Instructor's Manual to ACcolnpany

FOURTH EDITION

Fundamentals
BRUCE R. MUNSON
DONALD F. YOUNG
Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics

THEODORE H. OKIISHI
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Iowa State University
Ames, Iowa, USA

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

New York

Chichester

Brisbane

Toronto

Singapore

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1
COMPUTER PROBLEMS .................................................................................................... 2
Standard Programs-File Names and Use .................................................................... 2
SOLUTIONS
Chapter 1

Introduction................... .......... ............. ..................... ....................... 1-1

Chapter 2

Fluid Statics......... ..... ...... ........ ................ .......................................... 2-1

Chapter 3

Elementary Fluid Dynamics-Bernoulli Equation .......................... 3-1

Chapter 4

Fluid Kinematics... ...... .......... ......... ..... ................... .......................... 4-1

Chapter 5

Finite Control Volume Analysis ....................................................... 5-1

Chapter 6

Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow ................................................. 6-1

Chapter 7

Similitude, Dimensional Analysis, and Modeling ............ ............... 7-1

Chapter 8

Viscous Pipe Flow............................................ ................................ 8-1

Chapter 9

Flow Over Immersed Bodies ........................................................... 9-1

Chapter 10

Open-Channel Flow...... ...... ......... ....... ..................................... ...... 10-1

Chapter 11

Compressible Flow ......................................................................... 11-1

Chapter 12

Turbomachines ............. .................. ................................................ 12-1

Appendix A

Listing of Standard Programs .......................................................... A-I

INTRODUCTION

This manual contains solutions to the problems presented at the end of the chapters in the
Fourth Edition of FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID MECHANICS. It is our intention that
the material in this manual be used as an aid in the teaching of the course. We feel quite
strongly that problem solving is an essential ingredient in the process of understanding
the variety of interesting concepts involved in fluid mechanics. This solutions manual is
structured to enhance the learning process.
Approximately 1220 problems are solved in a complete, detailed fashion with (in most
cases) one problem per page. The problem statements and figures are included with the
problem solutions to provide an easier and clearer understanding of the solution
procedure. Except where a greater accuracy is warranted, all intermediate calculations
and answers are given to three significant figures.
Unless otherwise indicated in the problem statement, values of fluid properties used in
the solutions are those given in the tables on the inside of the front cover of the text.
Other fluid properties and necessary conversion factors are found in the tables of Chapter
I or in the appendices.
Some of the problems [those designed with an (*)] are intended to be solved with the aid
of a programmable calculator or a computer. The solutions for each of these problems
are presented in essentially the same format as for the non-computer problems. Where
appropriate a graph of the results is also included. Further details concerning the
computer and their solutions can be found in the following section entitled Computer
Problems.
In most chapters there are several problems [those designated with a (t)] that are "openended" problems and require critical thinking in that to work them one must make
various assumptions and provide necessary data. There is not a unique answer to these
problems. Since there are various ways that one may approach many of these problems
and since specific values of data need to be assumed, looked up, or approximated, we
have not included solutions to these problems in the manual. Providing solutions, we
feel, would be counter to the rational for having these problems-we want students to
realize that in the real world problems are not necessarily uniquely formulated to a have a
specific answer.

One of the new features of the Fourth Edition of FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID

MECHANICS is the inclusion of new problems which refer to the fluid video
segments contained in the E-book CD. These problems are clearly identified in the
problem statement. Although it is not necessary to use the CD to solve these "videorelated" problems, it is hoped that the use of the CD will help students relate the analysis
and solution of the problem to actual fluid mechanics phenomena.

Another new feature of the Fourth Edition is the inclusion of laboratory-related

problems. In most chapters the last few problems are based on actual data from simple
laboratory experiments. These problems are clearly identified by the "click here" words
in the problem statement. This allows the user of the E-book CD to link to the complete
problem statement and the EXCEL data for the problem. Copies of the problem
statement, the original data, the EXCEL spread sheet calculations, and the resulting
graphs are given in this solution manual.
Considerable effort has been put forth to develop appropriate problems and to present
their solutions in a manner that we feel is helpful to both instructors and students. Any
comments or suggestions as to how we can improve this material are most welcome.

COMPUTER PROBLEMS
As noted, problems designated with an (*) in the text are intended to be solved with the
aid of a programmable calculator or computer. These problems typically involve
solutions requiring repetitive calculations, iterative procedures, curve fitting, numerical
integration, etc. Knowledge of advanced numerical techniques is not required. Solutions
to all computer problems are included in the solutions manual. Although programs for
many of these problems are written in the BASIC programming language, there are
obviously several other math-solver or spreadsheet programs that can be used.
A number of the solutions require the use of the same program, such as a program 'for
curve fitting, or a numerical integration program, and these "standard" programs are
included. For those requiring use of one of the standard programs, there is a statement in
the problem solution which simply indicates the standard program used to solve the
problem. A list of these standard programs, with their file names, follow. The actual
programs are given in the appendix. Most of the standard programs are, of course,
readily available in other math-solver or spreadsheet programs, and the student can
simply use the programs with which they are most familiar.

Standard Programs-File Names and Use

Curve Fitting
EXPFIT.BAS

Determines the least squares fit for a function of the form

y=ae bx

LINREG l.BAS

Determines the least squares

y=bx
Determines the least squares
y=a+bx
Determines the least squares
y =do + d JX + d 2x2 + d 3x3 + ...
Determines the least squares
y=ax b

LINREG2.BAS
POLREG.BAS
POWERl.BAS

fit for a function of the form

fit for a function of the form
fit for a function of the form
fit for a function of the form

Numerical Integration
SIMPSON.BAS

Calculates the value of a definite integral over an odd number of equally spaced points using Simpson's rule

TRAPEZOLBAS

Calculates the value of a definite integral using the

Trapezoidal Rule

Miscellaneous
COLEBROO.BAS

Determines the friction factor for laminar or turbulent pipe

flow with the Reynolds number and relative roughness
specified (for turbulent flow the Colebrook formula, Eq.
8.35, is used)

CUBIC.BAS

Determines the real roots of a cubic equation

FAN_RAY.BAS

Calculates Fanno or Ray leigh flow parameters for an ideal

gas with constant specific heat ratio (k> 1) for entered
Mach number

ISENTROP.BAS

Calculates one-dimensional isentropic flow parameters for

an ideal gas with constant specific heat ration (k> 1) for
entered Mach number

SHOCK.BAS

Calculates normal-shock flow parameters for an ideal gas

with constant specific heat ratio (k> 1) for entered upstream
Mach number (Ma)

t. t

1..1
Detennine the dimensions. in both the FLT system and
the MLT system, for (a) the product of mass times velocity,
(b) the product of force times volume. and (c:) kinetic energy
divided by area,

mASS

;( ve/oc;'& .:.

(;VI ) (L 7-

1
)

F .:. M L T-.2

Sinee.

Fr

( b)

./oree

J(

Y&/I/ml!

(~

F L3
(ML T-2.)(L3) _ /'1L if T-Z.

J::,;'e/:'G e ne r.!~
t:l

reL
/'1T

/- I

-2.

/'2

1.2

Verify the dim~nsions, in both the FLT

and MLT~ystems .. ofthe folioWing quantities which
appear in Table 1.1: (a) angular velocity, (b) energy, (c) moment of inertia (area), (d) power,
and (e) pressure.

= a 1'19 tI //1 r c/'spkce/?'J()~';'

-time

( 0.)

(.b)

..!.

e he 1'"1:J ~ C.a.;aci +!J 01 b~cJ!1 1-0 do w()rk

Since.

Wt?/'"K

= I()rce;(

d/sl-tll1tt:..)

~nerJ!J
tJr

~if;,

FL

F _' /11 L T- 2

e. n erj tj ~ (M I- T -2) (L) == M L 2 T - 2

cc) /7l{pmfl1t 0/ inerlltt.~V'ea.) =

sec~l?d /nl'Jme/}f

. (1.:2-)(L~)

+-()rce

LZ.

.
L=
F

=. L If

J..---------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

/-2.

D/

t:lff?l

1.3
\. ~
Verify the dimensions, in both the FLT system and the
MLT system, of the following quantities which appear in Table
1.1: (a) acceleration, (b) stress, (c) moment of a force, (d) volume, and (e) work.

a cc-e/e ro.:tt'tJl1 ::::

~ t-r-<

eS5

(C)

./C)Yce

/?1t:J/)')t"l1i ,,{

0. rea..

Ve.JDC.I+~ .:=

+/me
F.
== L;"
-

(-kyce

.force.K dlsftln('~

=f/1LT-VL ...:
(a)

volume

(e)

Work -

Oen~f-h) 3.-:.

I1L T-

L3

--

!=L

/- '3

.-: 1= L
Z

/''1

I
I
I

1.4

If P is a force and x a length, what are

the dimensions (in the FLT system) of (a) dPI
dx, (b) tf'Pldx\ and (c) JP dx?

dP

ra..)

(b)

d 3.f

dJC

dx:.
(C)

-. --Lp- -.
.

:::r

jPdx

!= L- 2

F -.
-L3

-.

-"'

1= L-3

PL

I
i

I
I

/.5

1.5
If p is a pressure, V a velocity, and p a fluid density,
what are the dimensions (in the MLT system) of (a) pip, (b)
pVp, and (c) p/pV 2?

(a. )

1> _
--f

--.

f.1L-'T-Z.

(ML -3) (LT- I )

--

'--_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ._........... _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _......J

I-~

/. ID

1.6

If V is a velocity, fa length, and \I a fluid

property having dimensions of UT-I, which of
the following combinations are dimensionless: (a)

vr", (b) VC/',

v.R
-V

(1:, )

(d)

V
).11

- L~ T-1
,

. LOr"

(Lr')(L)

V 2 -z)

(C! )

V'" (d) VIM

V J. -zJ .:.. (L T -'j(L)f1. z r)

(a.)

j 7

(e)

( dimension /ess)

(L'2. T I)

(L T-) "(L r - I) ~

(LT - 1 )

{L )(L' r

')

mol dlm.nsienle,s)

L~r3

-l.

(oof dimfnsl'oIl!ess)

(not

dlfnen sion!e>s )

Dimensionless combinations of quan1.7

tities (commonly called di mensionless parameters) play an important role in flu id mechanics.
Make up five possible dimensionless parameters

by using combinations of some of the quantities

listed in Table 1.1.

Some possible

e" Q mpl e~ :

u C( e Ie r,,-/-'M " f 1m e
ve /OCI f '1
frefllenc'j ;(

hme

(ve!oci+!j)

2.

/ t'179 f !? x. <lea/uP/1M
,
force " -lime
=
/771Y/n en rum

(L r2)(T)
(L

(rl){r) ..:.
(LT - I)'"

rlJ

(11 LT -~

TO
,
",

(L)( L r'-)

(F)(r)

-. L"T"

L"T

(j=){T)
:.
(1'7 zr:J(Lrj

F"i"TO

I
deMif-') " velocil-j " len-P'4 --' (Mr 3)(LT - }(d = M'L"T '
Mr ' 7-1
d'f nllr>1i< visUJ~if:J

1- 5

/.~

118
The force, P, that is exerted on a spherical particle moving slowly through a liquid is
given by the equation
P = 37CJlDV

where Jl is a fluid property (viscosity) having dimensions of FL -2T, D is the particle diameter,
and V is the particle velocity. What are the dimensions of the constant, 37C? Would you classify
this equation as a general homogeneous equation?

.p =- 37T;<D V
[f] -'- [3rr][pc :Lr][L][L r~
[F]
,

==

[:?7TJ [pJ

37T
15

/.5

tt

d/men.510I1Je~s,

1 ene Y'(J/

C(nd

-the ~2t1a!-/{)I1

hl/rn()~eneOU5 efJtAa..f-/on.

/- ~

yes.

/. 'I

I
According to information found in an old hydraulics
book, the energy loss per unit weight of fluid flowing through
a nozzle connected to a hose can be estimated by the formula
h

(0.04 to 0.09){D / d)4V2 /2g

where h is the energy loss per unit weight, D the hose diameter,
d the nozzle tip diameter, V the fluid velocity in the hose, and
g the acceleration of gravity. Do you think this equation is valid

in any system of units? Explain.

~=

(O.OLf

gn= [D.O~

1-0 ('). {) 9)

(.!J )If 2.J

~~

O.O~ [tJ[i] [~:J[ t]

1-.

[L J== [O.OLf -1-0 0,07] [LJ

Since eac.h hrf}z

li-t

the e$tt.a..f./~h must:

n4t1e

the

-the Cf!)I1~"'lfi I-erm (~. ~'f ~ ~. ~tj) rnusf

/;~ climfns/f.,hless. Thus the e$ti/{,t/~H /.5 a. !J~n(lY~ I
1
h~mo1enet!Jvs lttA..-6I4;;' .fh{(.i: IS 1I11//c/ IH CiI1.!! ~!:f5Iem

:Slll71e

d;'mel1$/tJh5

~f Un ,f..:5.

t. /0

Yes.

1.10

The pressure difference, Ap, across a

partial blockage in an artery (called a stenosis) is
approximated by the equation

.1p = K!

pV
(All
D
+ K" A
I

)2 p V-

where V is the blood velocity, Jl the blood vis-

cosity (FL -~T), p the blood density (ML -3), D

the artery diameter, Ao the area of the unobstructed artery. and A I the area of the stenosis.
Determine the dimensions of the constants K,.
and K". Would this equation be valid in any system of units?

Since eac.h -terM mv.st h~lJe. the same dimensions;

k'v Cll'ld Ku are dirnen5ionJe-:'5. Thu~.1 fhe efuafltJJI/
IS (;( ttener~1 h()f71~jel1eO"s e~ ua.l-;tJv, -tnCI'/- w{)uld be
va/ic/ t'n Cfn!! C()tJ5isffnt sfjsl-em of U)1jf5. yes.

/-7

I. / /

I . II
Assume that the speed of sound, c, in a fluid depends
on an elastic modulus, Eu, with dimensions FL ~2, and the fluid
density, p, in the form c = (Eu)"(p)h. If this is to be a dimensionally homogeneous equation, what are the values for a and
h? Is your result consistent with the standard formula for the
speed of sound? (See Eq. 1.19.)

0)

FPr ~ d)J11eY1~/Of1tt/I'1 h(!)mt1ef1eDIJ5 -$ad

ea.ch +erm
'dlmeY15JO#.s, Thtl5,
{!)'J1

the etua.t,bJ-f fntlS1- haf/(. -fJu 5f1/)/e

-/ne Y"'9Jtf hand ~/de ()f. P~l OJ mus+ h~ve the dlmenslPA,s
of- L 7-'. There /dYe)
In

a-tb==o
2.},=-1

(i:1>

sa -/-1 's.f." C6"t/, ',,,()~

"n r)

.ta -f If b = - I (.. :!iJ 1-, ~ I-y ~Y1 dJ/o'" "" L)

a. =LZ. tlnt! /:; = - ).2.
So

c = ~i0:

-tn..-f.

Thb re.5u

1+

/s

~nsisl-f"r /AI;-!/1

:5peed ()j2- 5DUJlJd.

YeS.

1- 'j

the, sblltlt/J'p

~rIl1U/A

-kr 17te

I,

/2.

I
1.12
A formula for estimating the volume rate of flow, Q.
over the spillway of a dam is

= C v28 B (H + V2/2g)3/2

where C is a constant. g the acceleration of gravity. B the

spillway width. H the depth of water passing over the spillway.
and V the velocity of water just upstream of the dam. Would
this equation be valid in any system of units? Explain.

5/~ce ea.c;"

I:errn ,i1 ~e .e.Su.Lf/~H rnus-t- ha.ve +he

SQ/7Ie dimellsi{)l/s -the ~11.sb1l/i C VI must:- he
cilmeI15/!)/J )e~s. Thtls; -tnt!.. .et(f~tltJH is a ~-ene r-a I
htPl1IP ,e/ledJ t(J eg Ua.,tIOJl -1'n,f WOf,{ /~
411'1 e4)A~/sl:ent Set: of (,Iilif.s. Ye~.

be. v t).. //d

/. / if

(c>-)

1.14- Make use of Table 1.3 to express the

following quantities in SI units: (a) 10.2 in.lmin,
(b) 4.81 slugs, (c) 3.02lb, (d) 73.1 ft/s2, (e) 0.0234
lbs/ft2

1t),2

:;;'1 - (;0. 2
- i-.

;,;J (Z,S*;t/O-",:'.) ( ~;;n)

'a2. .;c It)

[ h) If. 9/ S/fA l' =

('I:?/

( ~ ) 3. tJ:L /b:::

(3. ~ Z / b ) (

Cd) 73. J :Efi

-3 /W1

sill!> ) (;. 'f$f' ;< I ()

If. If'If

f1 ).=:

tf. 32.

sju~) =

70, 2 ). ff

/3. If AI

ce) CJ, tJ23'1 Ibs

ff~

(0. ~Z3'f ITt.)

('/,7.?1;tIO

N -':
",.,1-

lb. s
-ft'l-

I, /2

Ns
M'J'l.

1-/0

/./.5'

(b)

1.15 Make use of Table 1.4 to express the

following quantities in BG units: (a) 14.2 km,
(b) 8.14 N/m 3 , (c) 1.61 kg/m\ (d) 0.0320 Nm/s,
(e) 5.67 mm/hr.

o
o.llf.

!!..3

,11'I'f

" (g. 'If ~

(~3U;(/O3

':3 )

= 5'. IF)( 10'2

,,",,3

l I.

Cf Iff) )(. /0

-3

SJUjS)

~~

(d) 0.0320

N-1'H1

-S

--

(~, 0 j 20 N ~ I1f1

(7, 371P;( /V-I -il-Ib )

oS

N/'M

2.3b)(JD

- s: 17

)1.10

-2

-to

/-11

.{.f/b

-1-1
...5

oS

oS

Pt.

/. /(0

1.lG

Make use of Appendix A to express the

following quantities in SI units: (a) 160 acre, (b)
742 Btu, (c) 240 miles, (d) 79.1 hp, (e) 60.3 OF.

IfpO a. ere

(6)

7tf2 137U

6'1-2 sru) (.,;</0 3 BTU

J.)=

C~)

.2LjO int.'

(;'''10 tni ) (;'''Oq;(./(;.3 1"YY1,)::: 38iDX/oS"t?11

Cd)

71. / hp

(e)

I'n1L

Tc

0:

(7'i'./ hp )

l' ~1).3

k = /5",7

f) (

-r

32)

(7.'f5"7 X /02. (;{;) '"

'=

273

/5.7 "C::
::::),

1-/2

gr

1<

7.g3X/~5J

/./7

I
1.17
Clouds can weigh thousands of pounds due to their
liquid water content. Often this content is measured in grams
per cubic meter (glm3). Assume that a cumulus cloud occupies
a volume of one cubic kilometer, and its liquid water content
is 0.2 glm 3. (a) What is the volume of this cloud in cubic
miles? (b) How much does the water in the cloud weigh in
pounds?

U
(;0'/111.1) (g, Z8'1 ~ )
( 2!b >fIb)
3

1M1= 3.281

t:)

0,2 j 0 nn,,3

(h)

0 X -Vol"rn~
l
d' =: jJ d = {0.2 ;'3 ){!D-

%J ==

"lJ =- (I. '( (,,2

= (I. "t,z

;( JD -3 ;;', )

X /D (. N )

;g. )(r.8/ ;) =f. UU/iJ-;;J

(10 1;m3) = /. '( ~2

X I DI,

(:1., 2tf8 x/D- -J& ) :::: ~, If! X JO f h

1

1- 13

1.18

1.18
For Table 1.3 verify the conversion relationships for: (a) area, (b) density, (c) velocity,
and (d) specific weight. Use the basic conversion
relationships: 1 ft = 0.3048 m; lib = 4.4482 N;
and 1 slug = 14.594 kg.

(a)

I it 1..:

.ft'")f(a 301f.>')
L

2/1?1 ,,-]

I-i ~

-ft 2 bJ

rnu//-'/0

Thus)

fo

(/

9.

= 0, () q 29{)

'2'i{)

- 2. +0

/H1

t!trJnvfrf

/ffI :2..

II;) /

slugs/.ft.3 b!:J 57 IS-If

Thus) mu/fipJ'j

E of 2. ;'0

CtJl'Jtlfrl

-to Ie? / /I'n ~

(I!)

If-

fj ) (~. 30'/; jJ)~

= (/

Thus.) muillpl!) Ills

-I: 0
(d)

bIJ

3.0'le f - / -1-0

cOl1vert

/s.

/t11

I JIz - (I !l ') (If. 't'l12 !!..) [ I Ii 3 3 l

If 3 - l' -It 3 ) l ~.
/j, ( 0, "3 () Iff) /W1 3 J

-=
TfJlAS)

fo

IA

IV
/57, / ;;;;

If/pI:;

#/;m3

/ b/R ~

/-/if

b!:J /. 5'7/

}; -t 2

-10

t'e>ntlfY't

/,/9

.J

--

1..1 q

For Table 1.4 verify the conversion relationships for: (a) acceleration, (b) density.
(c) pressure. and (d) volume f1owrate. Use the
basic conversion relationships: 1 m = 3.2808 ft;
1 N = 0.22481 lb; and 1 kg = 0.068521 slug.

(a)

Thus) m""/+ipllj
tt/ .J.t / .5 J..
(b)

I ~ ~ = (I ~3
~

1111

""

040

. 1

')

x /0- 3

'2. () g r i. I D

-.2.

"='

Thu5) m/,.{lfip/~

N/rrn l

(3. ZFO~)3

-f1:: 3

/. qLfo E-3

~J1t/fri.

to

l (3.IlfOg) ft l J
(M1.

2.

1.

Ik

f.t1b~

;;'.Ogq

E-l fo ~~n()fYt

/ h / f.t :L,

1::-0

==

T h US)

+(/

h,!j

tn1 2.

/'I't1 ?

1m,3

S l u ~~
f-t3

(I !:!. ) (O,2.2lfgl ~)f

I Ji ::

(d) /

T;

\ (

Th ~S.i m ul.f.i pJ'1 ~J/tt113

-1:0 S /u~/.ft 3.
(C)

slugs) [

(0. oft> f/5:L/

(I ~) [cg, 1.KOS/~:l=
rn f.,( I t

ifl':J

11 /5

b~

ft 3/s.

------------~~-

--------

/-/5

35". 3/

fr'

3. 531 E+ I -1:.0

rlOl1Vfyt

/.2..0

1.20
Water flows from a large drainage pipe at a rate of
3
1200 gal/min. What is this volume rate of flow in (a) m /s. (b)
3
liters/min. and (c) ft /s?

( ()...)

f./owrat e =

757 ;<. 10

/ Ii fer

(b) Since

/lowrfLte=

(C )

I I() W r

(I.

/i'Y7.3

.5

= / [) -3t1"/1

(7.57 ;'/6-

-:2

~.3)(/o3///.er.5)({Po.s)
S

+. e. =

(7 S 7 )( J()- ~ if 3 )

:: 2. ~ 7

-I't J

I-/~

/H1 3

(3 S3 I

/'1?1/11

X J0

1.2 ,

1,,;2 /

A tank of oil has a mass of 3 0 slugs.

(a) Determine its weight in pounds and in newtons at the earth's surface. (b) What would be its

( t(.)

mass (in slugs) and its weight (in pounds) if located on the moon's surface where the gravitational attraction is approximately one-sixth that
at the earth's surface?
w.e i9 h i- .: ~. as.5 )(.

(3 0

- (30
( b)

/h')

s.s

/uqs ) (

32.2

shillS) ('t. Sf

= 3 ()

5 J/A 9 S

;:)==

_o/~r;, 16

14 )("I.E! -f,,)-=

( /n1 ASS

dtJts

t}IJt-

,/Z'foN

dep~;1d

t!)1'1

JY'~ vihfitJl1ll / a ffrtu..J-if!)11 )

w.eijhi =

(30

s/uqS )

(32.~:Ef.. )

/ fa/

/b

;,:2 2
1.22
A certain object weighs 300 N at the earth's surface.
Detennine the mass of the object (in kilograms) and its weight
(in newtons) when located on a planet with an acceleration of
gravity equal to 4.0 ft/S2.

9, 8/

'I: () ft Is :J. )

- (3tJ.(P

Jj. ) ( if. 0 ~) ((), 30'fg ; ; )

= 37.3 N

1-1:1

1.23 An important dimensionless parameter

in certain types of fluid flow problems is the Froude
number defined as Vlv'g'ii, where V is a velocity,
g the acceleration of gravity, and r a length. Determine the value of the Froude number for V =
10 ft/s, g = 32.2 ft/s 2 , and r = 2 ft. Recalculate

In B 6

the Froude number using SI units for V, g, and

e. Explain the significance of the results of these
calculations.

tI/lits /

/.25"

;0

In

JI uni-t-s:
V:: (to ft )(~. '3IJJfr
S

~):: 3.06
ft

~;: 1',:g I ~

::: (~+t:) (0. "3 04-g ~ )::

-Fe

v =

--

y!~

Th e. Va /lle D I
in cle;enciel7i

O. b I 0

t'l?1

1.25

d im-et1sjt'J n less parl!met ev

un i t ~1 sl-em.
of -the
a.

1-/8

IS

1.2 4- The specific weight of a certain liquid is

85.3 lb/ft 3 Determine its density and specific
gravity.

g5.3

d"
;0 -= -

56=

Ii?
-.ft-3

2.&'5

'32,2 .pc

s I u 9.5
f-t3

5.2.

fJ

I.If;l.O @

f~c

2.~5

/. fi-

5/,,?.5
k-i

1.37

S/W9S
..ft.~

/, '25
1.25
A hydrometer is used to measure the specific gravity
of liquids. (See Video V2.6.) For a certain liquid a hydrometer
reading indicates a specific gravity of 1.15. What is the liquid's
density and specific weight? Express your answer in SI units.

5G -=
//5

(J

~D@'" C

f
/o/)o .k;'

1m 3

f== (I. /5) (I ()r;O :'3)

1-

/q

1150

h)?3

/.2 10 1
l. 2~

An open, rigid-walled, cylindrical tank contains 4 ft 3

of water at 40 of. Over a 24-hour period of time the water
temperature varies from 40 of to 90 of. Make use of the data
in Appendix B to determine how much the volume of water will
change. For a tank diameter of 2 ft. would the corresponding
change in water depth be very noticeable? Explain.

/)1QSS

of w~l:er = -V

Wheve /s the {/oh{rne and! 1he. deI15rfr:1. J/J1Ce.. -the.

rnA$~ mU$1- Yefl1111M ~l1sfa)1i (/5 the -iempera.-tuye ehf/flqeJ

-tf x iJ
'fcc / 'io
Ff~'11

-tI-)( ~

:=

'1~. (f~

(I )

(>

ra6)e B. J

/Hz o ~ r~"F = I. 13/ s~

TherekYt) (nil'! E $- (/)

.:!':!i~ )

/'

= ( if /t.3 )( I, 9'1"

1p ()

I. y"j J ~:;:3

Thus; the, I~crell~ In

Vt)

lumt:

,:s

'I: 1/Ji L - If. "00 -==

The

If DIFb -Pi.]

.f-c3

chtlltfe Jil Wl..fey

cle;1Jt" 41)
O. OJ;~

il-V-

Ai.:= a rea

:=.
71

0. 0/ i I:,
.i<J

.pt

"o/tI~j fo

..ft3

(7f-1:)

.3

-3

== 5, '12 xlD

+t =~. ()7/~ in.

2-

Lf-

7h'5 ~/lJ4I/ e-hl(Hge

tJ()l-lcet:l/;/~.

In def1h

would n~.J. he iJel"!1

AI0,

,4 S/;1hf/lj d.:PkY(~i.

b~ "h.fa;HfA
If ~I'~c"f,i ("J(I;hf lJ!-wphr Jr Iur,r fflilJey 1ltQIf4t11s/-J-!1'
11J1~ 'J du e -10 t'h.e /rtc.t tho! 1Jtele is SIP/II e IIHcem,id]l
117- -!itt! fi,Jlr1h ~/;1;ln(~111 /'9l1Y'e of 1Jte..re. +tv" 1It//l(es,l lit'!
ff;.(J ~()//,('h~Jt

'S

Vfi!,,(!

for' .l1)

f-I/; II

SPfls/fl';~..fl':J 7}"j unc..ryitlin-J.t;.

/-20

/,27?

I
1.2 ~

A liquid when poured into a graduated

cylinder is found to weigh '8 N when occupying a
volume of 500 ml (milliliters). Determine its specific weight, density, and specific gravity.

(=-

f=
S6

gN

w~i~ht

.=

10. a

1/0/ tllYJ e

?!

c;.

/~

1.81

:3

JL

- J. ~3

/1113

hH

JfDC

x /0

-k ~
11 3

57..

f
~o@

/ra;<.

/. b3 x / D

/0

/- 2/

~'f.

..fEg.
;m3

;m .?l

/. to 3

/,2Cj

I. '2. q The information on a can of pop indicates that the can

contains 355 mL. The mass of a full can of pop is 0.369 kg
while an empty can weighs 0.153 N. Determine the specific
weight, density, and specific gravity of the pop and compare
your results with the corresponding values for water at 20C.
Express your results in SI units.

y=

-h~/ we/fltf

v~/JlJf

()+- I-/UIC;

{/p/um~

t:J/ .fltlt'c/

= maSS x

(/ )

~. 3tf J# )(r.JI ~)::: d: 62 II

9- =

~f GIn:' C/. /53 IV

r.
/
Vp/l(l'n~ ~ / "'-/1114::- c:i'S5 oX I~

wf,jhf

Th u~

I-r~1t7

-3L) (/0
/ -3T/YYI3) =-

~:,-S- x/tJ

-(./YYI 3

E%. (/)
~. 153 II

3. "Z /II -

Cf77o!::!
;rna

tf 7 7013
r.8J~
oS;&.

rtf ~

1'm.3

j~o~

99/'

(J.

y
/J?'13

Ulaler
v

~t

20C

(see.

- '17 g'13.'3

oJ+z. iJ -

/J11)

/.J

~.J/e

(Jt.z. ~

::

B. 2

J~

ApjJfHd,X

f'/t. 2 ~
1')n3

56

J])

= 0. qqg 2.

jj etJll11l"n;;" ~f 1AlS~ Jltl/IIR.I " lOll/IV with 1ht)s~

~y 11te P(J); sh()w.s 1Jt~.j iJ;~ ~~C;-hC 1A.)(',jhf~
c/tnS,fYI ifl1d ~eClhc' :Jr/tv,f, cf- iJre i",P are. all
Sl'jhflfj Jp l<Jer 1JJlfn ine ~rre;;t~nd/~ J/tJlllfS Ibr UJt:der.

/-22.

/.30*1

1.30*

The variation in the density of water, p,

with temperature, T, in the range 20C :$ T :$
60C, is given in the following table.
Density (kg/m')

1998.21997.11995.71994.11992.21990.21988.1

Temperature (0C)

20

25

30

35

1 40

1 45

1 50

Use these data to determine an empirical equation of the form p = c, + C2T + C3T1 which can
be used to predict the density over the range
indicated. Compare the predicted values with
the data given. What is the density of water at
.42.1C?

To

S()/ve

1h:S

pr()~Jem use

POLRF6.

***************************************************
** This program determines the least squares fit. **
** for any order polynomial of the form:
**
y = dO + dl*x + d2*x 2 + d3*x~3 + ...
**
**
***************************************************
A

Enter number of terms in the polynomial: 3

Enter number of data points: 7
Enter data points (X , Yl
? 20,998.2
? 25,997.1
? 30,995.7
? 35,994- . 1
? tiO,992.2
? 15.990.2

The coefficients of the polynomial are:

d2 = -4,.0953E-03
d1 = -5.3332E-02
dO = +1.0009E+03
X

+2.0000E+01
+2.5000E+01
+3.0000E+01
+3.5000E+01
+1.0000E+01
+1.5000E+01
+5.0000E+01

+9.9820E+02
+9.9710E+02
+9.9570E+02
+9.9110E+02
+9.9220E+02
+9.9020E+02
+9.8810E+02

Tn US)

Y(predicted)
+9.9825E+02
+9.9706E+02
+9.9566E+02
+9.9107E+02
+9.9226E+02
+9.9026E+02
+9.8805E+02

f=== /00/ - O. OG"333 T - 0.00'1095 T:J.

!Vote tl14t f (pJ'ecl'~fed) ~ l'n 9()OO Q9reemfl1t w;'1h f
A t r = '1-2. / "C)
! = /00/- O.~S333 (Jf.Z. / DC) - (J. {)O tj.O?S (1f.2./ cc)
~

/-23

(gJ~~h).

/,32

I
The density of oxygen contained in a tank is 2.0 kg/m 3
when the temperature is 25C. Determine the gage pressure of
the gas if the atmospheric pressure is 97 kPa.

1.32

p= f)/U

= (.2.0 #!. )(.)51.8 Ie~k.) [r.we r ,m)Kj

-

-p

/.33

/5'5

i Pa.

(JCd/e): -1;,fibS
I

(4 bS )

1:.4.rm
I

::

/g5 J.~

- rt71e ~ = 5? k ~

I
J.33
Some experiments are being conducted in a laboratory
in which the air temperature is 27C. and the atmospheric
pressure is 14.3 psia. Determine the density of the air. Express
your answers in slugs/ft3 and in kglm 3.

P=fJRT
Tempera. fllYe,

0.00222

/ :: /0. Of) 222 SlIl9.s)

( c.
R a

(s. /S X !,,g! ) ::
2

.5LuS.l

1.14 1r<!33

--:r~

"

If)

In"

l.3 If
A closed tank having a volume of 2 fe is filled with
0.30 lb of a gas. A pressure gage attached to the tank reads 12
psi when the gas temperat.ure is 80 of. There is some Question
as to whether the gas in the tank is oxygen or helium. Which
do you think it is? Explain how you arrived at your answer.

W~/ji, t =
tJ. go IJ,
~)( (lo/ume
(';2.2. ~) (z. ft3)

1=

1~~x/o

~
1= -

Sin ce.

( J2 T

pre.sStlre

(tf/J (>;: + If.b~)

T =-

;0:::

Ii

llR

St.(9S

.;:-t;3

I't: 7 )

fS/~

/ if-: 7 f.J'/a )

.ft, //,,(jJ j

'"that:

b(

~~JUMFd

-3

(2/,,7

12
R.

(I)

lor- O)(jgel1
Ta ble I. 7
R :: /. 5"'S"1f X J~
; = I, 2 if.Z X It) If Ii J.j,
~y he/lto'n.

rr4'1'J?

ttinc1

0511/9 ' (),R.

Thus;

./r()1'}1

Ff.(J J I;:'

-!he 9tif

7./Z

::- 155'f X/~ 3

Is

s/tl1..:5

/t3 =

f.9XY'l/n

*5' i.x M

-3

!/u~
H3

he /11,lm
,tJ -

7. /2..

r- - /, 21f2 X/I)

A-

~mJJIIYJ51J1}

of
9t1S

-!7te

'1 q5

/?1 uS

i-

If

6/

1he.5e va/lies w/ fl,

/ rl

the -ban i.

be

1- 2 5

-tJ"e

/nell C.1I~...s

tlC/:t(o/ df!1>/~
7h /I t 1it e

1.3G

A tire having a volume of 3 fe contains

air at a gage pressure of 26 psi and a temperature
of 70 oF. Determine the density of the air and the
weight of the air contained in the tire.

t==

R.T

.:

wei!JH ::- !

~ 1P!l20 .,. / It, 7.f! ) (Ilflf In.2.)

Jh.

(/7/~

I J1

.ft: "L

2.

h,/)' ) li(7~d;:+'ffPO)"R
5hlj'~ II
~

3- ;( ",,,Iume = (t..1fIf x/0

1-

2f.s.

~, "If)( /D

-3

s~

s!,,:) ('32.2 ::) ( ~.f.t~

/.37

I
1..'07
A rigid tank contains air at a pressure of 90 psia and
a temperature of 60 oF. By how much will the pressure increase
as the temperature is increased to 110F?

-P::tRT
J=oy a Y'lr/4 c.losed Jan./(
V~/vme

4Y~

'DI1"iR~Z.

/!rIPt7I ct. /.

-the "';, rnpS5

,;fO

1=

4nd

~n5i:4nt-.

Thus",

(W/~ R etPI'I5rq"t)

-P, _ FL
T,
wht'f'e

"nil

-7;..

(I )

-A ~ fit) psia-) r;:: bO r -J- Jflt,D

Ii

7i::

//()oF-+Jf6o = s-'lO~.

-b

l-l7

FY'~pr

ct. (j)

l<) (flJf~t.A.) = '18'. 7 OSLo..

~ = (/S7tJ
r2. = 7i..
7; 0
5z()-;e
eJ

- S2.~ c ~.1

I .

I. 3 i

-'II:

"J .3X

Develop a computer program for calculating the

density of an ideal gas when the gas pressure in pascals (abs).
the temperature in degrees Celsius. and the gas constant in
J/kg K are specified.

;::';;1"

,dtlt/ ~115

lin

1::/RT

1=

"kr

t.)htY~ t iJ tlb.$l)/u/-(l. 1'1"!'SS"~) R 1h~ 9"S (}PIIS J-f,(1'1 i: I ClI'1~

is tlbsl)l",,~ -lempRrtlwre. Thus" ,-I 1'ht!. t~mJ~f-I4.t:UY~
{s

/ J1

4)C

-Inti'!

T =

{ +

273. JS

,4 spreadshp8 t (exCEL]

PY'()jY4h1

~,... C/4leulai-lIlj fJ

This program calculates the density of an ideal gas

when the absolute pressure in Pascals, the temperature
in degrees C, and the gas constant in J/kg-K are specified.
To use, replace current values with desired values of
temperature, pressure, and gas constant.

j.o/jfJLt)s.

I
I

I
A
8
CD!
--+--------+--------~~~--~----~----~
Pressure, Temperature, Gas constant,. Density,
:
Pa
1.01 E+05

C
15

J/kg K
286.9

~----~--------~-------;

kg/m

1.23

Row 10

Formula:
=A1 0/81 0+273.15)*C1 0)

~xtrnp/e" taJcuLa..f-e I ~r P= 2.~o~ P()..) trhljJfrl.i:ure. ~OCJ t1'1~ R:: 2..97 J/~. I~
I

Pressure, Temperature, Gas constant,

Pa
C
J/kg-K
20
287
2.00E+05 i

1-2.~

Density,
2.38

Row 10

I. 3f-- I

':'1.3 l )
Repeat Problem 1.38 for the case in which the
pressure is given in psi (gage). the temperature in degrees
Fahrenheit. and the gas constant in ftlb/slug,oR.

/c/ea/

ql?

F(J)Y

9qS

1=fRT

/.)::: 1<;
.::t

ThIl..5

Q"~~/lJ.fe +emptrai:tlre.
f ~empYa-bo"e IH ";:: tfn" PYt'5~uve ,ft os. -the"
. -a

whtY.f!.
I

/.s a

bs()/utt

= tI;= -r

prf.5SUYl'j t:i1'1I(

if5~. ~ 7

IS

f':: [

411r.1

p(1") -r t.ihtt (psia.)

.4 spreAdsheet. (t:XCEU pr()!f4m ~y C4/fL{J~t-Jir."

This program calculates the density of an ideal gas
when the gage pressure in psi, the atmospheric
pressure in psia, the temperature in degrees F, and
the gas constant in ft.lb/slug.deg R are specified.
To use, replace current values with desired values of
gage pressure, atmospheric pressure, temperature,
and gas constant.

Jx 14LfJ;t~
In.

lallows.

~:~-~-~--------------~------~----+------4------~----~

E
ABC
D
I
Pressure, Temperature, Gas constant, Atm. Pressure, ' Density,
3
slugs/ft
I
of
fi Ib/slug.oF
psia
psi

59

1716

14.7

0.00238

Row 12

~---l-------+_ _ _ _--+------il Formula:

i=((A 12+D12)*144)/((C12)*(B12+459.67))
I

J? J(" rn)J Je'

ell /,uL~ -te fJ

fi.J:""

~y

= 1'1-.7 P5L'(ij

P= LfOPJi.)
tind

R= /7JI:, .fJ.t.lb/.sJU~'''~ ,

A
I
B
I
C
i
D
j
E
.
Pressure, Temperature, Gas constant, I Atm. Pressure, ! Density,
psi
I
of
ft Ib/slug of
psia
slugs/ft3

f-:::----

40

100

1716

14.7

J-

Zer

ifmprrIJ ture =/~~ ()t;

0.00820

Row 12~

___ _

/. '10

I.LfO Make use of the data in Appendix B to determine the

dynamic viscosity of mercury at 75 of. Express your answer in
BG units.

/-30

/.

~I

1. 4 J
One type of capillary-tube viscometer is shown in
Video V1.3 and in Fig. PI ~( . For this device the liquid to
be tested is drawn into the tube to a level above the top
etched line. The time is then obtained for the liquid to drain
to the bottom etched line. The kinematic viscosity, v, in m2/s
is then obtained from the equation v = KR 4 t where K is a
constant, R is the radius of the capillary tube in mm, and t
is the drain time in seconds. When glycerin at 20 0 is used
as a calibration fluid in a particular viscometer the drain time
is 1,430 s. When a liquid having a density of 970 kg/m 3 is
tested in the same viscometer the drain time is 900 s. What
is the dynamic viscosity of this liquid?

Glass
strengthening
bridge

Capillary ---lr-+-.-li"\
tube

FIGURE P1.41

~y

7J= !JCfxIP-~1s

~/tI~er/.n @ 20D[

!. / r X /1)-) hn"l-Is

::

Uc R Ij.) 0, ~30

s)

k R4-= 8. ~ 2 X If) -7 /}?12-1s 2..

IJ zu/d

win,

t::.

rODs

v= (3. $ ~ i/O- 7 /n1 "2./s 2.) (90

t) 5 )

-r-z/
=

(97 0 --k#~3) (7. If 'I x /0 -If fn1% )

D. 727 Im-S
~ = u,727

1-3/

I. 2

I
J 042
The viscosity of a soft drink was determined by using
a capillary tube viscometer similar to that shown in Fig. P 1.41
and Vidl'O V 1.3. For this device the kinematic viscosity, v, is
directly proportional to the time, I, that it takes for a given
amount of liquid to flow through a small capillary tube. That
is, II = KI. The following data were obtained from regular pop
and diet pop. The corresponding measured specific gravities
are also given. Based on these data, by what percent is the
absolute viscosity, J-l, of regular pop greater than that of diet
pop?

Regular pop

Diet pop

I(S)

377.8

300.3

sa

1.044

1.003

- t

}-32.

1< /OD

1.13

I
equation for the pouring time in seconds was t = I + 9 X
102" + 8 X I 0 3,,2 with" in m2/s. (a) Is this a general homogeneous equation? Explain. (b) Compare the time it
would take to pour 100 ml of SAE 30 oil from a 150 ml
beaker at OC to the corresponding time at a temperature of
60C. Make use of Fig. B.2 in Appendix B for viscosity
data.

1. 43

The time, t, it takes to pour a liquid from a container depends on several factors, including the kinematic
viscosity. ", of the liquid. (See Video V1.l.) In some laboratory tests various oils having the same density but different viscosities were poured at a fixed tipping rate from small
150 ml beakers. The time required to pour 100 ml of the
oil was measured. and it was found that an approximate

-I:.

(a..)

=:

-t

fT] == [i ]

'I /o"l.-u
J(

[tf;<JoV [~

9 X/OS -v

-t

(I)

2-

[3 x/oJ] [-.]

5/~c~ each +rn11 ;'n +he egutL.f:lbJ1 !1?"fs-t hftlle -t-he stlme
d /1rJl'''''tM5 -tJte ~IJ 51-o",1-.s a..?petl r/n~ /rl 1J1e efllLa.:I:,clI

m u 51-

have

[)] :;; [TJ

dllnen ~/pif..s.I l
[11.>< JD 1-J

'

e.. /

[.1::]

D~ X I D3J.:.

[ -3]

-b-

7htl..5) w; 1h a. c.hol1"~ I;' Ut1/fs /he J/,,/tI~ "I 7h~

C(J)115-fz1l1i5 wPt// tI e..l1l1l1fe q ntl -t7J/~ I S 11~t:- tt
j-enent /
horno jen e(J)tI.J. ..(2gaa-i';;J . ;\1.0.
(j;)

Pr~m Ta /;Ie 8.2 /n A ppel1d1 x B

(~r SAE:3'tJ ();/ @) Oc) -z/ = 2. 3 )( jtJ -,3 /Yn 2./s

(-for 5A-E~!) ()//

~DC)

-V = 'I: ~ x

/m2-1s

/o-s

l7f. (; )

i::-

T-

C/Xj//

:3.1/ s
@

(00 C

1+
I, 0'1-

)-33

(2.3X/D-~)-t

I. Lf4 I
1.44

The viscosity of a certain fluid is 5 x

1O-~ poise. Determine its viscosity in both SI and
BG units.

/=

(5.>L/o-I(.,P~i~e)(IO-' ~~)=
p~/$e

(/n

el

/. 'is

Frpl7?

~ 6/e

/.

If

-l

::: (5 X- /D - .!:!.:.!..
) ( :/., o~q )(./ 0
/1'11
2

J
1.4S"
The kinematic viscosity of oxygen at 20C
and a pressure of 150 kPa (abs) is 0.104 stokes.
Determine the dynamic viscosity of oxygen at this
temperature and pressure.

vm'2.

- .s

*1.46
Auids for which the shearing stress, T, is not linearly
related to the rate of shearing strain, 1', are designated as nonNewtonian fluids. Such fluids are commonplace and can exhibit
unusual behavior as shown in Video V1.4. Some experimental
data obtained for a particular non-Newtonian fluid at 80 of are
shown below.

T(lb/ft2)-.J~ 2.11

l' (S-I)

01

1 7.82

50

100

I. 18.5 L31.7 I
150

200

Plot these data and fit a second-order polynomial to the data using
a suitable graphing program. What is the apparent viscosity of
this fluid when the rate of shearing strain is 70 s -I? Is this
apparent viscosity larger or smaller than that for water at the
same temperature?
Shearing
Rate of
shearing stress,
strain, 1/s Ib/sq ft

50
100
150
200

2.11
7.82
18.5
31.7

40

~...'

20

'r -

OO~8 i -q.Oill5-~.

! 30+--~!--~i--~i--~~,--~i

+__+--_--+1_--:.1/fC-----1!----i

1../

U;

g' 10 +----l---j~--i~--t----rl------l

.~

:.
U)

~~---+1---t---1i---------i1

0 ....- .....

50

100

150

200

250

Rate of shearing strain, 1/s

I
\

~----------------------

-G'"

Table. S.I I~

1/0 .5

A-PfHAti,x B) fl+z.O@$ODF = 1,7Q/XID +1;'-)

q,,~ 5/l1ct.. WA.-tev is a. Newt:r;nl41f riu/d 171J~ l/a/ut. 1.5

/'lPf)f

/11~/eprl1dt"t ,,{

i .

TheiS", 17J~ t(l1KI1f)WfI nO!1-Newl:.t>Jltt1i-t

/-/('ui/ hilS a mu(;.h /t'{Y''1fY VI:( J~ e. .

J-3S

/.47

1A7
Water flows near a flat surface and some measurements of the water velocity. u. parallel to the surface. at different
heights, y, above the surface are obtained. At the surface y = O.
After an analysis of the data. the lab technician reports that the
velocity distribution in the range 0 < Y < 0.1 ft is given by
the equation

= 0.81 + 9.2y + 4.1 x lOV

with u in ftls when y is in ft. (a) Do you think that this equation
would be valid in any system of units? Explain. (b) Do you
think this equation is correct? Explain. You may want to look
at Vicko 1.2 to help you arrive at your answer.
:J .3

U=

(a)

~.a/

+ q.2 :J -r tf..1 >(/0 !J

[Lr-]= ~.8il1-0.2][L] +- ft.JX}D~[L3J

E'ach ferm ,A 1he ezua.;fJ~1I rn liS f h4 V! the ~(Jrne dl fYlfUI5I!)IIS.
Thus,) the ~/J~t"J1t &. f / m1l51: hAlle dln1tl1~'IJII~ "f. /. . T-;
2. dl':"'(AS/Pj,~ c f T-~ t:I /ld 11-. / )( 1t;.3 dl",eA.5/PlIs D f L-2 T~I
Slh,t!. 7?te. t~I1.si::4I1b /11 '1h~ ~!U4.tr~JI hf(~e c/lmpIIS/~;'.s '1J1elr

r.

Yll/ues

JtI/I/

Ch(Jl1f~ If)/tn a. Chll119E (rl /,411;f.5.

(b) E1Ji4tJP/IJ ~lIl1npt

No.

he t!lJrrRd ;5/nCti! a.t fj=o /A.:: ~.8J tils )

a. ntJlI-,eYb J/A/we w}",h wDulel V{'D.laJ~ .fne. '~o-sJlp'l
e(JJl1d;i:/~)I.

NIJ-t t.Prrec-t.!

1-314

1.'11

I
1.-+1-1
Calculate the Reynolds numbers for the flow of water
and for air through a 4-mm-diameter tube, if the mean velocity
is 3 m/s and the temperature is 30C in both cases (see Example
1.4). Assume the air is at standard atmospheric pressure.

B)~

9 '15'. 7 ;;;; 3
_

V D _ (rqs: 7

/;r a t ~ ~-I:

f ::
Re

,h A-ppel1dJi

~#

I:::
Re

3 o lf>C (-Ir()rn Ta~/e 8,2

a...t

Ftf)t" wILier

1!~J

(3

Lf) ( t'. 00 Lf ,'YY1)

7. 975' ;( IO-1f H,S

rrn

30' C ( 4~m Ta, ble

t. I (,fi

:!.

8. If /n

jA-::: I. 11.

=10

00

:a.

4pperJdi)(
;<

ID - S

B) :

:s. .
752

1-37

/,.tIc:!

1. qq For air at standard atmospheric pressure

the values of the constants that appear in the
Sutherland equation (Eq. 1.10) are C = 1.458 x
10-" kg/(m s KI:) and 5 = 110.4 K. Use these
values to predict the viscosity of air at 10 C and
90 C and compare with values given in Table 8.4
in Appendix B.

( TT.

T-tS

T= /O e.

T
lo 'e
,

fl. "fF8

T'-

;(10- )

-5' N
.,
= 1.71.5" 10
"".,'"

.,. /I O.1f

B.It)/-'

T = '10'C
_

/J o. If I<

S.Jt,- =
%

( :1.83./51<)

). 1'3. 15' k

From Table

-t" .),7

-t"

'10'C

-t"

;'7~. W :

(f.If!JgXIO-') ( 3(,~./!ik.)

3 &, :1. I~- k.

1I O. If

Frc;m

/ -3~

31. -g. IS k )

3/,
;Z

==

-5"
.2.13)(.10
NoS

-:;;;; ,

/.~o-tl'

1.5r)*

Use the values of viscosity of air given

in Table B.4 at temperatures of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80,
and 100C to determine the constants C and S
which appear in the Sutherland equation (Eq.
1.10). Compare your results with the values given
in Problem l.lf'f. (Hint: Rewrite the equation in
the form

(!)

T + S
C
C
and plot 'P'2/ Ii versus T. From the slope and intercept of this curve C and S can be obtained.)
T 312
Ii

(J)

T
o

,173. IS"

0;.0

J./i3./6

-(i

I.f?;('JD
/, Cj 7 ;( If) -tJ-

313.1!i

60

3~3.

80

3S3./~

J.o 7 ;( If)

I()~

373.lb

2../7.xJO

3. Si. JD

:2. 6'f~ ~ /0 fj
z. 7sf X If) 8
~. 963)L /0 8

I. 7/ ;C If) - b/. 'i Z X 10 -6'

'fi>

/;-

_3~
A- plot 0/ 1jP-

T~ [J<~(ljJ.,.s)]

I- (/V'S//tI1l.)

(k)

V.s.

I~

3.037 X 10 g
l. ;; ~" X 1() 8
3. 322;( It) 8

-:,-

-5

Sh()Wn

b<-/ow.'

':i ::-:_~~==~ -==-~

~~~ Fi~ ~: ~ . ~~~;:~: j~~~=J~=::'~~-~J~~ :::::::r

:.~.:~~: :-~:~:::-:.: ~-=~h:- .'.:...: =:.- :::. -=:=:: d:' ::~ =:-ir

.::!::

:::==;~ :~::=::~=: ;::.:!~:: ~:~~:~.~::1::= ::~= 1~>~:

=:-~~~:~~-=:::~~~:: =~::=:~::::- ~:==-

3.0 X/{~f: ~~;-~cc;. ~

=:::.. 'j_' ..
:_='::-: : f <

~~~,--: ~==-r~

:1:: ::'::=:=::~ :::: -: ~/~l~::: 1"'-::;" : .: :~:.:- ---... ~: :!::::~ 7~ :.:t:::. J : .(- -:::!::
::j- (-.-~; ....

::::l .... :~.-l

.... ;:.: -::-:-

/. 50 jIi

(C~11 'i

5/~le. the dt-tA. P/Dt a..s flff approXJlt1l.te .rfrtli9Jtt

ES' (/) C1i11 be. refrt!S'f111 kd "''I flh e8"'4..ti()~ of
form
!f::: b x. -t a..

!J

wher-I!

To

/V

obffllH

T3~
a 411d

) X"V T)
j,

use

.b ""'

lie I

LJNRFG J.

tll1 d

a.N

.sIc.

po

K**************************************************
** This program determines the least squares f it. **
** for a function of the form y = a + b * x
**
***************************************************
Number of points: 6
Input X, Y
.) '273.15,2. 640E8
293.15!2.758E8
'? 313.15,2.963E8
,:"J
333 . 15,3.087E8
? 353.15,3.206E8
? 373.15,3.322E8
?

a = +7.~~1E+07
b = +6.969E+05

Y(predicted)

+2.7315E+02
+2.9315E+02
+3.1315E+02
+3.3315E+02
+3.5315E+02
+3.7315E+02

+2.6~00E+08

+2.6~76E+08

+2.7580E+08
+2.9630E+08
+3.0870E+08
+3.2060E+08
+3.3220E+08

+2.7869E+08
+2.9263E+08
+3.0657E+08
+3.2051E+08
+3.3~~~E+08

2C = a. = 7. JiJf/ X ID
Qi/(i

Th,Se.

tv/ii?

1her-(~fe

[.It/lues

s=

ID7 /(

.kl' C f/11t1

il4/tltS

4te

In

91)t)d

rivtl1 il1 Problem /. '11 .

tl1f'femfllt

/.5'/

I
1.51
The viscosity of a fluid plays a very important role in
determining how a fluid flows. (See Vieko V1.1.) The value of
the viscosity depends not only on the specific fluid but also on
the fluid temperature. Some experiments show that when a
liquid, under the action of a constant driving pressure, is forced
with a low velocity, V, through a small horizontal tube, the
velocity is given by the equation V = K/,.,.. In this equation K
is a constant for a given tube and pressure, and JJ is the dynamic
viscosity. For a particular liquid of interest, the viscosity is given
by Andrade's equation (Eq. 1.11) with D = 5 X 1O- 7 lb s/ft2
and B = 4000 oR. By what percentage will the velocity increase
as the liquid temperature is increased from 40 of to 100F?
Assume all other factors remain constant.

ell

I<
-)AIfoo

(2.)

I<

': [b' _~~IOD

IJ
)J-'DOo

-'1

5~lD

(3)

/.52#

1.52.*

Use the value of the viscosity of water

given in Table B.2 at temperatures of 0, 20, 40,
60, 80, and 100 DC to determine the constants D
and B which appear in Andrade's equation (Eq.
1.11). Calculate the value of the viscosity at 50 DC
and compare with the value given in Table B.2.
(Hint: Rewrite the equation in the form
In Jl

(B)

T + In D

and plot In Jl versus 11 T. From the slope and

intercept of this curve Band D can be obtained.
If a nonlinear curve fitting program is available
the constants can be obtained directly from Eq.
1.11 without rewriting the equation.)

"8"4 it;;" 1.11

DIn

be t.Jr;flf'i1

Ih;" ::- (/3) /

w/th 1he cI~ia

tina

T ("()
0

~J'Om

T(k)

the .{;,rm

Ih

In..D

of

746ft!. 8.2 "

it (J./.sk 1.)

I/T(K)

3. b"l ;tID

:173. IS

-.3

I. 7K 7 .x' If) - J

.10

;'~3.1;

3. 'III xIf) -.3

/.Ib

'3 I 3. IG'

.1.1f3 x1D-

~6

333./6

yo
I ()o

35'3. I"

3. ooz xlO
3
t2.152, .x' 10-

373.

~. 'R~ .rlf)

),!,-

A- plot of In!-

VS.

(I)

liT

/. (!)Ol

x 10

-3

It} ~
- t.. "3Z 7
- I.. t/ob

6:.. 5"29 ;( I~ -1(0

- 7. -33 Y.

-3

~ ~'G'" X lo-if

-7.

-.I

IS

( Col1t)
/-'1'2

3.

S"1f. 7

x/0 - If

2.81;-,;(10

-~

s hf){'()n be/f)w:

~70

- 7. c,'f'f
-8.J7lf

/. 52 ~

(CJ" It)

51,,'ce

the dfti~

1, (J)

plat as

tlflr()x,mll te sl,.Ai,1J, i
b~ ".!~d .fo refyr.sfrli 1hese ddt/.,

(/117

To t)btlJ/H

f)

/In'f'

'11/

k-X?FI T,

lise

***************************************************
** This program determines the least squares fit **
** for a function of t.he form y = a * e ' b*x
**
***************************************************
Number of points: 6
Input X, Y
? 3.661E-3,1.787E-3
? 3.411E-3,1.002E-3
? 3.193E-3,6.529E-4
? 3.002E-3,4.665E-4
? 2.832E-3,3.5~7E-~
? 2.680E-3,2.818E-4

a = +1.767E-06
b
+1.870E+03
X
+3.6610E-03
+:3.4110E-03
+3.1930E-03
+3.0020E-03
+2.8320E-03
+2.6800E-03

So

13 -= b = I, f'J~ i< /0
i}ttrt.

~::

Ai

+1.6629E-03
+1.04-18E-03
+6.9298E-0,*
+4.84-82E-04
+3.5277E-0l,t
+2.6548E-04

I. 7' 7 X /D -, NS I /1')1 2-

D =~::
~d

Y(predictedl

Y
+1.7870E-03
+1.0020E-03
+6.5290E-04+4.6650E-04
+3.5470E-04
+2.8180E-04

SOO{

;<=

/.7~7

x/a

-6

/(

-T

I! '10

(323,)5"1<)

I. 7'7

;(.

-, e
/()

1370
iJ23, )b-

1-'13

S.7~x)o

-it-

N.S//P1~

I. 53

1.5 ~
Crude oil having a viscosity of 9.52 X 10- 4 Ibs/fe
is contained between parallel plates. The bottom plate is fixed
and upper plate moves when a force P is applied (see Fig. 1.3).
If the distance between the two plates is 0.1 in., what value of
P is required to translate the plate with a velocity of 3 ftl s? The
effective area of the upper plate is 200 in. 2

I-'ll.{

/. 54
1.54
As shown in Video V1.2, the "no slip" condition
means that a fluid "sticks" to a solid surface. This is true for
both fixed and moving surfaces. Let two layers of t1uid be
dragged along by the motion of an upper plate as shown in Fig.
Pl.54. The bottom plate is stationary. The top fluid puts a shear
stress on the upper plate, and the lower fluid puts a shear stress
on the botton plate. Determine the ratio of these two shear
stresses.
Fluid 1

I-- 3 rnIs --i

iJl

= 0.4 N 51m 2

Fluid 2

f-02m/s..j

FIGURE P1.54

n,r .f j{,lid
'1j"
~r

h (~tJ;;Op

f_"

JU r 1TA Ct.

(6.L1 ~)(

20-

1m1.-

+I "'lei.
1;. ~ A (~)
= (0.2 ~)( :.o:~) =
bo-(h,,,, sur(.,,,
mt

1.

