
Area of packed diameter,
A c=

2
2
3 2
D = ( 0 . 08 m) =5. 027 10 m
4
4

Packing Factor: Fp = 900 m-1

Water viscosity, water = 0.001 Ns/m2
LIQUID

Calculate liquid flow rate, GL (kg/m2) (1 LPM)

3 LPM
2 LPM
1 LPM

1 L 1 min
1m
996 kg

3
min
60
s
1000l
G
m
GL =
=
3 2
Ac
5.027 10 m

3.302

kg
m2 . s

Calculate liquid flow rate, GL (kg/m2) (2 LPM)

2 L 1 min
1m3
996 kg

G min 60 s 1000l
m3
kg
GL =
=
=6.614 2
3 2
Ac
5.027 10 m
m .s

Calculate liquid flow rate, GL (kg/m2) (3 LPM)

3 L 1 min
1m3
996 kg

G min 60 s 1000l
m3
kg
GL =
=
=9.907 2
3 2
Ac
5.027 10 m
m .s

Water Flow Rate (L/min)

1.0
2.0
3.0

Table

Theoretical Flooding Point for 20 L/min

Gy

20 L
1 m3
60 min

min 1000 L
1h

GL

kg
)
m2 . s

3.302
6.614
9.907

1.2 m /h

Calculate gas flow rate, GG (kg/m2s)

G G=

Gy
Ac
3

1.2 m
1h
1.175 kg

3
h
3600 s
m
kg

=0.0779 2
3 2
5.027 10 m
m .s

Calculate capacity parameter, K4 , y-axis

13.1 ( GG ) F p
K4=

L
L

0.1

( )

G ( L G )

2
0.0779 kg 2 (
1 0.001 N . s /m
)
13.1
900
m
m2 s
996 kg /m3

( 1.175 kg /m3 ) ( 996 kg/m31.175 kg /m3 )

=0.0154

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (1 LPM)

FLV =

0.1

GL
GG

kg
G
m2 . s
=
L
kg
0.0779 2
m .s

( )

3.302

1.175 kg /m3
=1.454
996 kg / m3

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (2 LPM)

FLV =

GL
GG

kg
2
G
m .s
=
L
kg
0.0779 2
m .s

( )

6.614

1.175 kg /m
=2.912
3
996 kg /m

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (3 LPM)

FLV =

GL
GG

kg
G
m2 . s
=
L
kg
0.0779 2
m .s
9.907

( )

1.175 kg /m3
=4.362
996 kg / m3

Theoretical Flooding Point for 40 L/min

40 L
1 m3
60 min

=2.4 m3 /h
Gy = min 1000 L
1h

Calculate gas flow rate, GG (kg/m2s)

G G=

Gy
Ac
3

2.4 m
1h
1.175 kg

3
h
3600 s
m
kg
G G=
=0.156 2
3 2
5.027 10 m
m .s

K4=

Calculate capacity parameter, K4,

2
0.156 kg 2 (
1 0.001 N . s / m
)
13.1
900
m
m2 s
996 kg /m 3

( 1.175 kg/m3 )( 996 kg /m3 1.175 k g /m3 )

=0.062

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (1 LPM)

FLV =

0.1

GL
GG

kg
2
G
m .s
=
L
kg
0.156 2
m .s

( )

3.302

1.175 kg /m
=0.727
3
996 kg/m

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (2 LPM)

FLV =

GL
GG

kg
G
m2 . s
=
L
kg
0.156 2
m .s

( )

6.614

1.175 kg / m3
=1.456
996 kg/m 3

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (3 LPM)

FLV =

GL
GG

kg
G
m2 . s
=
L
kg
0.156 2
m .s

( )

9.907

1.175 kg / m3
=2.181
996 kg/m 3

Theoretical Flooding Point for 60 L/min

60 L
1 m3
60 min

=3.6 m3 /h
min 1000 L
1h

Gy =

Calculate gas flow rate, GG (kg/m2s)

3.6 m3
1h
1.175 kg

h
3600 s
m3
kg
G G=
=0.234 2
3 2
5.027 10 m
m .s

Calculate capacity parameter, K4,

13.1

K4=

=0.139

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (1 LPM)

( )