T -b,p
;"";>-

~141""+'Ct

"O~fI'\ ~14 r...(.,(.,

1.55
There are many fluids that exhibit non-Newtonian
behavior (see for example Video VI.4). For a given fluid the
distinction between Newtonian and non-Newtonian behavior is
usually based on measurements of shear stress and rate of
shearing strain. Assume that the viscosity of blood is to be
determined by measurements of shear stress, T, and rate of
shearing strain, du/dy, obtained from a small blood sample
tested in a suitable viscometer. Based on the data given below
determine if the blood is a Newtonian or non-Newtonian fluid.
Explain how you arrived at your answer.
T(N/m 2)

0.04

0.12

2.10

du/dy ~-I) 2.25 4.50 11.25 22.5

Foy

C(!hISi::.tll1t:.

;=;:'1' -th~

Th~ ra /:./0 IS

du/dfj

15

tiAta., 9/Vt' 11

(lV,s/h1~) O. ~/78 P.OI3~ o. ~//)71 ~.()()Io

?dull,;

-t ilJ

.P/u/c/ in( ra.C/o of

Net.AJJ:()mQI1

a-

450

(/.0067

~.()Q5F

O.CIJ,5()

(),()()'f-7

~f1si""i "" ~ de're(Js~r q s the Ya.te t!;f shear/".,g

stYII/n /n,yel/~l'!. Thll~ thiS F/w/d (;/tKJd) l,j ~ /7()I1- lIeu//;ol1l';' -fl t(/d.
A- p/oi of 7hf! cltt(:a. .S .sh/)(,Qb bt!/ow. ;:PI" A. f/ewI:rUII~H 71 u,C/ 1J1~
C-/.tl"'II-e
WIJ)I/I,( b~
.a
si:y~",h t
/J~e UJI17t
I(
IllJpt!! (If / f() /.

noi.

tJ..

: -;< ,I ~- ~ ~;i:',; .~.... -

'"

.,

:::T::::F~::-:-::~:::;V:~:;:'~#,>:>

1 - ,>.'
i:-:;; ~~:~!:~: <:: ::: ::::..: ::
:;'t' . ~;::"

L-

_-'-!,_ '.

.-'

':

" ..

. ,~~:j :':':~ ~ ~::~; ::::t?~ ~ : : :~:~~ ~.:: ::::\:::::::: ;::: ;::IC~ = : :

_ ... ;.~:: ,,:,:,:,,~:::::, :;,;.;:;,,::::: ::, ~j~,,,:, :1': .

' - -....

'I' ,

.. ,1' I I .':

i.-j

"

l"~::i::lll
! I II

r
:

/0.0

ii'
I

,1 -If
i, ._+-'

ICO.(]

'

.1: I
-:" '1'--1-1-f--,
I,.

H; ,

HI'

1.56
A 40-lb, 0.8-ft-diameter, I-ft-tall cylindrical tank
slides slowly down a ramp with a constant speed of 0.1 ftls as
shown in Fig. P1.56. The uniform-thickness oil layer on the
ramp has a viscosity of 0.2 lb . S/ft2. Determine the angle, 8,
of the ramp.

FIGURE P1.56

(I)

LJ

heve

a VI ~

t= (0.2 ~)(

V l~ the. Ve.IDC.d"'1 of- -b(A..,k..

b" ~ Tn j(:..k: n t5S f)f i I I a. 'jt..,..
t)

:.1 r )
#

.DOZ

'=..

F'V't?m l? ~ . CJ)

WO Ib) ~"YJ

f7 -

SI n f)

&

(t{) ~2..)(:q:)(O.8..ft)2

= 6. J2.5'1

= ,. Z 2.

/-1.f7

/.57

I. '57
A piston having a diameter of 5.48 in. and a length of
9.50 in. slides downward with a velocity V through a vertical
pipe. The downward motion is resisted by an oil film between
the piston and the pipe wall. The film thickness is 0.002 in., and
the cylinder weighs 0.5 lb. Estimate V if the oil viscosity is
0.016 Ibs/ft~. Assume the velocity distribution in the gap is
linear.

2:fVerr" ... 1
nUS.)

wkev!
aVId

=D

OW:.
A

,I)-

L=
.56

tA

rrDi

(v e 1t'>C.:~)

( +ilm1hlc.l::lle.5s)-

-th~t

1= (I'-

I'W

~A

t-

't~

t )(1TDj)

fr

'

\\

f-

T
P-

/.5'8

1. f) & A Newtonian fluid having a specific gravity of 0.92

and a kinematic viscosity of 4 X 10- 4 m2/s flows past a
fixed surface. Due to the no-slip condition, the velocity at
the fixed surface is zero (as shown in Video V1.2), and the
velocity profile near the surface is shown in Fig. PI ~g. Determine the magnitude and direction of the shearing stress
developed on the plate. Express your answer in terms of U
and 0, with U and 0 expressed in units of meters per second and meters, respectively.

)'

I
I

~ _ ~L _

l( l)3

U- 2 0

2 0

(~:o)

dt.{
d!J

@ J=-O)

r~_---i
\

\~--i

\'----i

FIGURE P1.f>'B

?- 5(,/J'"loc~

I
o

151

When a viscous fluid flows past a thin sharp-edged

plate, a thin layer adjacent to the plate surface develops in which
the velocity, u, changes rapidly from zero to the approach velocity, U, in a small distance, 8. This layer is called a boundary
fayer. The thickness of this layer increases with the distance x
along the plate as shown in Fig. PI.59. Assume that u = U y/8
and 8 = 3.5 V vx/ U where v is the kinematic viscosity of the
fluid. Determine an expression for the force (drag) that would
be developed on one side of the plate of length f and width b.
Express your answer in terms of f, b, v, and p, where p is the
fluid density.

r---.
f-

f-f-'---~

\'

Boundary layer

-.1I==U

_---r--- ~- ---~.---I-

_---__e
I _-

8
~11 == U~
~ t
(5
""----=.::=---L--IL---_ _ _ _ _ x

Plate
width == b

tJ her~

.. ;

dA--(I )

Clntl

-Jl/
~3. (f)

t{nd

IJ -

0,571

bf V-zJ1.U 3

I-50

1.601'

(a) Assume the velocity distribution is of the form

u = CIY

14.43
The coordinate Y is measured normal to the surface and u is the velocity parallel to the surface.

n()nh;'e4r

10 ()btllil'J

yejrl'.ss/~1'J progf'YIf'fl) such a,s

u;eIHc/fl1i::s (,

let/si s1"nrt's

, = 153

lind

JiVfl1)

s-'

C
(~)

.
SIJ1ce)

/f

~/J/)U/s

SAS- NLJN,)

C.1,.. Th;'.j pr(!)9fY1m pr{)duce.s

est/males ~I /he. ,PIIY'lIl71ei:trs of II /?~111J11~4r

/=by iJle dttia..

rtl&r/el.

C 2Y)

and use a standard curve-fitting technique to determine the constants C I and C1 (b) Make use
of the results of part (a) to determine the magnitude of the shearing stress at the wall (y = 0)
and at Y = 0.05 ft.

0.08

(~) Use

du

1:=~ d;

1114t

r=;-

Thus) at- the wal!

(~

t 3 C;z. :; l

(~=())

Ai

/-51

1.6 I
The viscosity of liquids can be measured
through the use of a rotating cylinder viscometer
of the type illustrated in Fig. Pl.61. In this device
the outer cylinder is fixed and the inner cylinder
is rotated with an angular velocit)-" w. The torque
:, required to develop w is measured and the vis. cosity is calculated from these two measurements.
Develop an equation relating fl, w, 5", C) Ro and
Ri Neglect end effects and assume the velocity
distribution in the gap is linear.

~~~
FIGURE P1.61

Tor't ue;
t::J11

/nneJ-

d
whi're.

r,

I~

C!j/Jnc/fr

'7: rr::.

~he"t;l1j sms.s

+()

due.

e!tltd..fr,

T dA

c/It = ~. de) 1.. Thus)

d'T=

~.

2-

J Ttit;

n d /-vrff lie. reg tI /re d to rtJ fa I: e

,nne", c'1/lntler i,S 2JT

top View

{J

J= 1</-1

(J. "'"

ride

C'j Ilndrr

()

POI'

.2 TT R.t.''-

a Iln'ell!'

J. r

ve/oc./+:; distyibtl'l'/on

T=/-

R'W
L

~ 7i R,~}. t

tV

Ro-RI.'

/-5'.2...

In

fhe gap

leMi fi.J )

/.bZ

I
1.62
The space between two 6-in. long concentric cylinders
is filled with glycerin (viscosity = 8.5 X 10- 3 Ibs/ft 2 ). The
inner cylinder has a radius of 3 in. and the gap width between
cylinders is 0.1 in. Determine the torque and the power required
to rotate the inner cylinder at 180 rev Imin. The outer cylinder
is fixed. Assume the velocity distribution in the gap to be linear.

Prl)/'/em /. " (, )

T =

02'ff

R,.3 ))A- W

:eo - /Ct..'
W=

(; 80 !!.!.
)(eillT ~
milt

rev

)(1 mlh) = blT

'0 s

.:l.7T (ift)3(-A ft:)(s,s)(/a- 3 !Jt.)(67T

vad

0/) = 0, qIf 'f Itl)'

( ~ -ft)
120

S/f]ce

pouJey

f()wer': (~tJif'fft'/h)(67T r;d)

/- '53

==

178

~.Ib

I.

(P3

1.63
One type of rotating cylinder viscometer, called a
Stormer viscometer, uses a falling weight, 'lV, to cause the cylinder to rotate with an angular velocity, w, as illustrated in Fig.
PI.6.3. For this device the viscosity, J.L, of the liquid is related
to 'lV and w through [he equation 'lV = KJ.Lw, where K is a
constant that depends only on the geometry (including the liquid
depth) of the viscometer. The value of K is usually determined
by using a calibration liquid (a liquid of known viscosity).
(a) Some data for a particular Stormer viscometer, obtained
using glycerin at 20C as a calibration liquid, are given
below. Plot values of the weight as ordinates and values
of the angular velocity as abscissae. Draw the best curve
through the plotted points and determine K for the viscometer.
'lV (lb)

2.20

w (rev/s)

5.49

Fixed outer
cylinder

FIGURE P1.63

(b) A liquid of unknown viscosity is placed in the same

viscometer used in part (a), and the data given below
are obtained. Determine the viscosity of this liquid.

'lV (lb)

0.04
0.72

w (rev/s)

( Cl)

0.11
1.89

~:

5;;'re

0.33
5.44

0.44
7.42

-th~ ~/()fe

K)4u.J

IJ

s/t:Jpe =
SO

0.22
3.73

tis. tu

UlriJe

tv

C~V)

s )
(16.
YeV

.5 0 jJe

k=

-the czJ

We/b)

If)' =

fha..i

~I

(I)

/<-(~)

fi,y -rJ,e :J/~~en~ dai:a. (.see p/Dt: ~11 f')(?x/; page)

('/?Q.5rd ,t)11 a /ul.ri S,!ftllres ,f,:t Df the d~~) I.J
S/CJj)e (J/,/ceni1):= O,.?9R

5In'~ IF.
U tjl'lcerln)

=:

1<=
( h)

3.13X//}_zJbs

it. ..

J~~
-tnel1

(),g9S Ib ...5
/'?v

;:P". the. un klJ~tVf1 filii (J d~-k..

sJ()P~

(b"~e#

tf}Jf

Gee. IJ/t)i GJI1 11t't.-t f4~~) the

~ legst, $8"II"S ~it ~I tH~ d/l,tA,.) IS

S/Db.# (tll1KdtJuJl1

r-

rill/g) =

/-51.f

O,CJ6o/

11:1'.$

~v

I, (P3

(~l1lt )
Thu~

/rpm

I
(lIlJillPlIJlI

E"r.l/)
S/tJff!!

fluid) =

1\

tJ.

tJ (p ~/

/2.,

Ib5

-rev

7 H,2.
rev

,.0

/-5,

1.6Y*

The following torque-angular velocity

data were obtained with a rotating cylinder viscometer of the type described in Problem 1.61.
Torque (ft-lb)

13.1 26.0 39.5 52.7 64.9 78.6

Angular
velocity (rad/s)

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

For this viscometer Ro = 2.50 in., Ri = 2.45 in ..

and = 5.00 in. Make use of these data and a
standard curve-fitting program to determine the
viscosity ofthe liquid contained in the viscometer.

The .fz,r~lIe J ~
-the .e$Ua. /;/~11 )

Jl'e/a.bed .J-o -the tlnJU/dY (/(!/t:Jcil-!1.; UJ.)

J'J

~--

(see so/tJl-,{)~
(1I'1d

a.

:;, 7T R,:

l!o -

)J

t.U

(/)

ftL'

Problem I. hI, ). Thus) /"y Ii flx'ed ,et:Jmef,.J

/l1~CC).s;-f!:J J E~ ,/1) /05 ot 1h~ ~f'rn

..J.t>

'lIt/en

( !1 rv'J

y=hx
IS

~,,~tr,1'J i

If.

j,

.fl/Utl /

Qni1

x'

r.."

W )

.fc

= :z Tr ~.:1). !=

().)

)2'
(.
WI

ih

LIAlfrF6

**************************************************~

**

This program determines the least squares fit **

** for a function of the form y = b * x
**
***************************************************
Number of points: 6
Input X, Y
? 1.0.13.1
'? 2.0,26 . 0
~)

3.0,39.5

'? 4.0.52.7
? 5.0,640.9
'? 6 . 0,78.6

b = +1.308E+Ol
X

+1.0000E+OO
+2.0000E+OO
+3.0000E+OO
+4,.OOOOE+OO
+5.0000E+OO
+6.0000E+OO

-Ft,Jb'5

Y
+1.3100E+Ol
+2.6000E+Ol
+3.9500E+Ol
+5.2700E+Ol
+6.4,900E+01
+7.8600E+Ol

Y(predicted)
+1.3082E+Ol
+2.6165E+01
+3.9217E+01
+5.2330E+Ol
+6.5112E+01
+7.8195E+Ol

(C()I?'t )
/-5~

I.

(emit)

find

w/th

! =

(b) (

-/he

daf&"

r; g

='

~. -

f?.: ')
.27T ~.3,R

Of ft.f/;'$ )

g/~tl1)

(.? 5"0 -

:I.. LJ.S-

ft-)

1'2.

~lT (~.'1~
12-

ft) J (~It)
12.

/-57

rJ. 1f-5 IJ,s

-Fel.

I. 'S-

Rotating plate

1.65

A 12-in.-diameter circular plate is placed over a fixed

bottom plate with a O.l-in. gap between the two plates filled
with glycerin as shown in Fig. PI.6S. Determine the torque
required to rotate the circular plate slowly at 2 rpm. Assume
that the velocity distribution in the gap is linear and that the
shear stress on the edge of the rotating plate is negligible.

0.1 In. gap

ili

dCiJ J c1u~ h s hellYJ~1j

pI4+~ l.s~ e 1Uq / -1-"

kYO'lUi)
pn

do;= ,.
~ ntrt

d It.:
cJ

2.11" yo

dr,

C7J: "" T

Thel'5 J

Z.".. r d '"

ufl'!r. r

tlr

T,: f<-

sfrfSSl'.J

tdA

"(=

5;nce

FIGURE P1.65

~ ) 1/ fl.t/

"r

fA.

lIe/"'Jf.t J'5tY; h",-I-U/H (SlefijHye)

ellA _ V

'rW
d;-I~T

-:: D. 0772

/1:. /t

I-58

I. ~ 7

J
1.(,1
A rigid-walled cubical container is completely filled
with water at 40 of and sealed. The water is then heated
to 100 oF. Determine the pressure that develops in the container
when the water reaches this higher temperature. Assume that
the volume of the container remains constant and the value of
the bulk modulus of the water remains constant and equal to
300,000 psi.

5/~ce 1h~ t..Jd..frr

tnf4S)

YfMAll1S

~.1I::1
~~

/j

/tJO

1If)/Ume

ttPl1s~fJ

(..pl71.l-)
D

t1"~ 4-1' iJ

C.hlll1'1t2

111

ve)/um e 1"1 tva/-!'/'"

7h II~)

/, l''fb
I. '/27

'/ir, I, / z.

& = V

If
/11

tJ

sJuf,.S
.ft.J

5'::'

-/

dp
-~
d

~I/IJ UJS U.l/1J..

d1l- ::; 4 -v' 411 t:I. PI -.:::= fJp 1hAf- 1hf CJtIlH'I
/>Y'e> 5 ",y~ r-e'gwred. ..f-r> ~nJ;,.es.s the Iva..-tey bltJt. Ie i-h

/1'/1/11.)

110 I~ ft1e...

,'.1

t1f= - r;tJ~/~~()f~L'){-O.OO~75)
2.o3iJD

pst...

1.(o~
In a test to determine the bulk modulus
of a liquid it was found that as the absolute pressure was changed from 15 to 3000 psi the volume
decreased from 10.240 to 10.138 in. 3 Determine
the bulk modulus for this liquid.

d~

z A -=

I~, e1JfO - I~, 13~ :

t:J, jOJ,

Ii'l,

Ib

rJ9i'S ;;,.
(

/,iD't

1t)2 In,7)
/", ;l'l0 in.'
C',

I
1.tJ1

Calculate the speed of sound in mt,s for

(a) gasoline, (b) mercury, and (c) seawater.

( Eg.

I,/Q)

(a) f:by 7(is~l/ne,'

I, Lf5

~I'm
s

1.70 Air is enclosed by a rigid cylinder containing a piston. A pressure gage attached to the
cylinder indicates an initial reading of 25 psi. Determine the reading on the gage when the piston
has compressed the air to one-third its original
volume. Assume the compression process to be
isothermal and the local atmospheric pressure to
be 14.7 psi.

i~othermlJ/ ~&)mpY'ess/t:Jl1)

PC>t'

-Pl.'

..f',-.

= -fE

f!t
Pf =~.
0/nc.e

f=

Where

~.f

f """

(.'~

f/nAI

f;.
~

m4SS
J/t)ltll11

e.

1'h~reloye

1;.

= (3)[(:15 f-

t (p-;e)

'I.

7) p:s L' ftJ6s)) :::

=(i /9- 1'1. ~f'i

:-

/ni.J-,i.d state..
~illie..

UI1A

It 7 /

1.1 I
Often the assumption is made that the flow of a certain
fluid can be considered as incompressible flow if the density of
the fluid changes by less than 2%. If air is flowing through a
tube such that the air pressure at one section is 9.0 psi and at a
downstream section it is 8.6 psi at the same temperature. do you
think that this flow could be considered an imcompressible
flow? Support your answer with the necessary calculations. Assume standard atmospheric pressure.

h,y

1"0 therMo / CHfiA'It

-/;),
f,

So

1},4.-t

I,
---f,

:-

--

111

den~;I!:J

-~P2-?z..~
)( I D 0

TAus

1.72.

J
1.72.
Oxygen at 30C and 300 kPa absolute pressure expands isotherrnalIy to an absolute pressure of lZ0 kPa. Determine the final density of the gas.

For

/sofh~rma/
~.
L

~.

...

~~

!j

ex.ftlI15i()YJ )
,

u)),ere

I-

::t =t!LJl'Jsft/tJt:

t"'" ;'rll
"V

t, 4/ s fa i-e

SIJ

1h4t

Pi1#

.fIn II / st:A..ie.

- 3.8/ ~3
/J?"I

/,73

J
1.73
Natural gas at 70 OF and standard atmospheric pressure of 14.7 psi is compressed isentropically to a new absolute
pressure of 70 psi. Determine the final density and temperature
of the gas.

For

;'sen irop'c~.

-p.-A
"

::t

c~m?re~S/()11

J}

tVhere

1,*

~I

--P

;O~

,,; 'V

~t!/ns tQl1t

51) -thA-f

;'n;';';'/ 6~te cou/

.f 'V .f.J'ntl/ sta.te .

-f-

-,3

'I. 2S )( Jf)

S h~f5

-ft:'a
C( J1

c/

7f

.....

-for

ft.R

--

7(P5

IIJ
(7 c; 7ii:
a.

('I. 25

I
) (

, ~

I/l.

If tf -:t:;"A-

;I. / ()- ~ S htf..s

h3

{3. O'If;( j 0

(J)R

~r

71:

7fD 5 oR - /f-IPt)

305 of

~b IJ:

sh",.liI~

/.7 if

1.7ll--

Compare the isentropic bulk modulus of

air at 101 kPa (abs) with that of water at the same
pressure.

( E' 'I. /,) 7 ))

J:C; r a l r

y ~ I<. f
/=(; r

tva:te ".

E,,::

1t'3~ )

= (/, 'i-o ) (10/ x

Tr,; bJeo /, /, )

:1.)6;< It> "

,q

Thu.5 )

Ev (WIJ.,-ter) _

~, 15" ;< II)

v (cur)

I, Ifl

Pa

X. 1~5'"/}

I. 75"

1.7.5' * Devel~p a -computer program for calculating the final gage pressure of gas when the
initial gage pressure, initial and final volumes,
atmospheric pressure, and the type of process
(isothermal or isentropic) are specified. Use BG
units. Check your program against the results obtained for Problem 1.70.

'4' J

r-o Y

C/!)11?

pye5SIol1

e1 Y

ex..pQI1JIOII)

?... = e04stoni.

wheye h=/ -ky isotho-mal process) and

lOr 1.st'l1frt'Jllc proc.ess. Thus J

~.

;:.-*

where

/.'/1;

It:::

.Jj'e,;{tc. helL-/: va.!:'"

= !i:.

/;.-P.

In/ha'/ ~k.te I .f''V IiH~/ .str;le) So 1J1Ii't

if : (-J,:) "- f::

t.:

ml1ss

Vt!)/~lI1e

~ = Vt

1hel1

~.

w he"e

v;,.)
l'..f.g

~) tire

Thus) Ir~m S~

/1)

-Aa:eM :: { 'It.
Vf

fh (! SWhSCh pi
be. w y-; He!? as

t.Jhe Y'e
CaM

(/ )

)-k

( ~! 1:.t"" )
T

reI-Frs 1::6 JaJe /J Y"e sst/re

if, = (~) -I. (~'j tt"J - ~t""

-t

(c~n It

(2 )

175

itt

100
110
120
130
1""0
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
3l.!-O

I
cls
print "*********************************************************"
print "** This program calculates the final gage pressure of **"
print "** an ideal gas when the initial gage pressure in psi, **"
print "** the initial volume, the final volume, the
**"
print "** atmospheric pressure in psi, and the type of
**"
print "** process (isothermal or isentropic) are specified
**"
print "*********************************************************"
print
input "Enter initial gage pressure in psi, Pi = ",p
input "Enter initial volume, Vi = lI,vi
input "Enter final volume, Vf = ",vf
input "Enter atmospheric pressure in psi, Patm = ",patm
pabsi=p+patm
print:print "Enter type of process"
print "0
Isothermal"
print "1 : Isentropic"
input pt
print
k=l
if pt=l then input "Enter specific heat ratio, k = ",k
pabsf=pabsi*(vi/vf)~k

pf=pabsf-patm
print
print using "The final gage pressure of the gas
is Pf =

+#.####~~~~

psi";pf

*********************************************************
** This program calculates the final gage pressure of **
** an ideal gas when the initial gage pressure in psi. **
** the initial volume, the final volume, the
**
** atmospheric pressure in psi, and the type of
**
** process (isothermal or isentropic) are specified
**
*********************************************************
Enter
Enter
Enter
Ent.er

initial gage pressure in psi, Pi =ZS

initial volume, Vi = 1
final volume, Vf = 0.3333
atmospheric pressure in psi, Patm = 1"".7

Enter type of process

o Isothermal
1
Isentropic
? 0

The final gage pressure of the gas

lS

Pf =

+1.0~/E+02

psi

I. 7 G:.

I
1.7<;
An important dimensionless parameter concerned
with very high speed flow is the Mach number, defined as Vic,
where V is the speed of the object such as an airplane or
projectile, and c is the speed of sound in the fluid surrounding
the object. For a projectile traveling at 800 mph through air at
50 of and standard atmospheric pressure, what is the value of
the Mach number?

y
Co

~.h)e.

B.-3

~al'r ~

In

50-F

Thu.s
!v1I.G'r1 numblY -.

LO{P

1,77l
I. 11 Jet airliners typically fly at altitudes between approximately 0 to 40,000 ft. Make use of the data in Appendix C to
show on a graph how the speed of sound varies over this range.

c = Ie R.r
t:;r 4< ::: lifO
C=
Fr~m

(EZ' I 2o)
If=- 17/t, 1i1/,

Clf1d

s/,,!! .t)~

'19. tJ YT(~)

1a6/t: C. /

T= S'I. ~ C)

of-

4pp end':x

In

5J9~

!fl;o :

at

.50

-thl.;/;

tI/1

(J /

-fi .f.u df!

til o +-t

::: I / /!. .f.i:s

5;'17/ ;/tfl '" Cd /CU/4,tltPIfS CiJn De mtule -hr (JiJ,n~ dlf/ltlt!t'~

tin' -the ,es~/f/;'! 1raJh is :J"/1()W)f b~/ow.
Altitude, ft

Temp .o F

Temp.," R

0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000

59
41.17
23.36
5.55
-12.26
-30.05
-47.83
-65.61
-69.7

519
501.17
483.36
465.55
447.74
429.95
412.17
394.39
390.3

c, fUs
1116
1097
1077
1057
1037
1016
995
973
968

1120 r--,.-----,---;---;----;----:---:-~__,

-~......
~1080
I~

1100

;;g1060
(f) 1040

I.

I'
L'" "-

""-~--:-----1f---J!---L-...---l

t---t---t---t--.
.-

~1020 .t--r--+--+I_--+-~-~--+I---!--l
, ----+~~,__LI-_+_I____i
~1 .r----+---+--_+_I 1
-1-

000

1.'

980

t----;---;---t---t---t---+---.......;.......:""~~---1

960

+-.---+----'----..:.---..:.---;--~_~---1

(f)

I'

5000

10000'

15000

20000

25000

Altitude, ft

30000

I.

r----

35000

40000

I.

73

1. 7 R
When a fluid flows through a sharp bend. low pressures may develop in localized regions of the bend. Estimate
the minimum absolute pressure (in psi) that can develop without '
causing cavitation if the fluid is water at 160 OF.

cC/J/i.faflon mtJ'1 (pee",,.

(/t2for ,res'Sure.

ir

whtn fhe I~cq/

!=Or waiel" aiif. 7Lf

pSI,'

pY{"$Stlfe

/(p() df'

(lj.~,."

e~t",ls the
?;bJl8,j

(IIbS)

Thus/

1.79
Estimate the minimum absolute pressure (in pascals)
that can be developed at the inlet of a pump to avoid cavitation
if the fluid is carbon tetrachloride at 20 c.

Ca vi i-A.I/!)11 rnp'1 (pee tI r when fhe stlciion P;'(J$stlJle

at- -tnt!.. pum,P inlet etttlA/.s the 1/a.,Pcr' fJY'es$ure.

t;r

ClJrhtm tei'('ac.J"Joy;d~

t2

2.0

IJ

...n

IV

rn ; n /m J,I J?1 !f".Rssure

/-70

= /3

~ R. (g,!;s)

/3 .Ie

Pa. (4.6S)

,~Apptw:l/J(B)

I, So

J
I . ~D
When water at 90C flows through a converging section of pipe, the pressure is reduced in the direction of flow.
Estimate the minimum absolute pressure that can develop without causing cavitation. Express your answer in both BG and S1
units.

('C/vif4tl{)" nUl'j cc.CClr /n 111e Ct'''J/er9'/~~ sec..-i-Idn ~ pile whel1

-rhe. pr~55;,e tEf;aolS -th~ va.~J' fYe.J5'tlre. ;:-r/)/7'I 74lie B. 2 I;' I+!'ff"c/J( fj'

~r

wA,ter a t

9~ C.I

1;::

70. / -h Po.... (ql,,,). Thu~

minimum pre~suv~ ::' 7()./ --k.?c.. (q/'5)

86 Hnifs

::: /0, 2 ps I.a

I
1.8/

A partially filled closed tank contains ethyl

alcohol at 68 OF. If the air above the alcohol is
evacuated what is the minimum absolute pressure
that develops in the evacuated space?

f.iz

1.8Z
Estimate the excess pressure inside a rain drop having
a diameter of 3 mm.

().oo/5

sr

tln,fs.

= f;(). J x J~ 3 ::.. )(/. lj5"1; )( / J- ~ fl,.{ )

I11lnlmuM .P'fSJare

/.31

1/1

/1n

/-7f

I. 113

I. r~ A 12-mm diameter jet of water discharges vertically

into the atmosphere. Due to surface tension the pressure inside
the jet will be slightly higher than the surrounding atmospheric
pressure. Determine this difference in pressure.

"Ft;/' erp,i J/bri/l"" fspe IIjure ).;

SO

1(z~Ii/: cr(zJI.)
-rnA i
-t==
12 >' it; -.3 ~
2:

12. 2

1'1V ex,t'SS f rfSSU re

Ii
Sur-Hlle

1-72..

-ftHSIDIl

~'(,e:- cr 2. ~

/,8'-1
1. 'a Y.
As shown in Vidl'O V1.5, surface tension forces
can be strong enough to allow a double-edge steel razor
blade to "float" on water, but a single-edge blade will sink.
Assume that the surface tension forces act at an angle relative to the water surface as shown in Fig. PI ~~. (a) The
mass of the double-edge blade is 0.64 x 10- 3 kg, and the
total length of its sides is 206 mm. Determine the value of
e required to maintain equilibrium between the blade weight
and the resultant surface tension force. (b) The mass of the
single-edge blade is 2.61 x 10- 3 kg, and the total length of
its sides is 154 mm. Explain why this blade sinks. Support
your answer with the necessary calculations.

Surface tension
force

L FVr+t '4 I

(a. )

FIGURE

::.0

o.

ttJ ::

(Y'(l

blade

T:::- a- ><. Jenfn, of.

Ql;1d

( (), 10'1- ;( 10- 3-ka ) (U I I'tr./~.) =

tow

VW=Ts/n8
Luheye

p1.<64

fr. 3~ ;(

}O-2

.Jt. ) (IJ, ZO~

slqes

/In ) 5'111

:sin e- =- o. Lf-15
9 = :J... 4-.5
0

(b) For

blade

slnrle-edtje

'2J =

/yrl MAde

d- " (~2.I.1
::

uYld

5111

x: 10().DZ~1s, N

-ka.J ('1. ~J I'M/~')

e :: (vx. J enJ1n of. /,lode ) ~I;'

::- (7.3LJ.x/o- Z

f7

Ntm) (O.15LtM1) '51Y1

O. 0 I J 3 '5/n

t>Y'aer +O~ h jq de +0 "-J./Da.i ~ -< T "SIn e.

"StYlet.. rma)(Jf1'lUfn1 Value JoY" ~Ine IS \ I J'+- follows
that '1.<.J > T St'n e and 'Sin9/<!-eciJe hlade w; II si"k.

rn

It

/-73

I. 8'5

I
1.1'\5
To measure the water depth in a large open tank with
opaque walls, an open vertical glass tube is attached to the side
of the tank. The height of the water column in the tube is then
used as a measure of the depth of water in the tank. (a) For
a true water depth in the tank of 3 ft, make use of Eg. 1.22 (with
() = 0) to determine the percent error due to capillarity as the
diameter of the glass tube is changed. Assume a water
temperature of 80 oF. Show your results on a graph of percent
error versus tube diameter, D, in the range 0.1 in. < D < 1.0 in.
(b) If you want the error to be less than 1%, what is the smallest
tube diameter allowed?

(a.)

The e;(ce~s he'jh t I h) CtlfA~ed bt 1h~ .sur~(t. ien>/~~ ,1

h=
f:ipy-

tr:: 0 tv; f;,

zo-~~

'oR

b =.z. R.

h=

'fO-

0)

rD

/Dy-

PY'If)I?1 7i.J,/~ B./ln A-ppendl)( B

0-=

Jf.9Ix//J-3/bj.Pt Clnd

Th~~ .fr.9m

h ~f)::

1:1. (I)
tf (Jf, tj I x: IO-J
{(e>Z.lZ.

~l~ error

~t
'Z.2z. Jb/k~

r=

WtJ.-tev

-! )

fl. 1 q )(

(,n.)
~,) D
I 2. I ~, /';-1::

h ~J

=.

froW! eq.l
1-)
D
/0 e yr" y =

f)

(E'Z. J.ll.)

.5'.ft;
1ha.~

-3

J0

.D ( I'n.)
100

)f..

3.7&f x J

3 D(J'n,)

-3

x I D0
( 3 )

A- plot. t>.f ~ eY'r~r V-(i"S(,/S t"'be

ShtJWI1 "n 111t /1f~t
I"a'je,

( C!L;,/t. )
/-7Lf

C/'t:ll11et:er IS

/. 8S-

( Ccr/t.)

Diameter
of tube, in.
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1

% Error
1.26
0.84
0.63
0.42
0.32
0.25
0.21
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.13

"

1.50
:
i

I,

...
0...
...
W

1.00

~
0

0.50

'{
I

i
~
,

0.00

0.2

i
I

0.4

For /ofo

,
!
,

0.6

eyrpy

J=
D-=

;;'PII1 Z. (3)
t). /2b

/)(,'rJ.)

~./2.1D In.

/-7S

,
i

.....
0.8

Tube diameter, in.

Values obtained
from Eq. (3)

(1)

,,

,i

1.2

--

1.H6
Under the right conditions, it is possible, due to surface
tension. to have metal objects float on water. (See Video V \5.)
Consider placinf, a short length of a small diameter steel (sp.
wt. = 490 lb/ft) rod on a surface of water. What is the
maximum diameter that the rod can have before it will sink?
Assume that the surface tension forces act vertically upward.
Note: A standard paper clip has a diameter of 0.036 in. Partially
unfold a paper clip and see if you can get it to float on water.
Do the results of this experiment support your analysis?

cri..

rrL

grr

5 II

o. 0

S/nc-e

-3 r.L

X' I 0

;-"'l.

~ J '+ (n.

;st.andArd ~I:ee/

paptr c)lf

d/~met;('r ~f ". ~3" il1') wh/ch

O.O'/'/- /n.) It sJ1()~J~ f/~4.t.
iP f / I Vof v,' f ~ 111 I.S Ye s .

J-7f6

IS

A-

hAS

Jess fr..a 11
~/mpj~ e)l../Jtrirnmi

J.37

I
1. ~7
An open. clean glass tube. having a diameter of 3 mm.
is inserted vertically into a dish of mercury at 20C. How far
will the column of mercury in the tube be depressed?

2 (}C&S

( ~g.

?rR

j. 22 )

-3

3.00 X

3. 0 0

I. g$

1)')1

ID

1m

t'YY1

1. gB

An open 2-mm-diameter tube is inserted

into a pan of ethyl alcohol and a similar 4-mmdiameter tube is inserted into a pan of watef. In
which tube will the height of the rise of the fluid
column due to capillary actton be the greatest?
Assume the angle of contact is the same for both
tubes.

(Eg.
(C/ / t~hp/ )

U (~dtph()/) '0 (WA if,)

(If

~ (tva tel")

a-( WA. tf'I") !"" ( ,,/tCh"/)

.J,.

j,22.)

1m""

IWIIW1

= (;.2.81-/0-'). ~)('/.r{)Xlo3~3)(#MAI'IIA)
( 7. 3lf)( JD-~ f;,
(J,

7 g7

/-77

) (7. tlf X }f)3 ~3) (;). M1~

1. ~~ *

The capillary rise in a tube depends on

the cleanliness of both the fluid and the tube.
Typically, values of h are less than those predicted
by Eq. 1.22 using values of (J and for clean fluids
and tubes. Some measurements of the height, h,
a water column rises in a vertical open tube of
diameter, d, are given below. The water was tap
water at a temperature of 60 of and no particular
effort was made to clean the glass tube. Fit a curve

to these data and estimate the value of the product (J cos e. If it is assumed that (J has the value
given in Table 1.5 what is the value of e? If it is
assumed that is equal to 0 what is the value of

l7o/n

t. ~.

(J?

0.25 I 0.20 I 0.15 1 0 . 10 I 0.05

h (in.) 0.133 0.165 0.198 0.273 0.421 0.796

d (in.) 1 0 . 3

I. ')."L.

-P. =

2 O-d-U:;S

e (-k);

'f(j'

C: e ( -f )
S

d=l12. Thus; j.(J} 1..5 ()t the.

i,:

/cYm

b d'

(Z)

d':::

b=

The ~I/ S /-III1't.; b) C41J b.c ()j,~/~et/ b'1

szuare''s fL't 6f 1J1.e, 911/"11 d ...-ba...

-P.

//I1t'l.Y

O.O!l~8

'f~

(). () 13 ?:;-

!Po
80

O. () /65'0

(). t)z27S'
(). b ~5"oK

120

(), 0"" 33

J.'fO

( CD!) t)

/-7'6

least

(J.. Ql1d lid).

(ft)

If. 0

J...

(C4;I1't)

To

"btfll~

LJNREG 1

11.5 e.

***************************************************
** This program determines the least squares fit **
** for a function of the form y = b * x:
**
***************************************************
Number of points: 6
Input X, Y
? 4-0,0.01108
'7 4-8,0.01375
? 60,0.01650
?
80,0.02275
? 120,0.03508
? 24-0,0.06633

b = +2. 799E-04X
+4-.0000E+01
+4-.8000E+01
+6.0000E+01
+8.0000E+01
+1.2000E+02
+2.4-000E+02

Thus,

C.L, 2.-

rt,

Y(predicted)

Y
+1.1080E-02
+1. 3750E-02
+1.6500E-02
+2.2750E-02
+3.5080E-02
+6.6330E-02

rr e~Se =

+1.1195E-02
+1.34-34-E-02
+1.6792E-02
+2.2390E-02
+3.3584-E-02
+6.7169E-02

If

_ (,<..799 x )0 If It

"L.)~z. If ~J)
'i-

II

.3

0--= So {)3 Jt /0

Cc>J

e ::

/J,/fi

.3 lob

= 1-. 37 X jo

1hen

if: "17X/lJ

-.) fk
-Fe

s. tJ3X /o-J .1.l!-

=- o.g~r

.fi:

alld

If

B=o

-rhfl1

rr=

= J 1.70
Cos

a =

/.0

'f,37X)O
/.0

ClI1

J..E

.pt-

::'

if, 37 XJO

3 --..
/.6
,ft

.ft

1.90

Fluid Characterization by Use of a Stormer Viscometer

Objective:

As discussed in Section 1.6, some fluids can be classified as Newtonian fluids; others are non-Newtonian. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the shearing
stress versus rate of strain characteristics of various liquids and, thus, to classify them as
Newtonian or non-Newtonian fluids.

Equipment:

Stormer viscometer containing a stationary outer cylinder and a rotating,

concentric inner cylinder (see Fig. P1.90); stop watch; drive weights for the viscometer; three
different liquids (silicone oil, Latex paint, and corn syrup).

Experimental Procedure:

Fill the gap between the inner and outer cylinders with one of
the three fluids to be tested. Select an appropriate drive weight (of mass m) and attach it to the
end of the cord that wraps around the drum to which the inner cylinder is fastened. Release
the brake mechanism to allow the inner cylinder to start to rotate. (The outer cylinder remains
stationary.) After the cylinder has reached its steady-state angular velocity, measure the amount
of time, t, that it takes the inner cylinder to rotate N revolutions. Repeat the measurements using various drive weights. Repeat the entire procedure for the other fluids to be tested.

Calculations: For each of the three fluids tested, convert the mass, m, of the drive weight
to its weight, W = mg, where g is the acceleration of gravity. Also determine the angular velocity of the inner cylinder, w = Nit.
Graph: For each fluid tested, plot the drive weight, W, as ordinates and angular velocity,
w, as abscissas. Draw a best fit curve through the data.
Results:

Note that for the flow geometry of this experiment, the weight, W, is proportional to the shearing stress, T, on the inner cylinder. This is true because with constant angular velocity, the torque produced by the viscous shear stress on the cylinder is equal to the
torque produced by the weight (weight times the appropriate moment arm). Also, the angular velocity, w, is proportional to the rate of strain, dul dy. This is true because the velocity
gradient in the fluid is proportional to the inner cylinder surface speed (which is proportional
to its angular velocity) divided by the width of the gap between the cylinders. Based on your
graphs, classify each of the three fluids as to whether they are Newtonian, shear thickening,
or shear thinning (see Fig. 1.5).

Data:

To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click hl're
to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem.

Rotating inner cylinder

Outer cylinder

Fluid

Ii FIGURE P1.90

(c On 't )
/- go

/.9'0

Solution for Problem 1.90: Fluid Characterization by Use of a Stormer Viscometer

m, kg

N, revs

t, s

co, revls

W,N

59.3
66.0
64.2
35.0
31.7
31.0
17.4
18.8
26.0

0.07
0.18
0.37
0.57
0.76
0.97
1.15
1.33
1.54

0.20
0.49
0.98
1.47
1.96
2.45
2.94
3.43
3.92

28.2
27.5
27.2
25.7

0.04
0.07
0.15
0.31

0.49
0.98
1.96
3.92

32.7
20.2
32.2
47.3
37.2
29.8
24.6
20.1
34.0

0.06
0.10
0.16
0.21
0.27
0.34
0.41
0.50
0.59

0.20
0.29
0.39
0.49
0.59
0.69
0.78
0.88
0.98

Silicone Oil Data

0.02
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40

4
12
24
20
24
30
20
25
40

Corn Syrup Data

0.05
0.10
0.20
0.40

1
2
4
8

Latex Paint Data

0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10

2
2
5
10
10
10
10
10
20

/- 9 I

From the graphs:

Silicone oil is Newtonian
Corn Syrup is Newtonian
Latex paint is shear thinning

co = Nit
W=mg

( c~I") t )

!. 'to

4.50
4.00

Problem 1.90
Weight, W, vs Angular Velocity,
for
Silicone Oil

Problem 1.90
Weight, W, vs Angular Velocity,
for
Corn Syrup

0)

~-=~I

3.00
2.50

-----------1

~ 2.00

--_ .. _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - j

1.50

4.50 ..,--.----

--~~~~------------~l

3.50

W=2.5~

0)

0)

4.00
3.50
3.00

2.50

~ 2.00

-- ------- --------..-----------1I

W = 12.80)

------------_._---+---_. ---_.. - -

1.50

1.00

1.00

0.50

0.50

0.00 4 - - - - , . . - - - - - - ; - - - - , - - - - - 1
1.50
2.00
1.00
0.50
0.00

0.00 +-----r----r----,--------;
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.00
0.10

OJ,

+-~'-------~------~---------.-- ~

rev/s

OJ,

Problem 1.90
Weight, W, vs Angular Velocity,
for
Latex Paint

0)

-'1

1.20

z
~

rev/s

1.00

---..-----1

0.80

+-------~----~-~----1

0.60

---,1tfI""'------- ~-- ----------- ----- - --.-j

DAD

------

0.20
0.00
0.00

0.20

DAD
00 rev/s

J- 8'2.

= 1046600
0.60

. . . _-\

707

0.80

..

I. 'f /

1.91

Capillary Thbe Viscometer

Objective;

The flowrate of a viscous fluid through a small diameter (capillary) tube is a

function of the viscosity of the fluid. For the flow geometry shown in Fig. P1.91, the kinematic viscosity, v, is inversely proportional to the flowrate, Q. That is, v = KIQ, where K is
the calibration constant for the particular device. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the value of K and to use it to determine the kinematic viscosity of water as a function
of temperature.

Equipment:

Constant temperature water tank, capillary tube, thermometer, stop watch,

graduated cylinder.

Experimental Procedure:

Adjust the water temperature to 15.6D C and determine the

flowrate through the capillary tube by measuring the time, t, it takes to collect a volume, V,
of water in a small graduated cylinder. Repeat the measurements for various water temperatures, T. Be sure that the water depth, h, in the tank is the same for each trial. Since the
flowrate is a function of the depth (as well as viscosity), the value of K obtained will be valid
for only that value of h.

Calculations; For each temperature tested, determine the flowrate, Q = Vlt. Use the data
for the 15.6D C water to determine the calibration constant, K, for this device. That is, K = vQ,
where the kinematic viscosity for 15.6C water is given in Table 1.5 and Q is the measured
flowrate at this temperature. Use this value of K and your other data to determine the viscosity of water as a function of temperature.
Graph: Plot the experimentally determined kinematic viscosity, v, as ordinates and temperature, T, as abscissas.
Results:

On the same graph, plot the standard viscosity-temperature data obtained from

Table B.2.

Data:

To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click hu!'
to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem.

T
h

1
IIil FIGURE P1.91

/-93

I. f I

Solution for Problem 1.91: Capillary Tube Viscometer

V,ml

t, s

T, deg C

Q, mils

v, m"2/s

9.2
9.7
9.2
9.1
9.2

19.8
15.8
16.8
21.3
13.1
10.1
8.9

15.6
26.3
21.3
12.3
34.3

OA65

1.12E-06
8A9E-07
9.51 E-07
1.22E-06
7A2E-07
5.60E-07
5.10E-07

9A
9.1

0.614
0.548

OA27
0.702
0.931
1.022

50A
58.1

=KlQ

=v Q =1.12E-6 m"2/s * OA65 mils =5.21 E-7 m"2 ml/s"2

From Table B.2

T, deg C v, m"2/s
10
20
30
40
50
60

1.31 E-06
1.00E-06
8.01 E-07
6.58E-07
5.53E-07
4.75E-07

v (at 15.6 deg C), m"2/s

1.12E-06

K, m"2 ml/s"2
5.21 E-07

Problem 1.91
Viscosity, v, vs Temperature, T
1.5E-06

,......----------------~

1.0E-06

---------1

I
!

-I------'k-----~-

!
i

~
<

Experimental

[ - - From Table B.2: '

5.0E-07

-I------~-----c--------'~~-------l

O.OE+OO

-I------,..------,------r-----i

20

40
T, deg C

/- 8"1

60

80

.2. I

I
2.1
The water level in an open standpipe is 80 ft above the
ground. What is the static pressure at a fire hydrant that is connected to the standpipe and located at ground level? Express
your answer in psi.

1>=

~~ -T-Po

Since.. -the ~.ftt"dPI'pe

l' = ~;;. J.;.

2.2.

~'!J

J~

o,Pen

I~ =0 I

(8() .ft)(/I ItL

""~/),."

'T"l.

I
2.2

Blood pressure is usually given as a ratio of the

maximum pressure (systolic pressure) to the minimum
pressure (diastolic pressure). As shown in Video \'2.1, such
pressures are commonly measured with a mercury manometer. A typical value for this ratio for a human would be
120170, where the pressures are in mm Hg. (a) What would
these pressures be in pascals? (b) If your car tire was
inflated to 120 mm Hg. would it be sufficient for normal
driving?

t= !'h
(a.)

For

/.20 ~

HJ :

p=

(I-3J X

/O~ ) (0, /:J,Otm) = /~. O~ Pa.

l' = (; 33 X f03;!. XC;, 070,"",) '"

1'=

(/t..O;( I03!.)(f./fSIJXf b-'I ::~~ )

::- ~,~2.

5/~ce

is

a.

n"t

fjL

-t'jp/ca / -1-, r-e pve~s u ye

~u f+; d J el1 t

r. 31 ~ J?.

-fOr

~-I

105

/Jpr!114/

30-35 -p5(,,~ I Z()ItH",.. tlJ

dr I VI!1j .

2.:J

I
2.3
What pressure, expressed in pascals, will
a skin diver be subjected to at a depth of YOm
in seawater?

t : ~~
4f-

-to

1Ju t'ff., e

t1, e

A = (.)

StJ

thllt

~::'
(1 0 Ix. /o.-it.. )(lfom-a) = 40,/-;(. 10
r~,

N
~

-"L

'1()'1"t/i

2.4

The two open tanks shown in Fig. P2.4 have the same
bottom area, A, but different shapes. When the depth, h, of a
liquid in the two tanks is the same, the pressure on the bottom
of the two tanks will be the same in accordance with Eq. 2.7.
However, the weight of the liquid in each of the tanks is different. How do you account for this apparent paradox?

-.-

..

.. c

_ .., _

lv'~'"' '
I; .....,.,

14.I,I

J?'

Area = A

Area = A

;=1) y fl!~ 1t/IfK ~ /flt tJ7e. I ;1Cj, ned wa //05,; 1h( pressure ()n the
b" ~m i.s tlwt! fD fh~ we i,/I'! ".f -fl,e /J iJl1Q Ii The t-olumn
t/J;'~(.f& ~iJ~tle -Ih~ bf)/Iotl1 as rlt~""11 iJ't 1h( cI(/SH~d Ild~ 111
71tt h11("~, 7h(s iJ the 'Am! w~'i)Jf AS thAI- ;'1' The /:(lI1K.
un"1it 1'ht ~fyAi9l1f 5idts. 711 uS 1 -fh~

+tt.llt~ I j the 54f'ne.

In -the bl1it. WJ7"h th~ Ihc..JIH~R wAils
Il1clJl~1ed w{.(lIs) t!l5 11IusfrA.hef lit 1ht' f,8tO-e.

t;.f-

i71~

PY'(S$I(/,'~ 01'1 7h( b~1I-01Yl

711~ e:tdcl.f'PIt#/ iv-t11hi
1:S j(,(pporl:ect blj th~

..f-wo

Air

2.5
Bourdon gages (see Video V2.2 and Fig. 2.13) are
commonly used to measure pressure. When such a gage is
attached to the closed water tank of Fig. P2. ~ the gage reads
5 psi. What is the absolute air pressure in the tank? Assume
standard atmospheric pressure of 14.7 psi.
12 in.
Bourdon gage

f=: r-h + R,
..{)

II-ale

../h

liz k)6;.

-))

4t) - lair

(Ii.

6 in .

/0/ . _

'(111'

FIGURE P2.5

In.
-.f!tl2-

1;1/; -

.2.

1'1- 3 1~t.'tZ.

Bathyscaphes are capable of submerging to great depths

in the ocean. What is the pressure at a depth of 5 km, assuming that seawater has a constant specific weight of 10.1 kN/m3?
Express your answer in pascals and psi.

l.ti

P=-~J. +~

A-f -the :5urhtce

10

=0

1> =Ul)J i. JD ;!; )(5"

S

)(./0

~o !hAt
3

/WI)

= SO. S

= 50.S"

MP~

A/seJ )

(so. 5

7 320

p~iJ

~. 7

2.7
For the great depths that may be encountered in the ocean the compressibility of seawater may become an important consideration.
(a) Assume that the bulk modulus for seawater
is constant and derive a relationship between
pressure and depth which takes into account the
change in fluid density with depth. (b) Make use

(aJ

~::: -~ =-('3
Thus

~ :: - 1-

of part (a) to determine the pressure at a depth

of 6 km assuming seawater has a bulk modulus
of 2.3 x 109 Pa, and a density of 1030 kg/m3 at
the surface. Compare this result with that obtained by assuming a constant density of 1030
kg/m3.

( g.

2. If)

(I)

dr

be hre..
(Eg. 1.1'3 J

So

th.. t

a.t 1'=0

/e-:'
6

.so -inti/:

1>-

df =

~. 7

(C~n'i)

(b)

f~rt ~) )

Frt91??

-p = - Ev
So

at A::

-thAt

t.

Jh, (/ -

::1. )

,~~

[I - (;'03X;()3};3)(r'd'/~)(b)(llhtt)J

)in

r~= - (:J..3 x IO".!t

.-m2.

; . 3

;<. I tJ '1

...!:!..
""' :r.

= &'1. Lf M P'I(c)

~I1S

h,.,.

tan t

dens N-!J

p= (/~ = 13- ~ =(I. ~3 ~/D3~)(tj,f/ ~)("~I/~)

-

fo6. t, ;'1~

2.8
Blood pressure is commonly measured with a cuff
placed around the arm, with the cuff pressure (which is a measure of the arterial blood pressure) indicated with a mercury
manometer (see Video 2.1). A typical value for the maximum
value of blood pressure (systolic pressure) is 120 mm Hg. Why
wouldn't it be simpler, and cheaper; to use water in the manometer rather than mercury? Explain and support your answer with
the necessary calculations.

-p =

~It

J; V"

/2, 0

/YK 1M

t -= >fh

I-J, :

:::: (/33 X Jb)

,!~ )(CJ. JZ 0

Mt )

- / /,. .() 4e P...

?;

(> /,

.till;' 1J'/lj pY.t'$~/.I~ f.IJ i 'h1

I', ()
Q

X /b
3

(J

A.

tV
;;;":a.
IV

wa..-I:ey
-

Col""., 11

J, It. 3 tWl

" ,,()Xlb ;;;;;

Thus) i l tv~bY W(I/f!.

V"etlAit-ftl

CO/U"'''

1m 'Y~C,-ht41.

Sid

In

-h1< 'Ttlan()l1?f..k..t- -th ~

htI9h/:.s w()u/d be

N'o.
,,2.-5'

t()tJ

hl~h anti.

2, Ii
Two hemispherical shells are bolted together as shown
in Fig. P2.9 . The resulting spherical container, which weighs
400 lb, is filled with mercury and supported by a cable as shown.
The container is vented at the top. If eight bolts are symmetrically located around the circumference, what is the vertical
force that each bolt must carry?

Cable

Sphere diameter = 3 ft

'1 "..
p.-y
A,-.;
\AI
I+!

FIGURE

p2.Cf

hwce In ~ne h"JI:.

frf-,surt. at mld-p}t/he

ai rnl d- p/~ne..
we.lgh i l i In-ert.ur!1
0';:' She II

CI r-fA
AI

~ "'" w-eijJJt af j,tlt/Dnt

1Y1

h()#-fPfI1 hoi I

hlJJf

()f

sheJ/

/;1' ett"'jibri,,m/

L ~e"'hctl /

Thus)

g IX

f Ii

-r W#-j

1-

- O"u/f )(f D~

Ws
+

'04*) (f lJ~

('too /J,)

=(8lf'l !,X ")(f) (3ft) ~ ~lf7 ~,)(~)(f)(Htf+ J,oo Ib

ferlO

1.6

)./0

2.10

Develop an expression for the pressure

variation in a liquid in which the specific weight
increases with depth, h, as y = Kh + Yo, where
K is a constant and Yo is the specific weight at the
free surface.

:!1-_v
dr -

( Eg . .2.4-)

Le t
So

-(heel:

tind

Qh&i

-R. :: 1:0 -

d~ :-cli:

d.;1

I
I

(Lont)

2.11. * In a certain liquid at rest, measurements

of the specific weight at various depths show the
following variation:
h (ft)

o
10
20
30
40
50

60
70
80
90
100

Y (lb/ft3)

70
76
84
91
97
102

107
110
112
114
115

The depth, h = 0, corresponds to a free surface

at atmospheric pressure. Determine, through numerical integration of Eq. 2.4, the corresponding
variation in pressure, and show the results on a
plot of pressure (in psf) versus depth (in feet).

/11/////1'1'

(I)

where
CQI)
ht. ;".teyrIl1e4 Ilvmprlcltl/y

depth -l,'.
t/.J/ns

171ft

!l.IlltlJ" (1)

~//~/I1J 1)f"oJrAIJ1.

(!Vof~: The. n"m,y/cil I /;'.ft"Y4;'1()~ elfl1 "Iso h< (1c(t!)rnp/lsju~4

1hroufh f'e;fq.J.e~ ~.se. of '/1Ie pY~9J1'''m T.R,lfPb"ro/).

~.J/ jIk

100
110
120
130
14,0
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
24,0
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
33C
34,0
350
360
370
380

cls
print "*************************************************"
print "** This program integrates Eq. 2.4, numerically **"
print "** using the trapezoidal rule to obtain the
**"
print B** pressure at different depths
**"
print If*************************************************"
print
dim p(11),gamma(11)
n=11
dh=10
p(1)=0
for i=l to n
read gamma(il
next i
data 70,76,84,,91,97,102,107,110,112,114,,115
for i=2 to n
s=(gamma(1)+gamma(i) )/2
im1=i-l
for j=2 to im1
s=s+gamma(j)
ne)':t j
p(i)=dh*s
next i
'
'Print the results
print
print If h (ft)
Pressure (psf)"
for i=l to n
print using "###.#
#####.#"; (i-1l*dh,p(i)
390 next i

Th ~

1,1( j~ fed f'esu/.J-$

~rye.!p()ncl/".7 P/()t of
fa

be/"w I 1/011,
liS.

the..

tJlI1h

dfpTh.

~***********************************************~
Lt

This program integrates Eq. 2.4, numerically **

** using the trapezoidal rule to obtain the

**
** pressure at different depths
**
* * ~c ** * * * * *' * * * ** * * * * * * *' * * * * * * ** * '* * '* * >I: * >I: * * * * * * '* '* '* '* *
*10
1.2

1.-1

(ft)

0.0
10.0
20.0
:30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0

Pressure (psf)
0.0
730.0
1530.0
2405.0
334,5.0
4,34,0.0
5385.0
64,70.0
7580.0
8710.0
9855.0

1. o

~ O.B
.!;
Co

O. B

Co.
:J

~ 0.4

Q.

0.2

0.0
0

20

40
Oapth,

60
h

(ft)

60

100

~.)2
"2. .12.
The basic elements of a hydraulic press are shown in
Fig. P2.12. The plunger has an area of 1 in. 2 , and a force, F I ,
can be applied to the plunger through a lever mechanism having
a mechanical advantage of 8 to 1. If the large piston has an area
of 150 in?, what load, F2 , can be raised by a force of 30 lb
applied to the lever'? Neglect the hydrostatic pressure variation.

Plunger

/ ""-F]

Hydraulic fluid

If. j..(')~(E.
t:A.

o/.

P/un7fr"

'SIn ce.

~jI'ce,) F;)

F; :.. tAl

,Pt"'e SS{,{ r'e

pJu h 1f r

1//

COtel

4 ncJ

-th i"'ou 9h tJu t

('01

rI.42.,

-Ir:,

the.

Jevn-

V'esl-{/f.s

Fj = (?)(:6.o) = 2lfo II:;

P-;...= plr 2
whe~e ?
co~

1i1e

i'e~fec.tJt/eI!1. SInce...

t{V'e4S

P1

.
Is

"The..

-the..
elMS ~n t

()f

chq m be -yo )

7h e

1+/

1h,,-/;

~f

QI1t/

PJ5 foJ?)

{:,

:50

o.ff>Jj~cI

,3.o)b

::

-A1=2-

F::2- = ,401
6- t=;

2..

- (/~~ I~.~) (2'10 Jb)

3Gj

000

1.1:,

/ /11.

2.13
A 0.3-m-diameter pipe is connected to a 0.02-mdiameter pipe and both are rigidly held in place. Both pipes are
horizontal with pistons at each end. If the space between the
pistons is filled with water, what force will have to be applied
to the larger piston to balance a force of 80 N applied to the
smaller piston? Neglect friction.

~ ~

fA-I

!=s. = f A2
ThuS)

I
I

--

i
.....
~-IO

.~

2. IS-

I
2.15
What would be the barometric pressure
reading, in mm Hg, at an elevation of 4 km in
the U.S. standard atmosphere? (Refer to Table
C.2 in Appendix C.)

It t

C(

Ta b / e

eleva. -tJt)1'/
C.:;'

l'n

01

If J.m

P= ~. / ~ (p X /0

:!2-

( Ir~m

-7.7

PSt:

/1. Ppen dI xC) . S I H (. e.

1:> ==- ~~
..:P... =-

d'

2. J(,

S--

~. J" ~ :I. 'D

If

AI

-::;-2-

J3~;(,/~3..!:L

AH'3

I
2.1 ~
An absolute pressure of 7 psia corresponds to what gage pressure for standard atmospheric pressure of 14.7 psia?

71'.)(.-

)Lf.7/:lf.:

2-11

:::

2./7*
*2.17
A Bourdon gage (see Fig. 2.13 and Video V2.2) is
often used to measure pressure. One way to calibrate this type
of gage is to use the arangement shown in Fig. P2.17 a. The
container is filled with a liquid and a weight, W, placed on one
side with the gage on the other side. The weight acting on the
liquid through a O.4-in.-diameter opening creates a pressure that
is transmitted to the gage. This arrangement, with a series of
weights, can be used to determine what a change in the dial
movement, (J, in Fig. P2.17b, corresponds to in terms of a
change in pressure. For a particular gage, some data are given
below. Based on a plot of these data, determine the relationship
between (J and the pressure, p, where p is measured in psi?

W (lb)
(J

(deg.)

0
0

2.00
40

1.04
20

3.23
60

4.05
80

5.24
100

Bourdon Gage

'IV

(a)

(b)

FIGURE P2.17

6.31
120

7 rt, ~(J")
( IN hfY~

(I)

p-, )

Jj I;"

=o.()SZ2lii

fi,-."m R"'I'

So

1>

(j)

(~,;)

7.Cfb

-p (f'~t.)
Theta, deg.

0
20
40
60
80
100
120

W,lb
0.00
1.04
2.00
3.23
4.05
5.24
6.31

.:-

o. 'II, e

W =0.0522

8.00
,Q

100

150

6.00

~ 4.00

'Q)

~ 2.00

0.00
50

Theta, degrees

:L -1'2.

2.18

For an atmospheric pressure of 101 kPa

(abs) determine the heights of the fluid columns
in barometers containing one of the following liquids: (a) mercury, (b) water. and (c) ethyl alcohol. Calculate the heights including the effect of
vapor pressure, and compare the results with
those obtained neglecting vapor pressure. Do
these results support the widespread use of mercury for barometers? Why?

( 1h C./luhn1 va.f~Y
r(A.brn) : yJ.. +
w

he Jl'e.

"V

/,!A

( WI thou f

fYt'St;I/Ye.)

fJ'I/"

VttfD Y'

f Y~5.sU Y"e

(A. 6;J/'1) .. d' h

ftJY" 't'~.ss uY'e.

=
/OIx.JtJ

(It) F~". mtY'cur'j:

3 /'I

-I N

101 )(.ID

- -I.(PXJD-l..
"",,:z.
t111

133)( It)

'3 tv

;;~

J"3 3)(. 10"! .J!..

3..J:L
/I't?~

(M.3

= 0,7511W1
t.b) (;r

/.VA.-ter:

It =

/o/x./b

= I (). J
(()

Por

erf" J

a /Coho/ :

ttJ/;<.ID
;:

3 N
-l.
;?H

'i. 30

/. )0 3

1.77 xIt; .Ji.

AM

J:!..

1.

~ =

1. fo

,.,.,3

/)'Y1

3#

.{

/01

Co/urn

/S

renstPnt:lb/e.

;;. -ra

1'171"1..

/3,OI1?1

btlY'tlmeiers -fhe effect. 01 IItLlt/Y

is n f'r//qi bfe / tlnd t:h~ v$u/red he/9 hi 0/- The

For mere u r!)

Jb.J.!:!...

Ilt1

1??'1

)I..

7. 71f X I D3 31..3

11'H3

I ;J.. "3

/'tIA3

7. 7 If- .x. I 0 3 .!:L

--

X/0 3 J:L

/0,3 rm

311

-"""i -5.'1J<'/~ "."..,

- ..

I/'H

}J

/01 'J. I D -;;-~

PWSf lI1"e

n1er(.11'!/

:I. I q

2. II:!

Aneroid barometers can be used to measure changes in altitude. If a barometer reads 30.1
in. Hg at one elevation, what has been the change
in altitude in meters when the barometer reading
is 28.3 in. Hg? Assume a standard atmosphere,
and that Eq. 2.12 is applicable over the range of
altitudes of interest.

( f'g.

:2. J:J. )

(Il

(2 )

/re;m ~. (J) -k ~bta (

..5u 10 Irac. t 1. (2.)

n)

l~-r( = ~ UfJ1- (rt )r]

FDr

Tq,=2.89K)

I::

(5

tt, '!/ ~
sa..

"

-p,::

011-,#

00 "So

-P~

= 2?7 .::!Ct I'J Ii

Ie;. If(
(:'8'7 *fl< ) (~. 00#;57) ~

R.

&. =
d
U//th

f!).

==

[] )

/(:;) Je Pc.

) ::

f!J. I

q0

9.tl ~

52.

J,., =

f:;. = !~ ~ ::
-fhen

E'fJ3)

.?".pm

- 1: J ::

).f~ /(

~ O~~5tJ !fn

-- 54-3

rm

[( lol
I () I

~p~ )o.Ii~

.t PL

( qo.i. .v~
101

-It.. Pa.

y,/qOJ

2.20

2.20
Pikes Peak near Denver, Colorado has
an elevation of 14,110 ft. (a) Determine the pressure at this elevation, based on Eq. 2.12. (b) If
the air is assumed to have a constant specific
weight of 0.07647 Ib/ft3, what would the pressure
be at this altitude? (c) If the_~ir is assumed to
have a constant temperature of 59 OF what would
the pressure be at this elevation? For all three
cases assume standard atmospheric conditions at
sea level (see Table 2.1).

(a)

Ihen

-L/; )

(abs)

-p -=

~ - tlJ,.

J.I/~. z ~l.
[(. )

IO/.fo

J:!.

ft1-

(t). 67blf7 f;3)(;~

(o.bsJ

/lo.f.t)

2.21

2.21
Equation 2.12 provides the relationship
. between pressure and elevation in the atmosphere for those regions in which the temperature
varies linearly with elevation. Derive this equation and verify the value of the pressure given in

fOf

r~bf.lec~ in Appendix C r an ;~evation of 5

d

fJ

dl:

T - - R

Le t

-l-J

.ft,,,.

1;~t

Thus)

,p

i:

1:,

=- -

/?

t:PY"

(;(11

T= To..

-rs 7: .

di-

"7 i

?;.,

1::

L .
~
::'

-h. tiJ11 /()5a rithrn

~ [- ~ 1m (iA-~~i
.1 h (J _
Rr4
0/

-P == ~

s. 'f 0

_L

It

j"". 7:2 ~

c.>

and

{Nf

-},.::.O )

h~tn

(I -

X I () If

$1

~ [ e. (To. -(3<) -h TJ

&-r)
TA

atd D-t e3

L(

a.:tIOH

':JleLdu

~)~

(~t.2.,2.)

!!.1

mr

-~~.-.-.--.=-.=.--.~---_--.J
1.-I<&.

2.22
2.2'2

As shown in Fig. 2.6 for the U.S. standard atmosphere, the troposphere extends to an
altitude of 11 km where the pressure is 22.6 kPa
(abs). In the next layer, called the stratosphere,
the temperature remains constant at - 56.5 0c.
Determine the pressure and density in this layer
at an altitude of 15 km. Assume g = 9.77 m/s2
in your calculations. Compare your results with
those given in Table C.2 in Appendix C.

h
1i

= 22. ~ ..lPa,

-r;:: - 5 '.5 C -r ;L 73. 15" =

_

~ 77 70,..)( IS-x If/1M - 11;(. , /

/WI

~ I
I

:; I (p. " 5' k .

(,1 S''l

tfk )(:l /1.. /, 5" /< )

)J

-k Pa.
1")./.x.JtJ

Lb/e. C.2 J~

A-ppeJ!1&//x.

L-/7

3 IV

::;;'l..

C)

h
rJ;.

: J;1, II ~

pC(.

and

:<.23

+-1

2.23* Under normal conditions the temperature of the atmosphere decreases with increasing
elevation. In some situations, however, a temperature inversion may exist so that the air temperature increases with elevation. A series of
temperature probes on a mountain give the elevation-temperature data shown in the table below. If the barometric pressure at the base of the
mountain is 12.1 psia, determine by means of
numerical integration the pressure at the top of
the mountain.

W; tb -the. .frmft ral", Yt. d~b...

Temperature CF)
50.1 (base)
55.2
60.3
62.6
67.0
68.4
70.0
69.5
68.0
67.1 (top)

Elevation (ft)
5000
5500
6000
6400
7100
7400
8200
8600
9200
9900

'9 W(11 fhe. ;tJ.J.e1rl/

be eV/J/u4Iell J111h1fnc"l1~ tls/llj

'H

B ~ . 2. '1 Ca i1

rteAPE"iol.

*****************************************************
This program performs numerical integratior~
**
** over a set of points using the Trapezoidal Rule **
*****************************************************

**

Enter number of data points: 10

Enter data points (X , Y)
/Jeff :
'? 5000,1.962E-3
7 5500,l.942E-3
'? 6000,l.923E-3
? 6y,OO,l.915E-3
'? 7100.1.899E-3
? 7{,J.OO.l.894E-3
? 8200.1. 888E-3
? 8600,l.890E-3
'? 9200,l.895E-3
7 9900,1.898E-3

The approximate value of the integral is: +9.34S2E+00

SODoft
So

fhllt

( w/th

111 11ft

j ::

(~Z. 2

32.2.

4/52.

tlh4

tt. )(r. ~ t:)

3

17/ to ft:/b I sIll 1--;<

~-Ig

R = 17/1, It., Jj,/sJu~. 42)<. )

- O. 175"i.f.
( COl?

t. )

(I)

2.231-1

( COI71; )

:t.f

Ie //()IUS

-h--PIJ1

1;'1,(/)

/() J1H

~ = (1'2. I ,s/a)

'A = /2.J PoJ L' a.

7).,lIf

- tJ,17S'1f.

==

10, Z

PSI.'a.

2.2 Y
A U-tube manometer is connected to a closed tank
containing air and water as shown in Fig. P2.2~. At the closed
end of the manometer the air pressure is 16 psia. Determine the
reading on the pressure gage for a differential reading of 4 ft
on the manometer. Express your answer in psi (gage). Assume
standard atmospheric pressure, and neglect the weight of the air
columns in the manometer.

Closed valve

I-- Air pressure = 16 psia

T
2 ft

,1

Water

Gage fluid
(y 90 Ibfft 3 )

Pressure
gage

I~
(p
~ I~.1..

/i

FIG U REP 2 2\f-

. 2..)

Ib
.!.!!:
/'t. 7 -:1.. '0/fLf r J-l'y,. J f
-n..

+ ( (p Z. -!ft:3 ) ( ~ f-t)
-

I
(J)

16)( / It

72.. -Ft."-

J u..u

2.

TT'I?,

2.

'/-.

b7 rDSl.
.

~.

Z.2.5" J
I

Hemispherical dome

A closed cylindrical tank filled with water has a hemispherical dome and is connected to an inverted piping system
as shown in Fig. P2.2S. The liquid in the top part of the piping
system has a specific gravity of 0.8, and the remaining parts of
the system are filled with water. If the pressure gage reading at
A is 60 kPa, determine: (a) the pressure in pipe B, and (b) the
pressure head, in millimeters of mercury, at the top ofthe dome
(point C).

2.2.5'

/SG=O.8

4m

+
3m

-1-

Water

2m

(a.)

1;;

-I-

[S G,)( ~:l.()) [3 ~)

~o (L/W1) :: 1>B

1>8 = ("o.J.p.. + (O.a)(r.II(//!.)(3",,)+

=
(b )

::

(r.c~~1D3;;'.)(z1'M)

/03 ~Pa,

~2,0 (3hY1)

-pit -

- k0 .k Pa. - (9. ~ D X ID .;~ ) (:! '"" )

3

I
!

-It =

5f).

~ )( JD

..pc:
!'jJ

3 N
1I?1'10

3 N
Bo.t. xH -;;'l-

:::

/'33)( J0 3 .!:L

= t>. 230

tI,230m!

11H'3

ml

(la 3fW1,!:,

ht'\

2-2./

RJ

Water

2 30

1)1"1

/WI

2.2.("
Manometer fluid

2.26
For the stationary fluid shown in Fig. P2.26, the pressure at point B is 20 kPa greater than at point A. Determine the
specific weight of the manometer fluid.

Density = 1500 kglm 3

Le-/;

r-",.,::

FIGURE P2.26

w-e/;ht t>11Y1~I'I()metel'

spe,l!,,,

dA = (SG)( ~

1.Jr. D f!'

'I- c.

) (,.) = (1.2) (IODD

fl"t"

'*~)('l.81!f.. )

..".

:: I I} i()()..!!

hr' 3

(fa ::

~ 3-

= (iSt>o

#!. )(Cj

.81 ;,.) == J Lfj

7()()

tA- = - ~ (2 hYI);- ~ ( 2m1) -t rB (~IW\)

t. (n<ib J !!.~ :: - (I ') 8DI ;;., )('2.JIK) -+ 'Cr... (2,..) -t (I~ ,100;'3) (1. ... )
-1=>13 -

I'm

'O~

= 7/

IV

J DO

;;3

2.

-2<.

Z. 2. 7 I

2.7..7
A U-tube mercury manometer is connected to a closed
pressurized tank as illustrated in Fig. P2.27. If the air pressure
is 2 psi, determine the differential reading, h. The specific
weight of the air is negligible.

1'3"= 2 psi

Air

-'-,
I

2ft

2ft

Water

-t-I

2ft

~
h

~
Mercury (SG

t,~
~ =

'1

1 -

#,.0

'0JI.% 0 (If !-/J

~.J

~:LO

( it +

If (t)

::

fa/r

= ( '2. f4J ) (If ./'.;)

(/5. I,)({.2.lfAJ) - tz'If/c.

2.-2. 3

= 13.6) -

- tJ. 517 Ii

'------'

2.28
2.28
A suction cup is used to support a plate of weight W
as shown in Fig. P2.28. For the conditions shown, determine

W.

.. FIGURE P2.28

f.o'rces ~I\ plo.;h-e.

FOr etu; I; hrlUM 0+

~ ~ ~,A.
A, 1$ ar~A of. c.up

WheY'fo

FY()(n

manomet-er
-

1 }

a Vltl

P, (s

oil-tO

"

btlt

ne9a...4:\ve pr-tssur"e.

.QZ ULJ/Ov\ :

~z. D (1. ~ H) t (s G) ('0~t. 0

t, ~

&(

[I. ~ ft

) ( (j.

~ .f-i:) .:: 0

- (1I)(0.4.ft) ]

~J uft -

(E){Mft)]

-= - Cfcr ~ ~~
Tht.ts/ /-Yom t=~. c. J}

OW " (q u :") (Tt ) ( O. 5'.f.r) 2.

2-2..,-/

=:

1 g. ~ IJ,

2.29
A piston having a cross-sectional area of 3 ft2 and negligible weight is located in a cylinder containing oil (SG = 0.9)
as shown in Fig. P2.29. The cylinder is connected to a pressurized tank containing water and oil. A force, P, holds the piston in place. (a) Determine the required value of the force, P.
(b) Determine the pressure head, expressed in feet of water, acting on the tank bottom.

+
t
2 ft

2ft

3 ft

L
Tank bottom

( a...)

For
I

\...C)nev~

-p,t+=p
I
\ .

"P1~.5

e$ l.l aJ-

L tP J1

&J i

FIGURE P2.29
(J )

presslAV'~ ac..-tlnq f>~

I_

1\

p/~ror1. l-t'mat1t!1M-eber-

1/-e.J.

1)1 T o~i I
.so

.eblA~IL},rlilf'"

(Sft) - ~l' J

(2

H.):: ~I'r

iYzl4..t

P, = 11,r - ~ ~ (s+1:) ~; J (2 ft-)

" (s ~.~)(I* ~:) - (0. q) (~1. ~~J) (5-H)
t

(0. q)(~2.~~J (1-tt)

5~~ ~\.Th us fyf)m E'C. () )

)

(b ")

\b (
2.) - I l, to 0 \ 1
k~)
3 fi

P= (5"5"2

~bo&~ :- "RL'r

-1-

O~2.0 (3 +t)

-1-

~6; J ('t-fi)

" (5' ~:- )(i ~'t~:) d":2.4- ~3 (3 H) + ~.'1)~1.~~~~ft)

)

J 13D

Ib

J;:a-

Ib

\ I 3D "h:a. :::

2.-25'

),31

2.31

The mercury manometer of Fig. P2.3

indicates a differential reading of 0.30 m when
the pressure in pipe A is 50 mm Hg vacuum.
Determine the pressure in pipe B.

Water

O.

Oil

~r
0.30
L .
m

Mercury

FIGURE P2.3 \

-fa r
Wh Y'l.

(6.1> ....

'O.il

-R::
,4
1'{:, =

6'JI.

O.

3D .. ) -

(/;3

!u.o ( 0.1."",) : ~

( IJ, fJ3() hrI )

- r~ (~, P30 ...

=- -

tJf3 (0.3",,) -

) -

~i I

((), Vfi ""')

+!U; (~, 3",,) ... (fu,/D./!;"",;

)(~,~30"") - (g9b~)(t1~~~) +(/~3~)~~MI) +

(r. 80 ~ y6.}~I&1)

2,32.
Water

2.U
For the inclined-tube manometer of Fig. P2.32 the
pressure in pipe A is 0.6 psi. The fluid in both pipes A and B
is water, and the gage fluid in the manometer has a specific
gravity of 2.6. What is the pressure in pipe B corresponding to
the differential reading shown?
-.3 in.

FIGURE P2.32

-t !#,20

'0;1

(Ii H:)

P,e :: Pj1. " (0.6

~f ~ ft:) Sih3tJ

~fec/f,c

the

/oJ

/Nfl"},

cr~t> (J~ ft) :: 18

~ the. ;tqJe .flu/d)

4'#1- ({ ft) .silt

:30 ~

/t,..)(N't!ji ) - (j.b)({,2/f ~,)a ft)(O.5-) :32.3

:: 32.3 Jbl.yt3-/I'I1I- til. la .= 0.22'-f

?s,:

IOpen

2. 3~

Compartments A and B of the tank shown in Fig.

P2.3~ are closed and filled with air and a liquid with a specific
gravIty e~ual to 0.6. Determine the manometer reading, h, if the
ba:ometnc pressure is 14.7 psia and the pressure gage reads 0.5
pSI. The effect of the weight of the air is negligible.

Air

----.L
0.1 ft

Water

-t
Liquid

AI> ~

'rllJh)

~/r

f. u (h)

-+

1;.; (~. J.ft)

Mercury (SG = 13.6)

:::0

~l /

= ( o. 5 ~.). ) (Ill-If

!ft.: )

(,2. lf .!Jt3

::

(SG = 0.6)

~t (tJ./ .pi)

f-

~l 0

-(-

-t {;

~.,)(t,1.1f- ~3) (~. J ft)

(().'){~Z'f!lt3)

~. 2 i' it

2.-2.7

2.342.31}

Small differences in gas pressures are

commonly measured with a micromanometer of
the type illustrated in Fig. P2.31f. This device consists of two large reservoirs each having a crosssectional area, A" which are filled with a liquid
having a specific weight, YI, and connected by a
V-tube of cross-sectional area, A" containing a
liquid of specific weight, Y2' When a differential
gas pressure, PI - P2' is applied a differential
reading, h, develops. It is desired to have this
reading sufficiently large (so that it can be easily
read) for small pressure differentials. Determine
the relationship between h and PI - P2 when the
area ratio A,I Ar is small, and show that the differential reading, h, can be magnified by making
the difference in specific weights, Y2 - i'1, small.
Assume that initially (withpI = P2) the fluid levels
in the two reservoirs are equal.

Th
__________~!_

12

FIGURE P2.3Lt-

~l..

1~

_1\_1

_ _II

- -- - r. At

I;'ih~/

l-e lit! I

J~;'h4/ I,ve/
/Dr grlit' 1-/,11 'd

When

ei

dl'fffnn/;Ja / pYt'$5Ure)

___

Vf5ervpj,. drt),P' b~ A c/J~kllrce.J Alll tU,(/

111~ /7) til') " In et: fI- e $"Il t. i~)n be ~4'm e.s

~ ~ ~

(1, + -It - i Ja.) ~ J.

11 - f2 ::
S/ nee

-the /,

f) J:dJ

LJl Ar ::-

/"

- d'/ ...

-t-

(2 A -I..

$/"nIl)J

-f:: - +2 :: (~ - " ) l
/tlr1e

vt}ltI'RS

d/f-.feY'fnt/a 1s

if

pi

h
0;1,. - 6',

(-R.,

IJ

tIt"t; lell~1

~), ) =

111

+2

OJ

/ncomfY't'ssi /')e;>

_ At
- A)-

:l~h~

/hen

be ne,/Jec:'ted, Thus)

Cind

~,

:z J h

r-

we ~$$tI',H.

ritjJri l-eve/ r-is,s b~ Ah. Thus,

1he rntln6)meter /:Ire

-A
411:
:2.

4Ai- 15

d'2

,\
i.

I~ a.pp)/eH

It - Ii)

J
'1\.

/ tift

term in EZ. (J)

2.3S

Open

2.J5
The cyclindrical tank with hemispherical ends shown
in Fig. P2.35 contains a volatile liquid and its vapor. The liquid density is 800 kg/m3 , and its vapor density is negligible.
The pressure in the vapor is 120 kPa Cabs), and the atmospheric
pressure is 101 kPa Cabs). Determine: (a) the gage pressure reading on the pressure gage; and (b) the height, h. of the mercury
manometer.

1m

t-

1m

l
Mercury

(a)

dL = ~p. who

Le-{;

f \LiUJ'~

FIGURE P2.35

=(goo ~3 )(~.8 J;~): 1850;; 3

QVI~

i?va-poY'

(,119e.)::: I ZO .kPo- C~bs) -

J0 /

,k Pet (ttb$): I q ~ Po.

Thus)

~A5~ ::

-FVAPdY'

+ ~ (ll'M)

= ~'l )(\b3;;'~
2 ~, ~

-k

1"

p~

{=O.ZOL/tM

(ll35"D~~ )(\fIM~

2.3'

2.3'Determine the elevation difference, Ah, between the

water levels in the two open tanks shown in Fig. P2.36.

"

.2.37

I
Oil density
= 1.20 slugs/ft3_ _

~t

I-- 2-in. diameter

2:31
Water, oil, and salt water fill a tube as shown in Fig.
P2.37. Determine the pressure at point I (inside the closed tube).

'--

-lOin. diameter

3 'ft

1.1'--- Salt water,

------'--- ~ (l) SG = 1.20

-~f

_Lei}
2ft

[~:~'~_C
-p(S G)$4(+ ~U2.0 (3 Ii)
I

-t

~"I (3 Ii)

i'

~2. 0 (2..rt) =0

W4+Vr

~ = (/.20 W. 2. 'f ~. )(3,f1:) - (;. 20 !.f/:)(az. 2 ';."{JIt)- ('~lfkJ(z.ft)

= _ I ~. I

iJ:,

.fe

2-30

Ocean surface

2.38

An air-filled, hemispherical shell is attached to the ocean floor at a depth of 10 m as,

shown in Fig. P2.31. A mercury barometer located inside the shell reads 765 mm Hg, and a
mercury U-tube manometer designed to give the
outside water pressure indicates a differential
reading of 735 mm Hg as illustrated. Based on
these data what is the atmospheric pressure at the
ocean surface?

735 mm

FIGURE P2.38

Pa.. "'" &lb~c/ute ~/j,.

Let:

/;'fMl -v
~ w-

1\1

Ins/de. shell =

pr"esS(Jre

Sit( rlae. e

at:1Y/1 f)sphent. fY'{,sSU re

Sf t't:.i Ii 'c.

uN, ;'11 t

1fuJ.

(~, 7(P5'1'W'l )

Selttc.J4.:/;e yo

f~~
.Jo

1h4t

~ihn =

t -

- (N3

(f

( / (), 'b ~) -t ~

Sw-

:f!. )ftJ. 7'b-_)

- (;I!J.I

-;;'-31

( (), 7" 5" ~ )

~) (;t>. 3b"") T ~~3 ~ )(".13f...)

2.3'7* Both ends of the U-tube mercury manometer of Fig. P2.3Cf are initially open to the
atmosphere and under standard atmospheric
pressure. When the valve at the top of the right
leg is open the level of mercury below the valve
is hi' After the valve is closed, air pressure is
applied to the left leg. Determine the relationship
between the differential reading on the manometer and the applied gage pressure, pg. Show on
a plot how the differential reading varies with Pg
for hi = 25, 50, 75, and 100 mm over the range
o ::s Pg ::s 300 kPa. Assume that the temperature
of the trapped air remains constant.

C /~seeJ.

114/(/(

FIGURE P2.3~

a.

e'lttr4

0. .tJ I..:'

-A _

'1

pyeSSlJre I

fj

.h

rtt.

#1

/j~:
an,!

(I)

-t.

4f'e

tra.pped

:JItJe

fyeSSUYfs.

/;1'

IS() therm4 J

aIr

.:::E..:: ~ t1.5 .fqII i

f
.

~11.5ft1l1t

4' r

mas~

tJheY'e -V- Is (f/r II~/"me, / l' ,:S 4bS~/l(k /vt'SSI//I'e l (J;ul "
Y'elfr 10 in/hal Clnd ft~iAI sfttff.5/ r-f~ft'c.hllelfj. TIHtS)

a:/:1I'1

ift'

=-

(~ -r

IrltlPul /11 r;g~i

tj,(Zj CQI1 btl 1t.I,.;ffen 4.5

for

41J!'

f,.t, ) ~

t : titm [
B$ ./3)

Es.

./) h =:

-t [p;

-r
( 2)

~.t. (A r~4. D/ I-~ b< )

leJ J if.:"
/.

, ~.
~. _ An

/nflJ

lIJ1d

L.

::z..

(J)

t- -/;./-""
l-32

- I]

( 3)

E ~ Ii' tid) n

(it)

Cflll

eX.fv~ s~ed

b-e.

1]" (

(fj-R.)).- (t1.J.~+ -?; ;- ~f"", ) IJh

f"JI'YM

2.1 t.e
a-u;

<1Hg.

Qt)d

-!he r()o.f.s cf

(-R.t..

i-

1hJ.S
~

-r ~i"") + ,.1

J; eV~)1(1J k

g"adr~II'c. e~IJ({i:";1( ave.

~a

IJ~ -the. ne.14-J.1 v<

It",

r,---(~-L-'-.,.-f;.-#-of--~-a.-f~-)-2.--2-18-i-,; (s )
~ ~3

V
SJ1H

IS

t1J

b'Ml~

~J 5/~'e. .A h =() h.,.

,4- pr"Jl'tI!Y1 /tJr ~mlu

iJh (}s ~ htn't/~;' of
f-y
J. i !"/Iows (WItH ;1i,.."" /O/.,QP" qn' ~= 133:.B.Nk3
100 cis
110 print "***************************************************"
120 print "** This program calculates the lower root of a
**"
130 print "** quadratic equation to give Dh (in m) for a
**"
140 print "** range of gage pressure, Pg (in kPa) , and [or **"
145 print "** a set of different initial heights, hi (in m) **"
150 print "***************************************************11
160 print
162 dim dh(S)
164 patm=101
166 ghg=133
Dh(hi=O.OOO) Dh(hi=0.025) Dh(hi=0.050)
170 print
" Pg
Dh(hi=0.100)
180 for pg=O to 300 step 30
190 for i=O to S
195 hi=(i-1)*0.025
200 a=hi+(pg+patm)/(2*ghg)
210 dh(i):::a-(a~2-2*pg*hi/ghg)A.5
220 next i
230 print using 11####.#
###.#####
###.#####
# # # , # # # It # It ; pg , dh ( 1 ) ,dh ( 2 ) ,dh ( 3 ) ,dh ( 4 ) , dh ( 5 )
240 next pg

f1 =o.

114 'l'/oU..!

)'

Dh(hi=0.07S)

(C.()//t )

.1

~**************************************************

**

This program calculates the lower root of a

**
** quadratic equation to give Dh (in m) for a
**
** range of gage pressure, Pg (in kPa). and for **
** a set of different initial heights, hi (in m) **
***************************************************
Pg
0.0
30.0
60.0
90.0
120.0
150.0
180.0
210.0
2'*0.0
270.0
300.0

Dhlhi=O.OOO)
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

Dhlhi=0.025)
0.00000
0.01101
0.01816
0.02313
0.02678
0.02956
0.03175
0.03353
0.03'*99
0.03621
0.03725

Dhlhi=0.050)
-0.00000
0.02120
0.03538
0.0,*539
0.05280
0.058,*7
0.06295
0.06657
0.06956
0.07205
0.07'*18

Dhlhi=0.075)
0.00000
0.0306'*
0.05170
0.06681
0.07807
0.08673
0.09359
0.09913
0.10370
0.10753
0.11078

Dh(hi=0.100)
0.00000
0.03938
0.06716
0.08739
0.10258
0.11'*33
0.12365
0.13119
0.137'*1
0.1,*262
0.1,*70'*

0.20p-----------------~-----------------------------------,
-

0 --

hi-O.OOO m

- 0 - - hl-0.025 m
- b . - - hl-0.050 m
- 0 - - hl-0.075 m
- + - - hl-0.l00 m

0.15~----------------~

0.10

0.05

III

J:

O.OO~~~~---e----~----~--~~--~~---&----~----e----t

-0.05L-______ ________ __ ____________ ________________

~

100
Gage Pressure,

200
Pg

(kPa)

300

SG = 1.10

2.40
A O.02-m-diameter manometer tube is connected to a
6-m-diameter full tank as shown in Fig. P2.40. Detennine the
density of the unknown liquid in the tank.

4m

" __!IiIII-
Specific weight

= 25.0 kN/m 3

II FIGURE P2.40

LeI::

0':: ~R 14.71:. cl-

0-;. ::

UI7k.nrJwY/

.fluid tUt~

rI,/O)(f. 80 x /D3) ':' If). 8)( Jo 3 N /~3,

Thus,;

1~

-t

d' (1",,) -

r=
/J -

\ 8. ~

cr

(~",,)

(zS.>W ;;. )

0;

(3",,) ::

;.. 1D3 .!!. 3

/WI

J ~.

.x 10 -;;-3

t - d-

2..-.3S-

/'f30

~
/WI 3

t;

2.4\
A 6-in.-diameter piston is located within a cylinder
which is connected to a ~-in.-diameter inclined-tube manometer
as shown in Fig. P2.4\. The fluid in the cylinde. and the manometer is oil (specific weight = 59 Ib/ft 3 ). When a weight "W
is placed on the top of the cylinder the fluid level in the manometer tube rises from point (1) to (2). How heavy is the
weight? Assume that the change in position of the piston is
negligible.

~/t)l1e let:- py",ss,,"G

m4111?me iel'" -Rg"'Lt/~'1 b~c~""e.s

tv/in pi$t::I?"'1

- a::d/l, 1..,

~p

etdded

~
an p(

'::

m~1/14'me.j;el'"..e k~t"~J1

PI" 51,;( b I-t&tci

4il (-'-, +

E Z . (J) -fr~m

hce ~f f,stol1 =

(I)

in c yot'IZ>8d

W
A-p

SO

-\;../
A,

'::.

thlll-

W
'I:
(~
If ,2

It) "-

~;J

~ It) ~JH

'3ofJ =0

(;t It)

S/H

3D to

- &9 ~3)(-{ ft )(()/~)

\AI =

;1.,Qo

Ap

wh e~e

t fJ~+OH )

hecl!>m es

Eg ,0) -k o.biol~

tine!

-to
tI

1:0r '_ f.f - J:'" 'J (.J/.. ft.) ~/;' ~() ~ :.

(!:II"

P2.41

sil? 30 .::: 0

'py.,SStI r~

()11

FIGURE

/1,

(2 )

2.4 Z
The manometer fluid in the manometer of Fig. P2.4Z
has a specific gravity of 3.46. Pipes A and B both contain water.
If the pressure in pipe A is decreased by 1.3 psi and the pressure
in pipe B increases by 0.9 psi, determine the new differential
reading of the manometer.

T
M=l-t-2c("

-.l

Gage fluid

(sG = 3.46)

~I"

FIG U REP 2.42.

+;,~ in;fJill clPnli1l1NltJf:m :

r <tz

(;l) r

~f

(2.) -

d;h~

(, ) ==

0)

where ~/I 1t'l1jtn,j I'(JA~ I;' R. tVhen ~ dec.re~st'.s fa ~ I Q H~

1:, in~re/(se.5 +0 ~ I 11Je heljhfs Df t'he .flllid Caltlmns eh4n'je
ts 'hown &Ji1 .fi:;w~e. h>)I- -tne ./;ht1/ ~()11./;9j,(rtll:l()H "

p; + ~() (cl.-a.)

J~ bI:.~ct

1;g .c"2)

-1;/
t{.

Since I

1-

~~/ It}

"" (

fA. -~ ::
(-

(J-r;;'~) -~o

(/+a.) =

t/

~f

~zo (q ) "

Pa - Pta'

(fIt)
J

I. B f5L. /

q ;;;,'l.
)b)(tIlflf h~
/n.~

~-fB :- - 0. q fSi.) tinA

rJ. ('2. If };1)

1hfre"r~
~h

( 2)

(~ -p~)

(f~ ()

(.,,,) r

(/, 3

-/t,.~ )(IV-t; *~

q,.=

CI/Jc/

pl!J'

fum EZ' (l) -10 bb.bn'J1

( ?13 -18 I )

Jjf

-J-

= :2..ft + ;. 4:

(I-

3. if~ )

~.ft +:J. (1.03

~f = ~ lfb ~:J.O

H)

/. rJ3 It

-'I. Ob It

2.43

Determine the ratio of areas, All A 2 , of

the two manometer legs of Fig. P2.43 if a change
in pressure in pipe B of 0.5 psi gives a corresponding change of 1 in. in the level of the mercury in the right leg. The pressure in pipe A does
not change.

Area = Al

.hI:
~ercury

FIGURE P2.43

For -the.. /n;t-141 C(!)nll'rwrlJf/~"

rT

18

when

111e lef-t
7)

FoY'

H1lfre) :

lJ:" ' L D
(t..' +.411,... ) -!:/" . ,(iJh,')
..
inc ~~ps~s the

Y'/9 I1t

t~/umn

Ct

must:

/ I;; /lId

(Sf'e

nje.s

YemA/h

rt): t/3

-!,.

("Iu",,, /rills

Su bfr", t

or

d;,

"LO

t:iZ.

- 0t:J.o

4HI-i

cI'sl-t:/I'ue) h, Sin(e. 1ne. I/o/lime tjf. 11te

~tf)I4S/:;4I1t ) rt,
.A
h = Az (4.. e>r A;
At ::: h
Q...

( ~, -r- lJ hI.' -,,) - ~

tJ)

d;si~""e ) a.

-the. .finAl (Onh;"r4t/~H) w/"ht /,y,ssure

fl4

(/)

(), J '

In

f3 eJlltll -b,

( J h.-A. - b ) - d:" ( t. ' +~)

~'()/

t.

P/3

J :

=..J.. I
rl3

&171 EZ, (2) -fo ohio;",

(1:,) 7' ~;.

1:>,8 -

"3

?f,,;j

(tAo)

("

+h) -

b = (PR/ -~13)

d;/,

(If'{) :::

I~ (I/{)

!~ - ~~o

P/l/ -f.e = o. S" psi tl~tI a. = / ,'/1.),-t ~/IDWS thai

b : (tJ.5 ft,..)(I'fIf!li: ) -r'l7 )t, )(,i It) + (tJ.gj('H ~,)M ,cr)
'Ktt7

It, - b'Z. If ~

= O. O~71/ I-t
::

/t. 7

{z.j

2.44

The inclined differential manometer of

Fig. P2.44 contains carbon tetrachloride. Initially
the pressure differential between pipes A and B,
which contain a brine (SG = 1.1), is zero as
illustrated in the figure. It is desired that the manometer give a differential reading of 12 in. (measured along the inclined tube) for a pressure
differential of 0.1 psi. Determine the required
angle of inclination, 8.
FIGURE P2.44-

tdhtl1

1:;,. - P/3

in c.reAsed I::c ~ -

's

Pa me

le/i

Cr:;/qmn

IR//s

t<.

dlj'.f.an'e tt ClI1 P the r/9}rt Co/tlIY'n II'/Jes ~ dishtl"lce. b t:lj~l1f

)
J
111~ Inclined ~be- 4$ .sh~UIi? /n .f,9.{l"e. J::;v -tn,'.J +-/Yl4J ~nfi:juf'tJ.t/(;)1:

1ft +
I

~,

1,/ - Psi

(I,,. +fA.) -I-

~c1l~ (It t-.b ./" e) -

(<1j, .. - 0;.'/11- ) (a

Th e eI,:P1e rent/oj read/nJ) 1J h)

-I-

h fJlh

lrbJ( -bs,." e) = +~

t9) ::: 0

(I)

111 e -tube is

tI )!)f19

~h=

Thus,; +rt)rn
--h

'#

El.{))

-'Pia

'

( ~ ~ - 1',,1If

)(

A h 'S /n

~ )

=0

- (~'- Pra')

- (,), fbI-

Thus )

2.45"

Determine the new differential reading

along the inclined leg of the mercury manometer
of Fig. P2.45", if the pressure in pipe A is decreased 10 kPa and the pressure in pipe B remains
unchanged. The fluid in A has a specific gravity
of 0.9 and the fluid in B is water.

FIGURE P2.4S

~". fh~ /n;/-/q/

A
wh(;'"(

h,~~a tl(;rl

+ i' (0. t) + t'Jt

rnlP V-PS

t:t

C(J)n

fill
up

3
/enftns eire
A.

c/ 1'.5-k01Ce... J~)

14 I..

(().05

30") -

5111

tJ),e YI ~

m,

l'n

~/n 30 oj

~~O

!'lew !Y'~5S"'Y'e

the

EZ,C2.)

fA - fA::

/0

(~.08

t If4!.

In

1:.0

Ta.)

l2.)

A.

ob-N/~

~A

S/H

3 DO - ;Yft~ (5//1 30'TI) ;- O~O

10

ltPa..

0, 051./0

~N

--:
M1

(J 3 3 ~ )(0, ~-T I) of-

1??1

New d/ffel"en-t14/ V'eudln1) 4h) me45tAY'eJ a/{)n1

to

) -

Eg.{J)

( 0, q) ( tt. SJ ~) (0, 5" )

30' -/'

"

= 1,

from

a.. -

e'l I{a. I

/ e/-t CI::J/Utnl1
moves dlPWM

6"IJ., ( " ",;, JO' + O. oS sin

!:

a.

clec.l"'eases

(I)

ch$-hnce; a.) QJ'1e1 I"l!J hi ~''''ml1

as .s h~Wh /" fIJIIJI"~, Ft:>r the f.ti'1ll/ t~4tj"NI.. 6/~ ~

(tJ, J - a.

IS

~20 (0. ()8) ~ ~

~ 1- =

Cl

Sin '30 0
o,OSJ.jo
(!:l,S'

+ 0, 05

4-

/I'YI -r t).05M1 i"

/Mc..J1I1eJ

+t.tl"e

1',5

a.
O.

D5O tn1

= O,Z12

IW1

2.4~

Determine the change in the elevation

of the mercury in the left leg of the manometer
of Fig. P2.4f> as a result of an increase in pressure
of 5 psi in pipe A while the pressure in pipe B
remains constant.
1.
m.

diameter

FIGURE

-fA

'tJ.l~O (-f!.) - 6'#3- (.1;.

-r

SIn

30) -

P2.4~

~il (~) = ~

(I )

t..Uhet'~ Id/ /el1~1h.s 4re /n f.t. IJhen ~ /nc.retlses +0 1Jt' -the

Ie.ft column ~/Is blj -the. dt's.J..q;tce; (1,) and 1ne rlJhi ~/"mJ1
m~l/e.s
(

-rlnal

*:

Up

d/s~n~e. b)

-me

,
t!4'I1.h!}HI""i;-JiJn.'
I

Subtract

a;:

"~o

~b'

(
(I)

.p~ - ~

-t 4.. ) -

tr()rn
"1-

FZ.ll)

t:lS

(a +

sh~ttll'J

~ :5 /n 30 D-r b

.f.o ()~iJ1

/n.) ~

a- = (; j n. ) '))

.b ::. If 4-

- ~/-j;A )

o#:lO - !Ut
(!),

3 CJ 0 )

30 y.

.pi:

(3) -+ 4,;/ (2. )

(down)

:.

'30 )

~ 1:.!3

~i/ (bS/1') 3c~ =0

0/ IJZ'u'"d rnusf ~.e ~s.ftzl',.t A,

(i

oS /11

Irj",I"~. /;y 71l<.

~()/'I (!3.1:1. - b $JH

~~o (a.) - ~3 (li-rb5/~306)

Since -the I/()/ume

a..

;11 11Ie

a.

= A,z b)

( 2)

( 3)

rD-jd

2.4-1* Water initially fills the funnel and its

connecting tube as shown in Fig. P2.47. Oil
(SG = 0.85) is poured into the funnel until it
reaches a level h > H 12 as indicated. Determine
and plot the value of the rise in the water level
in the tube, e, as a function of h for HI2 ~ h ~
H, with H = D = 2 ft and d = 0.1 ft.

______

I
v'--.l

H -----,

h=2

Water

('2.)

Final

Initial

FIGURE P2.4-1

{= ~(lJ:r)-AD)T-1o

OJ

Oed

Tht

V()/lime

cf w~trY' mu.st

.E
d"< /J
f
.,(.

A-l ~())

-ff/:z.

!i.1 t2) CAn

3d'f.

toY'

12:: Pt..' = Do
H

find

(DI.:)L
it
"'2.2.

t!Dl7ser/le~I

H= 2

E~. (I)

-Pt

be.

D =2

w"iffen
D2H

f t.

7r

1iJeyekt'e

(D~)';

3:z.

t/HU

- -8

(1111{

J) . .::
t.

(2)

12
2-

ct..s

(-P )~Jo

d = (). I

It )

3
( 3)

411"

hec~d1es

;. :: 0. ~51t 1- O. IS ~D - /

(If )

be~m's

2.

(t;, 1ft)

P=

(2

ft)2

(1. f6)

1:

(1_ ().~3J.

) 3

(S)

IuI1(,t/~n ~{
100
110
120
130
14,0
150
160
165
166
167
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
24,0

-f.

/.o/I()w~.

cl=:
print 1(****************************************************"
print "** This program solves iteratively a system of
**11
print "** equations to calculate the elevation 1 (in ft) **"
print. "** range of heights h (in ft)
**"
print "****************************************************"
print
print It
h (ft)
1 (ft)"
I
for h=l 1=0
print using"
###. ###
###. ###"; 1. ,0.
for h=1.10 to 2.01 step 0.10
1=0.0
las=l
hO=(1-0.03*las)~(1/3)

1=0.85*h+0.15*hO-1
if abs(l-las/lO.OOl then goto 190
print using"
###.###
###.###";h,l
next h

To. bu/Ct ted dtl:l:a..

find

4(,

plot

of

tAe d4.ta

Clre .sh"IlJII

heJou).

****************************************************
** This program solves iteratively a system of
**
** equations to calculate the elevation 1 (in ftl **
** range of heights h (in ft)
**
****************************************************
h (ft)

1 (ft)

1. 000

0.000

1.100
1.200
1.300
1.4,00
1.500
1. 600
1.700
1. 800
1.900
2.000

0.085
0.170
0.255
0.339
0.4,24,
0.509
0.59lJ.
0.679
0.76lJ.
0.84,9

1.0~------------------------------------------------,

0.8

-.....
-....

o.e

0.41

0.2

1.2

i.e

1.4
h

).-3

(ft)

1.8

2.0

i-3ft-1

2.1.f 8
Concrete is poured into the forms as shown in Fig.
P2.4e to produce a set of steps. Determine the weight of the
sandbag needed to keep the bottomless forms from lifting off
the. ground. The weight of the forms is 85 lb, and the specific
weight of the concrete is 150 Ib/ft 3

--==L 10
W FIGURE P2.1f8

FrfJm the. Iree- bfJJ'1 - dt'a. :JYI/m

"

([3:LP1=O
~+-~+'Ui-tA::;o

In.

tread

J~

~1J

(I)

i~A

tJhere .'
~ = we'flJt of 5t!Jldbtrg
'1d" ~ lVu;ld of- C())lcreb

PJ1 : tve&Itt (/{ *l'Ins

Ph : ?r~jII~

uft;"1

6"l!Dm ~lIrl4(i! due if) ~lfcyeie

A ::: I:Irelt ~I btP/folr) sur/ga

?rpm 1h~ d~

flU/A.'

1vc -- (/~P !t3)( ~f ~HCf'~)

. '
.
=-;; Jl!)/ L'L) [(I/);i1.f,z'f',h.) + (/0/".)(16",.) 7- fi()",.)(~ tn.J)
(IS-O :n:.
Us

Thus)

fr~m

. ~

l.37T;

/ f!-ff .!11

.f-C.~

F!. OJ

~ = (jOt;~,.) (7. 5" H. 2)

~ 1&,5 1.J,

ISOt)

It - '65/.J

2A9
A square 3 m X 3 m gate is }ocated in the 45 sloping side of a dam. Some measurements indicate that the resultant force of the water on the gate is 500 kN. (a) Determine the
pressure at the bottom of the gate. (b) Show on a sketch where
this force acts.

(a)

~':.

ir'hc.A
::- (~. ~D ~) (-/tc.)(5'1nl JC3,,")

SDO-k. N

~ c.. =: S. 10 7 /YYt

= ~ (~(. + I. SI'tY\ )( 5111 Il-S)

bofh,ft'\

_ (ct. Kl> :~ ) ( ~. (..1 ~

= G,".O~
1.;1(.("

lj :
R.

~c. A

':1c.,

~It =
==

~'.D~g

tl1'\""'

(j, )

+ I.Sht\ sin Lf~)

+ Yc..

~c:.

1:

s~'~ ~ S~

5'.fgJIM
sin 4-5

..L
)3
12. (3",,)(3M\

(8.021ft" ) (31M
<3.11

g.02

NY\

8,D2,*, :' ().l> q3Siv.. + 8.0 Z,w.

'i.5/r&4 )

IWo

/
/
/

1.5" I'tI\ + 6. 0935 ~

= \. 5"'i

('In

~m

top of. ~ cs.1:!

2.6D

I
r-0.lm~

SO

An inverted O.l-m-diameter circular cylinder is partially filled with water and held in place as shown in Fig. P2.50.
A force of20 N is needed to pull the flat plate from the cylinder.
Determine the air pressure within the cylinder. The plate is not
fastened to the cylinder and has negligible mass.

Air

Water

0.2 m

Plate

1
F= 20 N

...pA
.t.4l~lt!*l

h> y e ZU'I //bY/u m

2.

-Ph

F:-erfJCa I .:: 0

-+

ZtJ N =~

( N.u -that.

-pA-)~

be

pr'es~tlre

fYJtJJt.

'~u"I-/~/ pre. ~fllye.J

(J .I

(t). ltttf ) =
~
~.
-+
aIr
1J.z,~

Th{Js)

1>

ZtJ IV

-faIr =
=

~.j,,") ~

Lf 5' /0

.!!..
/1112.

2-'1~

(iJ ~ j. /~ of.!!.. ) (t;. 2M')

/1')1.3

If. 5" /

.J. ~

d.?!

T
:'::", 1i:9_J "'-f. ,.l~;:;:P_IUg_-.[
f;:~:,::,~~~-::::~:::,;:

2.5/
A large, open tank contains water and is connected to
a 6-ft diameter conduit as shown in Fig. P2.5) . A circular plug
is used to seal the conduit. Determine the magnitude, direction,
and location of the force of the water on the plug.

-,t_

..J..

,--

'

L::;"';'!

: ,"

r
...1..

FIGURE P2.S\

wheYt!
:: G-ft) If
+
(/2 It) 11 flU)"
{he

';;rce

01

Ii

.).~ ZfJo/J:, acfs

wp,i:ey Stlrhrce
surface ~5

/"L

t:lh d

IS

--

12./ r

/21'i.fi: b!/t:J1d the

pet/end, Ci;(/p r k fh~ pJllf

5h&(//)1.

;. - '17

2.52

Cable

2.52
A homogeneous. 4-ft-wide, 8-ft-Iong rectangular gate
weighing 800 lb is held in place by a horizontal flexible cable
as shown in Fig. P2.S2. Water acts against the gate which is
hinged at point A. Friction in the hinge is negligible. Determine
the tension in the cable.

Water

Th f,{!JJ

'i< =U2,lf !J)("4Jr;,;'h){tftdft)

= 3390 If,
To

/ tJ~4,te

Fte )
I. 1l C.

~Ie :: IJ, A
So

ihd-t:

117. ::

-r '1,

I~ (ifl-t)(I.,ft)

where.

'1e. =31i:

:3

-I-

f-I::

(g h) (,ftJlIffl.)

- if. 0 II:

ef" i // 6;illlYl )
210)1
tin

:::'0

T (3Ii)rs/~ 6~' = 'iJ ['1.r;t)(~()Sbb()) + ~ (2 +t:)

T=

(sbb/b)('f.ft)~S"D~)+ ea'lb Ij,) (2ft.)

(g .ft ) (~t'11 boo)

/3S{) /J.,

2-'18

2.54-

An area in the form of an isosceles triangle with a base width of 6 ft and an altitude of
8 ft lies in the plane forming one wall of a tank
which contains a liquid having a specific weight
of 79.8 lb/ft). The side slopes upward making an
angle of 60 with the horizontal. The base of the:
triangle is horizontal and the vertex is above the
base. Determine the resultant force the fluid exerts on the area when the fluid depth is 20 ft above '
the base of the triangular area. Show, with the
aid of a sketch. where the center of pressure is
located.

~c :(/f~D') ft
JO. t.r3 ft

.::

.-f~ -

~ ~ ~ J.,
-

-&) tt

-rC

S/~ jp~
=

(]If. 8 ~3

PY'~5SI1 Jl'e.

.,l M 3

t-t) ~ t. (~){ "h d

SI

H)

33;QooJb

a{../-s

1hr~ufh

c/l, fql1~e

t:J{

t:)

$liJ (Po~

~I-

i'Ae.

.fr/~if,le.

;;. -Lf'f

as

Ii - ;'p, t. Ii :: ;.If'1 /-1:

5h~U,)n in ~Jetc.h.

2.55

Solve Problem 2.Stt if the isosceles triangle is replaced with a right triangle having the
same base width and altitude.

-- -

FI< = 3~) 9()o/b

~

1=

J, If q Ii

(see se>/ut-i,;;, ~
Prt;j,len? 2. '5"4 )

L';jc.

(Eg.

'Ie.- It
_

( to It)

:J. (

2,2.0)

t fi) 2. -=

2, ~ '7

The 4rce.

t,4)(!')rdi"",l-e.r

-Pt

e:.tcl-s "/h;'''''ff h '1'hc cen.f-er t:J/ 1'1"eSStlrc w/tu

~~ = :l, (J 7 f t: Q#f~ .!J J = .:J, 'I- 9 f-t
(5 -t!e. .ske I-c.h ) ,

z.s~

Open

2.56
A tanker truck carries water, and the cross section of
the truck's tank is shown in Fig. P2.S6. Determine the magnitude of the force of the water against the vertical front end of
the tank.

PR,::

'(f

FIGURE P2.56

he. A

Brea./( area. It'lto 3 P&\ . . i:-s

a s shewn. Few' a~a.. ([) :

i=k I ='0 h~I At. I

::
5/'(I(t

~2.lf k3)( 1)(~.ct) ({ )(2+1: ,( lfi:)

/1,
F,~ I = F~ 3 1'J"el1
333

1="~3 :::

3-33 11,

~r tfret< @:
~ "2.. ~

?> hi! z.. Pt.,.

=(~ 2. Lt tt3') (1H) ('t-+t

t::A. ~

tr t-t )

L F" .,. ~
"I

:. 2.

f.

'Z..

(333Ib)

2~ fDb

-t

02. 4- ~~) (z.f.t ) (~H

Ib

2.-5"/

,c.

't-H.)

2.57
2.'57
Two square gates close two openings in a conduit connected to an open tank of water as shown in Fig. P2.57. When
the water depth, h, reaches 5 m it is desired that both gates open
at the same time. Determine the weight of the homogeneous
horizontal gate and the horizontal force, R, acting on the vertical