G
=
L

kg
m2 . s
kg
0.234 2
m .s
3.302

1.175 kg / m3
=0.484
996 kg/m 3

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (2 LPM)

FLV =

0.1

( 1.175 kg /m3 )( 996 kg /m31.175 kg /m3 )

G
FLV = L
GG

2
0.234 kg 2 (
1 0.001 N . s / m
)
900
m
m2 s
996 kg/m 3

GL
GG

kg
2
G
m .s
=
L
kg
0.234 2
m .s

( )

6.614

1.175 kg /m
=0.971
996 kg/m3

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (3 LPM)

FLV =

GL
GG

kg
G
m2 . s
=
L
kg
0.234 2
m .s

( )

9.907

1.175 kg / m3
=1.454
996 kg/m 3

Theoretical Flooding Point for 80 L/min

3

Gy =

80 L
1m
60 min

=4.8 m3 /h
min 1000 L
1h

Calculate gas flow rate, GG (kg/m2s)

3
4.8 m
1h
1.175 kg

3
h
3600 s
m
kg
G G=
=0.311 2
3 2
5.027 10 m
m .s

Calculate capacity parameter, K4,

13.1

K4=

0.1

( 1.175 kg /m3 ) ( 996 kg/m31.175 kg /m3)

=0.245

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (1 LPM)

FLV =

2
0.156 kg 2 (
1 0.001 N . s /m
)
900
m
m2 s
996 kg /m3

GL
GG

kg
G
m2 . s
=
L
kg
0.311 2
m .s

( )

3.302

1.175 kg/m3
=0.364
996 kg /m3

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (2 LPM)

FLV =

GL
GG

kg
2
G
m .s
=
L
kg
0.311 2
m .s

( )

6.614

1.175 kg / m
=0.729
3
996 kg/m

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (3 LPM)

FLV =

GL
GG

kg
G
m2 . s
=
L
kg
0.311 2
m .s

( )

9.907

1.175 kg /m3
=1.093
996 kg/m3

Theoretical Flooding Point for 100 L/min

100 L
1 m3
60 min

=6.0 m3 /h
min 1000 L
1h

Gy =

Calculate gas flow rate, GG (kg/m2s)

6.0 m3
1h
1.175 kg

h
3600 s
m3
kg
G G=
=0.389 2
3 2
5.027 10 m
m .s

K4=

Calculate capacity parameter, K4,

2 0.1

( 1.175 kg /m3 ) ( 996 kg/m31.175 kg /m3)

=0.383

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (1 LPM)

FLV =

0.156 kg (
0.001 N . s /m
13.1
900 m1 )
2
3
m s
996 kg /m

GL
GG

kg
G
m2 . s
=
L
kg
0.389 2
m .s

( )

3.302

1.175 kg /m3
=0.292
996 kg /m3

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (2 LPM)

FLV =

GL
GG

kg
2
G
m .s
=
L
kg
0.389 2
m .s

( )

6.614

1.175 kg / m
=0.584
996 kg/m 3

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (3 LPM)

FLV =

GL
GG

kg
2
G
m .s
=
L
kg
0.389 2
m .s

( )

9.907

1.175 kg / m
=0.874
3
996 kg/m

Theoretical Flooding Point for 120 L/min

120 L
1 m3
60 min

=7.2 m3 /h
min 1000 L
1h

Gy =

Calculate gas flow rate, GG (kg/m2s)

3

7.2m
1h
1.175 kg

h
3600 s
m3
kg
G G=
=0.467 2
3 2
5.027 10 m
m .s

Calculate capacity parameter, K4,

13.1

K4=

2
0.467 kg 2 (
1 0.001 N . s / m
)
900
m
m2 s
996 kg /m 3

0.1

( 1.175 kg /m3 ) ( 996 kg/m31.175 kg /m3)

=0.553

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (1 LPM)

FLV =

GL
GG

kg
2
G
m .s
=
L
kg
0.467 2
m .s

( )

3.302

1.175 kg /m
=0.243
3
996 kg/m

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (2 LPM)

FLV =

GL
GG

kg
G
m2 . s
=
L
kg
0.467 2
m .s

( )

6.614

1.175 kg / m3
=0.486
996 kg/m 3

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (3 LPM)

FLV =

GL
GG

kg
G
m2 . s
=
L
kg
0.467 2
m .s

( )