gate that is required to keep the gates closed until this depth is
reached. The weight of the vertical gate is negligible, and both
gates are hinged at one end as shown. Friction in the hinges is
negligible.

T
1

Horizontal gate, 4m x 4m

Water
L -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Vertical gate,
4m x4m
Hinge

),,, 1"17(:)11111 /

L MJ.J

1ha.i
OW

=0

~Jure

.pA

/j tnt' tvp.-br fr~Sr/lye ~11 fh~

~~m SI/f"face .

r = ~/.It. (J (2.h!'J

..-6

11141:-

1v

=(9!OO;;3

tlfy-t/ c~d

!;r

fk =I'A~A
Se>

)(z~) (tf/M

J<

Ji.M)

314

-I<N

rttie)

Luhey~

ht :,

7 hn

r'ff"!!--R.

7'ha. t.

1;.:: (?;p~ 1-3 )(7 )('l-tm X Jf~)

trn

=- IIt)o.JGN
To /1/ ett k FICL~c.

J~ -=. Y"A

-+~,

~ (ifltH ) (If/11( )

~-----~
~
( 7 """ (If,.,., , I1H )

If

~ u/'II'br/um

2: MIi

R=

:::'0

(; / IJ~

So

I< IV ) (rAn

1Yz41:.
- 7.1 'IIIIK )

J..-S2..

11'W1 = 7.1'l1M4

2.$8Open to atmosphere

2.58
The rigid gate, OAB, of Fig. P2S8 is hinged at 0 and
rests against a rigid support at B. What minimum horizontal
force, P, is required to hold the gate closed if its width is 3 m?
Neglect the weight of the gate and friction in the hinge The
back of the gate is exposed to the atmosphere.

3m

il-'

0/.';,', .. /t

-Hi~-.

Water-

4m

';':.:'-':-. -.:- ::;.-: ..: B

. - .. -. .'. p:z-.-::;-.:r;::,.~_--1..._p

F., = Yh ',I
A
~

=(q fpo!..

/J'Y13

tJheyf:.

) (5;w, )('ftm

".~_:~.~::.\/-:;-~-::: <::'r- 2 m--1

he. I = 5""1

X 3 1m)

FIG U REP 2.58

- s'i'8xl{)SN

hCl. =
~o "'fhAt

;;3 )(1/h1)(2~

;;.:: (1fOO
To

The

'I. 12

0)

1~I

Ixc

!:fcI A,

Ii at:--Is
L H0 =-0

-krce

F; (6: 2.6, 7~
SD

ie,

4i 17re

~ ~)

III---~"'"

() 1

,
X

~~)

/ (

-t

o;

7M-1

;( /O~ N

/oc",-if:.

/ 2.

~"""

(S""m?)

Cenhr

-r

Ii

1714.i

p=

2.-53

) ( if;ffl )

('1M

.(-i;Jn)

0/ 1J,e

(J".,)

=:

-+

01.5'1
'2.'S'f
The massless, 4-ft-wide gate shown in Fig. P2.59 pivots about the frictionless hinge O. It is held in place by the 2000
lb counterweight, W. Determine the water depth, h.

Gate - + - I I I

Pivot 0
Width

hC :: .b.2.

For'

ezu"~'br;"m)

::EM
f;. d

()

So

=()

= %) (3A:)

-;-;'4 i
(

2~&J() Ii; ) (3 H)

(0/.1z, ~)(!J...
~) It It)
2-

-It. 3

,=

(3){Z. 0(1)<>

It ) (3 f+)

(~Z.~,Yf )('rR)

==

5'. lift/:

= 4 ft

2.60 *

A 200-lb homogeneous gate of 10-ft.

width and 5-ft length is hinged at point A and
held in place by a 12-ft-Iong brace as shown in
Fig. P2.60. As the bottom of the brace is moved
to the right, the water level remains at the top of
the gate. The line of action of the force that the
brace exerts on the gate is along the brace. (a)
Plot the magnitude of the force exerted on the
gate by the brace as a function of the angle of
the gate, 0, for 0 :5 0 :5 90. (b) Repeat the
calculations for the case in which the weight of!
the gate is negligible. Comment on the results as
0--+0.

(a.)

tn,

HY

FIGURE P2.60

free- j,()dy dlR~rllm 0/ tlte

(St*~ rl,lfl'tl))

f}4 -fe

Z t=;. =0
00

thAt
'}. (*) +

Also"

q,v (f et> s e) ~ (1=;

J. ~/h e
..511, ~

f:.R.::
w hert!

W-

'6 (

J.
L

w-

sa ~e
T

~/;'

V' A 2.
0 ,(G.>

Few

r;

wulln. Thus) I:!.

_)
<\AI
Wj S I" B + '2 ~.s

F,.,=
8

'O-::'fDZ.'f 161ft))

CBJ {J ""

Cl;s

-=

(II

Clln

b.e

Fa 1 ( (ss ~ J/~ () l' J/' "

( (: zw-)

I' AII

t;~

(,{~

Wf, /fflt

('.{)s

e)

~ ~
-

( Z )

1=5ft/

(6,2. If !:))(Sft)l(10jt)
&;

(Fa jl ;HJ) (j f()J a) (/ )

r (J ~/~'~ )(,Q w)

OW!

~s ; 51"!? T 51 H tP

.,.

( a s.slllfl/~ ~ h/l11e. t:{ ntl end /) f

brllle II + .slllIIe elfIN. 'h~11 )

that

.50

{'J(sl. 9)

~) (1 , I ~ e)

-=- L .5/n tf;

o!'c A

the

I.J

UJ.5

hi" (; r

=
( CDn't )

~ ~() ()
(r)s

-hi" G

9 frill /}

f' I () 0

+ ~/H

( J)

~.bO 1-1

(~,,'t

SInce

51;'

t/;

SII1r/
c( h

d.

Clift

~
/....

::

-S-

::

12..

511"}

S/~e

~j/ ~ ?liI! 11 l) I
t!iJh ~~
b( II.5f'd .fD tlel-ermHIe... Fe

proJ ftlm

foY'

C/J IUtllllulJ

L= /2 It

f:: s-ft

4.s

It

r/e.J.en11lI'lt4. 711 tiS, 3' (3)

~Y'

t{

JJi/!J.1

&.

I-uI1 C.N()11 of e-

~"'Pu.,/;fY

~/j()l().s

100 cis
110 print n**********************************************************"
120 print "** Variation of the resultant Fb as a function of theta **n
130 print n**********************************************************n
1/,r0 print
150 print n Theta (deg)
Fb (lbs) (w=100 lbs)
Fb (lbs) (w=O lbs)"
160 pi=4.0*atn(1.0)
170 for theta=pi/2 to pi/36 step -pi/36
180 sph=5/12*sin(theta)
190 phi=atn(sph/(1-sph~2)A(O.5))
200 fbl={2600*tan{theta)+100)/(cos(phi)*tan(theta)+sin(phi))
210 fb2=2600*tan(theta)/(cos(phi)*tan(theta)+sin(phi))
220 print using It
###.#
####.#
####.#";theta*180/p
i,fbl,fb2
230 next theta

Tabu/flied data..

rhe
(b)

h//6'/A.)lh~

CIne!

a.

,lot of the data.

af'e

.!IJlfrJ

~I"}

pa..je.

h;r OW=O lEg. (3) reduces t~

.J

the

(/11(/

(w/tn

'
l!J

((.s

w
t:I

G!;s

frJn& -r

5/)1

'

jC/me ,ProJY'lIm t:lS WIIS u.sed In f4rita)

set: fS"4/ -t-o "'!freJ) (!.All be used ~ t!)bt4/h
ftlnt;t/~h ~f e. T4J:,t(14~~ data.. qllt/ ~

f/r;t t!)f the d~i ~Ye J/;fYl ~11 the

.f,p//!')/P1i1!J p~~e.

**********************************************************
** Variation of the resultant Fb as a function of theta **
**********************************************************
Theta (deg)

Fb (lbs)

(w=100 lbs)
2860.1
2757.4:
2659.4:
2567.0
24:80.9
24:01. 6
2329.4:
2264:.8
2208.0
2159.6
2120.0
2090.0
2071. 3
2066.4:
2081.1
2128.8
224:9.8
264:6.3

90.0
85.0
80.0
75.0
70.0
65.0
60.0
55.0
50.0
4:5.0
4:0.0
35.0
30.0
2:,.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0

10
4.5

Fb (Ibs) (w=O lbs)

2860.1
274:8.1
:264:1.5
:254:0.9
24:4:6.7
2359.2
2278.8
2205.4:
2139.0
2079.6
2027.1
1981.2
194:1.9
1909.0
1882.2
1861.6
184:7.0
1838.2

Legend

1:.

w-100
w-O

4.0

3.5

OJ

\\

.n

.....

3.0

ri

LL

2.5

2.0

20

40

60

Theta.

deg

( t.(}1)'t)
.2-57

BO

lbs
lbs

A-s

r; ~ 0

me

F-,:

If

"/I~II)J thAt.
U.s

Th US

tis

CIIJ?"~

/la/lit eJ{ 17.3

2 (Pot)

tps

Clll1

det~Y1mn e,,( !rtJlI1

E!. (~))

1T!1I f) rS/",

f -- V1- sli/'~

"::

pi / -- hS:) ~/"6

B ~0
::

I f 11-0 J.b

/ + ..'
/2.

IJ/I~ Y'lIStili mellllS '/h,t: ~r'

is Indeferft,,'n~ft! I but ft,y tll1~ "//n*,
WI I / QfPt()lIc.h / ? J/.O /b.

Pht{'S/{II//'1

~ =. () I the
sn",f/

I,

Vlllue.

lJtl/"e () / ~
~I

eI

2.til
An open tank has a vertical partition and on one side
contains gasoline with a density p = 700 kg/m3 at a depth of
4 m, as shown in Fig. P2.61. A rectangular gate that is 4 m high
and 2 m wide and hinged at one end is located in the partition.
Water is slowly added to the empty side of the tank. At what
depth, h. will the gate start to open?

F=R j

~,. ..t" ~

-::.

A. ~
+0

'} refers

W neV't

:J4S6i1l1

e.

~; = (700 ~.)(q. 8/ ~) (ZNO) (tf,.. ~

11 0

==
t-

~l.cr

LU he V'e.

F; ;:
RwWher~

1..0.

X 10 J

z.,..)

II 0 k N

==

1+ l4If e .(e rs toW cc....-h}l' .

0.Lv'" )"

-:.

FIGURE P2.61

w-

('t.(?O)c'ID3N)(.h)(2~~h)
/)tt :i

f~

2.

dtpTh ~t wo...~V'.

~kr" : (~. g0 ~ Ir/ )~ 4

h:>.... e~u',ll bfl ~m )

2 M \.t
So

:'0

-/11,t

~ "" 1.",,::'

Tn 11.5)
~"'cA

1=/26 if!

q. 8DX I03 ) (h '1 ) [ ~ )

h:: 3. ~5 fYYl

wh,c.~ I~ th<.

{ l
w d" .Q... = '3 a" 01 1, = 3 N't

= (I I

~ I ()

\,~~h~~ vAlwf -h,v

h.

N) ( -\ N'\)

2.'-2

A gate having the shape shown in Fig. P2.62 is located

in the vertical side of an open tank containing water. The gate
is mounted on a horizontal shaft. (a) When the water level is at
the top of the gate, determine the magnitude of the fluid force
on the rectangular portion of the gate above the shaft and the
magnitude of the fluid force on the semicircular portion of the
gate below the shaft. (b) For this same fluid depth determine
the moment of the force acting on the semicircular portion of
the gate with respect to an axis which coincides with the shaft.

Water

6m

~l

~
Side view
of gate

(aJ

r:; r

rec.-t.al1'1l1/a,. f()rfu,'II)

(f)::r J- he A
S"

~he f"

At

~ ""'

"fna.t:

(Fi<)y::(ri~b';.3)(3"""')(~~;('"",,) - /~6,t)~N
I

he

~I'M

::

'fie
31i

~f'M -t If (~m,)

:=

= 1. Z1 M1

31T

/ 6J0

J? N

(h)

7.3~1"n1

ThUfJ,

tn ~mt /I i

~; fh reSfec.1

11 =(~)5, )(
:: (;O/D

-4

s h~.f.f:.J M)

(7. 3' I'M

".

ao ~ )

x JD3N ) (i. 3'1'M)

= I. 37 X / ~ I:. Iv /WI

2.63
A 6 ft X 6 ft square gate is free to pivot about the frictionless hinge shown in Fig. P2.63. In general, a force, P, is
needed to keep the gate from rotating. Detennine the depth, h,
for the situation when P = O.

eO ,;,I,'en um
21'1).J. =0

1=;,.,.
ThllJJ

~r

p= ()

/NO"

fd

to,Pass tnrPJl9h 1ne

/J 1n9.e) ,', e,) fJl?:::?' s.f.t + h
hlft/(

t:J(e

Qnl{

y", A!:f~ -=

WIt;,

3.sR+h
6.5 it:.

_ -A

h T 3 f.I::

('~tJ ((,. ft))

(I, t 3ft) (tft,t. b-H)

h = 3. ()t> -tt

2.-(,.'

-+-

FIGURE P2.63

2.64
A thin 4-ft-wide, right-angle gate with negligible mass
is free to pivot about a frictionless hinge at point 0, as shown
in Fig. P2.64. The horizontal portion of the gate covers a I-ftdiameter drain pipe which contains air at atmospheric pressure.
Determine the minimum water depth, h, at which the gate will
pivot to allow water to flow into the pipe.

Width = 4 ft
Right-angle gate

Hinge

pipe

.. FIGURE P2.64

POt' egu;/, 'hrJum

:2 1'10
I=::

~J

>< .

I=R,

=0

J. I ::

I=R

z.

1"

)(12.

(I )

).,

t:='J(L

OJ!'

17< J ='r heI A-,

~)ll.~

=(~z.lf ~,)(f) (If-Pc ~ h)

== 12.5'

1,,~

h'l-

I;y -the t:,rt~ ~n -tnt! h~rJ~pl1ta J ~YI::J~YI 0 ~ ~ sa, l::e

(whu. lt JJ hajq~ced b~ P~tS5"H/t. ~~ bDTh 5Jaej e"cepi
lo~

tnf. t.lre~ f)f 'lrre.

p/pe)

t=;~: tf htr;.)(lh)2::: aZ.Lf

::: Lf'l.O h
Thus, Pr8m ~~. 0)

:3 )(h)(![)(!1i)).

~
U1.5h;2)(f) = r;.1.t>J,)(3+t)
/AJ/'f;.

h::: /. rF fi

)..,

dnPl

1.=3t1:
z

2.~s

2.65
The specific weight, 'Y, of the static liquid layer shown
in Fig. P2.65 increases linearly with depth. At the free surface
3
'Y = 70 lb/ft3 , and at the bottom of the layer 'Y = 95 lb/ft
Make use of Eq. 2.4 to determine the pressure at the bottom of
the layer.

=951b1ft3

z=o

dp _
di:

FIGURE P2.65

( ~~. 2..lf)

-~

0= 'f5- 12.' 2-/nat ()

c=-z.

fl'

1b. 1trJ17I

1t,lhm

=-

--

thot"fl,m

=-

irs

-12.H) d:t

2.
[r,~- It'~-r9.
z
()

['1Sb') J.b
/~5" .ft,..

t... '1.5' { 2

)'j

2.0

2.'~*

An open rectangular settling tank contains a liquid suspension that at a given time has
a specific weight that.varies approximately with
depth according to the following data:

II (m)

o
0.4
1.2
1.6

., ?
".3.6

The depth II = 0 corresponds to the free surface.

Determine. by means of numerical integration,
the magnitude and location of the resultant force
that the liquid suspension exerts on a vertical wall
of the tank that is 6 m wide. The depth of fluid
in the tank is 3.6 m.

10.0
10.1
10.2
10.6
11.3

0.8

12.3
12.7
12.9
13.0
13.1

1.4
2.8

'17

The

mAA",IslI/t.
.,

-lIt/Itt .~~ce / ,fi..... ,

01 71te

"ff;III1' ", SlimIY/ I11 1 1i1~ d,I=HY'fIlf.,it/

~"'ces a,chhlj fJlI Pte. h~I'I'o"'';'/ ~l-rlp ShtPWII

(!/In k

,,,; 1I1e. frrt.ll'e.

/I

Whel'"e

To

~~

,-:0

1-:,..... 1'''-'
1'-""'"-:,/-:,/,,I-:-j""'-'-:-_L-:-'L-:-h-,.!'L
f (). -t

Thus)
J..I

Fk=jd{-bj1>Jh
()

r-_ -

OJ

T
lot

the press lire at (j.eft;, ~ .

wc uSe. Gr 2.'1

'oJ

iii,''' P

cjj; =-K
d't

((HI

IN,:;'"

d'i= -dh

?(A.)~
E1 IJ 4.t,0I1
PrOfj'yl" m
100
110
120
130
1lJ,0

150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
2lJ,0

250
260
270

(2)

ti 111{

1 ~ d-P.

(Z )

CIJ It be If} JeJ rll ff ~ 1/ " m eY'I ~ q / f;, "': /t" 111 (! kIf()uJI it"
11.51;'9
11ze. Vlly,'uholl I; (f MJITh h :;llIel1.

cls
print "*************************************************"
print "** This program integrates Eq. 2.4 numerically **"
print "** using the t:r:apezoidal rule to obtain the
**"
print "** pressure at different depths
**"
print "************:t:************************************"
print
dim p(10),gamma(10)
n=10
dh=0.4
p(l)=O
for i=l to n
read gamma(i)
next 1
data 10.0,10.1,10.2,10.6,11.3,12.3,12.7,12.9,13.0,13.1
for i=2 to n
s=(gamma(1)+gamma(i))/2
iml=i-1
( Ct>l'Jt )

280
290
300
310
320
330
3~0

350
360
370
380
390

for j=2 to im1

s=s+ganuna(j)
next j
p(i)=dh*s
next i
'
'Print the results
print.
print" h (m)
Pressure (kPa)"
for i=1 to n
print using "###.#
###.##";(i-1)*dh,p(i)
next i

K************************************************
** This program integrates Eq. 2.~ numerically **
** using the trapezoidal rule to obtain the
**
** pressure at different depths
**
*************************************************
h (m)
0.0

Pressure (kPal
0.00

O.l

l.02

0.8
1.2

12.2~

1.6

16.62

2.0
2.4
2.8

21.34-

OJ
.:....

36.6~

3.6

41.86

'J

...J

B.08

26.3~

31. 46

~gfl4. t/(;11

(I J CilI1 ,,()/AJ

b4 Ihk!hlkJ lJ("(mer;c,,li~ US/'n~ TIGItPEfO/

*****************************************************
This program performs numerical integrat.ion
**
** over a set of points using the Trapezoidal Rule **
*****************************************************

**

Enter number of data points: 10

Enter data points (X , y)
? 0.0,0.00

O.4,~.02

? 0.8,8.08
? 1.2,12.2~
? 1.6,16.62
?

2.0,21.34

? 2.4,26.34

7 2.8,31.46
? 3.2.36.64
? 3.6,41.86

The approximate value of the integral is: +7.1068E+Ol

( Ci>!1 'i

)
2-(ps

(Cd)tJl )

w;-n

II

j,?d~ =7/.07~
()

A'H

~ = (~hrI ) ( 7). 07

To

t.j

z {, --k Iv'

sum h1~l'I'1fl1.f:s (I/'(Jlli a.x.I'.s !;;rmed b!l l"trj'S~C.t:'()H of

lie.

/"c4k

#).:

IIfl'h{~/ Wf/I II~~ I(/;"H

~ f,e

Sf,( Y'

rn" s,

/Au;,.

It I>

= b

d -f.

( .3)

il?.fejY4f)I ~f CAli be. dekY""~t4 41111

Eo . (3) /~l-ef,.,,/~4
"l/mer"clI//~ us/nj T,eA-PErIJ/. TIIJ,"/"#I r~.!tI/1s ql'e ,iflflt k/"w.

The

~****************************************************

** This program performs numerical integration

**
** over a set of points using the Trapezoidal Rule **
*****************************************************
Ent.er number of data points: 10
Enter data points (X , Y) Note:
? 0.0 to. 000
') O.y,.1.608

YtV ~(}f

:1 O.8,6,L16lJ.
'? 1.2,1"',688
? 1.6.26.592
? 2.0,l:t-2.680
? 2.4,63.216
? 2.8,88.088
7 3.2.117.24:8

? 2.6.150.696
The approximate value of the integralls: +1.7y,37E+02

TIlliS)

IN/tA

-I-fd-t. "

/ 7'1-. If -J, /(

if /DI/()WJ

, =
/?

1r~1J1 Ii,!.

(3)

1'h1. t

l~I"h -

{ fD 1m )(/7'1: If ,AI)

?,,,, .A)/

fi

The Y'e.suJitlni ~f'te.

(j

c.ls 2. '1-1,

MI

be low fluId

:::

2. 'fie 1m

sur-fa c.e ,

Water

2.~"1

The inclined face AD of the tank of Fig.

P2 .1 is a plane surface containing a gate ABC,
which is hinged along line Be. The shape of the
gate is sho\\l1 in the plan view. If the tank contains
water, determine the magnitude of the force that
the water exerts on the gate.

y'

y'

4(x,)2

Plan of

gate
x'

FIGURE P2. (p 7
/'
./

{.() he re.

A=

i'

[).;<.'

d!j ,

(".

j;{{) I/? d;/

-H1""')

ff({f}T =~'A,'
o

/'1

'deI ,4 = f~'
t:f d A::
o

I, d :J

.t. !:J,I(.

""'
I

c)

I
I

'1, .::

lind

J'n ce.

{c. =

'fG

$,1'1

30

0
)

~ = ~2.1f ~~ )(3"ti:)(J/~30tJ)( ~" .prl.) _ Sfet

/b

~2m-j
2.68
Dams can vary from very large structures with curved
faces holding back water to great depths, as shown in Video
V2.3, to relatively small structures with plane faces as shown
in Fig. P2.68. Assume that the concrete dam shown in Fig. P2.68
weighs 23.6 kN/m3 and rests on a solid foundation. Determine
the minimum coefficient of friction between the dam and the
foundation required to keep the dam from sliding at the water
depth shown. You do not need to consider possible uplift along
the base. Base your analysis on a unit length of the dam.

. 5m
4m

If-~---6 m----"!
FIGURE P2.1o<B

K /,(! A

:=

.4 - (

where

If ""'"
)
SI.3

(I

:S/].t

/=Or eZ 1I;//6r/ufYI )
F;<. =0

z:

or

fie

/f-/jt!);
.:50

2..

SII1

s/.3

II

= F;

)/11

FfJ :. 0

1h()./;

=C>v<../

-t-

't<I:: (d"'~n~l"ei-e.

!=Je
)(

C6S

51.3

V()/r.lm~

where.

DI- UDrlCrei:e)

Thus)
N

= (~:3. ~ ~~ )(2 0

tm 3)

'1

(I ()() Ie. N)

C~s

S" I. 3 0

(/~O-RN)

Sin

Sf. 3

5'""'3 'f ..It.. N

= s 3 If -k N
0

2.b'f ""

Water backs up behind a concrete dam

as shown in Fig. P2.~~. Leakage under the foundation gives a pressure distribution under the dam
as indicated. If the water depth, h, is too great,
the dam will topple over about its toe (point A).
For the dimensions given, determine the maximum water depth for the following widths of the
dam: r = 20, 30:- 40, 50, and 60 ft. Base your
analysis on a unit length of the dam. The specific
weight of the concrete is 150 Ib/ft3.

80 ft

PB = 'Yh

l
FIGURE P2.lDQ

/-\ hfe- b~d~- dla~r({m ot the dct~ 15

~howl"l in -the +t~CAV'e. a.t 1J1e I'i~lti)w;,e",.e.:
~I =
(lev l.(nl'+ lel?~11t)

'6;"-

F.3 =

(CS~'" '({~T
:z.

F.'2. = 'c5
~,::

(~T)
(~r
') =
7
Sihe

-t

,.

~-a "2-

':13

G=

5i"e

'12,=-

+elt')

~~/{Jer

(~,.

SI'w8

the.

pfeSSwve

dlS.fV',J,,,,,~,o~

sW/

On

The. 10 ~~ :

~ = (~-ti)J
Summ In~ mt)meY\~ a~ot.(.i AJ

~~ ~ 3

= FI (~) +
(

f!c (~~)
It. '

~----------------~--------------~~~ '--------------------------------~
'2..- f.:. ?

( CD" 't
5

0 f;,4 t

)
.J.
)
Fr (.. ) .,. ~ (tft
Fj
5,,6>1-, '.fl( j.1f)~ of exl/I'fSSIDlf5

1f3 =

j. (

-r

7~ )

-i-r-1t

Fe> I( egui iij,.,./"W1 of fhe dqm I L: fi1A :: 0 I So

'J

':1, - '\;v' (;ft)

(=2.

1h~t

'12. + ~ t:13 =0

OJ

/ft 3 ) crt. = 150Iklft-', (/1111 ;'T':./tJ oft) then:

F, = 3/.2 i
~= {gf!)ooJ.
F-:. = 312.
':I
10/3
:z.
Slit G
:z
si", 9
F..:: 3/. 2. (.f. ~ ,0) .i.
'13 ~ P. (if.,. 1J():r (2.~ -t-I(Jj J)..
3

and

w'Jth

'If::: fe,2.lfl b
2.

::I

-R.1"-R..r

Su h:st, /l.tJDJ(
(3/. do. 1

01

)t~ )
r

1h~se

ex..preSS/O/LS

l:Z. (J)

I;,k

~ I eJds )

((,,""O~) (; Y-) - (3~~:){-~~~~)

['3/.2

aT/O);] [~~t :::~Q

.P. I

C411 be

Thus;, .for

tL

c,4>rld,f/{;H

-hl11~=?o/,f1 Qnd

3(...(t-t I O)

t:j"UH

CiPmtufty pl"0J)"qm

for

Ef,(2)

detfnn/ll l1iy

C~t1t
:2-70

J =0

de,t.ermuucJ

/YOHf

the

~()JlluJ

kV h.
h ~v t:t 7 , l/el1

).

~J/()WS

J. 6Cf /1&

100
110
120
130
110,0
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
210,0
250

c12
print "*******************************************************"
print "1I:* This program solves a cubic equation to determine **"
print "** the maximum water, h, depth for a series of dam
**"
print. "** widths, 1
**"
print "*******************************************************"
print.
print" Dam width, 1 (ft)
Maximum depth, h (ft)"
for 1=20 to 60 step 10
theta=atn(80/1)
h=O
hp=h
h=(3/31.2*(3896*1-2+10y,OO/(sin(theta)-2)-20.8*1-2*hp) )-(1/3)
if abs(l-hp/h)O.OOl goto 210
print using"
##.#
##.#";l,h
next. 1

~r

the dtlm w/dths s!..f'c.I'f,Pd The

ClY'e

glYfn

/AI/tf1"hs

fI14X Imum

WAifY

depth.s

i'}Jat .fr:,j, -the +1<10 /aY'~e~t dtll?1

-the tvaier wt)"'/,f ~vPJrf/~tV fh~ d~m h~fa't' IC lV~l"q'

be/"u). ,t10t(

+Otf/~ .

******************************************************
)\,.. This program solves a cubic equation t.o determine ct.1I
:1<* the maximum water, h, depth for a series of dam
**
** 'i"idths. 1
**
*******************************************************
D~n

width, 1 (ft)
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0

Maximum depth. h (ft)

48.2
61.1
71. 8
81. 1

89.2

2-71

:;.70

2.70
A 4-m-long curved gate is located in the side of a
reservoir containing water as shown in Fig. P2.70. Determine
the magnitude of the horizontal and vertical components of the
force of the water on the gate. Will this force pass through point
A? Explain.

II FIGURE P2.70

J~ II' E'~ u; I, 'bY'/un'I

rJ(. ::.
r:;.:: ~
L

I~

--~

~ l(!,c '- A:& = '( {'11ft +J.!1rC )(1,-" .: ~ .. )

f:u = (9. HD ~ )(7shfI. ) (12 /WI ,.)

= ~8' 2. -Ie tJ

Slmll~.,.It-:J)

F~

=-0

whe/l"f

r, = [3' (6~)](311M

'

xLfht1) = (Cf.FO/lt/J )(6~)(/2tm")

~ = ~ 11- = (9. eo ~)(q i1 M4 3 )

Thus}

(/V/).;.~:
The.

f:,," (r.80

~)[7l

/IH'3

",,3 .,.'l7f ",,3] " 1113

!;Ne ~I W4/;fr tOn ,j4~ IN til be.

111111- ~h~wn tDn h9ul"e.

d';'ecbtJ"n

c/ 4//

tt>ppes/!c

C/;lleYf"'';'/~/ Ior~es

I~ dll'~cf-~i,.,
etch;'f

CtlJI'vetl SUY'~c.e l.s ~r,Pl'''''41&U'4/1' ~ St.lr/ttce./ ctl'1d

in! yes III 14111 /1'1 ",.sl- ?IH5 i11rlP"''1h the ';'+~Y.rt'~I-I"';,
~yce$ which I~ ~i; tt!)Jnf A-.

Ye s .

2..-72

).IJ

+0)

~'1 th~

"t11f/l'(ft,"'f!!)

01

all 7/lelf!.

271
Z.il
The air pressure in the top of the two liter pop bottle
shown in Vidt'o V2,4 and Fig. P2.7 I is 40 psi, and the pop depth
is lOin. The bottom of the bottle has an irregular shape with a
diameter of 4.3 in. (a) If the bottle cap has a diameter of I in.
what is magnitude of the axial force required to hold the cap
in place? (b) Determine the force needed to secure the bottom
2 inches of the bottle to its cylindrical sides. For this calculation assume the effect of the weight of the pop is negligible. (c)
By how much does the weight of the pop increase the pressure
2 inches above the bottom? Assume the pop has the same specific weight as that of water.

1 in. diameter
Pair

4.3 in. diameter

FIG U REP 2 .1

3I. Lf /j,

(a.J

L F.VfY+1 c..J.
F.'51 d

::.

=0

FI = (pr'e~surt @
X.

2,;".

58\

h,HoWl)

(A yeo... )

- (Lfo ~: )(.~) ('1.3

QbolllZ

~------------------

iny

11,

(c)

lnCYea.5e.

U1

pY'e~suY'.e

\ e$S 1\1cH1

010

J-73

crue .J.o
0

=40 psi

tU

w~'\9ht ::
pr'eSSu ye).

).- 72
1.n

Hoover Dam (see Vidl'O 1.3) is the highest archgravity type of dam in the United States. A cross section of the
dam is shown in Fig. P2.72(a). The walls of the canyon in
which the dam is located are sloped, and just upstream of the
dam the vertical plane shown in Figure P2.72(b) approximately
represents the cross section of the water acting on the dam.
Use this vertical cross section to estimate the resultant horizontal force of the water on the dam, and show here this force
acts.

1 . . - - - - 880

." .

:~,.;t.'i~~iAiW':h'i?t.;.

ft - - - 1

\- 290 It ..\

~6601t-......,

(b)

(a)

Ii FIGURE P2.72

!3re~t tlvea
17:; y

S pa~.fs

/'rJfD

(I,S

~ho{J)n.

aYea.. / .'

liz! = /)hA = ~2.1(. 'b y~ )(715".f-I:'ji) {t.qS- Ii)[7/fift)

q

::: l.:r7 .x/O /.6

}:?,y

arell

Fo -:: FI?

3 :

".3

For-

= 157 X If) if

J.b

Clrea. Z:

/=,e~~ (0),,- A~ = u'1.iI !t3){l;.) (7Isft) (290 1i)(7Jsfi)

- if. l3 X / D'f / b
~

-t

~z. -t Fo1'.3 : /'57;( JD ~ I.J

-I-

'I: ~3 / J~ f /;;

-t

/.!;-7x JD 9 Job

7, 77 ;( JD' /j,
Since -the.. /7J()mefl / 01 111(. rt's/J/1zurt ~yce a~lIf 'the. b4.se
~f the. dam t7l us t be ega-a J -fz, iht! rn(!)m~Y1 f..s due. tt:>
F;.,) 17<l..) ~1It;{ he3 ) 11- .fi,//oI{)S 1h~t
(Ce;n '-/: )

.2, 72

(~tJl'}

'i )

Pi xci" ~

a:::

(1 )615 ft;)

F?/-D f7;5"H) t

r; )(7/5"H)

(/..f7 ;( Il/ h)(~

)[715"It) +(;f. LJilb qli'fJ. )(?J~f-f.) .ff'/. 57t /D liE)(71OIt)

q

7.77 X J'/J'

LJ Ob

i);

f-/;

(hils) 1h~ r~.>ul/rll1.f:- hfJ;'''I()t1fal -hvc~ ~11 -tJ,e dam

7 77 )( I () 9)1:,

a cJ-/nj

-'fot

t>f 1he dqm a/Pili 17te tl~is

It
0f

/J)

P Irm? fh( bl/5t!

~'f/11fl1e 11''1 t>/ the "rea.
(,I.

2.73

50 kPa
,

2.73

-"

A plug in the bottom of a pressurized

tank is conical in shape as shown in Fig. P2. 73.
The air pressure is 50 kPa and the liquid in the
tank has a specific weight of 27 kN I m 3 Determine
the magnitude, direction, and line of action of
the force exerted on the curved surface of the
cone within the tank due to the 50-kPa pressure
and the liquid.

Air

Liquid

3m

kL..--~

FIGURE P2.73

e$ u. ;; I '/:n" /u m

Fo r

L
50

f:ver bI c.a / =- 0
I

in"t

F;. = -?a, irA

Wher{

F"

10$

'\.v'
The. force. The

CdI"( e~frl:s

ot. the .flu/ci,

A ls~)
~ . A = (50!1i )(-r;)(d:1)
flO'

= (50
CHI

ilN
r-t'l---,

1-

d.

.fon 30:=

2.

-.le.P4. ) (~ ) (I. J~rrt1) =' S ~ ,LI-k.N

~
I

PI

= :L -I:~" 30 .:

/.

/55' I\IM

Thus)
5'1.4- ..k..N +
and

-In e.

and

I~

it' "'c.
d,,.~c.I-~,{

I) ..,

111 e.

/Z8--kN

75'. 'f,k, N
c...on e.

vey.flclI/l!:1

h 1(5

a.

d~W}1W4Y'~1

2-7'-

rn

t:t, n

Q/~I'ff

.f.1A e/-e.

the

~.f.. /2. 8' --k IV

C-!Jne. ~)(.;~.

2.7J.f.
2.7 If
A 12-in.-diameter pipe contains a gas under a pressure
of 140 psi. If the pipe wall thickness is i-in., what is the average
circumferential stress developed in the pipe wall?

i=;" e 6u/ }/}/"), 1"1 'um

()f

(ieI'

un;! /"'fllt

pip c.) )

the.

Or

rr

At/~

1?.
( I 'fa

Jh

I'I? .~

) (G. I~.

I '"'Ii/ /11,
.
33~o

pst.

2.-77

J.7E
The concrete (specific weight = 150
Ib/ft3) seawall of Fig. P2.75 has a curved surface
and restrains seawater at a depth of 24 ft. The
trace of the surface is a parabola as illustrated.
Determine the moment of the fluid force (per unit
length) with respect to an axis through the toe
(point A).

2.75

\---15

ft

FIGURE P2.75

The
(!)I')

(HI

01 tne

Com pDnen +s

The (pllli fire If t:ll1d W

-!-he fljuY't. where .

F;= ?f~(.A

(Ie /-JiI,

fllJ/d .ft,rce
(J

h()WI1

('If.OIt3)(;J.~t)(2'tliJ{l+t)

==

= J~Lf()oJ;

Clnd

.4-15 0 )

W -=

~-if-

:l'f-Ij

To d~.feY'rHJne -
(s e~ .It 9 lire

/J. =-

-hne/ IIrea B CD. Thus)

.fo ,,;,l1f)
~

!;~
'/-!1 ) dJi. = ((,2; - ".;;;x"') dx
o
Jo '

:: [~ Jt x t(11

WI

-p.L
Thus)

th

XI::

= .4;<

0,; x'~lQ

rl20

I f-l:

I.

A = 175'" H:2.

'7~-

) (

1 '15

/j,

<tv = (to If. (; 7t:

f::
o

;t.(.

dA

It 3)

= I~

1}ud:

J7S

Zt!)O

lob
J&"

i1~'f-'J) x dx

/~ (~) t

So

To / ~cllie Cft1ff'()/~/ 0/ A :

'-<. A =-

=~

( /'I()';'~: All l-tn(ths I~

)to

--

Jt./)

().

.jj.1

2 (Vj"Z;,) t

x - a, 2 / ) d><

4.11

tt

II: )

2.7 b

A cylindrical tank with its axis horizontal

has a diameter of 2.0 m and a length of 4.0 m.
The ends of the tank are vertical planes. A vertical, O.l-m-diameter pipe is connected to the top
of the tank. The tank and the pipe are filled with
ethyl alcohol to a level of 1.5 m above the top of
the tank. Determine the resultant force of the
alcohol on one end of the tank and show where
it acts.

r~r------'

'------.

2..0tfll

whe~e ie = /.
SO

!;J-1tY) 1-

I. /)/ffIt = 2. 5'"."

-tnA t

fR : - (7,7 if~

(2,5"

~ )(;:)(-2. OAM) '- = ~~. j ~ JI

AIs())

( ;}. S-NY!

)(r;) (Z~ )

Thus) the restl//q"t "wee

a11 v{
be jpw

~C.f.s

a ellS fttl1ce

of

~en feY'

fRill<

hilS

"f

e h c/

rn4'Jl1lfude

~ ':f~
L/.)O/ ; .

2.-7'1

"I

= :<. /, O/M

6~. 8-k)/

- :l. S"D hI1

O.

/O[)/'IH

~.

77
2.17
If the tank ends in Problem 2.7b are
hemispherical. what is the magnitude of the resultant horizontal force of the alcohol on one of

the curved ends?

~or e 3";)/j,,.u;'m

;;;, = J:;." / /

(U.,

;;,w,,)

1
-I
1

s(>/u 11,,0 (." hOn)Mfe, I !ere",

SC/me 4S .f,:,,.. PNblem 2.1'0.

SInce.

:< ./8
2.7 &

Imagine the tank of Problem 2.7(. split

by a horizontal plane. Determine the magnitude

of the resultant force of the alcohol on the bottom
half of the tank.

(onsJde, t>. fne- b(K/!rdl;'f~ Df

Dojl.,m 11.1/ 01- "",,,); [Sp, H~~Y'<")

where:

1> ~

fr~'suY< D/ ~/u;tI CJH h";~M/.1

1./ ~ l1 ...e. .1 I1.N,MI" I pl'H"-

OW ~ wel9i1f of. volu",. ./ l/"i4

IH

h./f' of !<rill:.

I=f ~

f''Sulk,,1

~".ce

Ii". .eSu;;'bNvm

fi:

e"",y,t.tI by *,,,1:

(rf'Hr

0"

1'1.,4

-10 "nohlt", 2.80 /;,

#"i< d"ne_SicnS J,

jA 'l'W = d' (I.~""./"")(:l"" d",,) + ?r [U;)(2~)(~ ...

(-7.71t ~ )( ~O",,3T ~7T,,"))

Tht-lS, fo~(e t>{ alcohol
verhcqll'j do UJn 1()4 rd.

DM

= 203J,.IV

+P.1k - 203 -k IV

dlYe~+ed

)J

l.llf
A closed tank is filled with . wat~r and has a 4-ftdiameter hemispherical dome as shown m Fig. P2.79. A U- I~ be
manometer is connected 10 the tank . Determine the vemcal
force of the water on the dome if the differential manometer
reading is 7 ft and the air pressure al the upper end of the manometer is 12.6 psi.

~/"

epidi/; r,uJ'YI,

Fver-nCa
1
I

2-

~o

t-pA

tit .. t

;So

Fp: -plr - 1v
Fe,

l'
Fr"lf)m

-the de>me ex.ri-.

I~

pl"e H"". .. af

I':'

-n..

1h. 1-0/4
h,.u of. 171( dt>mf.

Oil

1'he m {( nPIli e te Y')

~
So

(I )

-I

~f (7.ft.) - d"J./." (If ft) = P

-thAi;

~.~ )(J'l'f ~: ) + (~.)('2~.)(71t)-(iZ. ~.)Htt)

= (;2./.

= Z ~ 8~

Ib

k'"

fr4>m F'f, .r;) w) n,

1/0IufYI 1 Sphfr. =

Fe, = f2 Ho ~~ V;;Ylfft l
35:
)

/00

:r (d/~m (~/Y' ).3

- t [:- (iHf)J (~2. 4 ~.)

Jb

The -Crt<. 1hot- 1he v.rl-I<..I ~r(. -tn.+.::~",)(",e!.rl~~_~"!!.h_7h=,,=-....!!d.~om~e,--I~

3S; /00 Ib t
2-V 1

2..80
2.S0
If the bottom of a pop bottle similar to that shown in
Fig. P2.71 and in Vid(>() V2,4 were changed so that it was hemispherical, as in Fig. P2.80, what would be the magnitude, line
of action, and direction of the resultant force acting on the hemispherical bottom? The air pressure in the top of the bottle is 40
psi. and the pop has approximately the same specific gravity as
that of water. Assume that the volume of pop remains at 2 liters.
4.3-in. diameter

11 FIGURE P2.80

t;Y'(<(

~ W<t,"-i.

We I ;h t
V()/UhI('

o/- pcp

i;o

dU(

~ pdp

= z.

b~

SlAfp"r.J:rd

bo}h,r>1 t

k'f"Ct!

Qlj,- ft"tssur~

= ?r

I, f.ey.s

)( v0 I~ mof c I pof
Pdp
1\
.f.t" )
== (2..x. J0- ?'m'I 3) x (.3 S 3 ( x I {) ;;;) :

(II

O.

07 oj, ..f.t3

Thus1 ~11'l E"1. (I)

W.el!hi- #/-

)'IP/, :

FDYc~ c1/1e to

til".

(6z.,. R,)(()~7~b Pt 9) = Lf. '+J /b

pr~JS/lre

:::-

.J....
-/;11" x pr()c)'~c..1Pt;I, aveA a.{...
YH'It1"pheYt(a/

= (LtD

~.~ ) (r){~.31n.)

::: 58 J

Re~~1 t.At1t force.

Lf.'l-I J;, + 5~J

L l.J.
OOJl1!)1')'1

2-

Jj, -

b-2b

II,

Tn e rt'su) tQ If t: ~Y(' t. /5 dI tee. ted () t vtica J1lf down lOtI rd)

CI n d due .J.o slfmme tY'1 1 /t aC':f3 ()Il 1Jt(. hem/5pheriC41
bt!'

mm

a/~n~ -/)Ie. verft'c~d t2J(.jj

()fhle bot+fe.

2.31
2.81
Three gates of negligible weight are used to hold back
water in a channel of width h as shown in Fig. P2.81 . The force
of the gate against the block for gate (b) is R. Detennine (in
tenns of R) the force against the blocks for the other two gates.

Fi>r C4$e (.J:, )

411'

(c)

(b)

(a)

FIG U REP 2 . 81

~ = (rhe A:: d'l4

'J/(:: -f: J..

~b

)(hxj,j =

Thus;

:FMJ.I=o

h R = (~ l ) Ii

"/h,d

:>0

i R:: ( ~ It. ) ( }::J, )

_ "Yhlb
R..-3
For

case

(el.)

On

0)

free- bt)c? - c/utfr41?J

F;. =tY~.b ( f-rrJh1 1fI~"Vt')

IJI?::-

11"

t:?

s),owl1

4114

~.::

::

th"t

.....

6)( -Val
J' [1T~)~~)J

Fa

7TJh 2 j,

Z /vIH

=0

'&J (~ - ~;)

1-

T
F/<.,

lie,
~D

--

.......

--t 1
':

Ihu$;

ft.!1

!k~~) - ~h

2.-3.3

2.% /

((.~nr.)

.tf I> II~IU.J

1k, i

Fa :: :r),:Lb (t. 3f~)

FrtJl1'I ~f' OJ

J-h2. =-5R./ th".s

F/3 = 1.17 R.
4~

j;r C!ttse

(C).J

-the

r:...e,

/f:,Y(f!

-kl" -the !ree- bal~ - dt".J'rl//J1 .sh~Jl4l1t)

1h~

tJl'7

hI Yl1e ~n If(

fh e

f;, <. m "me" i

~ Y()III1I1

!f(; 1/
28

t!fc

-h
/I. ()n b~ fltul1 />4 rl ()/ JIlI:e

(~)(-f xb)

-t

~(it~j~~h
Fr6Jm

f8~(4r426)~:) =fir6'///,
j;:'~. rJ)

J'h"}, h ;;; 5 e I -fh u.>

Fa = -;,e

!),

irS/<.

-,

Thus
) 2}1U=0

iJr

I7eJ

-ah
Lf

"

~l1fr":J/.(k

-d:(h )f-zh).3

)./.'"

""

t (~Jfh)(f x b) :: -ph2.b

:::

he

I--~

eu",.ve~ sec,.,T::It;11 p~s.Jes 1h;"u,Jr

1ht'I"e-hYe d()es /1ld.

lif..: ~ he It

3~

Fa

~z

!fR.1.

2,12

I
2. g2.
A 3 ft X 3 ft X 3 ft wooden cube (specific weight =
37 Ib/ft 3 ) floats in a tank of water. How much of the cube
extends above the water surface? If the tank were pressurized
so that the air pressure at the water surface was increased to 1.0
psi, how much of the cube would extend above the water surface? Explain how you arrived at your answer.

e $ U~ /, 'br /U n1 )

z: Frrr+IC'1fJ :
So

-n;

--_ --+-1"W~ -~ i~

(J

-thAt
~

- FI3

3.?l:-h

--=k

ThUS)

(57

i!'t

(3 .ft)3: (2,1. If 1t3 )(3It-h) (3ft i3{t)

3 )

{= j, 22 -!-/;

1:1 -the

(IIi-

tnt r(

/:;'1 / P~/
~f the
frt'$j",r~
tin

WI III R

bt

11() C hllnfe 1/1-

IIIt.Yf4!fs

/h( he,!Ai

ttlb~ ((1111/" tht. IdAter ..5'tlrhct. The Il1trellst'tI

/z:,r("~ ()/1 tAt -t-~f 0/ 'i7te e"b~ ,; bp/4lfCeA b'l

"', tiP I

Jurhc~

pressure til- the W~';"r sur/lice

-force

fft5SIIYt

0}1

the btFmm

b/

1ht ttt6e

051 flee

'$ rfih,j/Jf;jff;d -11lr~"!h~lJ,i 1lJe .f/,,;'ri .

2 -8"S-

Iht'

2.83
The homogeneous timber AB of Fig. P2.83 is 0.15 m
by 0.35 m in cross section. Determine the specific weight of the
timber and the tension in the rope.

FIG U REP 2 . 83

W= ~ Jf

is tHe.
~fe,jfj,- w(l~ht af The -h'mh.eY'
al-lp(
-tf' /~ ;fs lIa/"me Thus;
WheV'(

(0. J5~
= ()"Z, t

\/J:; }(

)(

~.3'

/It4

/01lM)

~or e~u'd /brJum )

IM A- =0
So

/ha.t

Vi
Cit'"

(10 3,1WI

(t?,5"Z, ~)( S"1'fYI)

c'o s 0(

= Fe

) Cos J..

= ( PIfU) d'Uz.o )C yo ~

~ = (,?,Jf2t( UD ~3
(tl. 7"1.;-)

:50

( 8:,

) (

~ 1
""

( 5" h" )

trt,d:

- \1/= 6,lfzorrn J )('1.80

~~) - (o.{j]"tn13)(~.27~,) = 1ZLflV

Z.iJ.f.

I
2.R4
When the Tucurui dam was constructed in northern
Brazil, the lake that was created covered a large forest of valuable hardwood trees. It was found that even after 15 years underwater the trees were perfectly preserved and underwater logging was started. During the logging process a tree is selected,
trimmed, and anchored with ropes to prevent it from shooting
to the surface like a missile when cut. Assume that a typical
large tree can be approximated as a truncated cone with a base
diameter of 8 ft, a top diameter of 2 ft, and a height of 100ft.
Determine the resultant vertical force that the ropes must resist
when the completely submerged tree is cut. The specific gravity of the wood is approximately 0.6.

h;Y

es /!J ],
fA

rJ

Z. p:verhctC

U(YI

:::.0
J

so -tn I., -I::

T== Fa-'W

(/)

/7;y a. fruflcabd ~()J1e)

0/"me:'

j.b (IJ Z T Yj Yi.

r;

Whe~ :

~ bl(S( Y'tJ..d I

Y'l. ::

h~
Thus)

-t Jl'z.3. )

us

i:cp rll d I u.s

heIgh i.

= (-rr) (IDbh)[Ctt.fl:/+ ('fit J( 1ft)

+ve~
3
_ 2200

0:'L~

7Y~e

J(

'V

Fa;\.l
1-

we,~ It

t.

bt.t,,~an I: ft;rCt!

Uul]

-Prj

4'-+~~ =- (CJ.,){t,z.1f n~~)(l.Z-ooft.~\) = 81-I If,,ol~

E'l. {J)

T ==

2v

/ g~ I)()O / b - 9 A) Lj()a Ii,

2.86
An inverted test tube partially filled with air floats in
a plastic water-filled soft drink bottle as shown in Video V2.S
and Fig. P2.86. The amount of air in the tube has been adjusted
so that it just floats. The bottle cap is securely fastened. A slight
squeezing of the plastic bottle will cause the test tube to sink
to the bottom of the bottle. Explain this phenomenon.

-~~Air

Test tube

Water

Plastic bottle

FIGURE P2.g("

"

: ' .L--_--..lI..,

.......

.'

2.87
The hydrometer shown in Vidl'O \'2.6 and Fig. P2.S7
has a mass of 0.045 kg and the cross-sectional area of its stem
is 290 mm 2: Determine the distance between graduations (on
the stem) for specific gravities of 1.00 and 0.90.

When

h!Jc/~metfY

ine

fiJl'lI/!he

2: F:v(yii
h,r

i.s 1/"t1.tll1'i ;';'s we/rAt; w)

.f"Y'~e.

butP!1lt"i

Q~e e$u(J/ ~/J1C~

::;0
(4 /

5G -=

IJw"t/ wi1h

~I
01"

(SG, )

o. q )

=W

(~zo)-t7 =w

t ; t.JJ,. 0 @ IfC)

( J.Jhfre

~Jml J4rJIj ) ft,.,. Ih~~d w/th

Sq1,. -=

I+3.D

/.0)

(SG~ ) (~~O )~ = W
ClI'1t1 ~wbfr~c.t/r1~ '1}1,
e$uah6?l1s !:J~eJd.s

-if t:J

S/~C~

FIGURE P2.~7

:l.

V..!

(SGJ('O'tI-:z.o)

-t1 -it = LJ~

.45

tGJ

_ (tJ."lfsJ1 )(rE'JTa- J

I()-,"" ~ ('I. 81 ;< 10:J!; )

-2

I. 72 ;(. I 0

I't'Y\

(ll"ftt.

jubmp~ed
vt>}t..Ime..

As ~hCl ')

Jf.

QI14

'W
(SC71.)(Y~~O)

-(-~_/_-[ S~, (290

Let As "" s+em

cr-

-0-.

/ 7, Z "" m1

2.SS
An L-shaped rigid gate is hinged at one end and is located between partitions in an open tank containing water as
shown in Fig. P2.88. A block of concrete (y = 150 Ib/fi') is to
be hung from the horizontal portion of the gate. Determine the
required volume of the block so that the re-action of the gate on
the partition at A is zero when the water depth is 2 ft above the
hinge. The gate is 2 ft wide with a negligible weight, anrl t.he
hinge is smooth.

r-;y

FIGURE P2.8a

esu;/d",U/11)

I. MU

=-0

.56 ~1:

~ J- 1

-t

~ J..2- ~

T J.. 1.

(I)

where,'

~I

'1= ~h,-f, :: ('2,~ ~,) (.3t1:)(zA4=~ z.hJ

: 7 Lf-9 1.1,

1=1

J:;.. :: ?r hi! Z ,4z =~ 2. ~ ~3 ) ('t4t) (Zft "- If:tJ

L:f
RI

- fCf 8 1.1,
= r,<.c..
~c.. A

-t

J.. ( )

::
c:.

.Q I = ~ ~ I - z.

+'.f

.=

7.+t

17..

(2.fi) -t.3
(.3.ft) (2.~t I. z. ft)
j. JJ

'j

H. =

fi - z. t-t. :: \. \ \ -tt

J.l. = / H
Thlls) fr,nn

e:a~. (J J

(t?f8 J1,) (j ft) = T (I fiJ

T= 18.30 11

(7'f'f IJ,) (1./1

fC)

-t-

f;r ~ncre~ hJocJt..)

L t=""V(lo't. c. 1.:.0 0 'r ~ c. ~ T l' Fe c..
s" th,td: -Y: -= I B 30 I~ l' 6'"u, Jfc..
"

'-

41:=
c..

J-.{)

I gj 0 Jb

2.-10

3.1/

+t.

2. 81 I

2.89
When a hydrometer (see Fig. P2.87 and Video V2.6)
having a stem diameter of 0.30 in. is placed in water, the stem
protrudes 3.15 in. above the water surface. If the water is replaced with a liquid having a specific gravity of 1.10, how much
of the stem would protrude above the liquid surface? The hydrometer weighs 0.042 lb.

Whln f'/,( h~drometfY IS I-J,,4.'l:Jr,!J

/1-5 weI1ht.) 'h.J) J,i hAi4J1teei. ht;1
-fhe bu /)~I(" t- k;yc. e) 13 , J=o r

r-

um

e~ /Ai J Ibn

L~F

=0

Vfy/-t~al

IhJl$1

~y fA)A,l-ev
~=~

(~t-o ) -v;-

(I )

= 1;)

whevt!. -yt
J~iu'd

Is tne.

C~mb,nJn~

cIs. (IJ

JuJ,merged volume.. w(1l1 1l1e new

(s 6) ( 5Uz,o ) 1{ :,ew

(rfJ.2.() ) -r:-

11I1I((Z)

wJin

::: (S Q ) ('ritz,() ) 4f

2-

~ = -,
~

U)

56

1-1/

J. '/0
2.90
The thin-walled. I-m-diameter tank of
Fig. P2.90 is closed at one end and has a mass of
90 kg. The open end of the tank is lowered into
the water and held in the position shown by a
steel block having a density of 7840 kg/m3. Assume that the air that is trapped in the tank is
compressed at a constant temperature. Determine: (a) the reading on the pressure gage at the
top of the tank. and (b) the volume of the steel
block.

Air

Water
3.0 m

~
FIGURE P2.90

Let 1f-:: At

(Jhd

1;:: ~ ( -. - lJ. to )
T}lIAS J

~ = At- ~
Smce.

fL' =-

::-

~~th

-+..-+/'..
l.

1.

:l -t-

"

-b'-.
l..

lfilf~

./..11
9. go -:;; ~

or

/()/-iPIL..

9.8/J ~
hf

Cf.7 I ~ 1.71 -r

A--t:(3 )

1:1-l1l'i ::

0.'

/Itt

ItJl

) G
1t-

.3 0.1

::

+ttrJ ~6'

~ PI)..

3 ('0 I .4..p~ ')

V(r.7} )1+ ~ (~{),9)

(/ )

if. (1tA.9<)

=0

:L

Th us.l

U)

II

(p.-I-; _0.,,) { -

;-

n~ 2. + (

{wlter~

f:}.

fat_

-{ 1

't"

::'
.2. -12

::'

:2. S-3hYl

e '6l1; / ,'hY" ~,.".

c/ La 9 Y'II m ) J

(b) F; Y'

I i'/11 it. (s@e Ir(~- b~df:J -

T:: ~ At -<W-e
w heY'~

5h~ /

6/()c,k

hr(l1~

we /'111 t /

t'I J;/ #(

.k ,. .

Thus)
-,-=
s

0, 208

3
I'm

),,-93

;;, 'II

~J

* An inverted hollow cone is pushed into

the water as is shown in Fig. P2.91. Determine
the distance, C, that the water rises in the cone as
a function of the depth, d, of the lower edge of
the cone. Plot the results for 0 :;; d :;; H, when
H is equal to 1 m. Assume the temperature of
the air within the cone remains constant.

2.91

! T'2 /!cr\l~
.~

w",,

Le
d

Open end

-----+----

f-R--I

FIGURE P2.9\

I-emfJe~4.l:uye

~.

whev-e

15 the.

.fln/ll :s--ta ~

1:..::

Vi

Cf;tr1pt'es>/o~

= ~

(1/; V,,/"'lne.

ClIfU

lM

.from E

t. (J )

t (7r ;<211)

41-""" .3

wh/c.h

5ImfJ,he.s

1=d-

tJ, e.

tell 11, 1J1

"Ir

fire.

O!Jne,.J

(I)
"

an" I n! Ie", +r, ,;;,.fuj/

111. f (.s('t! f'JI-(~):

= ~ (d -,fl) +

and

fa.~

if =- 'J(H/)~>(H-.l) : :r:Y(H-Jl

11 = 7f R 'H
Th (,is,

-v;

respecltve/!J . .:t".f ~D flow.}

;{i

[6' (d-.L) + tim<] :r P: t (1+-.1)

-1-0

1'1-- [(!-i/-I]

(.3 )

WheY'e 1. all" d 4Ve J ~ I"n1 e. .f.e Y' S .

I-t ~(!JmflilfY ji:Jt"tJJNlm k,//OIlJS ~r Cti/c.J(IaII~
t:>

f- c/.

( C(f)11

t )

~.91

"I

C~1i 't

:00
110
120
130
135
1'"'0
150
160
170
180
185
190
200
210
220
230

print "**********************************************"
print "** This program solves iteratively a fourt.h **"
print "** order equation to give the water rise,
**"
print "** 1, as a function of t.he depth. ,j
**"
print "**** ** **** *********** ********** ** *** **** **t:*** II
print.
print" Depth, d (m)
Water rlse, 1 (m)"
for d=O.O to 1.01 step 0.1
1=0.0
if d=O then goto 220
lp=l
1=1-((d-lp)/10.3+1)-(-1/3)

if abs(l-lp/l)O.OOl goto 190

print using"
#.###
next d

#.####":d.l

*********************************************~

** This program solves iteratively a fourth **

** order equation to give the water rise.
**
** 1, as a function of the depth, d
**
**********************************************
Depth, d (m)
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
O. '.,!-OO

0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
0.900
1.000

Water rise, 1 (m)

0.0000
0.0031
0.0062
0.0092
0.0122
0.0152
0.0182
0.0211
0.0239
0.0268
0.0296

"10- 2

//

3~----------------------------------------------~

::

.....

.;
In
M

L
L
<lJ
.jJ

'"

o ./
0.0

0.2

0 . .:1
Depth,

0.6
d

(m)

0.8

1.0

~.92.

I
2.92

An open container of oil rests on the

flatbed of a truck that is traveling along a horizontal road at55 mi/hr. As the truck slows uniformly to a complete stop in 5 s, what will be the
slope of the oil surface during the period of constant deceleration?

:: d:t :::
cJ~

.//1'111 / we/~c"~ - I~' ~/.f J ve/~,;..J::,

-61 ,;, ~

I;' h

,./Il,

o -

9. rl ~ +

O,50Z
C>

2.93
A 5-gal. cylindrical open container with a bottom area
of 120 in. 2 is filled with glycerin and rests on the floor of an
elevator. (a) Determine the fluid pressure at the bottom of the
container when the elevator has an upward acceleration of 3
ft/s2. (b) What resultant force does the container exert on the
floor of the elevator during this acceleration? The weight of the
container is negligible. (Note: ] gal = 23] in. 3 )

T
xl illill
{

..po

I'

I, '11

-a. A =
-t (120;~

VDll-tl'Yle..
,1. )

(b ~tA I) ( ~ ~'al;I1~)

{, = C/. ~ 3

iJ, -

1'11.

f ( ~ -t Qi ) -{

- (::1.4-

11

sluq.s)(
ft~

, E
$4

32 2

1""

3~t )( 1.'3 ft)

52.

12.

=
(6)

Fr~m

frte- bcd!! -dla9NlfYJ

~:

--

or

CtJnta I ~e r )

1J, A

LEJ
1

(~i. r ft'l.
Jb.) ( "1)(' 't4-"~:+-I.' )
/2~ Ih,

:: 57. 4- 11
Thus; tcrle 101-

ClPYJ-I:alnty

~'"

f JOt} r

2 -'17

Ff

J~

S/.If. Ib

dOWhWQY'cJ..

2. q If-

An open rectangular tank 1 m wide and

2 m long contains gasoline to a depth of 1 m. If
the height of the tank sides is 1.5 m, what is the,
maximum horizontal acceleration (along the long
axis of the tank) that can develop before the gasoline would begin to spill?

T
_
cd;, <
d~

I. 5

IMt -

J. 0 ,4.t1

JI\N\

(S{!e +lj~re).

d -l:
dtJ

t.y.4

== - O.5'C>

- ---

---- ----

-L '-______

----1

2 .95
If the tank of Problem 2. 'ftt slides down
a frictionless plane that is inclined at 30 with the
horizontal, determine the angle the free surface
makes with the horizontal.

NewtM~ J mel Jaw I

Fre>m

F~

L
S/~'e,
I:; the.

-tne.

=' 1m a!J

e{)m!()l1ff,.i

( trr1 J) Sin

s"

~Ne

()11/:;

In

01

-th~ ::; ~ dl;ec.:l-toJi

kJel9J1f (rrr.;)sjI18)

a. ~

-::. IYY1

m us~

1h~i

a~ -= -

, .

a!J SJn~

(I:~. 2.28)

-=

--

(4y,d

loY'

ot

'}aso 111"1 e..

~ Sln'Z6>

~D 0

d=1:

- =
d~

+a n Q=

f=

/- 2:

O. 7~ t.f

37.4-

5111 ~O

~k

ChId

2. Cf~
A closed cylindrical tank that is 8 ft in diameter and
24 ft long is completely filled with gasoline. The tank, with its
long axis horizontal, is pulled by a truck along a horizontal
surface. Determine the pressure difference between the ends
(along the long axis of the tank) when the truck undergoes an
acceleration of 5 ft/ S2.

I
(2t.

2. 2S)

,2'f

.ft

C~:
0)
a - S'-t-i:

!1 -

=-

-t

tl~ (2."1- k)

- (1,3:2

s';/; )(s ~: )~". ft)

- Jse 1-t7..
-I/J

2-100

Oh
t1.)

"'7

1:.2. - J;I ::

.-1,.

Tz..

2.91

The open U-tube of Fig. P2.0!1 is partially filled with a liquid. When this device is accelerated with a horizontal acceleration, a, a
differential reading, h, develops between the manometer legs which are spaced a distance r. apart.
Determine the relationship between a, r, and h.

a. = a~

h
FIGURE P2.'\'1

d.:r
d~
51!Jce)

a..'::J

~T C(i:

ar-.
- .d!J

+he"
Or

-~
y:

~ -

"7
a.
3-tCJ

-J.

a.~

..2-10/

2. q'ii' An open I-m-diameter tank contains

water at a depth of 0.1 m when at rest. As the
tank is rotated about its vertical axis the center
of the fluid surface is depressed. At what angular
velocity will the bottom of the tank first be exposed? No water is spilled from the tank.

F;;r

f;~e surface

{=
The

VOi"fme.

~"

WI

,.,

in -{ =0

0.-1: r =-0 J

w"Z.l-~

of

.fluid I~ Y'ok-t'n~ 1-qt1,k is

f:l:

-i1

dy

-=

:>.rr w"

~~

S /nce. -the.

J'n ,'-I-t'tJ

1r

1)0/

~\Vel1

(~3dr

Jo

1':1

rrw~fC-,!

'13-

ume) ~. = rrR'2. hl.) rn uS 1.: e~ ua I the +1n4 J

~'2!!:. ~.: 1r/?'2.~~

Iff}

CU = -~ If

~ !" -,

=- - ( 1f{9.?I-f,. )(0,7",,)

2..-/02.

( O. S/tn )

7-

/0.5 raJ
_
5

2. qcr

The V-tube of Fig. P2.Q'1 is partially

filled with water and rotates around the axis aa. Determine the angular velocity that will cause
the water to start to vaporize at the bottom of
the tube (point A).

fY'e SSWI!

-the.

111

D..

12 DI.l .. i:.~ t:J 11. )

the

FIGURE P2.Gj~

--p=o

a. 1::

e.(!;n5t~l1't

1"'= ,+Ii?

= -.

~h()wn)

oS '1si-e1Yl

(!.4)()Y'mnA.fe

2(,+

I i It

IA)

z:-

0111/

)2-

~ ~ (~~.ft)

'l.

At pO/flt A) r=o 411'"

-RA =
If

fA = vapo'y

i-={J

(0111

- f~l. t ~

U)

/8

prfSSlAy-e

fit". (0. 25'1.

O. "Z~-~ psC:a...) ~Y'

$" )(I 'l-1f.iJ~~ ).: -:l. ago :.~ ftqr)

pH - l't. 7 P

w=

.t..-/03

141

~
s

d.. }OO

2.100 The U-tube of Fig. P2.100 contains mercury and rotates about the off-center axis a-a. At
rest, the depth of mercury in each leg is 150 mm
as illustrated. Determine the angular velocity for
which the difference in heights between the two
legs is 75 mm.

150 mm

t~

\-220 m:-:/.....~1-.....,190 mm
I
I

FIGURE P2.100

The e DU.a..t/~H

of.

l:A -1 8

free

6.)"2.,...2-

1.=

Thus}

1h~

,;1..3

pfl~SIYl1

-tnrou9h A 4 nd 8

~tfs-/:q~ i

-t

-- fJ~ -

r/4ce.

=> U

w2.
-:1.,

~ 1._ ~~

[E

'h . 2. "32 )

l ('I. 'if

= -

f:a.)

rD, 07Shtt)

(0, 220hrl)2. - (0. O'l{)",,)~

2-/bLj

to, ()If

yad

1.5

:2./0/

I
2.10 I

A closed, OA-m-diameter cylindrical

tank is completely filled with oil (SG = 0.9) and
rotates about its vertical longitudinal axis with an
angular velocity of 40 rad/s. Determine the difference in pressure just under the vessel cover
between a point on the circumference and a point
on the axis.

Pre~s"y~
/11

" -

In

.flt-lltl /1(1 n es
-th~ jU4-iJtOJ1}

rtJta.tIJ1,

aCC"f'drNICe

witl!

P = (.tJ~2.;- - d-i'

-t

(t;

'1. _

ti)

2..

_ f-tJ
:l.

1.

~l1s.f.toli

J-.

B,4-

({), 'I )(10'

1)

~~) ('If) .~:,d)2

01.(0.2h11)2.- 0 ]
J

:L

~g, ~ kP~

t- -

--~

. /

2.

/02

2.102

Force Needed to Open a Submerged Gate

Objective:

A gate, hinged at the top, covers a hole in the side of a water filled tank as
shown in Fig. P2.102 and is held against the tank by the water pressure. The purpose of this
experiment is to compare the theoretical force needed to open the gate to the experimentally
measured force.

Equipment:

Rectangular tank with a rectangular hole in its side; gate that covers the hole
and is hinged at the top; force transducer to measure the force needed to open the gate; ruler
to measure the water depth.

Experimental Procedure:

Measure the height, H, and width, b, of the hole in the tank

and the distance, L, from the hinge to the point of application of the force, F, that opens
the gate. Fill the tank with water to a depth h above the bottom of the gate. Use the force
transducer to detennine the force, F, needed to slowly open the gate. Repeat the force measurements for various water depths.

Calculations:

For arbitrary water depths, h, detennine the theoretical force, F, needed to

open the gate by equating the moment about the hinge from the water force on the gate to
the moment produced by the applied force, F.

Graph: Plot the experimentally detennined force, F, needed to open the gate as ordinates
and the water depth, h, as abscissas.
Results:

On the same graph, plot the theoretical force as a function of water depth.

Data:

To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click heft'
to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem.

If!i FiGURE P2.. 102

(Con t)

~. / ()Z

(ef!JrJ't )
Solution for Problem 2.102: Force Needed to Open a Submerged Gate

L, in.
5.5

H, in.
6.0

h, in.
21.1
18.5
16.2
14.5
12.8
11.1
10.1
7.4

F,lb
10.1
8.9
7.6
6.7
5.8
4.7
4.3
2.9

Since h > H, A
F

y, Ib/W'3

b, in.
4.0

Ixc , ft"4
0.003472

62.4

F 1 ,lb
15.69
13.43
11.44
9.97
8.49
7.02
6.15
3.81

Yr - Yc, ft
0.0138
0.0161
0.0189
0.0217
0.0255
0.0309
0.0352
0.0568

d,ft
0.264
0.266
0.269
0.272
0.276
0.281
0.285
0.307

F,lb
9.03
7.80
6.71
5.91
5.11
4.30
3.83
2.55

=H*b =constant and Ixc =b*H"3/12 =constant.

=F1*d/L, where F1 =y*(h - H/2)* A, d =H/2 + (Yr - Yc), and Yr - Yc =Ixc/(h - H/2)* A
Problem 2.102
Force, F, vs Water Depth, h

12 ...,....-----------..,...---- .----,
10

.c
LL.

- -.- -.- .-. --'

.---.~---

---- -I
-I

8
6

-------1

-j------"--

-I!

4-----~----~.LV-

.-------..,-- -------1
i

O+----t-----+---+---...,.------I
o
15
20
25
5
10

h, in.

ft-

07

- - Theoretical

-a- Experimental

2./03

2.103

Hydrostatic Force on a Submerged Rectangle

Objective:

A quarter-circle block with a vertical rectangular end is attached to a balance

beam as shown in Fig. P2.103. Water in the tank puts a hydrostatic pressure force on the
block which causes a clockwise moment about the pivot point. This moment is balanced by
the counterclockwise moment produced by the weight placed at the end of the balance beam.
The purpose of this experiment is to determine the weight, W, needed to balance the beam
as a function of the water depth, h.

Equipment:

Balance beam with an attached quarter-circle, rectangular cross-section block;

pivot point directly above the vertical end of the beam to support the beam; tank; weights; ruler.

Experimental Procedure: Measure the inner radius, R1, outer radius, R2, and width, h,
of the block. Measure the length, L, of the moment arm between the pivot point and the
weight. Adjust the counter weight on the beam so that the beam is level when there is no
weight on the beam and no water in the tank. Hang a known mass, m, on the beam and adjust the water level, h, in the tank so that the beam again becomes level. Repeat with different masses and water depths.
Calculations: For a given water depth, h, determine the hydrostatic pressure force,
FR = yhcA, on the vertical end of the block. Also determine the point of action of this force,
a distance YR - Yc below the centroid of the area. Note that the equations for FR and YR - Yc
are different when the water level is below the end of the block (h < R2 - R1) than when
it is above the end of the block (h > R2 - Rl).
For a given water depth, determine the theoretical weight needed to balance the beam
by summing moments about the pivot point. Note that both FR and W produce a moment.
However, because the curved sides of the block are circular arcs centered about the pivot
point, the pressure forces on the curved sides of the block (which act normal to the sides)
do not produce any moment about the pivot point. Thus the forces on the curved sides do
not enter into the moment equation.

Graph:

Plot the experimentally determined weight, W, as ordinates and the water depth,

h, as abscissas.

Result:

On the same graph plot the theoretical weight as a function of water depth.

Data:

To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click here
to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem.
Pivot point

Counter
weight

Quarter-circle block

)..-/03

III FIGURE P2.103

2. / P3 J

Solution for Problem 2.103: Hydrostatic Force on a Submerged Rectangle

R1, in.
5.0

R2, in.
9.0

m, kg
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55

h, in.
0.00
1.11
1.58
1.92
2.51
2.76
2.99
3.20
3.41
3.60
3.80
3.99
4.17
4.33
4.50
4.95
5.39
5.83
6.27
6.70

L, in.
12.0

b, in.
3.0
Experimental
W,lb
0.00
0.04
0.09
0.13
0.22
0.26
0.31
0.35
0.40
0.44
0.48
0.53
0.57
0.62
0.66
0.77
0.88
0.99
1.10
1.21

= 32.2 ftlsA2 * (m kg * 6.825E-2 slug/kg)

FR,lb
0.00
0.07
0.14
0.20
0.34
0.41
0.48
0.55
0.63
0.70
0.78
0.86
0.94
1.01
1.08
1.28
1.47
1.66
1.85
2.04

=R2 - (h/3)

Forh>R 2 -R 1:
FR = y*(h - (R2 - R1)/2)*(R2 - R1)*b
d = R2 - (R2 - R1 )/2 + (Yr - Yc)
Yr -Yc =Ixc/hc *A
Ixc = b*(R2 - R1 )A3/12 = 0.000771 ft A4
hc = h - (R 2 - R1)/2
A

y, Ib/ftA3

Yr -Yc, ft

d,ft
0.750
0.719
0.706
0.697
0.680
0.673
0.667
0.661
0.655
0.650
0.644
0.639
0.634
0.631
0.628
0.621
0.616
0.612
0.609
0.607

0.0512
0.0476
0.0444
0.0376
0.0328
0.0290
0.0260
0.0236

62.4
Theoretical
W,lb
0.000
0.048
0.095
0.139
0.232
0.278
0.323
0.367
0.413
0.456
0.504
0.551
0.597
0.637
0.680
0.794
0.905
1.016
1.127
1.236

Sum moments about pivot to give W*L

For h < R2 - R1:

FR =y*(h/2)*h*b
d

g, ftlsA2
32.2

=b*(R2 -R1)

l-IOCf

= FR*d

2. /03

Problem 2.103
Weight, W, vs Water Depth, h

1.2
1.0

-1------1------+----------.----

.c 0.8 +-_ _ _-+---____----i--_-+_---+-_ _ _ _ \

~ 0.6

---------------

.-.---~~----.-----

---Ii

0.4

--I

0.2

~---------i---~,---~-l

0.0 -J-=:::::::::::..---.,.------+----t---------.;
0.0

2.0

4.0

h, in.

'1- II 0

6.0

8.0

Theoretical

Experimental

2. /o/f

2.104

Vertical Uplift Force on an Open-Bottom Box

with Slanted Sides

Objective:

When a box or form as shown in Fig. P2.104 is filled with a liquid, the vertical force of the liquid on the box tends to lift it off the surface upon which it sits, thus allowing the liquid to drain from the box. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the
minimum weight, W, needed to keep the box from lifting off the surface.

Equipment:

An open-bottom box that has vertical side walls and slanted end walls;
weights; ruler; scale.

Experimental Procedure:

Determine the weight, Wbox , of the empty box and measure

its length, L, width, b, wall thickness, t, and the angle of the ends, e. Set the box on a smooth
surface and place a known mass, m, on it. Slowly fill the box with water and note the depth,
h, at which the net upward water force is equal to the total weight, W + Wbox , where W = mg.
This condition will be obvious because the friction force between the box and the surface on
which it sits will be zero and the box will "float" effortlessly along the surface. Repeat for
various masses and water levels.

Calculations: For an arbitrary water depth, h, determine the theoretical weight, W, needed
to maintain equilibrium with no contact force between the box and the surface below it. This
can be done by equating the total weight, W + Wbox , to the net vertical hydrostatic pressure
force on the box. Calculate this vertical pressure force for two different situations. (1) Assume the vertical pressure force is the vertical component of the pressure forces acting on
the slanted ends of the box. (2) Assume the vertical upward force is that from part (1) plus
the pressure force acting under the sides and ends of the box because of the finite thickness,
t, of the box walls. This additional pressure force is assumed to be due to an average pressure of Pavg = -yh/2 acting on the "foot print" area of the box walls.
Plot the experimentally determined total weight, W + Wbox , as ordinates and the
water depth, h, as abscissas.

Graph:

Results:

On the same graph plot two theoretical total weight verses water depth curvesone involving only the slanted-end pressure force, and the other including the slanted end
and the finite-thickness wall pressure forces.

Data:

To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click hac
to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem .

. , / Footprint of box

it

III FIGURE P2.104

~Dn t

~-III

2./()/f

( Cf)r/t)

Solution for Problem 2.104: Vertical Uplift Force on an Open-Bottom Box with Slanted Sides

8, deg

45

L, in.
10.3

b, in.
4.0

m, kg
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40

h, in.
2.06
2.23
2.42
2.53
2.67
2.81
2.94
3.06
3.16

Experimental
W + W box , Ib
0.942'
1.052
1.162
1.272
1.382
1.491
1.601
1.711
1.821

t, in.
0.25

Wbox,lb
0.942

h, in.
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.75
3.00
3.25

Theory 1
W + W box , Ib
0.000
0.009
0.036
0.081
0.144
0.226
0.325
0.442
0.578
0.731
0.903
1.092
1.300
1.526

y, Ib/ftA3
62.4

Ib/ftA2
0.00
0.65
1.30
1.95
2.60
3.25
3.90
4.55
5.20
5.85
6.50
7.15
7.80
8.45

Pavg,

Theory 2
W + W box , Ib
0.000
0.047
0.111
0.194
0.295
0.414
0.551
0.706
0.879
1.070
1.279
1.506
1.752
2.015

=g*m =32.2 ftlsA2 * (m kg * 6.825E-2 slug/kg)

Theory 1. Including only the slanted-end pressure force:

W + W box = y*Vol
Vol = b*h*h
Theory 2. Including the slanted-end pressure force and the finite-thickness wall pressure force:
W + W box y*Vol + Pavg *A
Pavg

=
=0.5*y*h

=(b + 2*t)*(L + 2*tlsin8) - b*L =8.33 in. A2 = 0.0579 ftA2

2- /11.

2. / {)l/-

I
I

Problem 2.104
Total Weight, W + Wbox , vs Water Depth, h

2.5

I
Ii

2.0

-~-------~--~--------r-------j

1:.

.c

-- 1.5

><
0
.c

+ 1.0

3:

,!

3:

/~'.
.

1----------------

./

"

,,-

",'

0.0
0

"

I
!

i
I

- - - - - - -~----i

Experimental

Theory 1
(slanted ends
only)

,,

0.5

- . - . Theory 2
(slanted ends
and bottom
edge)

I
I

h, in.

I
I

I
I

~-

1/3

2,

j O~

2.105

Air Pad Lift Force

Objective: As shown in Fig. P2.105, it is possible to lift objects by use of an air pad consisting of an inverted box that is pressurized by an air supply. If the pressure within the box
is large enough, the box will lift slightly off the surface, air will flow under its edges, and
there will be very little frictional force between the box and the surface. The purpose of this
experiment is to detennine the lifting force, W, as a function of pressure, p, within the box.
Equipment:

Inverted rectangular box; air supply; weights; manometer.

Experimental Procedure: Connect the air source and the manometer to the inverted
square box. Detennine the weight, Wbo,,' of the square box and measure its length and width,
L, and the wall thickness, t. Set the inverted box on a smooth surface and place a known
mass, m, on it. Increase the air flowrate until the box lifts off the surface slightly and "floats"
with negligible frictional force. Record the manometer reading, h, under these conditions.
Repeat the measurements with various masses.
Calculations: Determine the theoretical weight that can be lifted by the air pad by equating the total weight, W + Wbox , to the net vertical pressure force on the box. Here W = mg.
Calculate this pressure force for two different situations. (1) Assume the pressure force is
equal to the area of the box, A = L2, times the pressure, p = 'Ymh, within the box, where I'm
is the specific weight of the manometer fluid. (2) Assume that the net pressure force is that
from part (1) plus the pressure force acting under the edges of the box because of the finite
thickness, t, of the box walls. This additional pressure force is assumed to be due to an average pressure of Pavg = 'Ymh/2 acting on the "foot print" area of the box walls, 4t(L + t).
Graph: Plot the experimentally determined total weight, W + Wbox , as ordinates and the
pressure within the box, P, as abscissas.
Results: On the same graph, plot two theoretical total weight verses pressure curvesone involving only the pressure times box area pressure force, and the other including the
pressure times box area and the finite-thickness wall pressure forces.
Data:

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to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem.

Weight

T
h

1
IN-----------L-----------m

~-/JLf

2. I/)5" I

Solution for Problem 2.105: Air Pad Lift Force

L, in.
7.5

t, in.
0.25

m, kg
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8

h, in.
0.54
0.64
0.74
0.82
0.94
1.04
1.12
1.23
1.32
1.42
1.52
1.63
1.72
1.83
1.96
2.06
2.12
2.23
2.32

YH20, Ib/ft"3

Wbox,lb
1.25

62.4
Experiment
W + W box , Ib
1.25
1.47
1.69
1.91
2.13
2.35
2.57
2.79
3.01
3.23
3.45
3.67
3.89
4.11
4.33
4.55
4.77
4.99
5.21

p,lb/ft"2
2.81
3.33
3.85
4.26
4.89
5.41
5.82
6.40
6.86
7.38
7.90
8.48
8.94
9.52
10.19
10.71
11.02
11.60
12.06

Theory 1
W + W box , Ib
1.10
1.30
1.50
1.67
1.91
2.11
2.28
2.50
2.68
2.88
3.09
3.31
3.49
3.72
3.98
4.18
4.31
4.53
4.71

Theory 2
W + W box , Ib
1.17
1.39
1.61
1.78
2.04
2.26
2.43
2.67
2.87
3.08
3.30
3.54
3.73
3.97
4.26
4.47
4.60
4.84
5.04

= g*m = 32.2 ftls"2 * (m kg * 6.825E-2 slug/kg)

Theory 1. Involving only the pressure times the box area:

W + W box = p*L"2

P = YH2o*h
Theory 2. Involving the pressure times the box area plus the average pressure times the edge area:
W + W box = p*L "2 + (p/2)*((L + 2t)"2 - L"2)

2. lOS-

Problem 2.105
Total Weight, W + Wbox, vs Pressure, p

4
:9
x

-------~--

3:

----j

.~

i~

I!

0
0

10

5
p,lb/ft"2

15

Experimental
- Theory 1 (box area
only)
Theory 2 (box area
plus edge area)

3./
3.1

Water flows steadily through the variable area horizontal pipe shown in Fig. P3.1. The
velocity is given by V = 10(1 + x)i ft/s, where
x is in feet. Viscous effects are neglected. (a) Determine the pressure gradient, iJpl ax, (as a function of x) needed to produce this flow. (b) If the
pressure at section (1) is 50 psi, determine the
,pressure at (2) by: (i) integration of the pressure
gradient obtained in (a); (ii) application of the
Bernoulli equation.

(a)

-M- :::

-C'sine

ev1

~ = - f Vf
ThtJs)

(b)(l)

0r

(1)

f---- x
FIGURE P3.1

hut

"e-::o

Qntl V::IO(/+X) fils

x-::: - f vPx- : : - f (/0 (I +X)) (10 )

#- ~ -1,9'f!f(}(lo!f)'J.(/+x) ) with X if) feet

.: - 19'1 ( /+ x) Ira
'
fo==3
so fhai
Jo/t
== -:19LfJ{I-fX)dx
I,::
X"

== -19/f(/iX)

sops,

/b

1--

XI == 0

'1

or ~ == SO pSJ' - /'1'1 (.3 +.;} )@ ( -)-'f;~i") = SO -/0. I :::3Q,9 E/

///) fJl + 2"I r01/2.
~!7 _~ +.1- 1/2.
,jh ~ - 7
l."
VI -+0 ~I -1'2. :2.. ('Y2. +(/ ~2. " or Wlr ~/-~:J.
}1:7

A. .::: fJ; +-f f (V,

Thvs;

'2. _

2_

~L)

wh ere V;; 10 (1 of 0) == loll

'vi ::: /0 (/+.3) ::: '/-0#
"

..J.. I/. OLL .s~) II ,. LL 2.)JL ( / ft~ )

EO pSI, +:z. (7T 773 "/ t 0 -,fl s::Z 71f'/-;":/. = 3 P, P PJ/
j

3-/

3.2

I
Repeat Problem 3.1 if the pipe is vertical with the flow down,

3.2

,
:.

.~

\~

(a)

asine - M- = f v*f

if = -p VS + If
Thvs J

{j

*;% -f Vif +0 -: - f (10

-*::: -L9~ ~:"(IO#)2(f+X) +

- -/9~ (IT x) .... 62.Jf

(b) (i)

if

=:

-/9'1 (t +x) + If)..'! .so

62.

'"

f)

T2.

= .5 0 PSII

t60-

l.

;:=

J;;;/fX)

+62.1'

Jdx

XJ:::O

I If 2-

/'1-'1 i/J,'J.)

4-/.2fJS/

f1 +J..p~:J.. +'2i =;2. of d p~ 2. +!" 22. PI' w/I/J

alld 10/::: /f'J(1 +0) :;:; /0# J
L{::: /O(ff3)
f{

+0'

wNh X in feet

(..3
:z.) Ih ( I ft
lb (
+~ fi'- i~ifii." + 6:L.'f (3) ff2.

- 19'1 .3

= .50 -/0,/+/, g
(il)

(J +x)) (J 0)

#p
f, :;SOptl/

or

e:::: - qOO and v=io(J tX)!I

with

'&/::: 0,)

Z2. :::-311

=-~IJ.:fi
J

:::1/ + i. f (14"'-~2.) - 02
= SO !s/ +i (I.?/f :jp-)(J01_ lftJ '") - t2.Y. #3 (-.3 ft)
2-

:: ,1./ /. 'lfJS /

3-Z

..3 . .3
3.3
An incompressible fluid with density p flows steadily
past the object shown in Video V3.3 and Fig. P3.3. The fluid
velocity
along
the
horizontal
dividing
streamline
(-00 ::s; x ::s; -a) is found to be V = Vo (1 + a/x). where a is
the radius of curvature of the front of the object and Vo is the
upstream velocity. (a) Determine the pressure gradient along
this streamline. (b) If the upstream pressure is Po. integrate the
pressure gradient to obtain the pressure p(x) for -00 ::s; x ::s; -a.
(c) Show from the result of part (b) that the pressure at the stagnation point (x = -a) is Po + pV~/2. as expected from the
Bernoulli equation.

.x

rQ)

t- ~ V.g.
=-

where

41 g::-

Thvs J

==

FIGURE P3.3

v;: Va (J. + f)
VA

fL

x2. .

or

s=: ~=-e~(J~+)(-4l)::
f

(b)

{dp =f #dx = faltj {f,. + ?)J~

po

-00

or

P-fo =: eaVo 2.[- f

a
- 2:I XI

-00

(c) From part (h)) when X=-a

1'/ : ; 1'. - fit 11. i qf& ]

2

[-

xc-a

Frt)m the Bern()vll/ eqvatiDn

where

V, =V

=::

Yo (J +f-la) :: 0

)(~-a

-rhll~ '"

=:

PrJ +i f Vo.2. 4S expected.

3-3

3.4
What pressure gradient along the
streamline, dpf ds, is required to accelerate water
in a horizontal pipe at a rate of30 mfs2?

where e:::o and

VPs- ::: a.s :::

ThvsJ

M- : : - ('as:;::

- 999.!;!:s (30~) :;:: -30Poo(~)/m

or
~
dS

3.5

= - 30.0
kPa/m
.

I
3.5
At a given location the air speed is 20 m/s and the
pressure gradient along the streamline is 100 N/m3 Estimate
the air speed at a point 0.5 m further along the streamline.

If
or

neqlecf qrQv/fy
~v

1$
:: IS

vlY
C)S

or

-(jS = -Ioo~
= .... '1-.07 -:sI
m 3 /(1 23 l!!L
m3 )(,-o!!!.)
s

Thus)

JV~ S 6S - (-if,07-}) (O,511?) = -2.V 3 .qz) so/hat V+crV:::20~ -2.03:

or V~/i.o';
3.6

3.6
What pressure gradient along the streamline, dp/ds, is
required to accelerate water upward in a vertical pipe at a rate
of 30 ft/ S2? What is the answer if the flow is downward?

where e == qo ~ for flP Ilow }

e -= _qOO

and vjf: ~ ::: 3.0 fi

Ti1f1S, for /Jp flow

~
- - 62,'1-(1) W
Ih c}.s o.n" for Jown f/()I;f/
d.(l = -6).,'1 (-I) lP
Ib
7.S

for down flow)

1.9'1

- -12.o.6(-!fp.)/ff ::: -0. 83S:e;f

~~(30 it)
s.2-

.sJup (.37ft)

/,9# ff.6

3-if

3.7 ,
to obtain the "Bernoulli equation" for this compressible flow as [n/(n - l)]plp + V 2 12 +
gz = constant.

3.7

Consider a compressible fluid for which

the pressure and density are related by pip" =
Co, where n and Co are constants. Integrate the
equation of motion along the streamline, Eq. 3.6,

f +.f- +~ r

= constant 010n9 a stream line

so that

or

ThlJs;
S ~r

-nn

-I

n -I

3-.5

3.8

The Bernoulli equation is valid for steady, inviscid, incompressible flows with constant acceleration of gravity. Consider flow on a planet where the acceleration of gravity varies
with height so that g = go - cz, where go and z are constants.
Integrate "F = rna" along a streamline to obtain the equivalent
of the Bernoulli equation for this flow.

From

Z b&: : 6m as one

df + f pd (V2)

of-

(2.)

Jm
(I)

obfains

0 til where 't::: f'J

(see EI.(.3.$)

Thus

rlp

+ rJ.

(f pV2) + P(go - c 1) d1 ~O

(2.)

or by infe9r4f in9 from (I) to(:;.):

(1)

S"f +Sd(tfV'-) ~ f> f (~() -C2)J;z=:O

til

or
f{ -p, + f

(/)

p(v:- ~~) .,. P'}o(~,.-l,) -

fpc (2').2. -z/-J

=0

Thvs,
fJ + t pV2. +fi, z - f f C 2~ -; cons/alii a/oil' a .sfreamline.

3-6

3.9

J
3.9

Consider a compressible liquid that has a constant bulk

modulus. Integrate "F = rna" along a streamline to obtain the
equivalent of the Bernoulli equation for this flow. Assume
steady, inviscid flow.

From Ef. .3.6

dp +fpdrv1.)

+odz~O

where

and

(:: e9

dp :: ~

1f

INhere

Ell ::: hulK 1Y}()t/"lvs ::: cOMI4nt

Th-us} (Alon,

.,.1f +:i-pd(V''J +fgrie::o

'V

ef,.

v {

(see E~. 1.13)

sfream} ine;

d (f Vtl.) +~ dl :: 0
v,.

12.

or

which can. he infe9rate d he~ween

(I) ana (2.) T() '1 ille

belween pomfs

~ T fdaV~)+ f9d,Z ~O

f'

V,

1/

or

"Ev[ fr2 - i] t[V,.2..- '/,1.] +~[Zl-Za ~O

t

Hence:

?z - ~

r-

:=

cunsl.nf 410"'1

slreamline

3,10

3.10

Water flows around the vertical two-dimensional bend with circular streamlines and
constant velocity as shown in Fig. P3.1O. If the
pressure is 40 kPa at point (1), determine the
pressures at points (2) and (3). -Assume that the
velocity profile is uniform as indicated.

4m

FIGURE P3.10

-a' d~ _y, _ e'C

Tn on - "1(
,hilS; w/fh '1< -::;

(1)

wNh ~::/

OlJrP

V == /om/.s

6 - /}

()r

Ilz. =<2..,0

kPIJJ

alJrJ,

wlfh f; :: '1-01<14 4nd

fl,3

==

~m

/J ::: 'If) kP~ - 9.I()XIO:J~ (;;'/1/)

-999

or

-t!s (10-1)2. /1 (-9-)

1.3 : : - 20. / k PiN

3-8

.3.12

'14

3.12. Water in a container and air in a tornado flow in horizontal circular streamlines of radius r and speed Vas shown
in Video V3.2 and Fig. P3.12..Determine the radial pressure
gradient. ap/ar. needed for the following situations: (a) The
fluid is water with r = 3 in. and V = 0.8 ftls. (b) The fluid
is air with r = 300 ft and V = 200 mph.

~--+-x

FIGURE P3.J2

Fo"r ourved sfreamJ/ne,s,

-

'"

~ + if ~

and

fn =- fr-

or wilh ~ =0 (horilDnf4! sfrea/lllines)J 1?::: r J

this

becDmes

!Ie :: iJ-"
r
(;/.r

With r:::

CA)

r!

J,'r ::

(6)

/.9'1-

ff and V= 0,8 #- und wafer

*
(Ii

(O,81})2.

fI)

s//J9s

:: ~. 97 fI.s~

(p = /,9'f ~ )J

= ~,97 Jb3

f/

Jt

W'i-Ih r = 300fT and V=- zoo tnph( 88 oS h ) = 2 '13 fts

t,omp

and air ( f:: 0.00238

rkr

d:r

.:!~~s )

~ (11:)2

~ O,OO:2.3a~ 2'13..$. == 0.681 slv9,S2.

068/
300 f1
ft",s ::,
I

3-'1

/b

.3 ./3
3.B
As shown in Fig. P3.13 and Video \'3.2. the swirling
motion of a liquid can cause a depression in the free surface.
Assume that an inviscid liquid in a tank with an R = 1.0 ft radius is rotated sufficiently to produce a free surface that is
h = 2.0 ft below the liquid at the edge of the tank at a position
r = 0.5 ft from the center of the tank. Also assume that the liquid velocity is given by V = K/r. where K is a constant. (a)
Show that h = j(2 [(1/,-2) - (1/R2)]/(2g). (b) Determine the
value of K for this problem.

(a) -

v:L

t"

Thvs

f"R

clp

#,:,:

(R

(fo

, j

Of'

==

eK'- ~

FIGURE P3.13

~f

r
Bvi fo::: 0hand f:::O at r
ThvsJ
,.
F

oh:: - ef [p -f,.J

0/1

the free

stJrface.

or sInce

(I)

(b) With h:: 2 f( R:: I if and r

I

_
2

ff -

K2.

o.s 1/ qn. (jJ 9/ve.s

[I

2 (32..2 fils>') lJo.s tW

or
K::: 6.55

==

#2.

3-/0

(f

~)L

3./1f
3.1#

Water flows from the faucet on the first floor of the

building shown in Fig. P3.11f with a maximum velocity of 20
ft/s. For steady inviscid flow, determine the maximum water
velocity from the basement faucet and from the faucet on the
second floor (assume each floor is 12 ft tall).

(3)

(I)

\' = 20 ft/s

f~"

~=======r=12 ft

and
or

P3.11f

wIth /J ::fll =()

a/ld

oJ;l 2.
(2 oS)

VI= 20 #

(froe
J

Jet)

2/ =-If.

If

+ /b H

2'.3 ::: /6 It

~ ="';').02. _ 2(.32..2)(lJ..) == ,; _ 373'

ImjJoss/b/el #0 //tJlJ/

2. (32 . Z
Of'

FIGURE

:J

+ if It :::

\0 2

2- (32.2

!h.)

from .secf)/Jd

{/rJf)fI felVest.

3.15

3.15
Water flows from a pop bottle that has holes in it
as shown in Video V3.5 and Fig. P3.1S. Two streams coming from holes located distances hi and hl below the free
surface intersect at a distance L from the side of the bottle.
If viscous effects are ne~ligible and the flow is quasi-steady,
show that L = 2(hl~)1 . Compare this result with experimental data measured from the paused video for which the
holes are 2 inches apart.

~-O

FIGURE P3.1.5

For sfeady /nviscid I/o~ Ihe velocities of the horiz on fa I jets of water
at pOinfs 0) and (;z.) are obtained from ihe Bernovlli erv41ion 4S:
fo + -J: f

Vr/".f 0 Zo::: A + -1 f ~z.+o2, ~ 12. +if 1Iz:L+!'Z:J. where

fJo~f,==f2.::0; Vo==Oj zo==h2.j 2,

:::.hz.-h,; and 22.:: 0

X=VI:
Z

Thus ~ = r2~h,'" and ~:: y2!h:

(I)

Once olltside the fqnKJ qrtJvify is the on~ force on

fhe fluid parTicles. Hence the hOf'iiontQ J compone"f
of ve/ocify remlJillS cons/ant J bvi fhe parlicJes

~2= h_t~t2

o .........----x

accelerate downward wah fhe acceJert.lfion ct.f 9rav/1y. Thus I for a {II/itA
par/ide Ihat exiled fhe lank t seconds Q90 at z;:h /-1 fol/()w.s theff

h - ~ l ~
By e/il1Jind1in9 " ihi.s 9/ves
the pafl ide pafh ((,~ e. the
X :::

Vt and

2:::

h:z..:: Z

shape a/the VltAler jet Q.s

Z =:. h - g X2
iV'

Thvs" the shapes()/ fhe

flllo Water jets are as shown

Z=

in the fi9J1re.

3-/2

-=~~----~--------x

.3 ,J5

I (c on 'I )
X-L tJl1d ~::Z3..

The sfreams intersect when

71Jl),sJ

fromEf"s.(l.)tJnd(.3~

- _1-L2.
(h 2. -hI )_LL'l.
~ ~2.
2 ~2.

L=12(~-h'~ W-1;L
From Eqn.
I

-v,2. -

0) J

~2.

::

2Jh , -

21h~ -

2, [-1- _.J..]
.J.

hi

h2.

-rhvs by comh/nilJi

["'f/ls. (If) and (s)

L: Jz(kh,)j

(h.. -h,)

9' 7

21 hi h2.

we ohtain

2yh h.
1

3-/3

fhz.. -hi)
2j n,h:;.

(S)

.3 ./6

3.16
A 100 ftJs jet of air flows past a ball as shown in
Video V3.1 and Fig. P3.16. When the ball is not centered
in the jet, the air velocity is greater on the side of the ball
near the jet center [point (1)] than it is on the other side of
the balI [point (2)]. Determine the pressure difference,
P2 - PI' across the ball if VI = 140 ftJs and V2 = 110 ftJs.
Neglect gravity and viscous effects.

v1 = 110

V= 100 IUs

(Lf)

The Bernoulli e9uafion from

point (3) fo (2.) and (1/-) to (I) with
9rQvily neq/ecfed 'lives
I

{J.3 "':2 f ~ ::;

2

p:;. + ..L2 f> V:z.

2.

But {1.3 -== 1'1:::0 and

tllld

~.::- ~

FIGURE P3.16

f'f of J..2. P1/2

VII- =:: P,

1.

-#- ,.

Pv,"
I

Thvs} e 'len fholJ.~h poinls (I) and (~) are nul 0" the same streamline}
I

fl

-L

,,2

+ :i f V,

:-

~ of 2.

\/2

f V2.

3-/~

3,/8

I
3. 18
A fire hose nozzle has a diameter of H
in. According to some fire codes, the nozzle must
be capable of delivering at least 2.50 gallmin. If
the nozzle is attached to a 3-in.-diameter hose,
what pressure must be maintained just upstream
of the nozzle to deliver this fiowrate?

Thus;
fJl:;::

4-[V;.~- v:

2-]

where
alld

.so

/J

iAqt w/IA
=

f ~f

i (/.9~ ~;P)[ 80.7). -1I.3/f 2.] ~

::: 6/90 J1L

f12. == Jf.3.0 psi

3"'/5

3.19
Water flowing from the O.75-in.-diameter outlet
shown in Video V8.6 and Fig. P3.19 rises 2.8 inches above
the outlet. Determine the flowrate.

FIGURE P3.19

The flowr~te is Q::: A, V; 1 where trom

the Bernoulli efvalion
I?J.M: +EI ::: I!!=
~ .,. E2.
o + ~1
t +2.1
ThtJ~

with' fl

=: ~

~ ~I ~ ~ ~ 0

V; = {21 2;;. = {2(.32.2fi/.s:l.)

So that
2.
Q::: AI ~ = I(O~~SH) (3,88 )

we Obtain
::: 3.88ffl.s

(2,8/12)ft

:: 0,0//9 f

.3

3.20
3.20
Pop (with the same properties as water) flows from a
4--in. diameter pop container that contains three holes as shown in
Fig. P3.20 (see Video .t5). The diameter of each fluid stream is
0.15 in., and the distance between holes is 2 in. If viscous effects
are negligible and quasi-steady conditions are assumed, detennine
the time at which the pop stops draining from the top hole.
Assume the pop surface is 2 in. above the top hole when t = O.
Compare your results with the time you measure from the video.

FIGURE P3.20
Q:: Q/ + Q,. .,. Q.a ::: -lJr -df
where \,(1
/J.::: ~A
and III :: fJ:r. :: A.3 :: f (o/I Ii) '}.
,~ :: Y2a
(/' h A
I

J,

= /,227 X /0-'11/2AT:: ~((fn)'-;: 0.087.3 fl2.

(i /If/J 2.".1)

where i is the time /1

lake fur fhe fros .s()rI~e
fo re40h fhe IIf/Df' hole

or

(h~o),

AT [
dh
::: A, Y~1 ((h +Vh+L +fh+2J.)
o

dh

O. OB 7 3 1 1 ' " (

- (1.22.7 ~ 10" fJ'J. )K2.)(.3:J., 2.

-rhll~

ff/s'-)]~t (Yh +Yh fL +1(h +2.L )

o

j :: 88.7 ( d h
J (h .fYh+L- +YhfZL)

where L:: -k i-l == 0.1667 ff

Nofe: Will; L If) leef) flJl'.r crvtJJf iOf) 9illes

Since fherB is

flO

closed form

3-/7

t in seCl)l'Idr.

3.1- 0

I (con 'i )
The nvtrJerica/ valve of lhe i"fe9ra I is obfailu}d by vsin9 the
trapezoidal rule since the closeJ form analytical so/uil'on
is nof 9/ven jn illfe9f'al fa hies. The EXcel- spread sheelv.red
for this is 9irJefJ be/ow.
L

, :;; ,88.7

Sf(h) Jh

where [(h)::: (VE -I- WL ./-1(hiii.)

:=88.7[ih(f,.t{+,)(hi t/-h,)]
h, in.
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0

Thus, t

f(h) , 11ft1/2
h,ft
0.0000
1.015
0.0083
0.914
0.0167
0.870
0.0250
0.837
0.0333
0.810
0.0417
0.786
0.0500
0.764
0.0583
0.745
0.0667
0.728
0.0750
0.712
0.0833
0.697
0.0917
0.684
0.1000
0.671
0.1083
0.659
0.1167
0.647
0.1250
0.637
0.1333
0.627
0.1417
0.617
0.1500
0.608
0.1583
0.599
0.1667
0.591
Sum of column integral

(88.7

frd~.,tom1=

(1/2)*(fi + fi+1)*(hi+1 - hi), ft112

0.00804
0.00743
0.00711
0.00686
0.00665
0.00646
0.00629
0.00614
0.00600
0.00587
0.00575
0.00564
0.00554
0.00544
0.00535
0.00526
0.00518
0.00510
0.00503
0.00496

=88.7*0.12011 =10.7 s

3-/8

0.12011

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

/0.75

--L

J.21
Water flowing from a pipe or a tank is acted upon by
gravity and follows a curved trajectory as shown in Fig. P3.21
and Videos V3.5 and V4.3. A simple flow meter can be constructed as shown in Fig. P3.21. A point gage mounted a distance L from the end of the horizontal pipe is adjusted to indicate that the top of the water stream is a distance x below the
outlet of the pipe. Show that the flowrate from this pipe of diameter D is given by Q = 'TT'D2Lgl/2j(2S/2 XI/2).

~I'

FIGURE P3.21

The only force aclin9 of allY w4fer parfiele ill -Ihe free
Jet is Ihal d()e 10 9ravily - the parfic/e:S wel9hf.
Thv.s J for the X - YQxes shown

i) :: a
tf

",fl..

ana ~~:::o whicA for a parhcle .sfarfi"

dP'

x r:: y~ 0 ttl I::: 0 9iv e

X;::: t1-t2. and yo:: Vi
//mt'nale l to 9ive fhe wafer Irajec7ury as
af

x~{~(~t

or

x==r~t:

Thvs wifh y::::1.. :

J

V c V-/x'" Land
Q::: AV:= fj)"v :: 7T D~L Vj/(2 51:J,

3-/9

Vi)

- - - . I...

.3 ."1.

I
3.22

A person holds her hand out of an open

car window while the car drives through still air
at 65 mph. Under standard atmospheric conditions, what is the maximum pressure on her hand?
What would be the maximum pressure if the "car"
were an Indy 500 racer traveling 220 mph?
2

2.

.I!.!-+XL
~ V2.
r 2j +Z I = h.
~
2.1

..J. Z

2.

=Z2

,/;::6StrJph (88fj ) =5.3!117=0)

\4 =-0 6om,"

or Ii =- ~ (2.38X/O- ~~ig)(95.3#/= /0.8 ~

3

If V;::

2.20mph ( B8

12. : : f

3.23

~)

60 mph

(2.38 X/O-.3

::: 3

~3 !f

fhen
J

~:fi) (3:L3 fj) 2. =

/2.'1

T3.23

A differential pressure gage attached to a Pitot-static

tube (see Video \'3.4) is calibrated to give speed rather than the
difference between the stagnation and static pressures. The calibration is done so that the speed indicated on the gage is the
actual fluid speed if the fluid flowing past the Pitot-static tube
is air at standard sea level conditions. Assume the same device
is used in water and the gage indicates a speed of 200 knots.
Detennine the water speed.

Af :: tpV2.
In air Afail':::
J

(0. 00'-38