9.907

1.175 kg / m3
=0.728
996 kg/m 3

Theoretical Flooding Point for 140 L/min

3

140 L
1m
60 min

=8.4 m3 /h
min 1000 L
1h

Gy =

Calculate gas flow rate, GG (kg/m2s)

8.4 m3
1h
1.175 kg

h
3600 s
m3
kg
G G=
=0.545 2
3 2
5.027 10 m
m .s

Calculate capacity parameter, K4,

13.1

K4=

0.545 kg (
0.001 N . s /m
900 m1 )
2
3
m s
996 kg /m

2 0.1

( 1.175 kg /m3 ) ( 996 kg/m31.175 kg /m3 )

=0.753

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (1 LPM)

G
FLV = L
GG

( )

G
=
L

kg
m2 . s
kg
0.545 2
m .s
3.302

1.175 kg / m3
=0.208
996 kg /m 3

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (2 LPM)

FLV =

GL
GG

kg
G
m2 . s
=
L
kg
0.545 2
m .s

( )

6.614

1.175 kg / m3
=0.416
996 kg/m 3

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (3 LPM)

FLV =

GL
GG

kg
G
m2 . s
=
L
kg
0.545 2
m .s

( )

9.907

1.175 kg / m3
=0.624
996 kg/m 3

Theoretical Flooding Point for 160 L/min

3

160 L
1m
60 min

=9.6 m3 /h
min 1000 L
1h

Gy =

Calculate gas flow rate, GG (kg/m2s)

9.6 m3
1h
1.175 kg

h
3600 s
m3
kg
G G=
=0.623 2
3 2
5.027 10 m
m .s

Calculate capacity parameter, K4,

13.1

K4=

0.623 kg (
0.001 N . s /m
900 m1 )
2
3
m s
996 kg /m

2 0.1

( 1.175 kg /m3 ) ( 996 kg/m31.175 kg /m3 )

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (1 LPM)

=0.989

FLV =

( )

1.175 kg /m
=0.182
996 kg /m3

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (2 LPM)

FLV =

GL
GG

kg
2
G
m .s
=
L
kg
0.623 2
m .s
3.302

GL
GG

kg
2
G
m .s
=
L
kg
0.623 2
m .s

( )

6.614

1.175 kg / m
=0.365
3
996 kg/m

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (3 LPM)

FLV =

GL
GG

kg
2
G
m .s
=
L
kg
0.623 2
m .s

( )

9.907

1.175 kg / m
=0.546
996 kg/m 3

Theoretical Flooding Point for 180 L/min

180 L
1 m3
60 min

=10.8 m3 /h
min 1000 L
1h

Gy =

Calculate gas flow rate, GG (kg/m2s)

10.8 m3
1h
1.175 kg

3
h
3600 s
m
kg
G G=
=0.701 2
3 2
5.027 10 m
m .s

Calculate capacity parameter, K4,

13.1

K4=

2
0.701 kg 2 (
1 0.001 N . s/m
)
900m
m2 s
996 kg /m3

0.1

( 1.175 kg /m3 ) ( 996 kg/m31.175 kg /m3 )

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (1 LPM)

=1.245

FLV =

( )

1.175 kg /m
=0.162
996 kg /m3

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (2 LPM)

FLV =

GL
GG

kg
2
G
m .s
=
L
kg
0.701 2
m .s
3.302

GL
GG

kg
2
G
m .s
=
L
kg
0.701 2
m .s

( )

6.614

1.175 kg / m
=0.324
3
996 kg/m

Calculate flow parameter, FLV (3 LPM)

FLV =

GL
GG

kg
2
G
m .s
=
L
kg
0.701 2
m .s

( )

9.907

1.175 kg / m
=0.485
996 kg/m 3

PERCENTAGE ERROR %
1LPM
Total pressure drop = 116 mm H20
Percentage error , =

theoritical valueexperimental value

100
theoritical value

244.1116
100 =52.48
244.1

2LPM
Total pressure drop = 148 mm H20
Percentage error , =

theoritical valueexperimental value

100
theoritical value

127148
100 =16.54
127

3LPM
Total pressure drop = 104 mm H20
Percentage error , =

theoritical valueexperimental value

100
theoritical value

127104
100 =18.11
127