~~~.s ){2ookn ofs)f/.

In w4fer.i AIl
::: ..1 (/ 9/f S/()fJJ.) ( V)2
rW41er 2 - '
ff3

Ali- :: A fwater
t(O,OOJ-31 )(ZtJO/' ::: i (I.9~) V.2

so thai w/lh

or
V=

7.0/

knofs

,3,2Jf

3.,..

A 40-mph wind blowing past your house speeds up as

it flows up and over the roof. If elevation effects are negligible,
determine (a) the pressure at the point on the roof where the
speed is 60 mph if the pressure in the free stream blowing toward your house is 14.7 psia. Would this effect tend to push
the roof down against the house, or would it tend to lift the
roof? (b) Determine the pressure on a window facing the wind
if the window is assumed to be a stagnation point.

~V2.
(2.)

-o

(3)

to (:1-) :
I, +i p~:z. = /2. + 1: P~2.

a) Thvs, from (JJ

b) From (I) +(13):

(J~ == PI

Since ~'='O"

+1 pU or
(J.J - P, :: -t pv,:L =- f (0,00').38 :~"/f) (S8.7il/s;2 ::: ~/O ~

3-2.1

v,
~

(I)

.3.2.S
.~.25
Water flows steadily downward through the pipe
shown in Fig. P3.2S. Viscous effects are negligible, and the pressure gage indicates the pressure is zero at point (I). Detennine
the flowrate and the pressure at point (2).

A/so)

f=.

+Z

Jr

-I2.

]'z.2.
~I

=- .fL
l:

~z

. . ~

'~,.

where f,:;: 0 4nrJ sInce II, ~,42

TlJv~
2:J. - 2,

if

0r

FIGURE P3.2S

Ii

l; ~ -2 ff

(Jr

12 :: -2. ft (62,tf Jjp) :: - /25 ~

3-22

{QI/olIIs

fha-r

Vz. V,
#

3,26
3.2~
Small-diameter, high-pressure liquid jets can be used
to cut various materials as shown in Fig. P3.26. If viscous effects are negligible, estimate the pressure needed to produce a
O.lO-mm-diameter water jet with a speed of 700 m/s. Determine the flowrate.

:/:L

\.{ 2.

+ ~I + Z,

Thll.s

(J~

=V

~ == t

$~

2-

f~

2.

.,.;$J.

where

~ -zO J 2, ~ Z2.J

t ev,.2. = t ('9'1-i)(70()~)2

Also)
Q = ~ A.z = 700 ~ [ (/O-i'1h)2] = S.$() x /o-~ .!fi

3-23

and fJ2- =0
= 2.9-5')(/0

.lsJ.

3.2-7
3.27
Air is drawn into a wind tunnel used for testing automobiles as shown in Fig. P3.27. (a) Determine the manometer
reading. h, when the velocity in the test section is 60 mph. Note
that there is a I-in. column of oil on the water in the manometer. (b) Determine the difference between the stagnation pressure on the front of the automobile and the pressure in the test
section.

(I)

Wind tunnel
60 mph
~

('-)

FIGURE P3.27

(a)

(b)

f2.

~ Jt ::: 4'
k
z,.,.

1- Z.

7
where

Z:L ::: Z.J 41114

Thvs

-,

~::' ()

ty ~1; = If
.J

.f Z.?l .f-!2.

2-

or

A - (J2. ~ f f 142.::: -f (0.00]..38 -.~~.s )( eN fj)2 == 9.:z.z 1-.

-'"

-....

"'"

.3.1-8

3.28

A loon is a diving bird equally at home

"flying" in the air or water. What swimming velocity under water will produce a dynamic pressure equal to that when it flies in the air at
40 mph?

or

3-25

3.29
A large open tank contains a layer of oil floating on
water as shown in Fig. P3.29. The flow is steady and inviscid.
(a) Determine the height. h. to which the water will rise. (b)
Determine the water velocity in the pipe. (c) Determine the pressure in the horizontal pipe.

(c)

3-26

4m

.3.30

3.3.0

Water flows through the pipe contrac-

tion shown in Fig. P3.30. For the given O.2-m

0 .2 m

difference in manometer level , determine the flowrate as a function of the diameter of the small
pipe, D.

FIGURE P3.30

./!L +
~

\1,2. + Z,

~?

~ =1;>'1
but f!, '"

=.if + ziV.' + Z,1

or w/lh z / =ih ani 11 =0

(fi/') ,

~k and /':z. ~ rh2

so

Thlls,

~ =rrZ-?-o.-;""/ ="';2.1(0.').)'

3-27

that 17-12. '" ((fir-h.) = 0.').0-

3.31

0.2 m

3.31
Water flows through the pipe contraction shown in Fig. P3.31. For the given O.2-m
difference in the manometer level, determine the
flowrate as a function of the diameter of the small
pipe, D.

FIGURE P3.31

1/

VI

or

or

Q_

0.0156/)

2-

- Y(0.1)'1 - l/'{

3-28

~ ==

0.2. (2-$)

[ (!ff)'" -I]

= (0.1)
D V.I

3.3.2
3.32
Water flows through the pipe contraction shown in
Fig. P3.3-2. For the given O.2-m difference in the manometer
level, determine the flowra1;e as a function-of the diameter of
the small pipe, D.

+
0.2 m

FIGURE P3.32

12- +X1 t
it :LI

Z :: {J:J,.
I

..,

-1-]1: +.
~

2-

where Z,:: Z2. t4nrJ ~ -:::0.

ThtJSJ

kr +ff
= b
z.,f
r
Bi/t
IJ!-:::x and
X

+ ::
Il'"

t'f::: D,2m +x

O.2m

V, == f-------2-1 (0.')..",)
Thus

Sf)

-Ihat

+X or
=

(2 ('1.81 /i) (0. :1-/11))k'2.:::

1.98-fL

Q ::; II, Vt ::: f (o.linl- (I.?!.p.) ~

0.01,56!f-3

3-1-9

for olJy D

3.33

J
(3)

3.33
The.speed of an airplane through the air is obtained
by use of a Pitot-static tube that measures the difference between the stagnation and static pressures. (See Video V3.4.)
Rather than indicating this pressure difference (psi or N/m2)
directly, the indicator is calibrated in speed (mph or knots).
This calibration is done using the density of standard sea
level air. Thus, the air speed displayed (termed the indicated
air speed) is the actual air speed only at standard sea level
conditions. If the aircraft is flying at an altitude of 20,000
ft and the indicated air speed is 220 knots, what is the actual air speed?

...... (4)
r--

v.==V
I

PI

:=

V2 ::: 0

(1)

V
p

~~ooo
or

3-30

(2)

3.3Lf

1
1

3.3'1

Streams of water from two tanks impinge upon each other as shown in Fig. P3.3'1. If
viscous effects are negligible and point A is a stagnation point, determine the height h.

Free jets

t8ft

20 ft

~
FIGURE P3.3Jf

.()- ~~ z. - ~/I .xl ~

-II(
+ ').1 + 2. ,,- T + ~I' +.c/J

where Ii. =-0.) ~:::- 0 J

2',.:::- h+~()rl

~ =0.1 a/Jd ~ = 2.() If

Thus

or

h +2. 0 II ::: .If; f- 2 () If

h == i!f

(I)

II/so;
fJ, 'h2.
4" + '-I + Z,

~+

.:: i'

+ 1'1

VtJ..2. Z

').j

TAv.sJ

.If::: 'f +z,

h

=-

If +z, -

-219

Z.19

3-31

3.35

I
:US
A O.15-m-diameter pipe discharges into a a.IO-m-diameter pipe. Detennine the velocity head in each pipe if they
are carrying 0.12 ro 3/s of kerosene.

m'
O./Z-S
m
\I, "..Q. - 1(

=
6.79$
I
/II
'I'

O,/sm)

and

",3

0.12.

;s-

f (o.lom)'

" 15.271}

Thvs,
\/"

v,

(';.7?f!1/
_ -:"::;':':"'-"f" 2. 35m.

"1 -

2. (9.9I-f;,)

alld

v. '

2, "

(ls.'Z.7!}l

2(9;8/~) =

II." 111

3-n

3.36

ICf'

3.36

Water flows upward through a variable

area pipe with a constant flowrate, Q, as shown
in Fig. P3.36. If viscous effects are negligible,
determine the diameter, D(z), in terms of D\ if
the pressure is to remain constant throughout the
pipe. That is, p(z) = Pl.

I
.1

Z~_D(Z)!

l-Dl_L
FIGURE P3.36

or will; I' = fJ; and

2.

2-

V, -V =2<;i!

and V=-f
Thus)

'f~)2. (JfQ)2..
(TiD/~ 2pE
TtI)2-

or
..l...

DIII

-11

3-33

.....

z, =0

tQ

(1)

..3.37

3.37
Water flows steadily with negligible viscous effects
through the pipe shown in Fig. P3.37. Determine the diameter,
D, of the pipe at the outlet (a free jet) if the velocity there is
20 ft/s.

rOpen
V = 20 ftls

15 ft :::; h

-111.5 I,. do""'"

fen
FIGURE P3.37

or

V, == 8.83 !1fhtff
=F
/). 2.(2.0 if)
r:.z.

BtJf AI Vj = A:l ~
.1t
D'- (8 i3 H)
'f-I
S

or

So

oS

4. =( 8~~3) ,.(ff fI) == 0.0831 ff::

O. '197 in.

3,38

J
3.38
The circular stream of water from a faucet is observed
to taper from a diameter of 20 rnm to 10 IJ1m in a distance of
50 cm. Determine the flowrate.

I!!- +
~

~ 2. +Z

')..~

'-1

where A ;::f2, ': 0 J Z,-- =0

and
II Q
v.: - ()
7f;

VI -

= -1'2._ + v,,2. + E

2. -

0.5f)

2
J

Z, ==

:!

(%t + 21i!, = ("*J' or Q [(.;~*~)r

=
,
=

tI

II:J. fii2,
-(/J:J./A)'J.

or Since

112 - (- A. )2. we obfRin

A,-o,

Q-

('-) D2. ;:: O. 0/0",

Q

liz

~~

=2,5Lf

_ 11.(
J -(D.zID,)7J - 'I- 0,010n,
1I2jz/

)2.[

2(9.eI'f;.)(O,SOfIJ1
,_( 0.0/0

~If

f), fJ2.0 )

m3

x/a S

3-35

D = o.O:Lom

L.

o. son

":;) (/J

3.3 'I

3.3Q
Water is siphoned from the tank shown
in Fig. P3.39. The water barometer indicates a
reading of 30.2 ft. Determine the maximum value
of h allowed without cavitation occurring. Note
that the pressure of the vapor in the closed end
of the barometer equals the vapor pressure.

Closed end

(0)
3 in.
diameter

30.2 ft

5 in. diameter

FIGURE P3..3Q
2.-

ft t Vi
r 2.1

+Z

where jJ/ -=0 J

bllf

::;-0 J fJz

Z, =,22 ::0

Thv,s,

o-

V;

fVlltPfJl'

0'

21

f/lapor
~

lIe/)c8.;

o = -30.:2. if
l{::

3 q. .!'

Since
or

+ ~.t of 6 II
:1-1

!I11.3 = Vz A;z ,

'vi = 1'I-,21J

HiJwever)
All

VJZ

zi +z, :::

~ f-

LJ.a
./L::!.

+-

V: +28

or ~ = Y2-?h

ThtJ.s J
I if. 2 f1
s =

ft

+ '(,,2. + 6 f f

10 +.30, '). II r ::11 or .since ft:::: {Ji/(/.por J

Tf;vs J

=Ivaplr

';2. (32.Zli ) h ;/
s~

or

3-36

h::::3. 13 ff

-30,')..

It

.3. 'f0
3.40
An inviscid fluid flows steadily along the stagnation
streamline shown in Fig. P3.40 and Vidt'H \l3_l, starting with

speed Vo far upstream of the object. Upon leaving the stagnation point, point ( I), the fluid speed along the surface of the object is assumed to be given by V"" 2 Vo sin 8, where (I is the
angle indicated. At what angular position, 61, should a hole be
drilled to glve a pressure difference of PI - P2 = pV~/2? Gravity is negligible.

Vo
----;;(0)

~ 11.'"
~ IlL
I.+:z.f
"'/t+2.PV/

where V,

=0

Thvs,

f, - P..

::f.. +~:z.f~v.

FIGURE P3.40

'i p (v,.'" - W'J ~ d(' ~L

sO fh"f if

f, - f1,. ='

d r v/ then v.. " V.

Th"lis:
~ '" 2
II

ntlJc8;

V. sih ~
() __

'"

Vo

or

. "

..L

Stn~==2.

30'
=

.3.'fI
.l.41
A eelain vacuum cleaner can create a vacuum of2 kPa
just inside the hose. What is the velocity of me air inside the

hose?

OJ

V,:

fl +f p~ 2. "f:z. + t p
where II ::0, ~ '" 0 .so fhal

/ / / / / 1/ / ///111/7

~ !I.'"
f",=-:z.f2.

flence J

3.JL
.J.
k
~
-2.XIO 1112. ~ -2.(1.~3!J3) ~

3-37

3.4f2

3.42
Water from a faucet fills a 16-oz glass (volume = 28.9
in. 3 ) in 10 s. If the diameter of the jet leaving the faucet is 0.60
in., what is the diameter of the jet when it strikes the water
surface in the glass which is positioned 14 in. below the faucet?

= 0.852 it
...s
HenceJ __------------------~--,
1:1. 2 tf
)(111fl
+
(0.
BS2.s)
Vz. = 2 ( 3.2..:2.-;2. n:. T 2 (3.2..2 {tao) )

But,
11, ~ 112 Vz.
%

SI)

8.7/

Ii
.s

fhal

or

k
7
)2-(0
BS2
D - (Ji)
V,2. f)'/ -- (0.8.1111
F+

2.-

LO ,n)

.0

:: 0.188 il'l.

.$

3,113

3.43
A smooth plastic, lO-m-long garden hose with an inside diameter of 20 mm is used to drain a wading pool as is
shown in Fig. P3.43. If viscous effects are neglected, what is
the flowrate from the pool?

0.2 m
: (I) ;;~
:.;;~::;::
C"" 0.2*3 ~
'/h ~/"
/////////////~
1-1

FIGURE P3.3

./!!- + '0:L + i!

zg
Thus}
~

where

~=f2~(Z,-Z2)i -

11:r /3.. == 0 J

2 2. :: - O.23m.I

(2. (9.8/ ~)(O,2 m -

(- O.'].3hJ)~

~Q.!1l
-- 2 .7.s

or

~I

Q = fJ2. ~ =-f(o.02-0ml(2.90!P-)

= '1.1/ X/O'f./ff-3

k
2.

:: O.

and

')../1'1

~I =0

3. iflf

3.11-'1Carbon dioxide flows at a rate of 1.5 ft 3 / s from a 3in. pipe in which the pressure and temperature are 20 psi (gage)
and 120 of into a 1.5-in. pipe. If viscous effects are neglected
and incompressible conditions are assumed, determine the pressure in the smaller pipe.

o(I)
D - ':I,,,' .
I-~

Tillis,
f:;. :::; fJ, + i

.:: 2.

f ( ~ 2. -

Ib
ero 7["

~'")

I"

- .53. I f[z. ==

If,
2.J 82-71f2.

(Jr
~

::; 19. 63 psi 9 Q g e

3-39

::_---.....:.-=c:.:..~):....;,o
D2. ;: I,S/I').

3. 45

I
r--

3.1f5

Oil of specific gravity 0.83 flows in the .

pipe shown in Fig. P3.IfS If viscous effects are
neglected, what is the flowrate?

4 in:=

Water~ ~ (tAl
~ -. f1in

TVt

7"
LJ,

112.

+ ..!.L + :z
~i

~I

V/,

1)

= T -r~
L

....

-1--::2

~2

i
ll--;a=o.83

tl or-

FIGURE P3. Jf.5

where

z, ~ Z:;.

~ (.liT

)1

()1

and V, ~ 0

Thus,

V;- _ 1'1 -I':l.

21 -

(I)

)"

but,

fl., :: ~ +rJ :::; If + oj

and

fJ:z.:: 't (J, +h) -

i}n h -f fll-

Thv!'J

ft - fz

:: ( ~ -l') h

Comhine ,05.

(I) aIJrk (2.)

(2)

10 obtain

,h

.1
' ./
(.62,.'ffl3
)'.!i:r/l
v.. = V2~V\-") = v2.!(1- 1) h =1 2(321.t/-.)~O.83(6';fff.r J 6.."1
1

or

Vz = 2.lo!f

ThtJ-s,
Q

=1l2. ~ =-f(!r.n)2.(z.lo!j)

=0.183 ~

"'?-ifo

3.'f6

.3.16

Water flows steadily from a large open tank and discharges into the atmosphere through a 3-in.-diameter pipe as
shown in Fig. P3.46. Determine the diameter, d, in the narrowed
section of the pipe at A if the pressure gages at A and B indicate
the same pressure.

p~ + ~ e~2 + ~Zlf == f:J. + if '6.2. +i'z~

where

Z2.::

and 1:l.~O

14 =1'"

Thus.! since

13 + t e~2 + i'r.1I-

HOllleve~

== f: pVs2.

fl + ie~2..,.

so that

0)

r2, := fL +ipli2. +~E2..1 where It -::'11- ~ ~~Z2.

#0

t. pv,.2. ;: ~i!,

or Vz. ""

Y2fz,' =y;.,;; =(2.(32.. 2 ~~}(16 fI)]~ 32.di/.s

Bvl
f.3 + 1: P~2. t rZ.3 ~ f~ + i p\{2. f r 22. "hers ~ ~ ~ since 112. ~1l.3
ThllsJ

1.3::; -rZ3:: -(16+Q)fI(6,..Jl-l bltl3 )

From Efs. OJ ana (,.):
-1,s&0

jtJ. f i

(I.9'1-

~ -/Sto l/,lfl:J.

~') '42.

:=

1::(1,9'1- ::~9f) (:l21/i})2-

or
~ ;:: ~t./

11/0$

Since A~ ~ =,42. V,. if follows 1h~f

a~~
or

=1/):1.2. v,.

d '" L>.. V~'

'" (3io.)

3,..1111.r
-~1t--I.~
,/

~.I T /0$

= 2.5 0 in.

3-if/

(2)

3,'1-7

3.47

I
Determine the flowrate through the pipe in Fig. P3.47.

FIGURE P3,,1f7

where z, =- Z2. and l.'2.::: 0

2.20s

Tho.s J
Q== II, ~ = -: (0,08 m)2. ('1. .20 !f) :::

0.0/11

if

.3. '1-8
3.48
Water flows steadily with negligible viscous effects
through the pipe shown in Fig. P3.48. It is known that the 4In. diameter section of thin-walled tubing will collapse if the
pressure within it becomes less than 10 psi below atmospheric
pressure. Determine the maximum value that h can have without causing collapse of the tubing.

or

h=

/,3/

fl

FIGURE P3.4B

3 . Ifq

I
3. ljq
For the pipe enlargement shown in Fig. P3.lf'1. the
pressures at sections (1) and (2) are 56.3 and 58.2 psi, respectively. Detennine the weight flow rate (Ibis) of the gasoline in
the pipe.

<21

FIGURE P3./fQ

or

~( 1-(4;f)
or

Vt~2.I.'f!}

Thvs,
O'Q =

tUld

~=!l,~=:e/';f'f(21.'f~/) '"

If2.S"#-, (0.'1-90.[/) = ZO.8!E.

==.$=

0.'190

if

3.50

I
3.50

Water is pumped from a lake through an 8-in. pipe at

a rate of 10 (1 3/ 5. If viscous effects are negligible, what is the
pressure in the suction pipe (the pipe between the lake and the
pump) at an elevalion 6 ft above the lake?

ill e

'I

0J

ilL " 6.0

(/o ij!)

1T(lfIY

3 -'15

II

28.6!f

.3.5/
b

=width =0.06 m

Air flows through a Venturi channel of rectangular

cross section as shown in Video V3.6 and Fig. P3.51 The
.(1)
constant width of the channel is 0.06 m and the height at the
exit is 0.04 m. Compressibility and viscous effects are negligible. (a) Determine the flowrate when water is drawn up 004 13'::: 0.10 m
0.10 m in a small tube attached to the static pressure tap at . m
1
the throat where the channel height is 0.02 m. (b) Determine
the channel height, hz, at section (2) where, for the same
flowrate as in part (a), the water is drawn up 0.05 m. (c) Determine the pressure needed at section (I) to produce this
Water
flow.
FIG U REP 3 . 51

Free jet

3.SJ

Air

(If)

0.04 m

(n

(2.)

(b)

~2.

t; +;.; 1- +i.f
Ih 2

Whel'

:=

From parr (a)

.f-,.

'1,.2

--.,...-- +

2(q.81!;,)

1'1..0/3

8 uf

Vi AA ::: V'I,44'

(c) AIsoJ

-r

\h :z.

LJ I

-I-

Bvf since
{JI ::: f/f

2 (Q,8'fi)

2. :=

U()X'J!.3 (o.asml

I
or IV2:::

3/
D

r
.,j

sm

ihai
r::

(u.,!-) (O.06m) (0. oIf. m) or

fJ!t.

Jj :: ?

~ :z.

-ii

h;. ::O.02.53m

where fJ/f -:::() and AI ~ :: t9~ ~

/)1:::: (0.0'1-111)( 0.0&,,) :::

0

I:;. =-~.oJ

= - lI90 m:z.

(~3.1 ~)2.

:::

.so

(36 ..s.!JL) (o.o6m)h,.

(3)

OJ

V.f::: 23.,:s

ThllsJ 1n. (~) becomes

- Jf90

='

II
I

.3Ji

lip then V; ~

~ alia EfP. (3) r/ve..s

.3.52
3.52
An inviscid, incompressible liquid flows steadily from
the large pressurized tank shown in Fig. P.3.S2. The velocity at
the exit is 40 ftls. Determine the specific gravity of the liquid
in the tank.

FIGURE P3.52

3.53
3.53
Air (assumed frictionless and incompressible) flows
steadily through the device shown in Fig. P3.53. The exit velocity is 100 ft/s. and the differential pressure across the nozzle is 6Ib/ft2 (a) Determine the reading. H, for the water-filled
manometer attached to the Pitot tube. (b) Determine the diameter, d. of the nozzle.

FIGURE P3.S3

fJl + rz, +fpV;2-:: A +Z:). ft:pv,.:z.

(a)

where
~ ::: :z2.

J "

:: () J

ona l{::: ()

Thus;

/;1. : : dH.1c1 1/ so ij, aT

(62,1/- ~) H i ((). 00:1-38 ~if) (100 #iJ. or fI ==
p,. -: : 1: p~ t.

/;

vi

=:

O. /9/ ff

Hence
61f-,. +t(O,OO').38sX'f)(I/-If."'Ij.)~;: 1(0.00:;"30:'$)~.2
J

or

~::= 83.7 s

so

th4f with III/ V -:: Q4' :' ~

-fd~ (83.7#) ::: 0.79s

or

d:::; o. /09 ff

3-1

,3.5 if
3.54

The center pivot irrigation system shown in Fig. P3.54

is to provide uniform watering of the entire circular field. Water
flows through the common supply pipe and out through 10
evenly spaced nozzles. Water from each nozzle is to cover a
strip 30 feet wide as indicated. If viscous effects are negligible,
determine the diameter of each nozzle, d i , i = 1 to 10, in terms
of the diameter, d!(), of the nozzle at the outer end of the arm.
Supply pipe

It
o

r,

r2.

T3

r;...,

r,'

tV~ fa
I

r,
I

Nozzle

r,o

(Z)

= (rl.2.-t; ...:)

(3)

(3fJ02. -'-70"")

f
rJ,o -

ai

,"]4

r,2.
rI-I
t
/7/00
J

These reslJ/fs are r;il/en

in

the f.hle.

3-'f9

I.

r:4 H

30

0.229

60

0.3'17

.3

90

0.51.3

11-

,,-0

().607

/50

0.688

6
7

/80

0.7&/

210

0.82.7

').11-0

o. seq

270

O,Q'l-6

10

300

/,00

x=L

3.5.5
Air flows steadily through a converging-diverging
re. tctangular channel of constant width as shown in Fig. P3.55
and Video V3.6. The height of the channel at the exit and the
exit velocity are Ho and Vo, respectively. The channel is to be
shaped so that the distance, d, that water is drawn up into tubes
attached to static pressure taps along the channel wall is linear with distance along the channel. That is, d = (dmax/L) x,
where L is the channel length and dmax is the maximum water
depth (at the minimum channel height; x = L). Determine the
height, H(x), as a function of x and the other important parameters.

x-----"x = 0

;;Q~~l~~~~~;;;::lZ~r~=:;;:,;;..;n~

;: ; ,:

......

III FIGURE P3.55

1-+ z'( -1-1. Pvz. ~ If) 1- Zo 0 4- t (lVo z.

where
-Z cEo

{Jo::: 0 J fJ::: - ~LO rJ.

7hvs

},If

- 0H,.o

J
"''ltIX

X+

Bvf

AV :::: A0 Vo
I}

- ~.~
or

()

...L
:2.

wners p::: air dells/I,

= - ~D

PV2. ::: 2:I f Yo .z.

\I

- Ao V,0 -- 7T
flo
r V-,CJ

II

Yo

f
.s 0 J.1..
In"

~rflX +tp(!J; v.t i ev,"

H/Ho vs xlL

. - -.

::J:
::J:

0.8

0.6

0.4
xlL

3-50

0.2

*.3,56

*3.56
Air flows through a horizontal pipe of variable diameter, D = D(x), at a rate of 1.5 ft3/ S. The static pressure
distribution obtained from a set of 12 static pressure taps along
the pipe wall is as shown below. Plot the pipe shape, D(x), if
the diameter at x = 0 is 1, 2, or 3 in. Neglect viscous and
compressibility effects.

x (in.)

p (in. H 2O)

0
I
2
3
4
5
6

1.00
0.72
0.16
-0.96
-0.31
0.27
0.39

x (in.)

p (in. H 2O)

7
8
9
10
11
12

fI~ f
D. (f-P.
D-V

0.44
0.51
0.65
0.78
0.90
1.00

L .-

ail'

p 1)
J

_J

J..-x ........

-.....

_:Ih
water
rN.z.O

If+ (+zo =- f +lj +Z

where

Zo"::Z

n~

2
V= 1'i + 2('9-/)' 'llilh v.::: Q = 1.5 ~
V0
P
D
~
:It D2.
If 0
and
_ 62. If -Ita .
fo-f= ~.ao (ho-h) - 12. 1 (1 m. -h)
LJ
nence

WI'/'L
II

V= [(.J,iJ.)2.+

D:

-3.

p::: 2.38 X/O

1}.

j [3.&5
Do'"

Also AV:::Q or IllV:::(f

so

- [(J'#fq~ -

if~]~ ,...
D-- [ 7l'V
D-=

7T.$

t382

[3Dl65 t'l370(J-h)J~l ~

D2
0

c:

.l whereD.",fI
S

s.20(J-h)

~Jw,:jh h"'in.

11
we 11'oOTain

pf3

10.'+ (/-h) k2 =

2.38 x /,,3

- 1.91
-

~u:2.

-l- '1-370 (j-h)

fhtrl

1.38;
VV

(J)

or when comhined wilh

Et{,{/J

H where Do'V ff h,., /1).

J

+J

Plot D= /)(X) with Do:= if J and f fl) vsiIJ9 fhe va/lies of /,::/'(X)
fro/TJ the lahle. Nofe : h i.s the SQIIJ(; a I/(J On. liz. 0)'1 in Ihe tab/e.
AII EXCEL pro9r4m W~J' used If) ob/fA/1i fhe fol/oUl/II, re.rvl/u.

(con'-fJ
3-5/

(3.)

~3,.s6

r (con 'f)
0, ft (Do = 1/4 ft)
0.24996
0.20277
0.16776
0.13999
0.15299
0.17245
0.17841
0.18123
0.18558
0.19616
0.20944
0.22710
0.24996

x, in.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

0, ft (Do = 1/6 ft)

0.16664
0.15733
0.14435
0.12870
0.13667
0.14649
0.14902
0.15015
0.15179
0.15537
0.15911
0.16300
0.16664

0, ft (Do = 1/12 ft) p, in. H2O

0.08332
1.00
0.08299
0.72
0.08234
0.16
0.08112
-0.96
0.08182
-0.31
0.08247
0.27
0.39
0.08260
0.44
0.08266
0.08274
0.51
0.08291
0.65
0.08306
0.78
0.08320
0.90
0.08332
1.00

Dvsx
0.30 -

j
I
I

0.25

~---

",

0.20

=
c
~

0.15

------1
,

~I

:I

. ..

-~

.
,....'
.......... "

..... .,.

...

i
.. _ .. -1- .:

-------,~-.;;.~~ .",-

- -

'

... '" ... t ,._._JI

H

__

I
I

--1

I
I

I
I

~!

0.00

-------.1

i
i
i
I

,
,

0.10 - --.-~.--~+-----,

-1
I

_-!'-

'-":

0.05

,I

6
x, in.

3-052-

10

12

- - - 0
- -0
-0

= 1/4 ft '1
=1/6 ft I
=1/12 ft

3.57

I
357

The vent on the lank shown in Fig. P3.57 is closed

and the tank pressurized to incr~se the f1owrate. What pressure, PI' is needed to produce twice the flowrate of that when
the vent is open'?

FIGURE P3.57

Wi/;' ihe veil! open:

+~

r 2.!

+2

TIIVS,
11,'
z , = -Zj
L

'

A.

1-:' -I-&Z
+2..

= J,;.
r Z?

~~'------'

or

To hove dovUe fhe f/gwrafe /'liM Ihe veil! clfMed (j'l 10):

./.Ju,
==..Y:.
,
~

where fot'th;.s uue

ThVJ}
Il

(SO.8!t/

t2.'1''fP

2.(.32.2 Si)

(< ~',J,) t/ofl ==

or

It ==

fl

Ih
.
/87671'- = 1:l.OpS,

3-53

1Iz.: 2. (:z.s./ffi)
~
6

.>0.8

II

- 3.581
3.58

Water flows steadily through the large

tanks shown in Fig. P3 ..sS. Determine the water
depth, h A

For sfeady (low)

QI/- ~!9~

w/fA

Also;

-1.1-+
~:L +z
r ')..1
I

.so fhaf

V.2.

=,f2fh//

Thus}

1i2.~ ==cr~

or

f(O.03hJi";2(9.81f;.)~j

3-5'1-

= O.O/J-31}3

0.5 in. Hg vacuum

0.6-in.
dja~eter

3.5'1

Air at 80 of and 14.7 psia flows into the tank shown

in Fig. P3.59. Determine the flow rate in ft 3/s.lb/s. and slugs/so
Assume incompressible flow.

(I) Q

.(2.)

~ump
FIGURE P3.Sq

3-55

3.60

'J

(0)

.-.-.-:::-'.' .'.'.'-:-' :j:-

3. 60
Water flows from a large tank as shown in Fig. P3. 6o..
Atmospheric pressure is 14.5 psia and the vapor pressure is 1.60
psia. If viscous effects are neglected. at what height, h. will
~avi tation begin? To avoid cavitation should the' value of DI be
mcrea~ed or dec reased'! To avoid cavitation should the val ue of
D~ be increased or decreased? Explain.

FIGURE P3. 60

where f10 ; 1'1. 5psio. ,/'t ~ 1.60 pSia,

E.; h, Z, ~o, and V. ~O
(I)

How.ver,
A, V, "11~ V,

Or

11

=(

where

z: r~
wah

( D.)'"h.

= - D,

(2)

Ih( 1'f1fWin?)
( IIf.5 -./.60 ) In?

'h [

6:z..'f N'

e::J -'J
..

,1

From y. (J) il is seen fhaf h increases in increasing D,

and. c1ecreo.in9 D:z.. Thvs, fo avoid cavilaf;.n (,; ~. to have
h slnall enot/9h) D, should be increq.sec1 and 4. decreased.

3-56

(3)

3.61

Water flows into the sink shown in Fig. P3.61 at a rate

of 2 gal! min. If the drain is closed, the water will eventually
flow through the overflow drain holes rather than over the edge
of the sink. How many OA-in.-diameter drain holes are needed
to ensure that the water does not overflow the sink? Neglect
viscous effects.

=fy +if +%2.

V1 .. V2,~,
Also)
Q ::: n A2. 14 :: n ~

, where

It "0, V, =0, Inti. .21"ti fJ.. =0

=[2(32..2. Jj) ( 1+/~2. ff)] ~ =

2 .5i'

f d; V:z.

ff.

where n:: IJlllflher of PfJles reqlJired,l

Q2. := o. 'I in; and. C;::: c,nfraction coel.
= 0.61 (see ri'1.3.19)

ThlJs~ with
J
Q 2 w,( I ""'" ) (~31 in. )

111111

60.s

19GJ

(_

I fl~ ):::

17'-8 m.3

3-57

~, ~tx/O".J fi.!
.&

3.62

What pressure, PI' is needed to produce a flowrate of

0.09 ft 3/s from the tank shown in Fig. P3.62?

3.(i2

FIGURE P3.62

If + :i +

Z2. "

1- +{f +j!~

where -/'2.:: f1 + ~ h J

"Z2 :: 3.6 fl J Z3 =0

ThusJ

and

~::tO

11 + Ooh

where

or

31.8-

o( 2~

\lg2.

or
fJl ==

- Z2. ) -

t"h

== (1./

(6J..1f

Ib

7i;

[ (3

I 8 :!.
~ ) 2-

2.(32.. 2.

- '12.5 ~ (2,0{-0

7'1-6

- 5./8 ps/

3-S8

fJ3 -: 0

~~)

3.63 ,
3.63

Laboratories containing dangerous materials are often

kept at a pressure slightly less than ambient pressure so that
contaminants can be filtered through an exhaust system rather
than leaked through cracks around doors, etc. If the pressure in
such a room is 0.1 in. of water below that of the surrounding
rooms, with what velocity will air enter the room through an
opening? Assume viscous effects are negligible.

~~

v,~o

V2. (1)rL
........-. ..----.-..--.

(I)
-/71111111/77
-

I { vise oV.s e (feefs

tJ,,~

v.2. I,. + ..L,.. f v,.

I, +'2I P,::

neqligihle

1/2.

'"

I '

here V, ~ 0
I

4fJd

It -/2 :: i'azo h

or

p, - f:J.::: (~fI)('2.1f {t3) ;;0.520 ~

Thus

~ ==[ 2 (prp,.J ] ~ == [
2.

e]

2 (0.520 Ib/I/1.)
O.OO:J.39SIIJ1s/113

3-SQ

]~ -:=

20.9

Ji
.s

3. 61f

3.6/f Water is siphoned from the tank shown

in Fig. P3.6'f. Determine the ftowrate from the
tank and the pressures at points (1), (2), and (3)
if viscous effects are negligible.
(1)

FIGURE P3.6.1f

fJo

of

'v" 2. + =z

~~.L.-o

::

-(1,- +

For t';:: 5 and 1'0::: 0 J Va

i!.0 =
+ Es or

:;2.

"

(I)

Of' 6 ::

~'I;; ~

fJs =::0 flus become.s

2 ~ ( Eo - Z.s)' =1,--2-(3-.2.-2_~:~:--)-(3-ff--"')

=-0)

Vs"";

= /3.'1

-,-L
I

~.2.. + 2. f '

n/Js)

Q:: /}s 'Is ::: .;-( -Ii: fl)'L(I.3,q fj) = 0.303 ~

Fro/IJ r.(I)

with

l-::/ a/Jd

t{:::o J

:Ij

= o(Zo-Z,)

~ =(62,Lf ffa)( 8 (I) :7l9?fA

i,

Fro/1J E'[ II) wifh /=2 J LO = +

E:z.
where 1J2. ~ ::: flo!' ~
~ ~'SJ/Jce f}2::' 115 if f()llows that L{:::~ or ;; =
=20-Z,5
.j.

2;

Thus}

1- =

~2.

Z!o -22. -

:2.1 =Eo-%:z. -

~!1.

,.;

=Zo -22. -(Zo-Es )

=i!

or

:5

-22-

11 :: t(zs -~2.) =(62,1- -/fo)(s if) = 3/2-ffo.

From

Er{ (J)

wifli t''''3J

20::

where fla ~ :: lis ~

Since 1).3:::115 if fo/lows

Thvs J

:fi; = Z!~ -2'3 -

thai

2.

Jf + ;:f+Z.3

~2.

~ t:: Vs or ~;

~ 2.

=-

2..1 =&0 -Zs

2-

Zo-E3 - ; ; :: %. -2.3 -(Zo-Es)

:; Zs -

z,3

o~ =t(zs -%3) =(62.'1' ~~)(-.3fI) -/B7~

:0

3- 60

3.65

3.65
Redo Problem 3. 61f if a l-in.-diameter
nozzle is placed at the end of the tube.

~)

fJo

i' +

\4, 2.

2.7

+Zo -

For l ~ 5
:Eo =-

2.

y~

Thus
J
Q =A.s

..t2.

\/,.7.

!0::: 0

and -/b =0 J
or
11'

._/

Ter t -

fJ.s

(I)

,/)

=0

fhls becomes

~ =- 12.9{~.-:Z5)1= {2.(3Zo2fj-.J (3ff/

:::

~ == T

~ +?-9 +%1

(1)

4-

/.3.'/

(1)2.
ii) _
::L3
-;z:ff (/3.9 oS - O.07S8 oS

From E'f(!) w/fh i=/ and

it;::o

A:::

a(zo-Z,)

=(6Z./f-#r3)(8f-l) == '1991-2-

Fro/h i/o (J) wilh i

where
Since
\J _

V.z -

Thus)
fJ:;.
~

~2

~ + -!i + ~2.

i!o::

112 V:z. :: A5 ~
A:z. == (~y2.A5 = (t)~.s =LJ.As iT follows that
.L ,/
J!:l _ J- (-1- 1/)2. _ J ~2 _ -L ( z )

V.s

or 2~

29

If

7D~ - /6 Zo -

oS

2-

= Zo -Z2 - ~

-:=

tI

or

2'0 - Z2. - -!r(:ZO-Z5)= afl-!t(3ft)

== 7. 81 ff

Ih
)
-Ii =(62 JI- ff.i)
(7. 81 PI-

From fro (I) w/lh i = 3

where f}.3 ~ e.As
or s/nce 113.=!J2.

::. 'f$ 8
20 ==

Ib
7P-

:t; ~; +Z.3
oj.

Vs

then ~::: ~. and

~2

2;

~2.

2.~ = 16 (zo-2~J

Thu,s )
~
~2.
- ; ~ L O - Z 3 - 2$ :::Zo-~3-

.-l..
J
/6 (Zo-Z5) = -76 (3 {-i) = - /~ PI

or
fj

77fi.

Jl;..

== (62.Jf fP.) (-Tl"H)= - II.

_~-61

Ih

I
3.66

Determine the manometer reading, h,

for the flow shown in Fig. P3.66.

0.37 m

1--I--H--~

1 . .
.
-_

... ----,,M'-~
---

a08m ... -~
dlameter(J}

====

'c:::=:=l

0.05 m diameter

Free
jet

..

FIGURE P3.66

where

Z, =:Ez , ~ -:: 01 and

Vz = 0

Thus)

f, : : f:;.
!lowe Ver,
so Ihot

f1:::: O'h and 122.::: 0' (0.37m)

h = 0.37 m

3 -6z.

3.67

.-.,t::::;'"
(f)

3.67
The specific gravity of the manometer fluitl shown in
Fig. P3.67 is 1.07. Determine the volume flowrate, Q, if the
flow is inviscid and incompressible and the flowing fluid is
(a) water, (b) gasoline, or (c) air at standard conditions.

o.~

(2.)

diameter

-~-

10 mm

4,..--' ....

0.09-m

20 mm=h

J
...,.j

FIGURE P3. 67

fluid
fa)

Wc.i-ler
(b) ~a.so//ne
(e)

air

kN
O'J m3

m3

Q)s

-.3

9.80

/.06 X /0

6,61

.3 . 02. X /0-.3

/2 X/o- 3

O.UB

3-63

3.68
3.68

IP-4 fuel (SC = 0.77) flows through the

Venturi meter shown in Fig. P3.68 with a velocity
of 15 ftls in the 6-in. pipe. If viscous effects are
negligible determine the elevation, h, of the fuel
in the open tube connected to the throat of the
Venturi meter.

v=

15 fUs

FIGURE 1'3.68

where
and

Z/::O

If:::

Z2. ::::

.f} f-l,

15 {-I/.s

or

1!f=-7. S3 ff
Buf if=-h so
3.69

that h == Z 53 ff

3.69

Repeat Problem 3.68 if the flowing fluid

is water rather than IP-4 fuel.

Note from the solution fo Prob lem 3.68

fhai fhe

value of 0 is /Jot needed, Thus; h = 7. S3 ff

eft her waf er 0 r J P- if rIJeI.

3-6Lf

for

(I)

3.70
3.70
Air at standard conditions flows through the cylindrical drying stack shown in Fig. P3.70. If viscous effects are
negligible and the inclined water-filled manometer reading is
20 mm as indicated, detennine the flowrate.

FIGURE P3.10,

However)
or PI

By

fJz +~J2. +

Ymh == {1- '0(1- h-~)

where

;12. ""( ~ -I)h +i

h =(-zomm)sil)l.
(2)

comhinilJg rt's~(!) and (2)

1;/2. = (!p- -/)h

or
II,
VI

~ ( /5
~ - J) h _
-

Thus}
Q::: AI 'It ==.:If D/-I/;

2 (9. 8/ ~)

9. 8tJ X/0 3

,*3

/2 .o=!b

--------~--/~5~~--~-------

2.35

==f (2",)2.(2,35.r;)

3-65

====

.3.71
3.71
Water, considered an inviscid. incompressible fluid,
flows steadily as shown in Fig. P3.71. Determine h.

FIGURE P3.71

+l-pv,2. ::: f:z. f rzz.+l:pV/1.

IIi
where ~ '" 0 %;L::.3 (I, Va '" 0, and ~ '" -1;:= ; ;f/J'"

f,

-I-

l~

= S. 09

f1

oS'

IhvsJ

1'1 + t (1,9'1 !'ff;) (.()9 fj l' := 12.

or
" - f"

=: /

t:J.

+ 62.

oil-if, (3 f.I)

-Jf,.

(I)

B,,1 from fhe h14f1omelerJ

(JJ -rJ-l3flJ
or
f,-d2,1f

.J.

a(h+/.) ::: Iz

-fp (3ft) ~62.Jf ~ h = /,3-

lienee,

f, : :

f% + le7 -

62.'fh

wlll~1J

whslJ C()/JIbilJDd wilh t. II) ,ive.r

It.. + 117 -J2.'fh - f1~ -:: / bJ.

Qr

h=

OJI-ooff

3-66

3. 72.

\1

(/)

~ ::----:::::--_-:..:-:---::=:= :..::=::-- -

3.72
Determine the flowrate through the submerged orifice
shown in Fig. P3.72 if the contraction coefficient is Cc = 0.63.

--:-::=:=::----:..:-:-:-::=:
1('2.)

6ft

(.3)

=f='f

4ft

3-in.

diameter ...

2ft

FIGURE P3. 7~

where

3-67

fJl:::O J ~:::O J zl::.'1f~

Z2.=O J qnd
=2 ff

'l

3.73

3.7;3
Determine the flowrate through the
Venturi meter shown in Fig. P3.73 if ideal conditions exist.
'Y = 9.1 kN/m 3

FIGURE P3.73

.J..+
~l +Z =.:b:. + v;.2 + Z
'0 2.i
I
K'
2-9
2.
ThlJs)
tl+

(~rtv;
'2-~

(73S

-s50)kPa

2(9.8/~) (9.1~)
m

"

/9 him )If
I - t-I 3/mm

3-68

== ZI,5!}-

3.7'1-

\
3.74

For what flowrate through the Venturi meter of Prob.

3.73 will cavitation begin if PI ., 275 kPa gage, atmospheric

pressure is 101 kPa (abs), and the vapor pressure is 3.6 kPa
(ab')?

t '---.)~,k'----1\
I

- - :)31rm.cn

.(') 19mm /

')' _ 9.1 kN/m3 /

(I)

.!.. + WI. +.i? =.:IJ,.

~'J

It..\ z

r 2.7

'

Thvs, wl/h A, l'J' ;: 112 Vt.

where Z," 1!:2.

and

~ =-3.6 KI'~

11 =(pH/OI)kfQ(Qbsl
= 376 kPa labs)

or
Vz " 30.6 -!}

Thvs,
Q=/12 v.. =v.".Ll"

2.

v,""
' )"
m)
-3 m 3
:z. = -:y:- (0.01'1 m (30.65 =8.68 X/O "S

3-69

3.75
3.75
What diameter orifice hole, d, is needed if under ideal
conditions the ftowrate through the orifice meter of Fig. P3.7S
is to be 30 gal/min of seawater with PI - P2 = 2.37 Ib/in.2?
The contraction coefficient is assumed to be 0.63.

FIGURE P3.75

2.
(
Ib)
(.3.06 .fi) + 2. (32 .2 .i) 2.37 X11I-'11p
.s
oS 2.
6'1: 0 J.li
. ft3

or

v,. == IB~8 fj

Thvs J since

f d2. ~ if {QI/ows fh47

~Ji=[ 17' x(O,63)(l8,Bf)
0.0668 .~e J~ o.08'f7ff
J

Q = 112. Vz = ~

d. =[

'IQ
7l'Cc

V,.

3-70

:=

1.016 //1,

.3.76
3.76
An ancient device for measuring time i~
shown in Fig. P3.76. The axisymmetric vessel
shaped so that the water level falls at a constant
rate. Determine the shape of the vessel, R :::J
R(z), if the water level is to decrease at a rate of
0.10 m/hr and the drain hole is 5.0 mm in diameter. The device is to operate for 12 hr without
needing refilling. Make a scale drawing of the
shape of the vessel.

is
I

-!l~~J.o-mm diameter

~, l~

FIGURE P3.76

the flow l.s assumed fo

he tj /I tJ. oS i - .s Ie Q rly,
jf

z, = z./
Thus)
\42. =
Z?

'vj2. t

2?

and Z2- ~o

which} if ~ ~ (i, e. R s, OhJhJ~ become.s

'4 =y2IJZ'
Since AI Vt "Az ~

and l{ = I~I = 0./ T,.(-3,/6~~.s)

== 2.. 7B X /0- ~
5

we ob1ain
1T R2 (2,78 X10

.p-) = -f-(o.oosm)2.

where Rand z are

J2 ('1.8 J1;.) Z

~m

Thu.s,

B = o. qqB zu;'

or
z. m

R.m

0
0.02
0.05
0.12
0.22
0.32
0.42
0.52
0.62
0.72
0.82
0.92
1.02
1.12
1.22

0
0.375
0.472
0.587
0.683
0.751
0.803
0.847
0.886
0.919
0.950
0.977
1.003
1.027
1.049

Vessel Radius, R, vs Water Level, Z

1.0
0.8
E
N

0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6
R,m

3-71

0.8

1.0

3.7B* A spherical tank of diameter D has a

drain hole of diameter d at its bottom . A vent at
the top of the tank maintains atmospheric pressure within the tank. The flow is quasisteady and
inviscid and the tank is full of water initially . Determine the water depth as a function of time ,
/! = h(t) , and plot graphs of h(t) for tank diameters of 1, 5, 10, and 20 ft if d = 1 in.

~t~\ZI =

1+ ~i+i!z

where fJ; ='0 J fJz" 0 J z/ "'h, Zz ='0 and

Thvs)
.
Vz
jh' which when cumbined IIIdh

=12.

At ~ =' Az ~

-II/I/t =11:.y7.1l or - rr r:1.4f = dzY:l.jh'

where R:1.:= rZ +(h -R)'
~
wdh

R,=4- =radivs of lank

Thvs)

r=v R'--(h-R;'-'

so

h-R

flJflt

;t '"

-[R'--(h-RJ'J
4; 1/2.1h
or
(h 3/z, _ 2Bh li) dh = d2.fi Jt
t

Yh%.-2Rh'1.)dh

dZ.pfdt

(I)

w:;

s.{/)

beco~i9.s

whid elln 6e infe9rafed from

the il'll/tfil limo aAd deplh (t=o,
h '" 2.R) fg dII or6drdry f;m~ aMdepll! (UI) as

2R
0
or .
d2.1/2i
1;(H~i_(2.Rt2)_::R(h3/z._(2Rf2) =
t

:7

Use d= ,i ff (wi j=32.2 ~ and pM !J=h(I) fu/'

valves of R = o..s J 2.S J..s:; Q/ld III II
!Vole: .It is easier to solve r. (2.) as t s t (h) rafhe r

fhl/n h =hit)

3-72.

?IPes

(2)

J.71A. I (con'/.)

Results of an EXCEL Program to calculate h(t) from Eqn. (2):

D=1ft
t, s
h,ft
0.00
1.000
0.09
0.950
0.35
0.900
0.77
0.850
1.34
0.800
2.05
0.750
2.89
0.700
3.84
0.650
4.91
0.600
6.06
0.550
7.30
0.500
8.60
0.450
9.94
0.400
11.31
0.350
12.69
0.300
14.06
0.250
15.37
0.200
16.61
0.150
0.100
17.72
18.62
0.050
19.14
0.000

D=5ft
t, S
h,ft
0
5.000
5
4.750
19
4.500
43
4.250
75
4.000
114
3.750
161
3.500
215
3.250
274
3.000
339
2.750
408
2.500
481
2.250
556
2.000
632
1.750
710
1.500
786
1.250
859
1.000
929
0.750
990
0.500
1041
0.250
1070
0.000

3-7.3

D = 10 ft
t, s
h,ft
0
10.00
28
9.50
110
9.00
242
8.50
422
8.00
647
7.50
913
7.00
1216
6.50
1552
6.00
1917
5.50
2308
5.00
2718
4.50
3143
4.00
3577
3.50
4014
3.00
4445
2.50
4862
2.00
5253
1.50
5603
1.00
5889
0.50
6053
0.00

D = 20 ft
t, S
h,ft
0
20
158
19
620
18
1370
17
2390
16
3661
15
5163
14
6876
13
8778
12
10846
11
13055
10
15376
9
17782
8
20237
7
22706
6
25144
5
27502
4
29714
3
31695
2
33311
1
34239
0

Water Depth vs Time

D=1ft

Water Depth vs Time

D=5ft

1.0

5,----:--~-----,--..,..........-...,.----.

0.9
0.8

0.7
0.6
_ 0.5
-=
.c
0.4

:-i-=:.---"<=~ -=~--=:~---'----i--~---l

----t--

--~-

+---t---T---+----r---r-----+----1

-= 3+---~--~--~---+-------~

.c

+-_~--4-~~-~_--+--~

2 +----+----'-

0.3
0.2
0.1

O+---+--+--+---+---;-..L--!

0.0

10

15

20

200

400

600

t,s

t,s

Water Depth vs Time

D 20 ft

Water Depth vs Time

D 10 ft

10

,----~-----,-----r--,

20,------..,..........----~---------~

18

800 1000 1200

-t\---~-.

----:-----1I
!

~:~--~--~~----~:--~~

-1---\_ _-

7
6

12

-= 10
.c

+------~--~-~--+-_4

--II

:~--~--~--~--~
2

o +-------~----~r_-----4--~
6000
4000
2000
o

--I

O+----~----_r--~~~~

10000

20000
t,s

t,s

3-79

-+----1

+--~--'<+--

30000

40000

3.7q* An inexpensive timer is to be made from

a funnel as indicated in Fig. P3.7C(. The funnel is
filled to the top with water and the plug is removed at time t = 0 to allow the water to run
. out. Marks are to be placed on the wall of the
funnel indicating the time in 15-s intervals, from
o to 3 min (at which time the funnel becomes
empty). If the funnel outlet has a diameter of d
= 0.1 in., draw to scale the funnel with the timing
marks for funnels with angles of 8 = 30,45, and
60. Repeat the problem if the diameter is
changed to 0.05 in.

r ~9V: +2

.L + VI 2. + Z
~
2'1 I

Plug

FIGURE P3.7q

= -J2.,. +

where "'::: 0

(I)
;J.

:if =- oJ
and ~:::!*- ~

22 ::: OJ

=:

11

-t

ThIlS, if R
\{ ~ ';2tjh' which when combined wl1h

-IJ,-# :::A2./zgh'

-7TR

or

where R =h ftlne
Th!1 s J '1' (I) become.s

or

Ct.1II

of t~o as

Yii Sdl:
J(h3/3.'d'
. n = _ l/-d1.tlJn"8
L

ho

--.J
(I)

- h2. tan1-e ~ == /-V2.gh'

-l ~~
A~ :::A~ li 9ille.s

1!f =fd:;i~9h'

h / 2 dh = ~"f{8 di which
III)

r - R--..t

2-

or 1f

De infeprqied From h =ho

[5~

54] -_-

h - h.

d 2{ij

'f

flJll~() t

ThvsJ

h= [h

5/2
0

d2. V2i"'t]
8 Ttln2.e

.2/5

Since h ==0 wnen

if (ol/ows thaTJ

},

t = 3m//)

(2)

== /80.s

!J)
(180 s )
.
ho ~. =
.8 +an 28 ~ w/fh
which when combined
'1' (2.) gives
:::[ S d 212 (32'~#:l./iIBOS)J (I _ --L)Z/S
h
5A

sd2.1(2(32. 2

8 tan2.8

or

h = /5.2 (

rJ.
fan

/.s

e)

(1-/eO)
(con'i)
3-75

180

2-,1;

where

h- ft

(3)

d~nJ and t~s

The results of an EXCEL Program using Eqn. (3) to calculate h as a function of t are shown below.
The time interval markings for the sixfunnels are shown in the figures on the following page.
d=0.1 in.,8=30deg
t, s
h,ft
0
0.512
15
0.495
30
0.476
45
0.456
60
0.435
75
0.413
90
0.388
105
0.361
120
0.330
135
0.294
150
0.250
165
0.190
180
0.000

d = 0.05 in.,
t, s
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
165
180

e == 30 deg
h,ft
0.294
0.284
0.273
0.262
0.250
0.237
0.223
0.207
0.190
0.169
0.144
0.109
0.000

d = 0.1 in., e == 45 deg

t, s
h,ft
0
0.330
15
0.319
30
0.307
45
0.294
60
0.281
75
0.266
90
0.250
105
0.232
120
0.213
135
0.190
150
0.161
165
0.122
180
0.000

d = 0.1 in.,
t, s
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
165
180

d = 0.05 in., e == 45 deg

t, s
h,ft
0
0.190
15
0.183
30
0.176
45
0.169
60
0.161
75
0.153
90
0.144
105
0.134
120
0.122
135
0.109
150
0.093
165
0.070
180
0.000

d = 0.05 in.,
t, s
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
165
180

(colli)
3-76

e == 45 deg
h,ft
0.213
0.205
0.198
0.190
0.181
0.171
0.161
0.150
0.137
0.122
0.104
0.079
0.000

e == 45 deg
h,ft
0.122
0.118
0.114
0.109
0.104
0.098
0.093
0.086
0.079
0.070
0.060
0.045
0.000

six funnels (d ~ O.oS in. or

: i [/
I ' ,
! Z
i i _ I : Y ; , ;. -h.. "
i!: '
-c-+
1 -i:;
1-+-+-i--1C-+-i--+-#:-++-r+7!V~!+-t-+-'r-+-t
.'"
':?-+-t-J-----r-t-';,
~. --l-+- H---+-.L-+
I: ,I I i / ' , .v,
I
/,
-H-+-~t-:.'.
,: ~+-

'.' I l.i
1 .----rrl

I'

/,

I ii'

~..i-H
~;-

,
v,v,, 'I/~.

if

y-:
,I

IV

I~

.Y

1/111
;

~ /'

vr
I!./'

I!

::
:

I '

~-t-i.
, .. ,
I
'I

I,

II

3-77

"

:+r-~'+'~

.'

+++
.

j-L

~ ~.' ...l.. f-C--,.'1-~- ...:......:iT,.

. '

3.80
3.80
The surface area, A, of the pond shown
in Fig. P3. SO varies with the water depth, h, as
shown in the table. At time t = 0 a valve is opened
and the pond is allowed to drain through a pipe
of diameter D. If viscous effects are negligible
and quasi steady conditions are assumed, plot the
water depth as a function of time from when the
valve is opened (t = 0) until the pond is drained
for pipe diameters of D = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5,
and 3.0 ft. Assume h = 18 ft at t = O.
h (ft)

FIGURE P3.80

A [acres (1 acre = 43,560 ft2)]

0.3
0.5
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.5
1.8
2.4
2.8

4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18

12.::: 0 J z; = h J 22 =-311
and ~ ;: - j <.< ~
which when combined with A~ =112. ~
where -Ii =0 J

OJ

Note:

-2-

( con/f)
3-78

( cO/J'I)

An EXCEL Program using a trapezoidal integration approzimation was used to calculate the results
shown below.
D

=0.5 ft

=1.0 ft

=1.5 ft

=2.0 ft

=2.5 ft

=3.0 ft

h,ft

A, acres

A, ft2

t,s

t, s

t,s

18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

t,s

t,s

2.8
2.4
1.8
1.5
1.1
0.9
0.8
0.5
0.3
0

t, s

121968
104544
78408
65340
47916
39204
34848
21780
13068
0

0
32181
59530
82354
101536
117506
132412
145035
153988
157704

0
8045
14882
20589
25384
29377
33103
36259
38497
39426

0
3576
6614
9150
11282
13056
14712
16115
17110
17523

0
2011
3721
5147
6346
7344
8276
9065
9624
9857

0
1287
2381
3294
4061
4700
5296
5801
6160
6308

0
894
1654
2288
2820
3264
3678
4029
4277
4381

The graph for D

=1 ft is shown below.

The shape of the curve is the same for any D.

Water Depth vs Time

for D 1 ft

20
18
16

14
12
~ 10

~ ....

I~

~.....

.c

8
6

~
~

'\..

1...

o
o

10000

20000

t, s

30000

40000

3,8 I

J.8'

Water flows through the branching pipe shown in Fig.

P3.81. If viscous effects are negligible, determine the pressure
at section (2) and the pressure at section (3).

A3

= 0.035 m2

~_------, ;:3 =

10 m

(3)

V2
A2

= 14 m/s
= 0.03 m2

(2)

10

(7-):

where

or

(1,. ::: 2,52 XIO

Z,:: ~2. -= 0

Qllri

.f-,. : : 2S2 kP.

Alon9 fhe sfreamline from (0 10 (3):

t +if +
~1

Z,

= 7' t 4 + 2,3 where

~'Il

~&

Q3 : : A.J v., =~ .. Q;l =CV, - At. V2.

Sf)

Since

rt, =Q,. +Q3 then

thai

~::: Q,:A1.V2. _ 1111% -O.03","(/1II1,s) =16,t,.!R-

A.3

TIllIS) '1' flJ becomes

3
.300 X 10

or

(wtlh

ZJ ~O J Z,J <# 10 11J)

#/.,2 + flo 1II/.s)'J.

9.801.,03 /'11m3

I.J::: 1,lifX/OS f;.

0,035 / ) ' J 2 . .

, _

{J3

2 (tl. 81 rnl.s2.} - 9.f}ox/ul Nlm 3

: : JIJfkPa

3-80

+ (JI. tWJIs)'J.. +-Iom

2-('1,f)1 mIs')

(I)

3.6:2.. Water flows through the horizontal branching pipe

shown in Fig. P3.82.at a rate of 10 ft 3 /s. If viscous effects are
negligible, detennine the water speed at section (2), the pressure
at section (3), and the ftowrate at section (4).

From (I) 10

A3

=0.2 ft2

V3

= 20 ft/s

"------..-

(2.):

From (!) +0 (3) ;

(Jo~l

2(32..2 f{)

or

Ih

~ ::: 1/50 ff'- ::: 7.98PSI

Also}
Q~ :::: Q, - Q,. - Q3
or

()
U{1f

:::

IP lOs-

:::

Q, - II:;. \{ - A3 ~

tf )
o.o7fI'J. (2.9.0-:s

f
fi) - 3, 9 7 Lst
- 0.2 f'.L2.
l. l20 oS

3.83

3.83

Water flows from a large tank through

a large pipe that splits into two smaller pipes as
shown in Fig. P3.83. If viscous effects are negligible, determine the flowrate from the tank and
the pressure at point (1).

7m

0.02 m

FIGURE P3.,B3

t:; + If

f Zo '"

n~

:If 4- lJ':.,. 4.

where A" 0 I 1'2. ,,0

Vo '" 0

zb" 7/1)

~d~=~

Ik ::';21 (Zo -Z20)' = f 2. (9.8Ilfo.) (7- ~)ml

::::: 7, 67.1f

!Similarly

~ '~ Ir+-7-7-(:2-0 --Z-~---,)I = ,;2 ('1.8/ fA) (7 m)' = / /. 7.1f

Thvs J

Q:: Qz.'" Q3

::

flt\;2.

-I-

fD;~:J.

or
Q:: f[(O.03h1)"(7.67~) .J.(o.02.m)~(1I.7.p.)J ::: 9./ fJx /o-.3.!J!

Also)
-h.
t
r

Vg=z'f'

~I

70

.z;

or

.fl.
Vt'- +'ZI
r + ~'i

uJhere

"':"

or

f1 ::: 5 7. 9 kPo.

3-81-

and
3

\/,:: Q == 9.I()xlo-

_0~[z0 - 2QV, 2] =7.fo)l./O

n
J:L.
f1
m3
.
T
3

2/::::

7m -

s
(0. 0.5 11J)2

-5
(Jf.63!f- )2.]
(0 0(.')

-;z;;
2

.l!J!

h8Js~

=- ~63.1!L

AI
=s: 7?X/O.4
m

.s

3,8Lf
20 ft

3. 8/f Water flows through the horizontal Y-fitting shown in

Fig. P3.'6/f. If the flowrate and pressure in pipe (1) are QI =
2.3 ft3/ S and PI = 50 Ib/in. 2 determine the pressures, P2 and
P3' in pipes (2) and (3) under the assumption that the flowrate
divides evenly between pipes (2) and (3).

Ql-"

FIGURE P3.9/f

~(2)
Q2

3-83

3.85 r
3.85 Water flows from the pipe shown in Fig.
P3.85 as a free jet and strikes a circular flat plate.
The flow geometry shown is axisymmetrical. Determine the flowrate and the manometer reading,
H.

tH
1-0.1 m
I Diameter

-1-

.I

1 -II (2)

--~~r~=~
\\ I

0.4 mm

0.2 m

i. 'J III r(/)

i,

111

O.Ol-m

diameter

PIPe/blJ

tQ
FIGURE P3.85

where
7l4.h

11.
If

Hence Eq.
l

0)

D2.

(I)
\I
V2

qive.s

(J.6ov"f :: ~2. ~ 2,(fl.81-!k) (0. 2./IJ) or v" = I.Sq.lf

.so fhtrf
r; .: ~1 v,. = 71 (0,/ PJ)(t;.X!O-IIIh ) (I.sql}) :: 2.00X/O-'"
J

3- 8Jf

.p-3

3.86
3. 86
Air, assumed incompressible and inviscid, flows into
the outdoor cooking grill through nine holes of O.40-in. diameter as shown in Fig. P3.96 . If a flowrate of 40 in. 3/s into the
grill is required to maintain the correct cooking conditions, determine the pressure within the grill near the holes.

FIGURE P3.86
9 holes, each
DAD-in. diameter

Q = qA.z v.z

where

Thvs~

~ =
,..

-Q

9~

971D,2.
:2

A/so J

!.
+ Z'VilJ2.+ ~ I =..ti:.
+
)f'
K'
-=z

V2.'2. -1-:12. where rLJI

"-9

Thlls,

f:;. = - f PV: = - i (2.38 x/o 3

3-85

=0

z::
Z
and ~::o
I
")
I

.s};r-) (2..Qlf!j.) 2. = - /.03 x/o-2. #1.

3.87
3.87
A conical plug is used to regulate the air
flow from the pipe shown in Fig. P3.87 . The air
leaves the edge of the cone with a uniform thickness of 0.02 m. If viscous effects are negligible
and the flowrate is 0.50 m3 /s, determine the pressure within the pipe.

Q '" 0.50 m3 /s
--I~~

-~+-

FIGURE P3.87

3.8a

r3. 98

An air cushion vehicle is supported by

forcing air into the chamber created by a skirt
around the periphery of the vehicle as shown in
Fig. P3. Be. The air escapes through the 3-in.
clearance between the lower end of the skirt and
the ground (or water). Assume the vehicle weighs
10,000 lb and is essentially rectangular in shape,
30 bySO ft. The volume of the chamber is large
enough so that the kinetic energy of the air within
the chamber is negligible. Determine the f1owrate, Q, needed to support the vehicle. If the

ground clearance were reduced to 2 in., what

f10wrate would be needed? If the vehicle weight
were reduced to 5000 Ib and the ground clearance
maintained at 3 in., what f10wrate would be
needed?
Fan

Skirt

,J

\.rr

11 ..",

L~
3 in.

Ao= (30f/) (50!+) ::: 1500 fll.

\,42. + %

~1

where

4.::: 0

F~

~():: and Z()-;:22.

OJ

\/_ ~
2.W

,qfJf
h::: fjrovnrl clearance if follows fha-l

V2. -

Wah
Q = fJ

.'M

'///////////////////////////////////////////////t//////7,1/,0

and

\/_';26'

. -

or

V2. -

~ == 2h (L+ b) ~

where L =50 tI and b:: 30il

Thus)
I
Q= 2h(soff +30f.l)i(JsOOfI1)(:'~8X/O-3
.

or

~)
fI.i

'

h Yw'
where h.-v fJ and W-/6
Thus) If h = /~ ff and W=/g 001) /6 the/} q:::: 3000 !f
if h ;: ~ ff and W=/~ooo I~ fhe/) Q::: 2.000 .if
======
and if h = -Ii ff and 'II = 5 OOO /i:J the/) Q = 2/20 .fj-~
Q::::

IIq.8

Vehicle

where W= vehlf;!e weigh!

Also}
so fha+

~~~

'If

FIGURE P3.89

To svpporf fhe load

.I!E...
+ \to:L +.z. :::: -A- +
t
2g
0
r

3.8Q
3. e'l
A small card is placed on top of a spool as shown in
Fig. P3.eQ . It is not possible to blow the card off the spool by
blowing air through the hole in the center of the spool. The
harder one blows, the harder the card "sticks" to the spool. In
fact, by blowing hard enough it is possible to keep the card
against the spool with the spool turned upside down. (Note: It
may be necessary to use a thumb tack to prevent the card from
sliding from the spool.) Explain this phenomenon.

FIG U REP 3 eq

As fhe air flows r4dially ovfward in fhe 90P he/ween the cord and
fhe spool if .slow.s down since fhe Flow area ilJcreases will? r; the
radial dis/once from fhe center.
(J =

2-71' r

hV

or

V=

That IS

').!h r

( see the fi'jvre).

If visco[).s effecf.r are nfJ/ imporfanfJ

:2..
#.: +X : : cOl/slanl ;::: {JexH -I- 'lexif
r '-I(f
29'

{J '"

2.

/ fQ
Z

2.

if ('iex/I - V ) ) where

Bvf rex/I> r so fhat

~ 0,

(I)

I exit
VI

II

if

or since lex/I:::O (a free jel)

r1/
/ /! /

then

follows fhal

rexif
I r..

,_1

from Er- (/)

~Xlt

2._

2.[

V -t2rrh)

~t

J..

ri]

wlthi/) fhe 9a/.

The card is svcked 1J9oi/ls! fhe spool, Tl;e harrier one blows fhrIJ{)flA
fhe sfJ()o/( /atyBr())) fhe /rJrger fhe V(JCIIIIII'I IJnd fhe harder fh~ CQrd is
!here /s a
J

held rJ9aiIJsi the spool.

3-88

Vaclltlm

3.1:(0

I
ech

sz

3.90
Water flows over a weir plate (see Video V 10.7) which t'~(/f ~-Q~-:
--'-"'"
f
has a parabolic opening as shown in Fig. P3.90. That is, the
'Z
2)::- H
opening in th~ weir plate ~as a width CHIP, where C is a cont,'
,,~
stant. Detennme the funcbonal dependence of the flowrate on
f.
the head, Q = Q(H).
ZeD

D\

Q == Ll dll where
Thai is, frl1m

IJ.

is

1/

t.t

{()nc1;OA () h.

Ijf + #2, '"

IF #.%j

+'E:z.

wilh

!t=CHlI2=f
I \-,-'

~'-:J

] _f /
'"

"tAR

/If =H-Z'J t{

If::o

=ll

(,'free jei,

alld, ZJ. ::: II-h

or
2.
(H-~/)+lj+z,::O
Tnvs)

U1-

+0/ +(II-h)

__

II =

Vl,h +Jlt2. ~ f'J-,:h il ~ is "s/lla//

IJ

Also

dA):# C fftJ,r (i. e. dll:: 0 dl fflr Z${). till ;&cffii fIr ;~II )
bH

Q= f'~I'1/h cW rJl where

p~o

ThlJs) f =:

So

fhai

h::: H-z.

c1};j f1-Z/l--2--""1; dl

where
pH

S1{iiHI71i:: f[(z--!) YHZ -Zo." + (~t.sin-I[(Z--f)/(H/J.)fl

o

zaO

whjGh reduces If)!

~:::

Vii H2.

Thai is Q- H:L

AIfernative/y J Q::: Vt9 where the QveraJe ve/Qc/IJ is fJrPjXll'liPIlII!

fo 1if (t.e. V'" Vi-,,#) IJlJti fhe 1,14'/ flow area., is pl'rJfJOn/olJa/
fo H~ (t. e. A - HN (C HI'..) ::: c H.3h. ). TlJv~
Q 2-~H- (CH*) :: C V,.i' H2'V

That Is) ~'V HZ 4S ohfained above.

3.91
A weir (see Video VI 0.7) of trapezoidal cross section
is used to measure the flowrate in a channel as shown in Fig.
P3.91. If the flowrate is Qo when H = e/2, what flowrate is expected when H = e?

FIGURE P3.Q(

II V where if t'.s eXp'ecferl Mai V is (J. function of the head. fl.

Thai is I V-,J2,Hi
Also, from fhegeomelry
A=fH(t+J,.) where~::=.t+2.Hff/173o"
Thus A::: /I (i + H11/1'}.300) so fha1
T
Q == C; 1'"1'" (J.f H tan30 H~/:1. where q ;s a con.stanf

Q ==

Lei Qo = f/oWfa1e when. jJ:::

and Ql::: {Iowrale when H=1
Thus,
Qo _ C;p:j (1-+-

q; - c, Vii (P.

4-

f ftln

l3,t

0)(i);" _

(J + ifan300)
I, fan 31l) ()3/2. - (I + tQn 30) (2~/2.) :; O,2.Sq
30

3.92

Water flows down the sloping ramp

shown in Fig. P3. q2. with negligible viscous effects. The flow is uniform at sections (1) and (2).
For the conditions given show that three solutions
for the downstream depth, h2 , are obtained by
use of the Bernoulli and continuity equations.
However, show that only two of these solutions
are realistic. Determine these values.

FIGURE P3.Q2.

(I)

:L + Vl +:r

= -Ii + V2.2. + Z2

21
I
1
29
fJ/so) A, V; :: A:t ~
or
H
V -..hLv, - (/N)(IO.s):; /0
2 - h,. I h2.
h2.
Thus) Ect. (I) becomes
Jj. 2.
( /0 )2.
( 10 ;s)
+ 3 ff _
hi.
~

2 (32.2

or
6 'f. if

where f' =0 ,
and

Z2

=n2

~ -::0 J Z, :: 3 ill

- 2(32.2 ~J

:z.)

h: - h: ~
2 93

100 -::: 0

By v.sin, a root findin~ pro9ram the fhree roofs

erllalion ~re fovnd fo b8;

to this

o()bic

h:;. = 0.630 f1
h2 = if. IJf8 fl

Or

h2 = a ne9tt1il/e roof

C /early if is not po.ssihle (physicql/y)

If) hlJve h2. <0 -rhus, h,.:::: 0.630 H or
h2. = Jf.'f8 ft

3.Q3 J
3. q 3

The flow rate in a water channel is sometimes determined by use of a device called a Venturi flume. As shown in Fig. P3.Q,3 , this device
consists simply of a hump on the bottom of the
channel. If the water surface dips a distance of
0.07 rn for the conditions shown, what is the
flowrate per width of the channel? Assume
the velocity is uniform and viscous effects are
negligible.

0.2 m

FIGURE P3. q3
(I)

w/fh"11 =0 J fJ2. =0 J E, == 1.2mJ

ond 22 ::: /.. 2m -

0.07117

= /. /.9 m

= I, 29 ~

or [(1.2.9)2. -I] w'" = 2. (q.8/~) (1,2. - /.13) m

or

\1 =I,'I38~

Hence,
Cf =h, ~ =(1. 'I38.f) (1,2m);:: I. 73

3.9'f

Water flows in a rectangular channel that

is 2.0 m wide as shown in Fig. P3. qlf . The upstream depth is 70 mm. The water surface rises
40 mm as it passes over a portion where the channel bottom rises 10 mm. If viscous effects are
negligible, what is the ftowrate?

FIGURE P3. q'f

where

f'l:::0, 12.:::0 , Z,:::: O.07R'1,

and Z2.;:; (o,()/ +o,/o)rn ~ O,lIm

Also) A,W:::A:l~
or
\I

hi \I,

O.07m \/

h:t I = 0,/0 m VJ
Thus, &t. (I) become.s
V2:::

II

== 07-'(1

[J-O.72.]\/,'-=2(Q.81*)(O,II-o.o7)m

or

Hence}
Q=A/~;:: (O,07m)(2.0m) (J.2lf!f):: O.17q.

3-93

y,== /.2'1~

(J)

3.QS

I
(1)

3.95

Water flows under the inclined sluice gate shown in

Fig. P3.95. Determine the flowrate if the gate is 8 ft wide.

~'~~'.. -:~''''

... --'--~

6ft

wher~

11

(J I

fo :: I)

~+6H = Jt.t'f-f
"-I
,..,.
B(IT A, V, :: II,. V2-) Qr

(/)

\/_ A,

_ 611"
II
- 7iT v, :: 6 v,
Hence., ". tI) become.s
1f1 VI

Jt" + 6ff ;;: f1Y~Y/t I If

'-,

"1

~1_/]~2 ::: 2 (32.Z.!f,.)(6-I)ff

Hence

Z, ~ IfT,

alit/. Zz. I ff

Thlls J

Y2. -

Q:::./1, V, :: ~H (et~)(.3.0.3!j.)

~ ;;:;.3.03#

.1

=I~S.!f

3.96

Water flows in a vertical pipe of 0.15-m

diameter at a rate of 0.2 m'/s and a pressure of
200 kPa at an elevation of 25 m. Determine the
velocity head and pressure head at elevations of
20 and 55 m.

= il. ==

D=0.15", -

",g

0. -::s
2.
V nLI:a
If (O,15m)
2

IJI p()int (0):

~ == (1J,31fl
an d

'"I

m = Y'o :::- ~
= //, 3 -..5
....
1/

== 6,5/ m

2(Q,8I/fo)

\,h2
A)/
~2.
.u:.!L+-L+z ::~+....l..+z
't 29
0
~
~D
I

m3

= ~5tn

70 =20m

~_

orA
_ 200 ~
r - 9.80!y:

(I)

(0)

(1= 200kPa

,\

+ 25 - 20) m == 25.'1 In

3.t17

Draw the energy line and hydraulic

grade line for the flow shown in Problem 3.6/f.

~)

(1)

FIGURE P3.6'1-

furbines} Me e/Jer9Y line (EL)

is hori:zo/Jla/ af tJlJ elevation 01 the free s(Jr~7ce. T/;e /;ytirduhc
grade line (H6L) is ()ne ve/oc/I; head lowe!',) ~welJ w/IJ file fJipe
ou tie f . Since Ihe Iluid ve/ocily is cOlis/tint Ihr1)v9h,vr lIJe pipe
wilh
= :3 r~ the fd//ow/IJJ is Qbfained:
For /lJviscid {low w/IIJ no pfllnjJs or
I

-fi

3-96

3.98

'V
(0)
..:----:::;:-----:----~::-- --

3.98
Draw the energy line and the hydraulic
grade line for the flow of Problem 3.60

FIGURE P3.60

For il)lI/scid flow wilh no ptJmps or turbines, the energy line

is horj2()nfo~ a disflJnce /; above

fhe ovf/et . From Problem

3.60

we obf"in h :: /. 7'1 fl..

The hydrolJlic qrade line is ~~ below fhe energy line, sl"rftng

af Ihe free surface where Vo::: 0 and ending at fhe pipe exil
where fJ2. =0 and
=h. IN poinl (I) the pressure he(ui
i.s fJ'/l = (2..98 - 1'1-.5) jff.:z. ( /~:;A?-) /62Jf
= - 2.6.S I~
and / =0.
2-

;f

In the ~;n. pipe

:z.
If ~2.
V
-..-J =( D:l.,) ~

Ia

Vj = /12. ~/Il.1
'I-

=(t) ~

so

fIJaf

If

(.A) h =(..-) (/.7'1 fO = O. //2 (I

29
D3
~9
D3
If
The corresponding EL and HGL are drawl) 10 scale below,
~

(0)

_____

li:: 0./11 II

-----Jr~~' --;:=-_=-=_-==-~Ener91 LliJe

4(3)
, .l/).
'Cf) Z! 0
,
t
1
,,,2)
pipe eenler line:
:
2:!. = h = 1.7'1 It
1::

'

I
,

I
I

'

, ,
I

I
I

:1- = -26.afj

HydralJlic Grorie --: I

Line (HGL)
:, ,I
,

, ,

'

I
,

,
I

!..J--1

3-'17

ZQ
,

(EL)

3. qq

l
2-in.-diameter

hOS~

3. q q

Draw the energy line and hydraulic

grade line for the flow shown in Problem 3.65.

J,lln.
~~

7. ~
--L

2 ft (0) '\/
(3)t-

t=-=::-J::j::e:-=
B ft

(S), (If)

(1)

lumps or furbine.s) fhe e/)~r}' li/)e (1-)

elevafio/J ()llhe free sur/dee. TlJe~ hy/rdv/Ie

For il'Jlliscid flow wilh

is. horizo/J/tll, af

(J/)

IJIJ

9rade line (/l6L) ;0$ one veloc'fJ heod lower. SInce 2Ys ;: 3 It
if follows fhal fhe !leL pa.rses Il)/'f)u,h tlJe f.i;; u( fhlIlOZ2/8.
I//so, since

~ '" ~:s =(*r~ if Mlol/IS Ihal

-;.r~.7- = (l);D)'" zg~2 = (t) (3fl) ::

II-

Ihe velocil, head is c()ns/olll

3
III

Sf)

ff . T/;r()u,houf

the pipe

fh4f the fQ/lolllilJg /.S obTtJ/IJeri:

3.10'0 * Water flows up the ramp shown in Fig.

P3.100 with negligible viscous losses. The upstream depth and velocity are maintained at hi
= 0.3 m and VI = 6 m/s. Plot a graph of the
downstream depth, h2' as a function of the ramp
height, H, for 0 s:,.H s:, 2 m. Note that for each
value of H there are three solutions, not all of
which are realistic.

III

+ ~ 2. + Z I =.:t!2: +
2.q

At 11 :::,42. U.

I//.so J

fJ,

\J -

V'%'2.

2q

lui

(J

.so fhat

h2.

(1.8 )'J.
~ + (f'~h3.)

or

( 61}i' +2. (9. 81 ':2.) ( 0.3 - f/- h,Jm

which CdlJ be writ/en as ~
(2_13.5

1'2. ~O

z,2.:::

2/ ::: o.3m,

fI +I; 2.

1~II..JeJ"'e h2,"''''

",rl", .

become~

h: -

fJI ~O J

where

+ i!.:;..

n2.

Thvs r- (I)
: ; + 0.3 m

(I)

(O,31TJ)(6~) - ~

II -

~ Yj -

V2. -

FIGURE P3.100

-R)h: +0.//'5/

wdli L{ =' b~ J

=(- ~~ )'J-q;

=0

(2)

For 0 ~ f1~ 2m solve Ert. (2) {or h2.

Ra-lher than SO/Vifl1 a Cf/b/c e9{)ahon for h,. (?llIe II)

con directly solve for 1/ f9/llen 171-)' From r. (1-) :
1/=2./3.5 _l

"2.

_ 0,/651

fJ 9raph of '1,

(3)

h"J.2..
(2)

one

or (3) /s 9/l/en on the {pi/ow/f)! pa98.

( con'-I)

3-qq

The results of an EXCEL Program to calculate H for given values of h2 are shown below.

h2' m
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1

H,m
0.001
0.703
0.975
1.076
1.098
1.077
1.031
0.970
0.899
0.820
0.737
0.651
0.562
0.471
0.378
0.284
0.189
0.094
-0.002

Water Depth vs Elevation Change

2.2
2.0

.~--------1

+--~~---~----------

-~

1.8

1.6
1.4
E 1.2
N
.c 1.0

----I

0.8
0.6

I
I

0.4 t====~:::::::::~=---...-=::::::--~--~---t-

-------- ------ ------rI -----1

0.2

i
I

0.0
0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

J.oqg

1.0,'

1.2

H,m

For H ~ I,OQ8 m fhere are no real J posilil/e roofs of Ef(. (2.).

Thai is J for fhe (jive/J upstream condilions (V; == 6 f- and hI::: O.3/n)
We must have 11<: /,098 m. II w()IJld nol be possible fo hove
the flow 90 vp a ramp of 9rB41er hei9)rI fhalJ fhis w/-/huv/
/ncreas/f)1} e/lher I1lJnd/or hi . The two P(J,s.s;;/g waler de,fJ;.r
for a 9ive/J HtJfQ plo/leri be/ow.

3-100

3, /01 I
3.101

Pressure Distribution between 1\vo Circular Plates

Objective:

According to the Bernoulli equation, a change in velocity can cause a change

in pressure. Also, for an incompressible flow, a change in flow area causes a change in velocity. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the pressure distribution caused by air
flowing radially outward in the gap between two closely spaced flat plates as shown in
Fig. P3.101.

Equipment:

Air supply with a flow meter; two circular flat plates with static pressure
taps at various radial locations from the center of the plates; spacers to maintain a gap of
height b between the plates; manometer; barometer; thermometer.

Experimental Procedure:

Measure the radius, R, of the plates and the gap width, b,

between them. Adjust the air supply to provide the desired, constant flowrate, Q, through the
inlet pipe and the gap between the flat plates. Attach the manometer to the static pressure
tap located a radial distance r from the center of the plates and record the manometer reading, h. Repeat the pressure measurements (for the same Q) at different radial locations. Record
the barometer reading, H atm , in inches of mercury and the air temperature, T, so that the air
density can be calculated by use of the perfect gas law.

Calculations: Use the manometer readings to obtain the experimentally determined pressure distribution, p = p(r), within the gap. That is, p = -"Imh, where "1m is the specific
weight of the manometer fluid. Also use the Bernoulli equation (Ph + V 2/2g = constant)
and the continuity equation (AV = constant, where A = 27Trb) to determine the theoretical
pressure distribution within the gap between the plates. Note that the flow at the edge of the
plates (r = R) is a free jet (p = 0). Also note that an increase in r causes an increase in A,
a decrease in V, and an increase in p.
Graph:

Plot the experimentally measured pressure head,

and radial location, r, as abscissas.

ph,

in feet of air as ordinates

Results:

On the same graph, plot the tJleoretical pressure head distribution as a function
of radial location.

Data:

To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click here
to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem.

r- _

1
h

rT
1 ________- - -___
-1
~ir.-,.__
vBlli_-'"
I
I

circular plates

r -----

II1II

II-Water

~-----R-----4~1
1

tQ

(con'/: )
3-/01

FIGURE P3.101

3,/0 I

(conJl)
Solution for Problem 3.101: Pressure Distribuition between Two Circular Plates

Q, ft"3/s
0.879

R, in.
5.0

r, in.
0.7
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

h, in.
-9.05
-6.02
-2.02
-0.96
-0.48
-0.24
-0.13
-0.03
-0.01
0.00

b, in.
0.125

H alm , in. Hg
29.09

T, deg F
83

Experiment
ply, ft
-663.75
-441.52
-148.15
-70.41
-35.20
-17.60
-9.53
-2.20
-0.73
0.00

YH2D, Ib/ft"3
62.4
Theory
V,ftls
ply, ft
220.8
-740.7
161.2
-387.2
107.4
-163.1
80.6
-84.7
64.5
-48.4
53.7
-28.7
46.0
-16.8
40.3
-9.1
35.8
-3.8
32.2
0.0

=Palm/RT where

Palm YHg*H alm 847Iblft"3*(29.09/12ft)

R = 1716 ft Ib/slug deg R
T 83 + 460 543 deg R

Thus, P

ply

=20531b/ft"2

=0.00220 slug/ft"3 and Y = p*g =0.00220*32.2 =0.0709 Ib/ft"3

=YH2D*h/y

v = Q/(27trb) = 0.879 ft"s/(2*3.1415*(O.125/12)ft*r)

r
I

Problem 3.101
Pressure Head, ply, vs Radial Position, r

-200

/!

4::

-;.. -400

Q.

Experimental
Theoretical

,
,

-600

41
f
I

-800
0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

r, in.
IL-______________________________________________________I

3-/02

3. 102,

3.102

Calibration of a Nozzle Flow Meter

Objective: As shown in Section 3.6.3 of the text, the volumetric f]owrate, Q, of a given
fluid through a nozzle flow meter is proportional to the square root of the pressure drop
across the meter. Thus, Q = Khl/2, where K is the meter calibration constant and h is the
manometer reading that measures the pressure drop across the meter (see Fig. P3.102). The
purpose of this experiment is to determine the value of K for a given nozzle flow meter.
Equipment:

Pipe with a nozzle flow meter; variable speed fan; exit nozzle to produce a
uniform jet of air; Pi tot static tube; manometers; barometer; thermometer.

Adjust the fan speed control to give the desired flowrate, Q.

Record the flow meter manometer reading, h, and the Pitot tube manometer reading, H. Repeat the measurements for various fan settings (i.e., flowrates). Record the nozzle exit diameter, d. Record the barometer reading, Hatm, in inches of mercury and the air temperature,
T, so that the air density can be calculated from the perfect gal law.

Experimental Procedure:

Calculations: For each fan setting determine the f]owrate, Q = VA, where V and A are
the air velocity at the exit and the nozzle exit area, respectively. The velocity, V, can be determined by using the Bernoulli equation and the Pitot tube manometer data, H (see Equation 3.16).
Plot flowrate, Q, as ordinates and flow meter manometer reading, h, as abscissas
on a log-log graph. Draw the best-fit straight line with a slope of Yz through the data.

Graph:

Results: Use your data to determine the calibration constant, K, in the flow meter equation Q = Kh 1(2.
Data:

To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click here

to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem.

Pitot tube

Flow meter
maometer
Water

Pitot static
tube

Air

meter

Exit noule

3-/03

FIGURE P3.102

Solution for Problem 3.102: Calibration of a Nozzle Flow Meter

d, in.
1.169

Hatm , in. Hg T, deg F

75
29.01

H, in.
5.6
5.4
5.2
4.9
4.7
4.3
3.9
3.6
3.1
2.7
2.3
2.0
1.5
1.1
0.6

h, in.
11.6
11.1
10.7
10.1
9.6
8.8
7.9
7.2
6.1
5.4
4.5
3.8
2.9
2.1
1.0

~P,

Ib/ftA2

29.1
28.1
27.0
25.5
24.4
22.4
20.3
18.7
16.1
14.0
12.0
10.4
7.8
5.7
3.1

V, fUs
162
159
156
151
148
142
135
130
120
112
104
97
84
72
53

Q, ftA3/s

1.20
1.18
1.16
1.13
1.10
1.06
1.00
0.97
0.90
0.84
0.77
0.72
0.62
0.53
0.39

P = Patm /RT where

Patm

R
T

= YHg *H atm = 847 Ib/ftA3*(29.01/12 ft) = 2048 Ib/ft"2

= 1716 ft Ib/slug deg R

=75 + 460 =535 deg R

Thus, P = 0.00223 slug/ft"3

V = (2*~p/p)1/2
Q

=AV where
A = nd 2 /4 = n*(1.169/12 ft)"2/4 = 7.45E-3 ftA2

From the graph, Q = K h 1/2 = 0.358 h 1/2 where Q is in ft /s and h is in in.

Thus, K

=0.358 ft3 /(s*in. 1/2 )

3-/01/-

Problem 3.102
Flow Rate, Q, vs Manometer Reading, h

"i

iii

.v

, i

!,'
, I
:

:!!

0.1

',
I'

I
'

I,

Iii
I
! I'

II iii

'1

I'

;1

111

ill:

+-------~~~~~----~~--~~~~

10

100

h, in.

3-/05

Experimental I

3,103

3.103

Pressure Distribution in a Two-Dimensional Channel

Objective: According to the Bernoulli equation, a change in velocity can cause a change
in pressure. Also, for an incompressible flow, a change in flow area causes a change in velocity. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the pressure distribution caused by air
flowing within a two-dimensional, variable area channel as shown in Fig. P3.103.
Equipment:

Air supply with a flow meter; two-dimensional channel with one curved side
and one flat side; static pressure taps at various locations along both walls of the channel;
ruler; manometer; barometer; thermometer.

Measure the constant width, b, of the channel and the channel height, y, as a function of distance, x, along the channel. Adjust the air supply to provide
the desired, constant flowrate, Q, through the channel. Attach the manometer to the static
pressure tap located a distance, x, from the origin and record the manometer reading, h. Repeat the pressure measurements (for the same Q) at various locations on both the flat and
the curved sides of the channel. Record the barometer reading, Halm , in inches of mercury
and the air temperature, T, so that the air density can be calculated by use of the perfect gas
law.

Experimental Procedure:

Calculations: Use the manometer readings, h, to calculate the pressure within the channel,
P = "Imh, where "1m is the specific weight of the manometer fluid. Convert this pressure into
the pressure head, ph, where "I = gp is the specific weight of air. Also use the Bernoulli
equation (Ph + V2/2g = constant) and the continuity equation (A V = Q, where A = yb)
to determine the theoretical pressure distribution within the channel. Note that the air leaves
the end of the channel (x = L) as a free jet (p = 0).
Graph: Plot the experimentally determined pressure head, ph, as ordinates and the distance along the channel, x, as abscissas. There will be two curves-one for the curved side
of the channel and another for the flat side.
Results:

On the same graph, plot the theoretical pressure distribution within the channel.

Data:

To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click here
to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem.

Static pressure taps

~--~+-----L----------~'I

3-106

FIGURE P3.103

(c.on'/)
o ution for Problem 3.103: Pressure Distribution in a Two-Dimensional Channel

b, in.
2.0

Q, ft"3/s
1.32

Halm , in. Hg
28.96

T, deg F
71

x, in.

y, in.

0.75
2.50
4.00
4.63
5.38
8.14
10.75
13.25
15.78
21.75

2.00
2.00
1.28
1.05
1.05
1.29
1.54
1.77
2.00
2.00

h, in.
flat side
0.28
0.21
-0.42
-0.77
-1.01
-0.63
-0.32
-0.15
-0.05
0.00

h, in.
curved side
0.31
0.37
0.03
-1.63
-1.05
-0.62
-0.31
-0.15
0.00
0.00

L, in.
21.75
Experimental

ply, ft

Theory
ply, ft

ply, ft

flat side curved side

20.2
22.3
15.1
26.6
-30.2
2.3
-55.5
-117.4
-72.7
-75.6
-45.4
-44.7
-23.0
-22.3
-10.8
-10.8
-3.6
0.0
0.0
0.0

0.0
0.0
-50.5
-92.2
-92.2
-49.2
-24.1
-9.7
0.0
0.0

P = Palm /RT where

= YHg*H alm = 847 Ib/ft"3*(28.96/12 ft) = 2044 Ib/ft"2

R = 1716 ft Ib/slug deg R
T = 71 + 460 531 deg R
Palm

Thus, P

=0.00224 slug/ft"3 and y = p*g =0.00224 slug/ft"3*(32.2 ftlsll2) = 0.0722 Ib/ft"3

ply =YH20 *h/y

Theoretical:

ply =V ex /12g - V 2/2g where

V = Q/A = Q/(b*y) and
Vex~ = Q/Aex~ = (1.32 ftIl3/s/)*(2 *2/144 ft1l2)

=47.5 ftls

Problem 3.103
Pressure Head, ply, vs Distance, x

40
20

-~--J

.~~--:-~~~~~~

-20

=
.:i:Q.

-40
-60

~~--------j-----------------r=-=J
.--~~~--t-------T-------r-~~--

-80
-100
-120

~......- Experimental,

flat side

- 1 - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - + - - - - - - .. - Experimental, curved side

--Theoretical

-140
0

15

10
x, in.

3-/07

20

25

.3, /oLf

3.104

Sluice Gate Flowrate

Objective: The flowrate of water under a sluice gate as shown in Fig. P3.104 is a function of the water depths upstream and downstream of the gate. The purpose of this experiment is to compare the theoretical flowrate with the experimentally determined flowrate.
Equipment:

Flow channel with pump and control valve to provide the desired flowrate
in the channel; sluice gate; point gage to measure water depth; float; stop watch.

Experimental Procedure:

Adjust the vertical position of the sluice gate so that the

bottom of the gate is the desired distance, a, above the channel bottom. Measure the width,
b, of the channel (which is equal to the width of the gate). Turn on the pump and adjust the
control valve to produce the desired water depth upstream of the sluice gate. Insert a float
into the water upstream of the gate and measure the water velocity, VI> by recording the time,
t, it takes the float to travel a distance L. That is, VI = Lit. Use a point gage to measure the
water depth, z\> upstream of the gate. Adjust the control valve to produce various water depths
upstream of the gate and repeat the measurements.
For each water depth used, determine the flowrate, Q, under the sluice gate
by using the continuity equation Q = AI VI = b ZI VI' Use the Bernoulli and continuity equations to determine the theoretical flowrate under the sluice gate (see Equation 3.21). For these
calculations assume that the water depth downstream of the gate, Z2, remains at 61 % of the
distance between the channel bottom and the bottom of the gate. That is, Z2 = O.61a.

Calculations:

Graph:
ZI>

Plot the experimentally determined flowrate, Q, as ordinates and the water depth,
upstream of the gate as abscissas.

Results:

On the same graph, plot the theoretical flowrate as a function of water depth upstream of the gate.

Data:

To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click III're
to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem .

3-1 0 8

FIGURE P3.104

3./0/f

I (conJ/)
Solution for problem 3.104: Sluice Gate Flowrate

a, in.
1.2

b, in.
6.0

ft
0.183
0.267
0.343
0.453
0.569
0.725
0.877

L, ft
4.0
Experimental
V 1 , ftls
Q, ft"3/s
0.087
0.952
0.800
0.107
0.769
0.132
0.645
0.146
0.625
0.178
0.571
0.207
0.465
0.204

t, S
4.2
5.0
5.2
6.2
6.4
7.0
8.6

Zl,

Theoretical
Q, ft"3/s
0.091
0.114
0.132
0.155
0.175
0.200
0.222

Experimental:
V 1 = Ut

= V 1 bz 1

Theoretical:
Q = b*Z23/2*(2*g)1I2*[((Zl/z2) -1)/(1 - (z2/z1)2)]1/2
where
Z2 = 0.61*a

Problem 3.104
Flow Rate, Q, vs Depth, Z1

1.00

-r=======:r====r==:r==r==+=+==l=+=I
i

',
I

I
!

CO')

<

=
d

0.10

.-.

,i

--------+--1 -----'-----1

tn

,i.-~

i~l!

~~l
1

--t,~-

i
i

r
r

-I I
!
I
1

Experimental
Theoretical

0.01

I T

i
I
1

-r

,I

I
I
!

0.1
Z1'

ft

I
3 -/0'1

/1./
1}te velocity. field. of a flow is given by V =
(x - 8)j + 5zk ft/s, where x, y, and z are in feet.
Determine the fluid speed at the origin (x = y:::;: Z = 0) and
on the y axis (x = z = 0).
4.1

+ 2)i +

(3y

IJ..::=

3Yf2.

v=x-8, W=Sz

=12.

Thl/s) af X= y:::r ~O
V
+ V2. + W,,'
and Of) the line x;: Z =OJ
V =/(3 y +2)2. +(_8)").1 :::: J~9-y-2.-t-/2-y-+-68-"

J2~ +(-Sl ' = e.2s1j

#-

where y--ft

if. '14.2
A flow can be visualized by plotting the velocity
field as velocity vectors at representative locations in the
flow as shown in Video V4.1 and Fig. E4.1. Consider the
velocity field given in polar coordinates by vr = -lOlr
and Vo = 101r. This flow approximates a fluid swirling into
a sink as shown in Fig. P4.2. Plot the velocity field at
locations given by r = I, 2, and 3 with e = 0, 30, 60, and
90 deg.

Vr

W;1h tV";;:: -/ olr and N8 ::: lo/r then

V-=Jrv;.'-+IV92. ::; I(-Io/r)% + (Jo/r)1 = I'I-;!.'IThe QI191e ex hetllleen the radial J/re{;/ion and
the velocify vee/or is r;iven hy
tan eX

filii
-AIr

lolr

;:: _(-Iolr)

FIGURE P4.2

=I

ThvsJ ()( = ~s for anv

rJ B
/
~.e. the velocify vector is alway oriente')
0

8=60

Nofe: VIS

independ'snt

of 9.

V=II/.III 1ft r::: I

If-I

o
/fS" re/4live

1orodia/ lines)

#.3
4.3

The velocity field of a flow is given by

V = 20yl(.\"2 + y2)l'2i - '20xl(x 2 + )'2)1121 fils,
where x and yare in feet. Determine the fluid
speed at points along the x axis; along the y axis.

Also,
fan

-2.0X

e =-tr-=

(xl.

What is the angle between the velocity vector and

the x axis at points (x, y) = (5,0), (5, 5), and
(0, 5)?

+y2.)J..2.

2 off
.;s

(0,5)

20Y

(x'J. t y2.) Ji.

or

fane ==

f
(5,0)

Thus J for (xJy) =(sJ 0)

fan e ::: - 00 or

For

~~----~--=-....;"".--

e = - qoo

(~y) =(5,5)

tQn8=-/ or B=-'fsl!)

for (XJY) =(0,.5)

fan () = 0 or B==

2.0 ff
,s

~v
u

ot)

4.4
The x and y components of a velocity field are given
by u = x - y and v = x 2y - 8. Detennine the location of any
stagnation points in the flow field. That is, at what point(s) is
the velocity zero?

v== 0

provided fhQf bolh u =0 and v::: o.

ThIJs f).:: X - Y::: 0 or X := y anti V = x~ - B ::: 0 or x2y == 8
By combinin9 ob/ain X J :- 8 or X::: 2. Since X:::. y N follow..! fh41
y=2. also. Thl/.s (x) y) == (2.,2.)
1

Jf-2

~,5

45
The x and y components of velocity for a two-dimensional flow are u = 3 ft/s and v = 9x 2 ftls. where x is in feet.
Determine the equation for the streamlines and graph representative streamlines in the upper half plane.

Ii = 3

and If:::: 9x2. so fhai Sfre4f)1//nes are 9/ven hy

4 ~ -f ~ 2/ :: 3x2 Or

Jdy =: J.3x2.dx

Thvs y:: X.3 +C J where c is ac()llsfanT.

J

Repre.renfalirJe .sfream/ines correspondil'l9

care shoVln he/ow.

70 differenT va/VB.! of

=x 3 + C

Streamlines y

c=/OO

C=.5o

c= 0
I

-J
i
Ic= -so

100

50

-+-I-'--I------+--

o ~~~--r_~r--,--~--~~~--~~~~
o 1 2 3 4 5
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
x

~-.3

~. 6

4. 6
Show that the streamlines for a flow whose
velocity components are u = c( x 2 - y2) and v =
- 2cxy, where c is a constant, are given by the
equation x2y - y3/3 = constant. At which point
(points) is the flow parallel to the y axis? At which
point .(points) is the fluid stationary?

U=C(X2..-y2.)

*"f

V=-2cxy

Sireamlines given ny y"{(x) Qre -such fhal

Consider +he {une/ion x'l.y - -f = t:.ofJsf,
!VoTe; If i.s nof easy fo wr/le fhis eXf/iviily as y ~ f (x)
However J we can differentials Ef. (JJ ff) 9ille
2xyr/x +x'-dy - y'1.rly :;;: 0 I or
(x2.._y2.) dy +2xy dx =0
Thvs.l fhe //ne.s /n fhe x- y plane given

dL
(IX
~,e.

==

- ;XY) or for allY cons Ian I

(X _y'1.

fhe fun6fion x2y - ~

by 1, (I)

=consf. represenfs

The flow is par4/Je/ fo ihe

rlus

OCC{)rs

x- axis

whelJ eifher X=0

or

y:::O

The flow i.s para/Ie J fo The y-axi.s when

This occurs who tJ X = Y
The livid has z.ero ve/oc/I)' at x:: y

t:e-.;

=: 00 J

=0

=L.
U

the .sfreafllines

*::0

wASil

a slope

lIx:: C-(2.X~ _y2.

xy )

CJ

of +he 9iv81J flow.

hdl/O

(I)

or v=:O.

fhe X-ax/s

the

y-qX~

or

IJ.. ::::0.

Of

~. 7

4. 7
The velocity field of a flow is given by
U =- - V~y/(x~ + y2)112 and v = V ox/(x 2 +
y2)II2, where Vo is a constant. Where in the flow
field is the speed equal to Vo? Determine equation
of the streamlines and discuss the various characteristics of this flow.

11 = -

v.o (Xl. +y y"J.'fo-

V ;: _IU
V

2.

-+-

= V,
0

X
(X2-+yl.)V2.

,. [\/2(y2. + X '-) 1~ =
.

V 2. :=

Yo

+ y2.)

(Xl.

oS 0

fh41

\t
0

Thus, V = ~ fhrou?houl the entire {low fielt1

Sfream lines IJro 9iveIJ by

i1...
dx = LIJ. = 2-y
fo give

or

- ydy = xdx which can be infe9rafed

X2. t y2. =cons!.

Thus J fhe flvid {low wifh circular .sfream liIJes and the
speed is constanT fhrollghout.

,+-5

.If.B
4.8
Water flows from a rotating lawn sprinkler as shown
in Video V4.6 and Figure P4.8. The end of the sprinkler arm
moves with a speed of wR, where w = 10 radls is the angular velocity of the sprinkler arm and R = 0.5 ft is its radius. The water exits the nozzle with a speed of V = 10 ftls

FIGURE P4.S

leave.s the nozzle wilh Q Ve10 ClfY 0 f V= If) fIls af all QI191e of ,gOO
rela live 10 the radial direvlion - for an obserJler ri,)/nfj on the sprinKler 4rb1.
Th/s is fhe rel41ille velocity. II.! shown ill the .skefch, fhe sprillk/PI 4rll1 has
a c;"c/lmf~enci41 veloc/Iy 0 f RfP -::: O. b fI (10 rad/s) =: s His. TlJe IJbsolv/e
ve10cily J Va; 4.!' observed hy a person sfanJilJr. on -Ihe lawn is the vee/or
SlJm of re/t'J1/ve velocily and the nO"j"Jle ve/oeily.
From fhe 9(;omell'Y of tne fi9vre :

(a) Wafer

i a. n 0( =

10 Sin 30

-.5 ::::. 0

10 Ct'J~300

Tho! i.s ex, == 0

(,',e,) the ahsolvfe wafer
velov/ly is in the r4rJial

R=o,s

w;:;/o

rJ.irecfion. Since there is

no force ac+i"1
fhe wafer
after iT leavesJ "he W41er p4f'h'c/e-s

on

coni/nile f~ move in The raJial direc,lion.

Th~ the palh1ine..r are .s1rai9hf raJiallines.
(b)

TAe sh4pe of the water stream 1 a 1irJen installf (t:e"a ~fJ4P .shot" of
fhe W4fer) can he ob-lained 4S follolVs, COf).rider the wafer .sfream emaIJaliA9
from +he end af-lhe nO"/.i/e al r::R (md (}::oat -lime /;=:()

(con'i)
'/-6

-. 8

(con II)

that lefl from -Ihe no~~/e t seconds 490 d'd

so when the nozzle wasaf f) ~ wi. SinGe
/'0 /.t::0
the parth/e.s in sfrai1h1J ratii4/ pAths w/lh
Va~.""
A particle in -Ihi.s

sfream

speed ~ (.see pa,.{ (al)) fhis parliole is

af a dis/once of r = R +Va { from .Jhe /
orl9tn.

~"t ser;o~Js 070

;-~e=wl
...

Thlls the s1reanJ sho.pe js

e t
t::

i=o

) fJ)

r = R +Va t and

fA)

or by eli,.,,;ncdiJ19 i

r::Rf(-i5-)e
For the qiven data wi1h Va -;: V&0.s30' =0 0 1j-) (.os30
CI/Jd I.U == If) rad/s this hecomes
r = o.s +0. 866 f:) where r,v ff alld ()~ rad.
'his .sfream shape i.s plofled beJoU/.

0
:::

8. Db ~ (seeparl(4J)

---2

------------------~--~--~---xJ~
OJ

#-7

~.9
'''4.9
Consider a ball thrown with initial speed Vo at an angle
of 0 as shown in Fig. P4.9a. As discussed in beginning physics.
if friction is negligible the path that the ball takes is given by
2

y = (tan O)x - [g/(2

V0 COS

O)Jx

That is. y = CIX + c&x 2, where Cl and C2 are constants. The path
is a parabola. The pathline for a stream of water leaving a small
nozzle is shown in Fig. P4.9b and Video \'4.3. The coordinates
for this water stream are given in the following table. (a) Use
the given data to determine appropriate values for C 1 and C2 in
the above equation and, thus, show that these water particles
also follow a parabolic pathline. (b) Use your values of c, and
C2 to determine the speed of the water, Vo. leaving the nozzle.

)'

x, in.

y, in.

0
0.13
0.16
0.13
0.00
-0.20
-0.53
-0.90
-1.43

0.25
0.50
0.75
1.0
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00

........... ,

,,
,

x
\
\

(a)
)'

"'-,

",\

., ,

'

'

\\

(b)

FIGURE P4.9

An EX eEL Pttt79f!tJl!J W4S v.red to p/of the x-y d4itl d/Jd

to fif a .seco"J order curve to fhe data. Tile results are .showfJ he/oUl.
y vs x for Water Stream

0.04 - , - - - - - . , - - - - - . , - - - - - - - - - l
0.02
-~~~~~ ~J

-0.02
:::~ -0.04
>-0. 06
-0.08

.. -~-.~-. ~-~--~--PIIIo~-.---~-~-...

I
i

--~--~-.~---~--~~~~

+----~--!------,-------!---~~
2

~-----"C -8.4987x + 0.7n 15x

-0.1
-0.12 +----.,..-----,---------,.--+-----1
o
0.05
0.1

x, ft

C,:::: O. 7//5 ::::

14nB

or e::: 3S,~ I

and

c,. ::: - 8. 'f?11 =:

0""
2.

'10

.32.. ~
= 2. (8.'f187) cos'"(.3S,rJ

Thll~ '10 -:: 1.69 fj

JI.-e

'I-~ 10

I
4. t 0
The x and y components of a velocity field are given
by u = :l-y and v = -xy2. Determine the equation for the
streamlines of this flow and compare with those in Example
4.2. Is the flow in this problem the same as that in Example
4.2? Explain.

Stream Jines are 9t"ven by ~J:: == J!. ::; _ X y2. __ .XJ

X
U
x2.y - X
d :: - ~
or .-t
which cal} he iIJ1e9raied as:
x

s* =-J~

Thus, In y = -Iny + c) where C /s ~ CIJI7.ff4nl.

Thfls) X y ::: C

No fe: These streofllline.s are the So.lhS shape (same Ilf/ow paifenn
as in xample ~ 2 - but fhe veJoc/fy fields are dt'lferel'r/.
However lhe ralios - are the same:
.;f.:; _ X y2. :: _ t
J

x"Y

and

:=

(Volt) (-y)
(voll) (x)

:= _

Xx

y
".-

4.11

In addition to the customary horizontal

velocity components of the air in the atmosphere
(the "wind"), there often are vertical air currents
(thermals) caused by buoyant effects due to uneven heating of the air as indicated in Fig. P4.12.
Assume that the velocity field in a certain region
is approximated by u = Un' v = Va (1 - y/h) for
o < y < h, and u = un' v = 0 for y > h. Plot
the shape of the streamline that passes through
the origin for values of lio/vo = 0.5, 1, and 2.

/'"

J.
I

I
o

FIGURE P4.12

.so

fhai streamlines
x

= ~fdx
o

Nofe: The lower limds () f infe1raJiol)

(x=o) y:::o) insure fhal fhis
eqvaf lon is for fhe streamline
fhrov'Ih fhe ori9in.

Thi.s

sfream I//JB

X ==-h

i)

(~) In (J -

i~ ploffed befow.

y/h vs xlh
1
~

O.8

0.6

.c

..

.... .. _p'.

,#

/'

-~

.- _M -:..

.
. . . . t'"'"'
I ..,.,

...r ---

+-------+--#~-,

,/

.......r..,

-.-'-""-

,
,

'I

----j--r-

>.

0.4

,/

0.2

-~~~

-uO/vO=2

"~~--+--------'---~--I
I

-1

0~--~----1---~-----r----r---~

0.5

1.5

xlh

Jf-/O

2.5

-uOlvO = 1

- - - uO/vO = 0.5

y
.."....

/7f'

4.13* Repeat Problem 4.12 using the same information except that u = UoY / II for 0 ::; y ::; II
rather than u = U(). Use values of uo/vo = 0,0.1,
0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0.

Uo
~

A
I

//

tor o<y<h .so fhaf

, V= Va (I-i)
for y '" h are given by

ll= UhY

1>:(J

=..::L
IJ.

(h~ y)

= vo(J-{) = Vo
U

fiy =

1.
h

IX~ dx

wtth

or

(h-y)

Ua

.sfreafh//ne.s

X::::O

when y=o

This ifJ1e'lf'ales 117 'live

-~ -h In( h-y):h In (h) = -to; X

or

f=r&.,)[ln~)- iJ

"*

Thi.s sTreamline is plolled he/ow for 0 ~ ~ I J wilh

~ = 0 J 0.1 0.2. O. 'I- O. /) I o. B Qnri I. 0 The VIJ Itie s were
calc tJ/oted ana plotted ()S ifJ? 41) XCL PrtJ'1J'i1J11.
J

y/h vs xlh
1 _

0.9

0.8
0.7
0.6

O.C

D,/

~~-"~=---

------- ---------- I

,,
- -- ------------- -- ---I
I

~-I--

--~--1

to. 5 -l--'--l---1.f-,~
0.4
0.3

-j

-P.I-'-J(-q--~--~- -~~~~~---~-WJIj'---~~--~__i____--~~~~_l______-

-~--~-----------------:

,
i

0.2

0.1

------~--------

--~~----~-.----

----;i
i

O+-----------T-----------~----------r_--------~

0.5

xlh

'1-//

1.5

'f.II/-

I
A velocity field is given by u = cx 2 and
v = cy2, where c is a constant. Determine the x
and y components of the acceleration. At what
point (points) in the flow field is the acceleration
zero?

4.14

dlJ.
=rr

Ox

dU

dlJ,

2.

+l1.Tx +VTy - (CX'")(')..CX) ::;2c X

and
ay

=1f +u.X+v:; ::

(cy2.)(2-c.y)

= 2C2. y 3

Thus) a=axl+ayJ =0 af (X1Y) -::(0)0)

"".15

I
.1.1.5
V

A three-dimensional velocity field is given by u = x 2 ,

-2xy, and w = x + y. Determine the acceleration vector.

JU
Lt1
JU
= If + U DX +~ 19

QX

=X2.(2X)
Cly :::

+jJI

nO!J,

of)lf

JP:.
1i

~ 2X 3

J/IT
dAl. + IV ry
aN:.
rr
+ It
d)(

- X%.(-2y) +(-2.XY){-).X) -= 2X'y

= 1f +IJf +1'1' 1'1 -fiJI W

= x2.(J) +(-2-xy)0) xz. -:J.xy

Q1.

'=-

Ihvs

3/1

.1

I'

11. - 2 X t + 2. X Y I +(x ... 2XY) k

.3

If. ./7

-4.11

The velocity of air in the diverging pipe shown in Fig.

P4.17 is given by VI = 4t ftf sand Vo = 21 ftf s, where t is in
seconds. (a) Determine the local acceleration at points (I) and
(2). (b) Is the average convective acceleration between these
two points negative, zero, or positive? Explain.

#-

b) convecfive acceleration a/on9 the pipe : : U

where IJ. >0. IN aIJr lime'
~.... < Vt . r/;ps he/ween OJ a"d(:J.)
J
J
JI ~ V2.- ~ /0
J

JX"'"

/lel1cc", 11.
c::: 0 or
is neq4live.

the tlver41e conl/eet/ve acceleration

If. {8

4. I
Water flows through a constant d!arneter pipe with a
unifonn velocity given by V = (8/t + 5)j mis, where t is in
seconds. Detennine the acceleration at time t = 1, 2, and lOs.
~

a: : Tf + .-V.vV.....
~V

thi.s

becomes

cV

~V)"

Wi Ih
_ dV

U == 0

a = -rr + v Jy J - n J ThlJs, a=-81./fi af t=/.s

a = -2.0 J.f.. af t =2 oS
and
......110

__

V -(T

1\

t2. J S'-

a =-O.OBJ~ at t::::/O..s

4. Iq
When a valve is opened, the velocity of water in a
certain pipe is given by u = 10(1 - e-'), v = 0, and w = 0,
where u is in ft/ sand t is in seconds. Detennine the maximum
velocity and maximum acceleration of the water.

+.5) ':

w-=o

~,zo
---_._-

~-

'-_ ...

4.20*

Water flows through a pipe with V =

u(t)i where the approximate measured values of
u(t) are shown in the table. Plot the acceleration
as a function of time for 0 ~ t ~ 20 s. Plot the
acceleration as a function of time if all of the
values of u(t) are increased by a factor of 2; by
a factor of 5.

a= elt~v +V'VV

t (s)

u (ft/s)

t (s)

u (ft/s)

0
1.8
3.1
4.0
5.5
6.9
8.1
10.0

0
1.7
3.2
3.8
4.6
5.8
6.3
7.1

11.2
12.3
13.9
15.0
16.4
17.5
18.4
20.0

8.1
8.4
8.3
8.1
7.9
7.0
6.6
5.7

thi.s becomes
~
(~U.
~IJ.)I\
a::
Tf+urx
l

u=u(t)
~ tL
=rr

1./1

or

v=:O

w=-o

1Jl
~t

/J "'x
-

(I)

The IJ. ~U(f) ,rttph Qnd fhe hesf [// clIbic erlJatiofJ
was ploNeJ ilsifl9 In XCEJ.. Pr091'4RJ.

Thvs w/lh
J

fix

:=

IJ.::: -0.0012.-/ 3

:: -

1~

0.0031

if fo//ows 11141

O,OI/2tJ. +0,97.5"

flo - O,01.Z.lft + 0.97.51

jt

.shown helolJl

where tl'VS

This acce/fJI'4/ion is a/so p/ofleri he/QUI,

Note Ih4-f if U increMes by fA

Ihe ()'cae lera lion J tI)(.

.:=

If

fAvlol'
does also.

01 K ti, e, K::: 2. ,,, K:::S)J

Water Speed vs Time

u = -0.00121

9
B

Acceleration vs Time

0.0112r + 0.97561

5
4
3
2

7
N

1
0
;c
1"11 -1
-2
-3

~ 5
:; 4
3
2
1

-4

-5
0

10
t, s

15

20

10

t, S

15

20

Jf.2.1

4.2

The fluid velocity along the x axis shown

in Fig. P4.21 changes from 6 mls at point A to
IS mls at point B. It is also known that the velocity is a linear function of distance along the
streamline. Determine the acceleration at points
A, B, and C. Assume steady flow.

VA

=6

VB

m/s

too5m~
////
,///////""
,.

0.1

= 19 m/s

"'I

m----l

FIGURE P4.2.1

a.-

oV

-.

= 1T + V-VV

U==U(X)

v=O

and

w=O

fhi.s becomes

a =(!t +u ~J)t = u ~~ t

(I)

Since U is a /ineqr ftlnclion ()f X J

cons/an/.s C, J C1. are given as:
and
m

0r

Thus J (). =( /20 X + 6 ) s with x~m

From Efj. (I)

a=

~~ L -= (/20X + 6

or
for XII =:0

~= 7~O

for X8-::: 0,0.5m)

and.
l'
rf!Jr
Xc. == 0, / m

aB=
a~c =-

(j,=

IJftiOtp.

Am
21 6 0 l':S'J-

Lf-/6

where fhe

I.JA " 6 :: Cz.

ltD

19 =0,/ C, .r C2.,

C, ;:;: J20

P. (/20 :5) t
r 1i

c,X +c2,

C2.::

6.

R ~~~==:-,.....----x

4.2'1

0
x = fl4

When a fluid flows into a round pipe as shown in Fig.

P4.22, viscous effects may cause the velocity profile to change

from a-uniform profile (V = Voi) at the entrance of the pipe to
a parabolic profile {V = 2Vo [1 - (r/R)2]i} atx =
Velocity

0.75 R

,,~x =fl2

iI~
I~~'\\

e.

profiles for various values of x are as indicated in the figure.

Use this graph to show that a fluid particle moving along the
centerline (r = 0) experiences an acceleration, but a particle
close to the edge of the pipe (r ""'" R) experiences a deceleration.
Does a particle traveling along the line r = 0.5 R experience
an acceleration or deceleration, or both? Explain.

0.5 R

I
I

0.25 R

CL

I
I

x = 3Cl4

I
I
I

x = t

O~--~----~~--~--~~--~u

(b)

FIGURE P4.2 Z
..,).

DV

..,).
a =F +V'VV

~
J

v=o

and

w=O

we obtain
~

a:=

aU

dU

where ax == Jf + uTi

Ox t

:=

dU

UR

a)

Along the centerline (r =0) we finri li >0 and ~ >0

Thus J Qx >0 on r::: O.

b)

/Veo.r the pipe wall (r ~ R) we find Ii >0 btA

<0 (i.e.; fhe
ve/oc/ly changes from (j.::: Va fo u.c: Vo (J.s X increase!;.)
Th v.s J ax < 0 for r ~ R ,

c)

R we r/nd u >0 and

>0 'leaf fhe pipe
en/ranee) buf
0 elsewhere. This is indi cofed /n fhe
t;9IJre beJow.

-if

For r::

fx

#..c.

Th{)~JJ

ax >0 neQr the en/ranee and

-I -

for r = 1~
~

Ox <0

elsewhere

r== iR

o~~x
x->o
~ <0
x = 0

x = I'
(a)

tf -/7

y f-o------el2-----l1

4.23

As a valve is opened, water flows through

the diffuser shown in Fig. P4.23 at an increasing
flowrate so that the velocity along the centerline
is given by V = ui = V o(1 - reI) (1 - xII' )i,
where uo, c, and are constants. Determine the
acceleration as a function of x and t. If Vo =
10 ftls and = 5 ft, what value of c (other than
c = 0) is needed to make the acceleration zero
for any x at t = 1 s? Explain how the acceleration
can be zero if the flow rate is increasing with time.

----i~~

-VoG - e-et)

L _ _~~~~~_~2_~~~
x

VOG - e- c0

FIGURE P4.23
~

Q =iY..
+V-VV
~t
this becomes
~
(~U
JM)/\
a:::
rt t u 1)( t == Cl~ t

v::O

and

w::O

1\

af t:: 1 s we mils! htlve

with Vo::: /0 Q/Jd 1.::: 5
[c i(;t _ .:;. (/_ e- ct )2J :: 0
I fax

ce

-c

s:

0 for any

10 (

-5/-e

_C)2

=0

For fhe above condl'fionJ fhe /()co,/I/ccelerafio/J (ft- >0) is

precisely Do/alJced hy fhe Colll/eelitlc decelero/i on (it :~ <.0),
The {Iowrote if)crea.re.s wilh lime J /;vi fhe I/Vid flows 10 an
area of lower ve/oc/Iy.

4-/8

4.24
A,fluid flows along the x axis with a velocity given by
V = (x/t)i, where x is in feet and t in seconds. (a) Plot the
speed for 0 :s x:s 10 ft and t = 3 s. (b) Plot the speed for x =
7 ft and 2 :s t :s 4 s. (c) Detennine the local and convective
acceleration. (d) Show that the acceleration of any fluid particle
in the flow is zero. (e) Explain physically how the velocity of
a particle in this unsteady flow remains constant throughout itf.
motion.

tf

tJ,J fp.s
(0)

U. -;;; :

(b)

For

1j

X == 7

so at t:: 3.s

If J

Ii:;:

f !f

=3.s

2.
0

U:;.2 --.sfl

10

(e)

JU
x
It
= --p.

an

JU
X(')_
Urx
=T
T -

U, fp5

/;'"

2-

X= 7 f+

Fi9,2
~

a=1

(d) For Qny fluid particle

+V,VV
whi c.n with v:;: 0 J W -::: 0 becomes
...... (dlJ.
(j(J,)J'\
a
:- "IT +uTx
l

_ (

X + X ) -1
-7272- {

:=

(e) The {Jarfie/c.s flow Inlo area-s of

hl9het ve/oc/ly (see r;.~./),

hoi af 0"1 9iven loca/Ion fhe veJooifj i.s de6rea.sifJ9 i/J Ilme
(see Fig- 2J. For The 9iven ve lo&/fy field the local qnd
COhflBr;fil/C acceleratio"s ore e'lv41 and Oll()s,ie) 1iflifJ9
'2 e/,O

acee / era/ion fhl'otJ9n ~vl.

4.25
A hydraulic jump is a rather sudden change in depth
of a liquid layer as it flows in an open channel as shown in
Fig. P4.25 and Vitleo V 10.6. In a relatively short distance
(thickness = e) the liquid depth changes from ZI to Z2' with a
corresponding change in velocity from VI to V2 If VI =
1.20 ftls, V2 = 0.30 ft/s, and e = 0.02 ft, estimate the average
deceleration of the liquid as it flows across the hydraulic jump.
How many g's deceleration does this represent?

Hydraulic jump

1'1 FIGURE P4.25

.-S

JV

Ii -:: T{ of VvV
.>

SO

A
.'"
w/fA -V::
IJ.(XJi J a =Ill.
X

Will1 ouf knDWin9 fhe acftJa/ ve/oc/Iy Ji.flr;/'u/i()11

the (Jcceleraliol) can he approximated tis
tlx

~ fA

.w ~ i (V,+~) (~i"') :; ;
=

ThllsJ

- /.05

1(1.2.0

+0,3 0)

-33.,{!z.

if

JIJ,

1\

::t(,TXt

t( == IJ(X~

)!

( O. 30 -1.;).0
O.Oloft

'I-:k6 I
-t.U.

A fluid panicle flowing

along a stagnation stream

line. as shown in Vick,) Y4.:: and Fig. P4.26. slows down as it

Stagnation pornt. t::: 0
approaches the stagnation point. Measurements of the dye flow
~
~~J(f~~
FI Id It I
in the video indicate that the location of a panicle starting on
i,; ~:tt~" ";.i;oro.
~
v / U PC! Ie e
the stagnation streamline a distance s "" 0.6 ft upstream of the
'tfi~
s
stagnation point at ( "" 0 is given approximately by s =O.6e- o.s" , where t is in seconds and s is in ft. (a) Determine the speed of FI G U REP 4 . 2 6
a fluid particle as a function o(time, Vpanicl.Jt), as it flows along
the sleamline. (b) Determine the speed of the fluid as a func
tion of position along the streamline. V"" V(s). (e) Determine
the flu id acceleration along the streamli ne as a function of position. a, :::: a,(s).

(,,) Vlilh s" 0.6 e-o.s if follows Ihat

II
ds
( ) _O.Sf
~ ~"J

P',.TfC e "-rr
,,~

(b)

0.6 -o.s e

_o.st

"-0.3 e

His

From pari (a),

V"

(-0.5) [0_6

_0.51]

_o.sl

where .s" 0.6 e

Thvs
I

v~ (-0 ..[5], or

V= -0.s5

[lis whero s-ff

dV

(e) For sfeadl {lOlli, I?r" V 4i

Thvs, wilh V= - 0.5s pnd ~

Qs

" (-o.s 5) (-0.5) "

0.255

O,S,

fils' where

$-

No Ie : For S >0, Os iJ pari/lve - the parficlt:r acee/eralion is /0 /he ri'llrl.

S i"ce fhe paMic/e is mavifltj fa the left. a plJS//ive as fof' fj,is ca.re
implies -fhal Ihe p",.fide is dece/era/in,! (qS ,I m~f be for Ihis

sfa? nalion point lJow 1.

'f-:J./

.271

4~1. 7

A nozzle is designed to accelerate the fluid from VI to

V2 in a linear fashion . That is, V = ax + b. where a and b are
constants. If the flow is constant with VI = 10 m/ s at XI = 0
and V 2 - 25 m/ s al X2 = I m. delennine the local acceleralion.

the conveclive acceleration, and the acceleration of the fluid at

poinls (I) and (2).

Wiih u =ax +b ) V=O J and w=o fhe accelerafion

can be wriHen as
IV,
(I)
h
a = Ox t were
Ox = /J.1X
Since /J. = ~ = IO.p af x =0 and Ii- =v.. =25.p. al x =1 we oMain
10 = 0 + b
25 = a +b
So thai a = 15 and b = 10
Thai i.s, /J. = (!5X+10).If ; where x- m , so th.i from EZ'O)

ax

= (/5X+ IO )f (15'f) = (t1.5XTISO)

'/-22

f,.

4.21.)
Repeat Problem 4.27 with the assumption that the
flow is not steady, but at the time when VI = 10 m/s and
V2 = 25 mis, it is known that aVl/ar = 20 m/s 2 and
aV2/ar = 60 m/s 2

.-

JV

Wifh U=fJ.(x)l:) J v::: o J and w =:0 the acce Iera f ,'on a =Tf +VvV
can be wriffen a.s
a :: Ox f where Ox:::: +Ii J w/lh /.J.:::; a(f)x +btfJ.
(I)
III fhe given lime (fc:io) u:: ~ = IO.qz. ~.d X ==0 (JnJ IJ == ~ ==25 11 aT X:=/m
Thus)
10 = 0 + bOo)
25 :: aCto) t ha,,) so fhai aCt,,)::: /s tJlld !JII,) == 10
II/sf) af {:::to J
== ~~~L :: 20 ~ at X=:(}

#- X

#-

and

~/J. = JV2. _ 0f 0 !l!...

Tt
.s:J- a f X-I
- m oMeI : "'If,.
I 'lese Qre

-rr -

(Jcce /er"f ions

The convective accelerofion al X::O (Ef - 0) i.s

ux= (oxtb) (a) =(15(O)+IO)~/5
vJ'h//e a f '1= / if i.s

~):::ISO?

u~ :: (/5 (I) +JO)!J-(ls f) == 375ii

The fllJid accelerofion ,d t:::to Is

a = (#- +I.l ~)t

and

== (2.0+ ISO)'( ~

= 170t

a =( 60+ 37s )t ';2. ::: 'f.9st-jt af X'::lm

~ af

I
(J f time t= to

x::()

OC"

9.3 0
v

-1.30
An incompressible fluid flows past a turbine blade as
shown in Fig. P4.30a and Vidt'o \'4.5. Far upstream and downstream of the blade the velocity is Vo. Measurements show that
the velocity of the fluid along streamline A-F near the blade is
as indicated in Fig. P4.30b. Sketch the streamwise component
of acceleration, as, as a function of distance, s, along the streamline. Discuss the important characteristics of your result.

1.5 Vo

Vo

0.5 Vo
0
1\

Vis

.I'

(b)

Vo

II FIGURE

(a)

tA.s ::

.~

---1

where froRJ the fit/fire

P4.30

of V =VIs) The (vl/cfion

1! has the foJ/olNin1 Sh4I'S.

F

.s

The ffwd decelerates from 1/ 10 C) 4cce/er4les {rum c If} IJ) and

fhe decelerates a94JI; from [) 10 F. the nel acceler4li(}17 (rpm
Atf) F is zero (i. 8/ ~::: V, =- VF ),

4.31
Air flows steadily through a variable
area pipe with a velocity of V = u(x)i ft/s, where
the approximate measured values of u(x) are given
in the table. Plot the acceleration as a function
of x for 0 :S X :S 12 in. Plot the acceleration if
the flowrate is increased by a factor of N (i.e.,
the values of u are increased by a factor of N),
for N = 2, 4, 10.

Since /). ~U(x)

x (in.)

x (in.)

u (fils)

10.0

10.2

8
9

1
2

13.0
20.1

3
4
5
6

20.1
17.4
13.5
11.9
10.3
10.0

10

28.3

11
12
13

28.4
25.8

u (ft/s)

10.0

v==o) and w=o /1 follows fha! (j= :: +vvV

simplil/e.s fo 11 = ax t where (Ix -::: U
The valves U are given in fhe faMe ; the correspondin9 values
of ~~ C4n be tJbt"ined by an approximale numerical diFreren-fialion o.s
qiven in Pro9rom P'f#31 shoJfJ he/ow,
J

#-

No Ie fhat since (/x ~ f).

if fo//ows thol and increose
from u. 10 N U Increases Ihe occelerafiol) from Ox If)
2-00
110
120
125
130
135
1~0

150
160
170
180
200
210
220
230
2~0

300
310
320
330
3~0

350
360

in ve/ocIl,
;V2dx

cls
open "prnl! for output as #1
dim u(l~), n(~)
u(l)=lO.O : u(2)=10.2 : u(3)=13.0 : u(~)=20.1 : u(5)=28.3
u(6)=28.~ : u(7)=25.S : u(S)=20.1 : u(9)=17.~ : u(10)=13.5
u(11)=11.9 : u(12)=10.3 : u(13)=10.0 : u(1~)=10.0
n(l)=l : n(2)=2 : n(3)=~ : n(~)=10
print#l, "************************************************"
print#l, "** This program calculates the acceleration **"
print#l, "** as a function of position.
**"
print.# 1, "********************************************* ***"
print#l, " I!
for i = 1 to ~
print#l, II "
print.#l, using "For N = ##";n(i)
print#l, 11 x, in.
u, ft/s
a, ft/s2"
for j = 1 to 13
a = n(i)-2*((u(j+l) + u(j))/2)*{(u(j+l) - u(j))/(1/12))
uavg = (u(j+ll + u(j))/2
x = j - 0.5
print#l, using "###.#
###.#
+#.###----";x,uavg,a
next j
next i

Nole fhQf aHhou9h Ihe velocIty da/a J U :: fJ. (X)/ o/fJerJrs fo he

qulfe "smoolh '; the occelerat;on resvll J ox:::: I.i ~ is somewhaT
irrerju/ar (especia/~ for x> 7 in.).
I

(I)

~***********************************************

**

**

This program calculates the acceleration

as a function of position.

**

**

************************************************
For N =
x, in.
0.5
1.5
2. :>
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
8.5
9.5
10.5
11. 5
12.5

For N = 10
x. In.
u, ft/s,
0.5
10.1
1.5
11.6
16.5
2.5
24,.2
3.5
4.5
28.3
5.5
27.1
6.5
23.0
7.5
18.8
15.4,
8.5
9.5
12.7
10.5
11.1
11. 5
10.1
12.5
10.0

1
a, ft/s2
+2.424E+01
+3.898E+02
+1.410E+03
+2.381E+03
+3.402E+01
-8.455E+02
-1.570E+03
-6.075E+02
-7.231E+02
-2.438E+02
-2.131E+02
-3.654,E+01
+O.OOOE+OO

u, ft/s,
10.1
11. 6

16.5
24,.2
28.3
27.1
23.0
18.8
15.4,
12.7
11.1

10.1
10.0

a, ft/s2
+2.4,2l"E+03
+3.898E+04,
+1.l,,10E+05
+2.381E+05
+3.l,,02E+03
-8.l"55E+0l,,
-1.570E+05
-6.075E+04,
-7.231E+0l"
-2.438E+0l"
-2.131E+0'"
-3.654E+03
+O.OOOE+OO

30

u"

ff/.s
2.0

10

10

Xl in.

15

3000

aXJ
l1.s2-

2.000

1000

----

--

-/-

N=F

.------ ---,---------------- -:-------~-----,------~--

-.

---:-----

---

--------.- ---------

--- - - - .
---

-------~' --.------~.----.-

/.

0
-1000
-2~

~~---+-'------~,....------'J5--Xi-in;

___ ~\~~/O-.---- ________,______

'1.32. J

4.32.
Assume the temperature of the exhaust
in an exhaust pipe can be approximated by T =
To(1 + ae-bx)[l + c cos(wt)], where To =
100 e, a = 3, b = 0.03 m- 1 , c = 0.05, and w
= 100 rad/s. If the exhaust speed is a constant~
mis, determine the time rate of change of temperature of the fluid particles at x = 0 and x =
4 m when t = o.

Since u-== 2
DT
Dt

'OT

'V

=rr+ V' V

v;O

and w=O if fol/ow.s +h~+

~T

oT

IJT

dT

oT

'dT

=rt+lJ.rxf-V 1y tWn-=-rr+UdX

Thus I
= To (I +a ibx)(_c fA) sin(4Ji)+u.T,; (t+c c.o.s(wt)(-ab e-b:x)

gr

When t;:: 0

%f = - ab 7; (I + c) e- bx or w/llJ fhe given data.,

%f == -(3) (0.03 ;h)( 2.~ )(100 (/+0.05) i o.o3X
=-/B.q e:C where x,vm
IJ

DC)

O 03X

Thus,
and

Iff-;-

/B.q:j- at

X;::O

t=:o

DT
c
Df
= -/6.8 s af x;: Lf J J t =0

/f-27

4.33* As is indicated in Fig. P4.33, the speed

of exhaust in a car's exhaust pipe varies in time
and distance because of the periodic nature of the.
engine's operation and the damping effect with;
distance from the engine. Assume that the speed.
is given by V = V o[1 + ae- bx sin(wt)], where
Vo = 8 fps. a = 0.05. b = 0.2 ft-I, and w = 50
rad/s. Calculate and plot the fluid acceleration at
x = 0, 1, 2. 3, 4, and 5 ft for 0 :5 t:5 n/25 s.

Since
.-

fj,=U(X,i)

_.-v =

~
aV
a = Tf + V V

J\

+ ae- bx sin(wtl)

FIGURE P4.33

v=o J and w=o if fo/low.5 thaf

Qx I.

v = vorl

DUo

au

were Ox:: Tf + U IX

(I)

bX

ThIJS, w/lh U:: Vo [I + a e- Sin (wt)]

Ef. (/) 9ives
Ox = Va aw e- bx co.s(wt) + Vo[I+ a bx.sin (fAJi)] Va a. (-b) e-bxsin(wt)

e-

Vo a e bX [ tQ COoS ((pt) - Vo b Sin (4JtJ (J ta e- bXsin (wi )]

W/lh Va:: 8!j J a;:; 0.05 , b =:: 0.2. ft and I =50 !.1 d
=

fh is becomes
ax == O. If e- o.2.X [so cos (sot) - 1.6 sin (Eot) (J +0.0,5

where t~.s and x- ff

PI07 tlx from '1- (:J.) (or o:s t ~ if

w/lh

X =0) J) 2.,3, if,

AIJ xce/ Prorflam Wa.r vs-eci 10 (;4/clI/4Ie ax frolll

ore shown en Ih9 /Jext p4,e,

(con 'I)

eo. 2xsin (sot))J f}a. PJ

r (~).

tlnrl51!,

The re.rvlfs

'I: 33-

{con 'I)
t, s
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.035
0.040
0.045
0.050
0.055
0.060
0.065
0.070
0.075
0.080
0.085
0.090
0.095
0.100
0.105
0.110
0.115
0.120
0.125

x=Oft
20.00
19.22
17.24
14.18
10.24
5.67
0.74
-4.23
-8.93
-13.08
-16.42
-18.73
-19.89
-19.81
-18.51
-16.06
-12.61
-8.37
-3.62
1.36
6.26
10.77
14.61
17.54
19.38
20.01

Acceleration at various x locations, fUs"2

x=1ft
x=2ft
x= 3 ft
x=4ft
16.37
13.41
10.98
8.99
15.73
12.88
10.55
8.64
14.11
11.56
9.46
7.75
11.61
9.51
7.79
6.38
8.39
6.87
5.63
4.61
4.65
3.81
3.12
2.55
0.61
0.51
0.42
0.34
-3.46
-2.83
-2.31
-1.89
-7.31
-5.98
-4.90
-4.01
-10.71
-8.76
-7.17
-5.87
-13.44
-11.00
-9.01
-7.37
-15.34
-12.56
-10.28
-8.42
-16.29
-13.33
-10.92
-8.94
-16.22
-13.28
-10.87
-8.90
-15.15
-12.41
-10.16
-8.32
-13.14
-10.76
-8.81
-7.21
-10.32
-8.45
-6.91
-5.66
-6.85
-5.61
-4.59
-3.76
-2.96
-2.42
-1.98
-1.62
1.12
0.92
0.75
0.62
5.13
4.20
3.44
2.82
8.82
7.22
5.92
4.84
11.96
9.80
8.02
6.57
14.36
11.76
9.63
7.88
15.87
12.99
10.64
8.71
16.38
13.41
10.98
8.99

x=5ft
7.36
7.07
6.34
5.22
3.77
2.09
0.28
-1.55
-3.28
-4.81
-6.04
-6.89
-7.32
-7.29
-6.81
-5.90
-4.63
-3.07
-1.32
0.51
2.31
3.97
5.38
6.45
7.13
7.36

Acceleration, ax, vs Time, t

20
15
10
5
N

tn

:!
~

co

0
-5

-.~----'---

-10

~-----.--------------

-15
-20+-----~----~----~--~--r_----~----~

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

t,

1/--29

0.08

0.10

0.12

4.34

A gas flows along the x-axis with a speed of V = 5x

m/s and a pressure of p = IOx 2 N/m 2 , where x is in meters.
(a) Determine the time rate of change of pressure at the fixed
location x = I. (b) Determine the time rate of change of pres-

sure for a fluid particle flowing past x = I. (c) Explain without

using any equations why the answers to parts (a) and (b) are
different.

a) Since fJ:::: /0 X /i follows IhQf

= 0 for a 1/

x.

b) 'Wifh fj,:::5x J /tr:::O )P=:OJ and rll==jox2.d follows

~1

::

+u~ +/Ir ~

-rhvs ~fl ==

/00

+jJr

~ :::

fha.f

11.* :: (SXlf)(2oX1.) == IOOX2. ~/.s

;;(6

Xc:/m

c)

For this s lea rJy flow fhe press/Jre at a poinT is cO/Jsiallf (p4rl (",)~ blli
1he pressure fOr a 9i1l811 parfie Ie chafJ?eJ; with lime (,~flf (bJ) heca/)se
fhe pafl1 (~/e flow.: into a hir;hel' pross fire r e9io/J.

4.35
4.35
The temperature distribution in a fluid is given by T =
lOx + 5y, where x and y are the horizontal and vertical coordinates in meters and T is in degrees centigrade. Determine the
time ra.te of chan~e of temperature of a fluid particle traveling
(a) honzontally WIth u = 20 mis, v = 0 or (b) vertically with
u = 0, v = 20 m/ s.

DT

Dt ==

ThIlS,

and

~T
JT
JT
rr
+ IJ IX + V dY

Jf

were 1T :::: 0

and v~OJ then ~ :::u{f:::(2.o.t;-)(IO !.#r)

if

IJ,::;2o'f

If

'"
T
iJC
PC
u =0 anJ v=: 20 7)
fhel1 ft-;;
vfr7 : : (:LO!)(5'-;;;)
-::: jOIJ ~

. U6
At the top of its trajectory, the stream of water shown
in Fig. P4.36 and Yid,'o V4.3 flows with a horizontal velocity
of 1.80 ft/s. The radius of curvature of its streamline at that
point is approximately 0.10 ft. Determine the normal component of acceleration at that location.

a:n ==

2.ij2.

VI
1?

= (1.8
)
o,/off

= 3 2.~

s2.

1./-30

=:200!f

ffi = 0.10 It

m FIGURE P4.36

~37

4.37
As shown in Video V4.2 and Fig. P431, a flying
airplane produces swirling flow near the end of its wings.
In certain circumstances this flow can be approximated by
the velocity field u = -Ky/(;r? + y2) and v = Kx/(;r? + l),
where K is a constant depending on various parameters associated with the airplane (Le., its weight, speed, etc.) and
x and yare measured from the center of the swirl. (a) Show
that for this flow the velocity is inversely proportional to the
distance from the origin. That is, V = KI(;r? + yl)ln. (b)
Show that the streamlines are circles.

FIG U REP 4 .37

or

V-= Ji
r

Kx
(x'".f y2.)

(b) Sfreamline.s are (piJen by

-Ky
(x 1 +y'")

y1. :::

or
X2. -l-

which when inferraled qives

- f X1. +C'.J where t; is I-i cOlJrfalJ/.

y"J, :: Con.sfanf

1f-3/

-y

'1-.38
4.3){
Assume that the streamlines for the wingtip vortices
from an airplane (see Fig. P4.37 and Vidt'(j V4.1) can be approximated by circles of radius r and that the speed is V = K/r.
where K is a constant. Determine the streamline acceleration.
as. and the normal acceleration. an. for this flow .

FIGURE P4.13

a - V!lias
~

where

SlfJce

Thvs

f4.s -::

IJ/so

'i 2- _ (Klr):1 ::: K

-3
r
"-Y[- -r

V-J:
- r

if ~(J

4.3 q
A fluid flows past a sphere with an upstream velocity
of Va = 40 mls as shown in Fig. P4.3Q. From a more advanced
theory it is found that the speed of the fluid along the front part
of the sphere is V = ~Va sin
Determine the streamwise and
normal components of acceleration at point A if the radius of
the sphere is a = 0.20 m.

e.

FIGURE P4.3Q

v= ~

Va

sin e == -j: (~O ';) sine ==

(6
.
0)2. m1

an == X1(2. ==
and
~v

0 Sin 1./-0
O.2m

. ) ~v

CIs ::: V15 == (60 smf) dS

From ~,(J) J

j ~ :: io
s::: a8 = 0.1- e I1J

60

SJ::::: 7/f'fO

cos fJ

where

sine

(I)

~
s

JV

~v ~e

J.5 ::: Ie TI
dB -

/lIsa
J where e- raJ, J so f hQ +r.s - ~
Thus, for B= 'fOD
as:: (60 sinIfOO,T)(6Dco.sIfOO~)(o.~m) ::: 886o~
J

4.40* For flow past a sphere as discussed iI}

Problem 4.39, plot a graph of the streamwise acceleration, as> the normal acceleration, a,,, and
the magnitude of the acceleration as a function
of 0 for 0 ::; 0 ::; 90 with Vo = 50 fils and a =
0.1, 1.0, and 10 ft. Repeat for Vo = 5 fils. At
what point is the acceleration a maximum; a minimum?

_r _(tVaasinet-_ Jfa
9 '10
a
n

-1'(-

dV

and G.s = V Ts

~V de
=V18
E

Sin

2.8

(I)

oV

where T8:: '".2 Vo cosfJ and

or gjl =..L

Thlls
as = (f Va sine )(t Yo co.s8) f =
J

~5

ff

.s::: a ()

a
sinO cos e

(2)

lienee The ma9ndIJde of the acee/era/ion i.s

I
i
9Vc 2. I . 'I
9 ~ 2.
J
I I = y an2. +a.: = Jl.ao Ysin e +sin2.8 (,os2.8 = If aD sine Vsir/e +co.s~e

or

2-

urI = .i

(3)

Thvs,

sinB

Ia/min = 0

tlf 8=0 J la/mIX = ~

af fj =90

lin bxcel Pr09fafn"W4s wed to caJGt6'i4iB tl.s a/J 4/ld C{ frllm

flns. (fJ/)'~ afJa (1'J. The l'eJ()/ls are shown ie/(JJ4I~ 7lJe resilils tor
ofher V()'/V8s Od'e simIlar ,llhe f4,,/pr Vo '"/a is 4CG()vnieri /I/",
The folroWif9 derfa
e,

is f~f Vo:::5 fils 1

Q::: /

ff

deg an, ftls2 as, ftls2 a, ftls2

o
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90

0.0
0.4
1.7
3.8
6.6
10.0
14.1
18.5
23.2
28.1
33.0
37.7
42.2
46.2
49.7
52,5
54.6
55.8
56.3

0.0
4.9
9.6
14.1
18.1
21.5
24.4
26.4
27,7
28.1
27.7
26.4
24.4
21.5
18.1
14.1
9.6
4.9
0.0

0.0
4.9
9.8
14.6
19.2
23.8
28.1
32.3
36.2
39.8
43.1
46.1
48.7
51.0
52.9
54.3
55.4
56.0
56.3

Acceleration vs Angular position

Va ~ 5

fils

a :: IN
50

T---~~-4--~~~---~

I/)

1 -normal accel, ftsQ2 i

:! 40

1-

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

e,deg

-streamwise accel, '

fUs A2
- accel, ftlsA2

If. Iff

4.4 J

A fluid flows past a circular cylinder of

radius a with an upstream speed of V o as shown
in Fig. P4.41. A more advanced theory indicates
that if viscous effects are negligible, the velocity
of the fluid along the surface of the cylinder is
given by V = 2 Vo sin e. Determine the streamline
and normal components of acceleration on the
surface of the cylinder as a function of Va' a, and

FIGURE P4.41

e.

an--

V2

(2.

f( -

and

0.s=

6V

V().f=

Vo.sin8/- _ 'tVQ.2. ",n2. n

Q
a ~ r:7

V dV

~e

~B Ts

========
where ~~:::: 2 Yo cos e and
lJB
or rs

.s =: a8

Thus

=-L-

"

as::: (2'Vo sine)(ZVo cos(i)+ = ~ sinO cose

~.tj2"

4.4,2*

Use the results of Problem 4.41 to plot

graphs of as and an for 0 :5 :5 90 with V o =
10 m/s and a = 0.01, 0.10, 1.0, and 10.0 m.

Fro/?? Problem if. 'II

Th ese

C1n:= If.cJIo:l S ifl e C/nd t1.s ::

results with Vc,-.::/o! and a

"al4,/I. sine cos().

== 0.0/ J 0./ 0 ) /.0.1

and /0. Om

are plotted below.

e,

deg

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90

a =0.01 m a =0.10 m a =1.0 m a =10 m

2
2
2
as, fUs
as, fUs
as, fUs
as, fUs 2

0
3473
6840
10000
12856
15321
17321
18794
19696
20000
19696
18794
17321
15321
12856
10000
6840
3473
0

0
347
684
1000
1286
1532
1732
1879
1970
2000
1970
1879
1732
1532
1286
1000
684
347
0

0
35
68
100
129
153
173
188
197
200
197
188
173
153
129
100
68
35
0

0.00
3.47
6.84
10.00
12.86
15.32
17.32
18.79
19.70
20.00
19.70
18.79
17.32
15.32
12.86
10.00
6.84
3.47
0.00

(con't,
11--35

a =0.10 m a =0.10 m a =1.0 m a =10 m

an, fUs 2
an. fUs 2
an, fUs 2
an, fUs 2

0
304
1206
2679
4679
7144
10000
13160
16527
20000
23473
26840
30000
32856
35321
37321
38794
39696
40000

0
30
121
268
468
714
1000
1316
1653
2000
2347
2684
3000
3286
3532
3732
3879
3970
4000

0
3
12
27
47
71
100
132
165
200
235
268
300
329
353
373
388
397
400

0.00
0.30
1.21
2.68
4.68
7.14
10.00
13.16
16.53
20.00
23.47
26.84
30.00
32.86
35.32
37.32
38.79
39.70
40.00

(CO!) 'I)

100000

ES==:::E==t~

100000

B=:====:E===l

1000

t~_=~~~'=-=-=~~~=-,.-]

10000

1000
T--- -:-. --:---~
I

T-------~-

.Ie

,\

I '

- - - a =0.01 m

- - - a = 0.01 m

.\ .

--~;---'------~-

~.....---r-+:...,I------t---t---i

"

- a = 0.10 m

- - - - - a = 1.0 m
- - - -a =10. m

.Ie

i-

:, i

- - - - - a = 1.0 m

----a=10m

100

100

10

10

f-.r'--C/~~~~-~~~~-~.-~

:1

f--+<---_-;-~_+______i_----+----i--

II

r
o

50

e,deg

100

---a=0.1m

50

e, deg

100

4.4.3

Determine the x and y components of

acceleration for the flow given in Problem 4.6. If
c > 0, is the particle at point x = xo > 0 and
y = 0 accelerating or decelerating? Explain.
Repeat if Xo < O.

Since 11.== c(x"J._ y 2.) and v= -2 c xy if fo//ow.s fhaf

~
A
A
a
= 0xt +(JyJ

Clx ==1t +u-x +

or

Ox

h
were

v-W == c(x2--y')(~cx) +(-.2cxy)(-2CY)

=2c 2 X (x2.+y2)

and

Oy == ~ + u1f + vy0"

=c(x2.-y2.) (-2CY) +(-2cxy )(-2cx)

Qy == 2 c 2. y ( x" +y 2. )

For

X=X o

lJ.:::cx2.
o

an d

and

y::::O We obfain:

vr::O

Ox= 2C2. x:

Oy =0

Thlls J wilh c>o and Xo>O ;i foJJows

With

C >0

thai

u >0 J Ox >OJ i.e.~

the

flviJ l.s acceleratinq.

and xo~o if foJlo~.s fhat u > 0 J ax<o j t',8'J fhe
f /uirA is rJece/era1 if1g.

4-37

-fM

Water flows through the curved hose shown in Fig.

P4.44 with an increasing speed of V = lOt ft/s, where t is in
seconds. For t = 2 s determine (a) the component of acceleration along the streamline, (b) the component of acceleration
normal to the streamline, and (c) the net acceleration (magnitude
and direction).

o:.JI.

a)

hlJ f ~
dS =0

fdr a/I t.
b) On:::

2-

or

an} ::- .5"(")'- == 2.0if,.

t =2.;

c)

I}{ t ::= 2 s

or
J

a~J

==

Ii = Cis f

all

n =-

/0; .,. 2()

n~

[2.
Q.s + all"]~ ::: [1.
10 + 20 2.]~ == 2 2. -i' ?ff
and

e :: arcfo,n(M-) ; 63. fJ

tj-38

= 20 It

4.45
Water flows steadily through the funnel shown in Fig.
P4.45. Throughout most of the funnel the flow is approximately
radial (along rays from 0) with a velocity of V = clr2, where
r is the radial coordinate and c is a constant. If the velocity is
0.4 mls when r = 0.1 m, determine the acceleration at points
A and B.

o
FIGURE P4.4S

'1(-:::00 (i.e) fhe sfreaml ine.s

arB sfraigh t )

Thvs J

2.

_ (C )( 2..C) 2C
Qs-- ]"'2. -? :::: rs
o,I"m

At point _A2.!(Lfx/o-.3 sm )2. :::: 3 2. 0 l!!3

a.s -

(O.lm).b

's:L

0,11n

O,lm

2.

rOB = (0,1) +(0.06)

:: O. /167m

2-

4.46
Water flows through the slit at the bottom of a twodimensional water trough as shown in Fig. P4.46. Throughout
most of the trough the flow is approximately radial (along rays
from 0) with a velocity of V = clr, where r is the radial coordinate and c is a constant. If the velocity is 0.04 mls when
r = 0.1 m, determine the acceleration at points A and B.
FIGURE )'4.46

a~ :: an n +lls .s
A.

J\
J

h
V2.
were CAn = 1? =: 0 since

1?:= OD (,,~e~ the sfream Jine.s

are
h
V
C
n/so) a.s::: VT.S = - V1F Were ::: -;:
Since V== o.oq.!J- when r:::. O.lm if follow.s 1hat -.3
c::: Vr == ( o.oIfIp)(O.lm)::: 'fx/o-3:z. or V:::: 'f-x/o
r
~v

lJ

~v

-r,

Thvs,

as = -( ~ )0;1) =

IN poin! 1/:
(J
~

(lfxlO

m2.

~)

f2-

(O.Bm't

At point B :
~::;

-.3

-.3

= 3.13 x/o-5 4oS

m2. ~

(ifx/o :$")
(0. '}..rn) 3

sfraiqhf)

-3

= 2. oox /0

:sa.

!!l.
r
oS J whert~
c;;

rJ

Tn

thlf7

4.,47

Air flows from a pipe into the region

between two parallel circular disks as shown in
Fig. P4.1f7. The fluid velocity in the gap between
the disks is closely approximated by V = VoRlr,
where R is the radius of the disk, r is the radial
coordinate, and Vo is the fluid velocity at the edge
of the disk. Determine the acceleration for r =
1, 2, or 3 ft if Vo = 5 ft/s and R = 3 ft.

DX

J\

S/nce

Va::

5*

= -8,33~

4-JfI

~vo

1(:: 00 (t', eJ +he sireamJine.s

are .straighT. )

and R:=3f.J J V== Irs ~ J where rrvff

Q.s

Thvs _(YoR)(_ VoR) __ VrfR 2 _ _

a.s - r
/,,2
r3 - ,
fJl r:: / ff J (l.s == - 225 !is.

Af r=3 ff J

~,r

FIGURE P4. 47

'I

~ t ~PiPe

h Cln :::: 'ItV2 :: 0 since

a = an n + Qs S were
Also, as = V S : : V
where V:::: V~R
-

f+)"( )231 .. :=_

5':$

;3 fl3

'),.2,s
3

4. '1-8 Air flows from a pipe into the region between a circular disk and a cone as shown in Fig. P4.49. The fluid velocity
in the gap between the disk and the cone is closely approximated
by V = VaR21r2, where R is the radius of the disk, r is the
radial coordinate, and Va is the fluid velocity at the edge of the
disk. Determine the acceleration for,. = 0.5 and 2 ft if Va =
5 ftl sand R = 2 ft.

r----R-----+<.!
FIGURE P4.4S
2

h
V
a :::: an n + CI.s.s , were Cln == "1( -:: 0 smce
aV av ,were
h
V----;:r
\b R2.
AJ so) O.s -- Vr.s
- V1"F
-

Thvs
~(~) (_ 2. Vo3 R2.) = _
as
r2.
r

2. '" ~ RI/-

r- 5

lit r ::o.sH J O.s = -2.5)600 ~

4-42.

:::

'f<::co (e:e'.l fhe .s+ream/ine.s

are .sfra iq hi)
.fl

2.

2-(5 s) (20ft)
.s .cl"s

TT

If

__
-

800

where

.fi
s
rNf-j

4.4Q
Water flows through a duct of square cross section as
shown in Fig. P4.4Qwith a constant, uniform velocity of V =
20 m/s. Consider fluid particles that lie along line A-B at time
t = O. Determine the position of these particles, denoted by line
A' -B', when t = 0.20 s. Use the volume of fluid in the region
between lines A-B and A'-B' to determine the flowrate in the
duct. Repeat the problem for fluid particles originally along line
C -D; along line -F. Compare your three answers.

B'

A'

FIGURE P4.4Q

Since V is cons/ani Ii) time and sptlce J all parfic/e.s on line IJB
move a disfal/ce f -:: V At :d(:2o-!;) (o.2.s) =Lf/J'J from t ==0 10 f~ O.2.s
3
Thv-s, the volume of ABA'O' l.s ~8A~' = (o.Stn)~(LfIn) :::/.00 m
so thQt
3
=
~8t~1
=
1.00 m ::: S.O ~3
Q
0.2s

Simdar/y from t==o fot==o.2..s fhe {Ivirl a/ol/9 JilJes CD and EF

move fo C'/)' and E'r;respecfiveV. II/so, ~DC~/:::: ~F$~I ::: ~BJ981
so fhat weobfat'n Q::: ft : : 5.fJ!f re9ardlcss which line we consiclel'.
'1-.50
20 m/s

4.50

Repeat Problem 4.4 qif the velocity profile is linear fromlO to 20 mls across the duct as
shown in Fig. P4.50.

A'

10 m/s

FI GURE P4.S 0

From

t ==0 fo

I:~ 0.2$

the parficle imtially ai B fravels a distance

1B : : Ve At ::: (20.!p- ) (o.2.s) ='f-m as Sholll/} wht'/e one af II/ravels a
Jisiance If/ ~ ~ At r:::~o-) (o.'1.s) == ~m. Since the '1e/ocdy prutlle
is linear i/ne 198 remaiIJSsfraI9h.. blll ..h11.s..;..10Iinell.ll~ TAvs
!he VOIllfll8 of flvid cros.silJ9 the in//;4/ IIIIe III ;'s
J

t:SB1A' :::

so that
IJ::
If

(iA of J8 )

~BB~I =
- .6t

II ::; i: (2 m +'1-111) (0. Sin /. ;: 0.7 ",3

t'

__F"-----ft
J

O.7S m
O.1-s

:::

3.75

d
oS

F.Or any cvrved line F (which /noves fo 'FI)

'

~FF~' :: ~BB'R' sO thai the same I/oillme f/oUlrtJie) Q, is obfained

for allY l/nB cunsidered.
lJ-'f3

?': 5 I

r~---------~Control

1-

-~.!"r_~~: /Sluice gate

surface

In the region just downstream ~f a slui~e ?at~, the w~- '~~i:

Vb = 3 ftlS~1
t~r may develop, a r~ver~e flow reg~on as IS. mdlcated m,' .... ..'
~-------:-:::i=--7-~ ,.J ~~'"i=~.---': ~
FIg. P4.51 and Vldl'O \141.:-. The velocIty profile IS assumed to I ., '\'
".~. ~.. A~ .. ' 1.8 ft
consist of two uniform regions, one with velocity V" = 10 fps
, '
~ ~': ' . '
!
and the other with V/J = 3 fps. Determine the net flowrate of \................ ' . '. --..... ct,..;:::~ ...... 1.2 ft
water across. the porti?n of the control surface at section (2) if
.... r7~/.
--",. ~
;,-:t-?,;
the channel IS 20 ft wIde.
(1)
(2)

"'.51

VV. .

Va = 10 ftls

FIGURE P4.5'

= (10

Q-

if) (J.2.ft)(:J.olf)

_ /32

L{.. s 2.

/4.52

fI.3

oS

At time t = 0 the valve on an initially

empty (perfect vacuum, p = 0) tank is opened
and air rushes in. If the tank has a volume of -Vo
and the density of air within the tank increases
bt
FOr
J
]
so

t ~o

cJM

p::. Po [I - e
-bt

Thvs} df == po ~ b e

-(3!f )(J,Bff)(;'()ffJ

as p = p.,(1 - e- bl ), where b is a constant, determine the time rate of change of mass within
the tank.

fhai M::: mtJss of air /n tanK

=

eVa :::f'oVo [I-e- bt ]

4.5'1- :
4.5+

Air enters an elbow with a uniform speed of 10 mls

as shown in Fig. P4.S4. At the exit of the elbow the velocity
profile is not uniform. In fact, there is a region of separation or
reverse flow. The fixed control volume ABeD coincides with
the system at time t = O. Make a sketch to indicate (a) the
system at time t = 0.01 sand (b) the fluid that has entered and
exited the control volume in that time period.

Control volume

c
15 m/s

From i =0 to t:::: O.O/s parlic/es IIJ BJ ~ D and. E /!J()ve the

followin9 distances:
~::: ~ dt -:: (10.!Jl- ) (o.o/s) :: 0./ m :: OD
J

JB -:: Va Ji:: (5!j) (o,o/.s) =0.05 m

6c~

'!cit:: (J5~) (o.OJS)

=0./517)

and

a =0
E

Thv.s fluid. a/on9 lines /JIJ

fill;' ana B'E'c' shown be/()w,
J

1J1Jd.

BEe ori9in(J/~ moves 10 lines

O./m

-1

D ,\:_
I.. '\I J)I ...... -..;;

- - - - .sysfem at 1::::0

- - - - system

at

i :::0.0/

//// {Iu/J -IhaT exHed con1rol

volume

\ \ \ \ flvid tho" entered. cunlrol

volvme

4-Jf5

'1-.55

.f.55
A layer of oil flows down a vertical plate as shown in
Fig. P4.55 with a velocity of V = (Vo/h 2) (2Ju - .xl) j where
Vo and h are constants. (a) Show that the fluid sticks to the plate
and that the shear stress at the edge of the layer (x = h) is zero.
(b) Determine the flowrate across surfaceAB. Assume the width
of the plate is b. (Note: The velocity profile for laminar flow
in a pipe has a similar shape. See Vidt.'o V6.(t.)

Plate ~

A----~---~~~-~-----B

a)

fir

==~(2h)(-X2.)

Thus)
/1T

I = i- (0 - 0)

Oil

and

== 0

1+----,.- h - -

X==O

1i/=JJ{r[2h -2xj '"' ()

' / =,#
x=:h
x=h

x=h

f/ence) fhe flvid sficKs 10 the p/tJfe and there is no shear

slress al .Jhe free S{)rf4c.e.

x=n

b) IilIiB

'"

JIlT dlJ:= J/If" bJx =f.}a (2hx _X2) b a'x

x=o

or

Vo b [h X2. -:3J x3 /
Q118 -- V

()

hb
-- 1::.
3 \I
Vo

If. 56
V1

4.56
Water flows in the branching pipe shown in Fig. P4.S6
with uniform velocity at each inlet and outlet. The fixed control
volume indicated coincides with the system at time t = 20 s.
Make a sketch to indicate (a) the boundary of the system at time
t = 20.2 s, (b) the fluid that left the control volume during that
0.2-s interval, and (c) the fluid that entered the control volume
during that time interval.

V3

2.5 m/s

- - - Control volume

FIGURE P4.56

V/.s consf4nf J the flvrd trovels a disitmce i == VJt

fime At, Thus -'t:::: Vt of :: (2.J}!-) ('20. -2.0)05 = O./ftn
12.. = V:l. Jt = (1 -P) (zo, - ')..o)s :::: O,2m
and 1,3;;: ~ U = ( 2.5 !f) (').0. - ')..o)..s = 0.50 m
The sy.sfem of f == 2-O.2.~ and fhe {Iuid fhal has eIJlercd or
exiled. the conlrol volume are indicafed in fhe {''lure below.
Since

confroJ volume

------- -- sysfem at i=20,2s

117

2 m/s

*S7
Two liquids with different densities and viscosities fill
the gap between parallel plates as shown in Fig. P4.57. The bottom plate is fixed; the top plate moves with a speed of 2 ft/s.
The velocity profile consists of two linear segements as indicated. The fixed control volume ABeD coincides with the system at time t = O. Make a sketch to indicate (a) the system at
time t = 0.1 s and (b) the fluid that has entered and exited the
. control volume in that time period.
..LSi

II FIGURE P4.57

The flv/J af y ~ - 0.'1-11 (Ihe hoflom pia Ie ) relJlaifls slafiP/JdflY.

AI y::: 0 fhe flvid speed is I,.s fflr .$'f) -fhaf af fjlbe t ~ 0,10$ ;/ A4s
fYJDved 10 -Ihe rifJhl 4 d;slance X:: Vt:: /.s # (o,/s) ::: o.lsll. In
Ihe sahJe I;",e periOd Ihe fop p/IJ'/e anrllhe fluid sff)ci If) il has
/hoI/sri a di.rt4fJCe X ~ 2. !f (OJls) -;:: 0.2 If. Since fhe velOCity prof/Ie
is piec,ewire //neat) Ihe enJ.r () f the sysfeM 1I1t// /hove.,jt7 IhtJr
Jines- At; 4"rJ, Be ~emain straiqh-l, This is ilJdicated in the.skeloh below.
y

~2H

41#

rAl
ID ID I
AI!" r--~~-= --- ~-~--~ f/viJfhq,t

-:1
rlIJidfh4+
entered
con1(IfJ I

.---r_~/:
V/:

'

VO/fllYJe

ex/fed
vo/Vti/e

co"'~1

,X
r //

l-r.

.-J\I

(f

I-

~; 0, IS
\' 0, IS ft
B ~; --= -:....=- -=-=-- =-= --=-- -=-=- --=-- d Co ~ C I

cOlliro/ vO/llf11e
----- - - - - - sysfem af I ~o,J.s

~,se

4.5 Q
Water is squirted from a syringe with a speed of V =
5 m/s by pushing in the plunger with a speed of Vp =
0.03 m/s as shown in Fig. P4.S8. The surface of the deforming
control volume consists of the sides and end of the cylinder and
the end of the plunger. The system consists of the water in the
syringe at t = 0 when the plunger is at section (1) as shown.
Make a sketch to indicate the control surface and the system
when t = 0.5 s.

.. ".' ~ . ' V

(1)

r--

O.08

= 5 m/s

I
m--J

FIGURE P4.E9

DIJriIJ9 the i == 0.5s lime irderval fhe p/lJnger moves ~:::: Vp Jt :::O.OJ5/r).
and fhe waferiIJ/lio/1y af Ihe exd moves 12.::: V6i ::::2..!5m. The
corresponrJifJ9 confrol surfaces and systems af t=:O t1nd t= O.ES
S hOWl) in fhe fl9vre be/rJU/.

"

.....

,:

....

,-:. : .. .,' '......

'r:::.' :.....:.::.,:/J
"

..

110..

..

~~.:.~.;t!!.. =:.-~L.~;"T"':'"",'T.- ":'":-:-- ..........-.- - .- "-- .-.,'-',-"j.,..-:-:""".-' . . . ,.,.....

~ -.~~~-:-.~
..... "
~

....... :, ..................... : .... ,

l- "~~:....:. fI) I..

2 . .5

O.06.5m

O.OBm

control Vo/()me af t= 0.5.$

system 41

f=0.55

/1-, s9
4.59
Water enters a 5-ft-wide. loft-deep channel as shown
in Fig. P4.59. Across the inlet the water velocity is 6 ft/s in
the center portion of the channel and I ft/s in the remainder
of it. Farther downstream the water flows at a uniform 2 ft/s
velocity across the entire channel. The fixed control volume
ABeD coincides with the system at time t = O. Make a sketch
to indicate (a) the system at time t = 0.5 s and (b) the fluid
that has entered and exited the control volume in that time
period.

6fUsl----

", .".......................... Control surface

II FIGURE P4.59

DtJrin9 the l :::0,5 s I/m8 1,,/el'lItJ/ the Ilv/rJ ff;a! was a/()119
//n8 Be Af lime t=o h4J' m()vea I() /he rl?111 III dirfaJlce
J. ;: Vi::: 2 f1 ((j,ss) ::: / If, Si/IJilri"IyJ porfions oflhe
fluid a/on9 Iills AD have fHPved J.::: 1# (o,s-.sJ ::= (),sll
()nd 1.::: b!/- (0, s) ~ ~ fl. TIJ/s 4.5'.[(//118$ fhe
and,

/!!

6 ij flvid streallJs d() !'Jof nl/x Dr IAlcrmillf/R t:/vril'J91lJe

(), s time lidel'va/. See ftf;tll'e be/ow.

~J

I:::: - --=-=- =-=-- -=-= - ~ --:-:. - =-=-- - -r..:. -; ~:

"1

"

l'

.. , J

.'-"~-

r':

:"'1
1::.= _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1> \-D

----------

f/vid fH41

exiler./,

cOfJ/~/

VOIV/H8

'I

.',1
~ I

_":'_1

-c

Iff

..

;.'

f>.:------.-..: ....... o.,sH

J

"',:---

~r' I
\'. '.' ~

""'1

Vo/u,"e

',t

flfJid tha14f;:
en fe red.
~ :;fr::..:... ~
coniroJ
1:-:",. ':- ,~ ,.-..I.

..

8'

fixed con/I'o/ volt/me

___________ sysfem af 1::0.5s

4--50

'1-.60 1
4,60

Water flows through the 2-m-wide rectangular channel

shown in Fig. P4.60 with a uniform velocity of 3 m/s. (a) Directly integrate Eq. 4.16 with b = I to determine the mass
flowrate (kg/s) across section CD of the control volume. (b)
Repeat part (a) with b = 1/ p, where p is the density. Explain
the physical interpretation of the answer to part (b).

V= 3 m/s

r+

Control surface

a)

Bow == S rb v~ rAil

/) D

i I

cSouf

-"

Wilh b =/ and Vn

==

VC()s{) Ihis becomes / ; ~n

c

Bf = SoV cos f) dA =-~V cose SJ,/}

O/)

v_. .

c/)'

CD

=pV c~B

ACJ)

IIcD ::: 1, (2"')

_(0,5 Ih)(').fYJ )
- -

where

CfJ,r8

b) With b:::
Bout

J/p

f'O)

~ v~ dfl
CD

becomes

=J Vcosf) dlJ:::

Vcose lie/)

Gl>

=(3~)cosf) (~();8)n/

m3

:: 3.00-:S

Wilh b'" Vp = ~) = !:~ if {,fj,w.s fhal '8 ~ V,//lJfle'

vol

(i.e:; b = -!a.r,s) .so fha! f V'n till ::: B,uI refJI'8seIJIs fhe f/O/{)1fI9
f/ollr""fe C",3/s) frolll fhe cOld!'(;! 1f)/PIfIO.

ii-51

(I)

'f . (, I

I
15 ft/s

4.61
The wind blows across a field with an appro;(i matc
velocity profile as shown in Fig. P4.6 1. Use Eq. 4. 16 wi th the
parameter b equal to the velocity to determine the momentum
fl owrale across the vertica l surface A- B. which is of un it depth

inlo the paper.

FIGURE P4.61

y"20fi

- f ~Vt)[ MH'] (lWely

y.O
o

-#

Buf, V= ;~y
for o~y~loff(i.. , V;o,,+y,Oj V='S'~alrlo)
and V; Is1f For y",o(l

- - fr[ J(1fyfdy SostJy]

Thus,

,0

2D

'

10

fF[2.1.s

fl + 2~ YI ]
0

10

=0.00238 S;7s [750 :( + 2250

~'],

If-52

,.

5/
S.l
Water flows into a sink as shown in Vidt'H V5.1 and
Fig. P5.1 at a rate of 2 gallons per minute. Determine the average velocity through each of the three 0.4 in. diameter overflow holes if the drain is closed and the water level in the sink
remains constant.
Three O.4-in. diameter
overflow
Q = 2 gal/min

for

the

FIGURE PS.1

confrD/ vo/vme

indt'caTeJ,
0 .. 00'1-'1-

lj-.1
/,70 1i
s

5-1

5.2
Various types of attachments can be used with the shop
vac shown in Video V5.:. Two such attachments are shown in
Fig. PS .2-a nozzle and a brush. The flowrate is I ftl/s. (a)
Determine the average velocity through the nozzle entrance, V.
(b) Assume the air enters the brush attachment in a radial di
rection all around the brush with a velocity profile that varies
linearly from 0 to Vb along the length of the bristles as shown
in the figure . .D~temtine the value of Vb'

FIGURE PS.2

rlJ ='41z

(a)

Thvs,
II, V, =' Qz

Of'

so

v"

= "f S. 8

~=

.fj

lind Q3': ~ 113 where

Q" =' / .fl'
s
ayerage velocify at (3) = Vb

113 =' 7T lJ, h3

Thvs,

-} v;, [17 (ft Fil (# fi l]

Yo

='

2M

=/

#-

5 - '2-..

i/,

Of'

5.3
Water flows into a rain gutter on a house as shown in
Fig. PS.3 and in Vidl'O \'1.0.3 at a rate of 0.0040 ft 3/s per foot
of length of the gutter. At the beginning of the gutter (x = 0)
the water depth is zero. (a) If the water flows with a velocity
of 1.0 ftls throughout the entire gutter, determine an equation
for the water depth, h, as a function of location, x. (b) At what
location will the gutter overflow?

(a) Ft7V the,

Q in

==

(Cl1M

h::

.shown

IV)

-the sketch abdVe

Qo~f

(O.ooLJ-O ~/1) (x
~o

VO/lAme.

if)

0.012 X

h :: 2. ff
J~

So

.L f+

~, 012

I)"

x -...

10.g

f+

5'_ 3

5. if

;
/

~b

504 .
Air ~ows steadily between two cross sections in a long.
straight section of O.l-m inside-diameter pipe. The static temperature and pressure at each section are indicated in Fig. P5.4.
If the average air velocity at section (1) is 205 mis, determine
the average air velocity at section (2).

Section (1)

PI = 77 kPa (abs)

P2 = 45 kPa (abs)
T2 = 240 K

TI = 268 K
VI

=205 rnIs

II FIGURE PS.4

This

C/;1aly.fis

For

steady

Is sl-"'i/(J~ ~ flte. dJ1e ()f' Cxtll11pJe 5:2.

/kw i>elweeY7 $ecl-/tJns

(I) and (2)

WI,.. - I'h I
or
.oA V ::
/ .).

,2;'"

~
1/

A. V

Thu5
V=

--

(I)

2..

ul1der +J,e UJi1dihilns of f~i.s

AS$um/"!J t-haf
behllj/e~

a~

we

~~~ !i~.
~

C owrb/n/nJ
we. gef

Vz. = p,

('deal 9a5

Ihe
(2.)

P T
.,.

U$e

ClIT

date (E~. /.8) 10 get-

etjutrHoYl of

,.,

ie/eal gt/5'

Cin

,Pl7Jblel11/

Etjs.

'3/1- t.f 7j !!!.

5

V,

anti 2.

411&1

observ/~

:. (11k fa.(abJ )] ('2'1-0 J< )

[ ,/5 --APt;. (u105 )](268 k)

Mal

(-Z(}5

~)

5.5

The wind blows through a 7 ft x 10 ft garage door

opening with a speed of 5 ft/ s as shown in Fig. P5.5. Determine the average speed, V, of the air through the two 3 ft X 4 ft
openings in the windows.

!').:')

OS.~ I!",: Tits.

16 ft

10 ft

1~~1:30'
II-- - - - - 2 2 f t - - - - - - !

roy-

sfeady

or

Q.9a~e
ad"Y'
A
V
-'Jt1tr1fe 1'Jf?Y'Mt%/ -It,
a r
,1U'a.9e. 4"OY'
c)(J

v:

hie ()..~je ~~eJ)

Aa/t.aAe. VMt"",,~

$0

V:'~

t1
df
+r,

w~"drJw

FIGURE PS.S

V + A,

iJlmeifMI

fhe ~/r

III1'"4.'It

boY'

tI

5.6
5.6
A hydroelectric turbine passes If million gal/min
through its blades. If the average velocity of the flow in the
circular cross-section conduit leadin2: to the turbine is not to
exceed 30 ft/s. determine the minim~m allowable diameter of
the conduit.

I=or

IncompreSSible

CtJndJlif

flow

through fhe conduif a#d fur6ine.

C (HId 1.1if

ana

-~oYldui-f

d CtJMu/f
d

Cf)ndui f

::

I~rs ff

5-5

4 )( /0 6~
min

( Lj. ) (/,

ft/'

5.7

5.7
The cross-sectional area of the test section of a large
water tunnel is 100 ft2. For a test velocity of 50 ftls, what volume flow rate capacity in gal/min is needed?

~~AV

Q:= OO(){fJ.)(50

! )(7.~P: ~
ff-]

)1/
/
)
(t"O ~
m/n

5-7

' ,

5.8
A hydraulic jump (see Video \,10.5) is in place downstream from a spill-way as indicated in Fig. P5.8. Upstream of
the jump, the depth of the stream is 0.6 ft and ~he average stream
velocity is 18 ft/ s. Just downstream of the Jump, the average
stream velocity is 3.4 ft/s. Calculate the depth of the stream, h,
just downstream of the jump.

(2.)

,
I

'h

Ft,y

5feady

,;" coYJlfpfesj;6le

FIGURE

flow belween

sech'()n~ (/ )QJ/1d(Z)

Q, = 0.2.
Or

V,-A ,=

Thus

~ hi
and

h=
2.

- h. _

l{

( / 8 !j.) (0. 6 1+) =

(3,tf ~-f)

5-$

~ 3.4ft/s

3, /8

-ff

conf"ol V"/U1't1.e,

5. q

A water jet pump (see Fig. P5. q) involves a jet cross section area of 0.01 m 2, and a
jet velocity of 30 m/s. The jet is surrounded by
entrained water. The total cross section area associated with the jet and entrained streams is
0.075 m2 These two fluid streams leave the pump
thoroughly mixed with an average velocity of 6
.m/s through a cross section area of 0.075 m2
Determine the pumping rate (i.e., the entrained
fluid flowrate) involved in liters/ s.

V3 .:: 6
V, ::
r----'--;f---;P--~. 30 m/s
jet
I
su+io,,~) I

FIGURE P5.

For sfeady in compre$sib/e flow -I-hl'ough +he.. COfJ~/ volume

0-,

Q.2. = QJ

or

V, AI +

Q:7.

Thus

Q2

'V;A 3

V,A,

/50 trIer)

m/s

5./0

5.10

Water enters a cylindrical tank through

two pipes at rates of 250 and 100 gal/min (see
Fig. PS.lO). If the level of the water in the tank
remains constant, calculate the average velocity
of the flow leaving the tank through an 8-in.inside diameter pipe.

--------

Section (2)

Q2 =
250

gal/min~

Section (3)

FIGURE P5.10

For :'feady and /11 compress/hIe flow

0. 3

= QJ + Q2,.

or-/

1;d2
-"3

L.f

250 ~I'J'I1 ')(231

Vi.)
gal A60 ~AIz
!:!:..3 V.i.

;n.

J?'11;,

If

f+
~ fuel in

5./1
5.11

At cruise conditions, air flows into a jet

engine at a steady rate of 65 lbm/s. Fuel enters
the engine at a steady rate of(!J.60 Ibm/s. The
average velocity of the exhaust gases is 1500 ft/s
relative to the engine. If the engine exhaust effective cross section area is 3.5 ftl, estimate the
density of the exhaust gases in Ibm/ft3.

For

I~
I exhoIJ.S-I
~~==~~-~-~-~-~!OS6

conh-o I

sfeody flow

VtJlume

or

Ij A3 ~ :::
Thus
~

111,

m-tfYI
I

+- m..2,

2.

65 ~

+-

O.

CO

!?

(3. 5 ~+2) (/500

5'- 10

fJ )

(J"f

5.IL
5.12

Air at standard atmospheric conditions

is drawn into a compressor at the steady rate of
30 m3 /min.The compressor pressure ratio, PexiJ
Pinle!' is 10 to 1. Through the compressor pi pn
remains constant with n = 1.4. If the average
velocity in the compressor discharge pipe is not
to exceed 30 mis, calculate the minimum discharge pipe diameter required.

seclion(t) (inlef)

, --'r--------

----.I,

secl/on(Z)

I c'mf~1 (eX)f),:
, VtJ!u/tJe.
~i-----1I~--7

compressor

FoY' sfeady
,
.
m,.... =f}?I

flow

;:

or
-V
f!A
:2
~
2-

50

d2.

di.tc/1drj.
pipe

(L
I

Q,
:=

-1r ~
~

(;' yo;

d 2 ::: 0.004 m

5, / I

30 PlII'/
~

/0

fil1ally

:3

--'- (

30!j-

60~

min

5/3
Two rivers merge to form a larger river as shown in
Fig. PS.13. At a location downstream from the junction (before
the two streams completely merge), the nonuniform velocity
profile is as shown. Determine the value of V.

fhe..

U$e
IYJ

fne

CI/YJ1Y?J1 VO/vln1C 5h~wn

s ke I-c-t-t ab(}Ve.. {tie nole

((/Y)s~(Vtvf/on

gelmI

+VYl 2

oA v

fha!

brol<ey, //ne.s
m::: f A V {;Ir'Jc1

of masS' fY/YJl1pJe

_ m

wit1J1~

3 -

Y11

().fv

t-

fA0.1 II0.2 V

fA z. ~2 ..

tv1

vve..

+ f A\I

=(50ftJ(3ff)(3f! t(iM! {Slf)ftft)

('Yo.ft){6ff)(o, '6)t (7()ff}{i H)

363

=-

ti

5-/2

5./tt
Section (1)

5.14
Oil having a specific gravity of 0.9 is pumped as
illustrated in Fig. P5.14 with a water jet pump (see Vi(ko V3.6).
The water volume flowrate is 2 m3/s. The water and oil mixture has an average specific gravity of 0.95. Calculate the rate,
in m3/s, at which the pump moves oil.

Section (2)

Water
and
oil
mix
(SG = 0.95)

Oil (SG = 0.9)

{or sfeadJ flow

FIGURE P5.1tf

m+m
,
A.

Or
~~ +

A/50 I

t Qz. =

Since

Q"

Comb/nt'nJ

I? Q,

(I)

fhe wakv and oil /11ay be.

Qz

-f

Ij Q3

9.$. /

a/l7d

we

If ({), f

(jef

0( 2

or

SGzQ,

= 5G J

(Of

Qz)

Qnd
Q'2.

Q,

1- 5G3 )

SG 3 - 5G 2-

Thus

::

(1- ;3)( / _ 0.95)

O.9S -

Ii, clJrnlre/61e.

(2)

Q3

+ /} Qz

QI +

cOh.$t'de red

:::

2.00

:!!. J
s

0,90

5- /3

5/~

Air at standard conditions enters the compressor

shown in Fig. P5.15 at a rate of 10 ft 3 / s. It leaves the tank
through a 1.2-in.-diameter pipe with a density of 0.0035
3
slugs/ft and a uniform speed of 700 ft/s. (a) Determine the
rate (slugs/s) at which the mass of air in the tank is increasing
or decreasing. (b) Determine the average time rate of change of
air density within the tank .

- --

.,.-----

Tank volume = 20 ft3

-~\
1.2

In.

! _

700 ftls

- - - - -r b.0035

W; ff"n the hyo/< ~YJ //nc5.

c (/y}se. '(VCi -h'dY) of m~>s prj ~/-e we !}ef

use the.. CtJrl-lrvl

(oj ~

D MJ'(!

+ne
_

vtJ/umf:.

-1"7 [ I

_~

Dt-

f)iJ1WJ = 0.00'15
[)t

(h)

oMs-ys
Pt-

So

~
Of

slugs!ft3

O{f

~/}CJ..-L)

01At-

c,~

SIll!!

'" "'Yea.! J'!}

~r~ ) = V$,s

Ot
:::

A V
Out

(Jur

0.00 LfS{

r OLAi

In

r!J.J
J"

De
Dt

:::

o. ooLf56

6.00'fS
20 ff'?

~>fI

5-/'1-

s!t{.J
.s

~/Lf!J

.s
-tf
2ZPXI0 51'1J

I'f~

>

5.16

An appropriate turbulent pipe flow velocity profile is

V =

lie

'rn

(R ;

where lie = centerline velocity, , = local radius,

R = pipe radius, and i = unit vector along pipe
centerline. Determine the ratio of average velocity, u, to centerline velocity lie for (a) 11 = 4; (b)
n = 6; (c) n =8; (d) n = 10

For'"

Ii?

any
=

sec lion

CYOSS

,..oA u

cross seclion
ayec<

area

J,P v. ndA
A

A/50
~

.J..

~A

.A

V. n ; V. l = uc
for

u.

lIni~rm/y dislribufed

Io

f<

u (RC

Uc

t:)

R /

dA == 2rrr dr
densify / ~ over Cltet/ A

Z1rrdr

and
-

(R,/)

11

..1-

f f -; )(~)d(;)
o

fA.
lie

if-

0.71 f

0.79/

10

0.866

5-/5

2 n7.
2n2.+

3n

5,/7

5.17 The velocity and temperature profiles

for one circular cross section in laminar pipe flow
of air with heat transfer are

where the unit vector

and

The

i is

=/t

-l.

Te [ 1 +

i (;r - ~ (;)]

The subscript c refers to centerline value. r =

local radius, R = pipe radius and T = local temperature. Show how you would evaluate the mass
flowrate through this cross section area.

along the pIpe aXIs,

15

f/OWYfJ/e

1'h~~J

/'

vn dA

/?;r

acft;y as

(Ur

tin

ideq/ !ftlJ'

P
f
RJ
IIlr

f~y

dA
ThU5
fY1

Ciy~/qj"

a..,

---- fir

217'rdr
/?

()

and
h1

oJ'ea.

cr()S5, feelloY!

ror

[I - f; )2] Zfr r

dr

II,;,

a ul1ikm!J til;h--i6u Ie rI

=21ft~
~i,-r:::

J
~

fJ [

I<

'1

[I - (;) ]
Iff (I /--

sIalic

ieft)

;(;)7

If we

Ii

fhen
O.7(!)/

5-/6

pYe5SLlye

5 .I~ * To measure the mass flowrate of air

through a 6-in.-inside diameter pipe, local velocity data are collected at different radii from the
pipe axis (see Table). Determine the mass flowrate corresponding to the data listed below.

r (in.)

Axial Velocity (ft/s)

30
29.71
29.39
29.06
28.70
28.31
27.89
27.42
26.90
26.32
25.64
24.84
23.84
22.50
20.38
18.45
16.71
14.66
0

o
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
2.9
2.95
2.98
3.00

The

W1 a>

In :::

> flowvlJ.k

calCM.LaIe.d. w/tt.

Is

;OfA

21ir-dr

R ::
p=

0.00238

U:: 1~CtJ.{

slu9
f+3

ax.la! ve.{dci+y ifl ff

S'

r :: I oCd. I yadiu.s ,;' j".

and

f~

11 rd r

/5 (. va./u.a. leo! IJUfltU;c.a.tI~ w; fI1 fk ~rJIJ"d.().1 'rule

()

wi/t1. une1tA.M
l'flJblern

IS

J;"~v().ls.

II~ led

On

Thf!-

the

COY/ltp/A,~

Y1ex. t-

pa.je. .

(con't)
5-/7

PW)(I Y a/V\.

u.s~d

ro

Jollie

/his

Ii. J~

(coi'1'f)

100 CL:-:;
110 PRINT " t::.t -* ;t:.:t *:t: * t: -* :j:: *-:t)< :*--:t:>I::t:
.i'- :t:i t* :t,;r:t :t.* .~.- i-*;I; i:
:tt
*_:.t i, t"
1.2' 0 F)F~ I 17r "of.-;f: Thit:. program c:omputes the ma:=;;s flow rac:e
;t,,~"
130 F'F~II~T ,,** for problem 5,16 using the trapezoidal rule it"
r.
FPIKT ")::+: applied to unequal intervah:..
*t"
150 PF'INT ":t.***.********** i:***:t;*:*****:t** ***:t *i~ t.:;j::t::t.*******:Lt.:t"
160 PF:IIH

-1

*** **

**

1\

1.~U

170 DIN U(19),

180
190
200
210

R(19)

'
'Initialize the variables
N = 19
RHO = .00238

220 P I = 4!

* ATN ( l! )

230 FOR I = 1 TO N
240 READ R < I ), U ( I )
250 R(I) = R(I) / 12!
260 NEXT I
270 DATA 0,0, 30.00,
280 DATA 0.8, 28.70,
290 DA~A 1,6, 26.90,
300 DATA 2.4, 23.84,
310 DA~A 2,95,16.71,

0.2,
1.0,

29.71,
28.31,

I.e, 26.32,
2.6, 22.50,
2.ge,14.66,

O. 4,
1. Co,
'"'
2. 0,
Co.
" 8J

29. 3:;, ~
27. 89,
?h
64,
20. 38,

.:::)

00. 00

. 0,

"- ...J

O. 6,

.... 4,
1

'-'

. '-',
':I

2. 9,

29. 06

27. 42
24. e-416. 71

'~::'.!=,rnpute integral using trapezoidal rule

340 FOR I = 2 TO N
350 SUM = SUM~(U(I-l)*R(I-l)+U(I)*R(I*{R(I)-R(I-l)/2!
:~:3C

:,6;) NEXT

:::',,(,0 Jl1DOT
3130 '

F~HO

* 2! * PI * SUM

3g0 'Print the results

400 PRINT
410 PRINT USING "The mass flow rate is ##.#### slugs/s";

*************************************************
** This program computes the mass flow rate **

**
**

for pr oblem 5. 18 usi ug the trapezo idal rule

applied to unequal intervals.

**
**

*************************************************

The mass flow rate is

0.0114 slugs/s

5-/8

MDOT

5/9
As shown in Fig. P5.19, at the entrance to a 3-ft-wide
channel the velocity distribution is uniform with a velocity V.
Further downstream the velocity profile is given by u = 4\' 2l. where u is in ft/s and y is in ft. Determine the value ~f V.

Use the U/YJ~/ V~/ume

if, e s k-elvh a hwe .
~

~ CIfYJ.J'-ervt( -h'or-- of

CL

'1 AI

Q1..

LA

3{~.7)

/'I?ClSS

pYj'y}c/pJe

ff

flly - 2y':J b dy

dfJ

A2.

V (iJ.7Sff) b

by /he hY1J/<.eYl //YJe.J

iJ101/cttkd

(J

fi!2_

/ If

2y311>=
3

/.78'

Ft
oS

/)

3
fb 11
s
:3

J/J

5.20
Section (2)

5.20

Flow of a viscous fluid over a flat plate

surface results in the development of a region of
reduced velocity adjacent to the wetted surface
as depicted in Fig. P5.20. This region of reduced
flow is called a boundary layer. At the leading
edge of the plate, the velocity profile may be
considered uniformly distributed with a value U.
All along the outer edge of the boundary layer,
the fluid velocity component parallel to the plate
surface is also U. If the x direction velocity profile
at section (2) is

Section (1)

~u

Outer edge

of
boundary
layer

1
FIGURE PS.20

develop an expression for the volume flowrate

through the edge of the boundary layer from the
leading edge to a location downstream at x where
the boundary layer thickness is b.

From +he

Conservt) lioY!

II()w fh J"()u.1h rhe

of-

con/nJ /

"""ttSS

prlnc.iple.

vo I t.l ",., C

sitown

have.

/1'7

-::;..

6/

- 1~

-.l

'I.

\/. n

dA

A2

::::

Ovtd

tn

WIdth

()f ~c

p/afe

fhus

t:

61

1 7JJ. b
8

5-Z0

C<.ppl/ed fr;

,;., fhc

fk.

/igul'e

5.22.
5.22
How long would it take to fill a cylindrical shaped swimming pool having a diameter
ofIf) m to a depth of 1.5 m with water from a
garden hose if the fiowrate is 1.0 liter/s?

defu.rm;IIJ
c.onfrt; I
V() il,,( fYt.e

From appl/cah'on

Iv fhe.

of fhe

volume

COrllro1

COl'7hlY-J

'ny

CJf

J?!1.tlS$"

wak-r only

Cf S

principle
$hown ,;"

have

we

c,onservo,h'oVi

r V. n dA
J('
-l

/\

==

cs

FOr Incontpres.si6le flow

Thus
-t

or

2-

trJ) fa

==

11 (IDYl") 1. (;.5"",) (lOCO

::=----if Q.

tf

(1. 0

~)

I ;e~) (?600tf )

1
5"- 2. J

5.2.3

5.23
The Hoover Dam backs up the Colorado River and creates Lake Mead, which is approximately 115 miles long and has
a surface area of approximately 225 square miles. (See \jdl'o
\'2.3.) If during flood conditions the Colorado River flows into
the lake at a rate of 45,000 cfs and the outflow from the dam is
8,000 cfs, how many feet per 24-hour day will the lake level rise?

Fa r the

cont ('0 I volt/lYle .shoWfJ:

min - moul ==
,

k f ~ d-1I
cVwafer

or since m:::: pQ. )

Qin - Qouf -

Thvs,

d.h"

err

k (II/ok. h) '" "Joke 1b.

Q.ut - Qin " ('1s,ooo: 8, odo) .fjJ z
fI/lJ,t.e.

22S mi (52.9 0

{t.)

= 5. 90X/O i .if
N

= .s. 'lOX /O-61f- (3,; pO()ir ) ( :ttf.lf;,) :::: 0.5/0 idy

5-22.

de foYdII n!J.

5.2 Lf

Stonn sewer backup causes your basement to flood at

the steady rate of 1 in. of depth per hour. The basement floor
area is 1500 ft 2. What capacity (gal/min) pump would you rent
-- - - J
to (a) keep the water accumulated in your basement at a constant
/ /1
level until the stonn sewer is blocked off, (b) reduce the water
/
'
accumulation in your basement at a rate of 3 in./hr even while / /
) _ _ _ _
the backup problem exists?
J - - -/- -

I /

/ /

Con serva-hfJYI

01- maS5
t-

or

cs

Con5ft:ln1

dh

F;y

Q.

d-t

II?

pari ct
(J 6u.f

ro

:;:;

- A d-tdh

and

/ I
_ _ .t. / _ -:.

-,

Cji
flow

"~ f/~oY ayea

~l/

-=

In

fr;

aYlc( ar'ea, (A)

(I)

~O

leads fr;

Qin

eva/utile ()Ii,)

Q,;"

-- 0

c:leJ1Sily

QDwf

Etj. /

.I

n ciA

flt(id
-r

/1

priJ1c;,Ie. (Etg. 5.17) /eaC/s

1,;O~'

'

u;n!l1/J"S fire WtI/ey

Skef.ch ClbJve}) The

COn/nJI
baS"ewtenf floor- (.see

fhe

OIlf!Y

ClJnfriin 5 water

- - - - - -

_____

How nut
Vd/('(me fhaf

For a aefwmil1j

"t~t~

l/Jrrfl71/ ll olume fhaf

use

fl{ /

= (/500 f/') ( /

wIth

Q~wf =:0.

/h) (--L )
hr

::;

1Ju,s"
125

12 Ih.

f+1

hr-

Ff

Qokf

::;

(125 fl)(7. '18 :J~ )(',-!-- .) "'

hy
{f~

~tJ ~

/5:6

JE
min

hI"

FoY

parf boJ

E~./

yields

,
!;

5.2.5

. 5.25

A hypodermic syringe (see Fig. P5.2?)

is used to apply a vaccine. If the plunger is moved
forward at the steady rate of 20 mml s and if vaccine leaks pass the plunger at 0.1 of the volume
fiowrate out the needle opening, calculate the
average velocity of the needle exit flow. The inside diameters of the syringe and the needle are
20 mm and 0.7 mm.

a delDr"'/~

USing
w~

1'

tJ61r:lln (see

-;0 A, ~

+ ;0 Q2.

Since ;;:: C/)nJ/rJnf)

~

obm/~

1.1

~~

1.

A, ~

or
V:z..

::

(;,
)
-~
A.1
1./

and

,,{
of'

FIGURE

LIP/lime

( Etj. 5'.17)

!JI'/;'c.iple.

/J1(1 Sf

C()n/YrJ/

ps.25

QJ1d fhe

COnservClI/tJn () f

In

x.ohlple, S. 5';

as ot/II/ned

Ex Qmple s: g)

I' Q leaJ:.

1:

(;)

Qleak.. :. o. / Q ....
1

-(1)
- d! -;;I?

(z 0 n,,,,, Is )
( d. 7 ~,., ) .. (I. I )
(tot}o :~)

( Z 0 yrJl'k)

I
,

V;

::

IJf.

& -m
5

5.271
5.17
It takes you 1 min to fill your car's fuel tank with 13.5
gallons of gasoline. What is the approximate average velcoity
of the gasoline leaving the nozzle at this pump?

hOJ31e

f10JJ/e

2.

Clhtl

So

::

AnOJ31e.

VI1P}3 ie

7!.!h()'J1/~

,..

If
== {I'~. 5' )(JI)(12 )

vn()1Jle ==

2.

(7T~!r/L(7.'l-8)(bd)
17. if 1"1S

..
5-25

5,2.6 A gas flows steadily through a duct of

varying cross section area. If the gas density is
assumed to be uniformly distributed at any cross
section, show that the conservation of mass principle leads to

+ dV + dA =
V
A

dp
p

where p = gas density, V = average speed of

gas, and A = cross section area.

Foy a

sfeady,l

pYiJ1tift1!

;aAV

/elJd.$

oJl1e - dIMensioA(J/

-I7J

~. 5./2

/i~~ fhe

CIJnSer-va/ion

I'dA V

-0

01

PI(J'>]

or

Con sfa",d

7hus

cl(fAV)

:::0

;aA d 'V T
d{J AV +
by ",A V we
P/v/d'1f ~. /

Or

~ + dV + dA
;<1

-A -

5"'-

obfl1/~

26

(I)

5.2.9
A IO-mm diameter jet of water is deflected by
a homogeneous rectangular -block (15 mm by 200 mm by
100 mm) that weighs 6 N as shown in Video V5.4 and Fig.
P5; 2.9 Determine the minimum volume nowrate needed to
tip the block.

bloc~

From fhe free body diaqram

of fhe block when if is ready

10 lip Z i110 =: oJ
Rx JRx ::: WIII' where Rx
()r

is

the fore iha+ the wafer pllts

on fhe block.

Thlls

(0..0/5

W/W - 6N ~", ~O,90N

Rx -== tRx

o.OSom

For fhe conff'o/ vollJme shown Ihe X"-componerr! of the m()/l/8I1fllttl

e qv" lion

Sup V'n dlJ

cs

becomes

Z rx,

5.JO
Water enters the horizontal, circular cross-sectional,
sudden contraction nozzle sketched in Fig. P5.30 at section (I)
with a uniformly distributed velocity of 25 ftls and a pressure
of 75 psi. The water exits from the nozzle into the atmosphere
at section (2) where the uniformly distributed velocity is 100
ft/s. Determine the axial component of the anchoring force required to hold the contraction in place.

r::f:9 ,.fhe

-fh;s plDh/em

as ~//

hOJ}/e

ac,f/Yl9

.foyce s
In

fhe

()V1d

()YJ

/n

+he

no!-

d/"ecfid~

f~rA+

sh()wYl.

cOMpaneYlf

fo fhe.. flow

th~ sl::ekh

fhY()U111

4M

ins!-zrvtl 6~~en sechiJns

The hOY'i}lhfal

above.

ihe.. CJfWl()S pheriL foy-,eJ

AppliCA.htJr.

of +I1e

/ /jlfeat

of -fhe.

CAY/eel

hOYI]tJYlftJ.1

}?IUYkeYlfu~

n1t:!y

m(t.4" - ~ 1):=
Or

I'YIQ-s.r

er~n~

( 1:::).5. /2) we

=.

1/

F.
A

p'A, - ~

(I)

tJbltt/~

-Ii 1I"l-

/',11, -f{A1 +- tYJ 6,,,-U,) = f, 1"-1-/)' -

rr;;!l ):!(~.j_
'i
{II'

x-

6e~S~rI".s
;t

F
and

b~

fhis ~J11nJ1 v()luYHe yieLds

Frorvt iN... tfrt'lSf/rv~I/,,1') af

m -- fllA. AJ =to 41 A,.

f1- (I)

tJ'r

(JIA.

eqtJ.a.fion (Gr- >.22)

P.A
-1=A - r2
vA l
'I

1bu.~

V()/Uftllf!.

of the UJn-/-nJ1 vaJu.~ a,.t shown

coll1fey,fJ

sk.e fCh _ Note

aye

incll1de. I;' the C();,~/

Me wpf~1" al

as

(/)al"ld(Z)cu Ihdicaf~

we

'I

2.

r;, 1f}1.
-flu, TI'p, (u 2 -fA,)
...,
If

016- f'llf!,uznIz5 t ) Jr(3,:..j IO()

C -ft ' / l~ .s.-l tj"" (N'f ,;.,.?f,.~

~:=~ Ih

5-28

ft- 25ft

r Ib.~1
SI"1.

5.3 I
A nozzle is attached to a vertical pipe and discharges
water into the atmosphere as shown in Fig. PS.31. When the
discharge is 0.1 m 3 j s, the gage pressure at the flange is 40 kPa.
Determine the vertical component of the anchoring force required to hold the nozzle in place. The nozzle has a weight of
200 N, and the volume of water in the nozzle is 0.012 m 3 Is
the anchoring force directed upward or downward?

to.lom

3/S

FIGURE PS.3i

(I)

(2)

Cr:J')1

Q)..

serl/(J..h/JI"\

~ Q,
(1,

A').

tJI "" a.rJ

~e D~I"Jn

~. ':' ~DON ~ 'ZOON -ill.6 N

0 N -:

'f82 N

downwttrCf

5.325.3 Z

Determine the magnitude and direction

of the x and y components of the anchoring force
0
required to hold in place the horizontal 180 elbow and nozzle combination shown in Fig. P5.31..
Also determine the magnitude and direction of
the x and y components of the reaction force
exerted by the 1800 elbow and nozzle on the flowing water.

Section (2)

12 in.

FJGUI~E 1>5.32

PI

= 15 psi

VI = 5 ftls

Fo~ defet'm;~/''' fhe

a.

fone

Coi11J..D I

fOY'ces in vIJ/ved

(z.)

5htJWh

QI't.

y dl;ec.fi~Y}

is

used.

In

the

c.()mptJn~n+ of -file

y cI/recl-;on

c(JVtpf)nenff

fhr;t f con llI;nf ';'he elbow.l

1/f)/uJne

S'ecfioYls (/ JAnti

/:JelweeYl

the

and

1'10}j/e

pnd MIt/fer

Th

C oJ'dnJ/ v"/l(l11e a;1(1 f'/'e

s/t:.~fci1.

above. /tj?p/,"cern'Dr, 01

lJ~eclY YYJ()YJ!Iel"t.ftA~ quafltJJI)

(E1' ~. 22) leads -/-t;

r:

= 0

1-Y
01 -fh~

Ap,IIc.(J.+iDVI
e~ fA a A'oYl
- LAI

YIelds

U{AI

U2

M1.:2

From fA e C(n,.,serllaf,'on

rn = !Ju/ A,

&t.

1hUj

CIJ~p~neyd 01- +k linea)! mOWlei'lful'n

Xf:kt'ecf/()n

:;

of

fJlA2.

-:::

WUlSS

PI AI

FA + f.. A'2..
~ X.
2

e1 ud-f,'on

A '2,

(Z)

May be eXl'fej~ed (N~

- P'fA (lA, of

U.) ::

p, A, - ~," + f,A2

~V\d

F :; f~, A/w,-tIJ.,) f P, A, t P. A2 =t u , : o,'(IA,tfA.) +p.

A/x
Als6 ~

II)

9. 2

ThUS

AX
,

(con't)
5-31

5.32.

(con'-/; )

(is lJ.

) 11'

(J2 ,. J
if

{n.'l.

Ftly

defwMJY1;11j fhe x aYlq y cOMf~nenlJ of

fhe

yetlcii())'J

-hY(;e

v() IUMe fhaf ClJytfa,i-u (1;1Iy the. Wit k,y- between sec/lam
(I) fNt;td (A.,) ;f us~d. A p"lklAh'6-h of fhe y dlrecht)Y} CiJM-pIJt1(Jnf
tit

of

COn fro/

fhe.

hhe4Y

VUOJ1-f~;, fuWl

e&JUtX.fion

yieLdJ

I?., := 0

AfP /;caf;'Oh
hi} () /)If

of fhe

e k fuJ'V/

fYJ ua f/(J i1

d/yecf/ol'J

leadf

cOl"l-'lptJnenl

of -the. II;'; ea v

fr;

Or

=-

/i9~

/b
Section (2)

Section (1)

5-32-

533

Water flows as two free jets from the tee attached to

the pipe shown in Fig. P5.33. The exit speed is IS m/s. If
viscous effects and gravity are negligible, determine the x and
y components of the force that the pipe exerts on the tee.

Use fne

Lo)'lfyl)1 vollAYhe.. s-h()wn.

Foy fhe

X - c.offlf() Y1 enf

of fhe -force. eX~l'kcl by +he

+he fee we. lAS'~ fhe x- c.oYhplJneni

i'hO m-e. nItA YVI
.1/A a.ll(Jy).
OYJ

pIpe.

r:;f the l/neCir

If A.J - ~f,A,""fl3)+ f

- ~(' l{ AJ -I- ~f~1J3 :: f,A J -

"().~r.;t..)Al- (-;;. ~)43- ~-,43) -J- ~

=p A
I

-t-

/1)
l'

)(

9t1t:je

To 1e.f. '1 we LASe cOYlservah'rm

61, = Q 2 +- ~3
A, ~ -= liz V2.

6y

v.::;

50
To

AI

eJ f-/.-necle.

mass

11"1 V,3
A~ IIJ = (0, 3M2.) (IS" m1 ) +- (0. S "'')(It;" m/.s) :::

1-

A.l. V:z.. +

01-

1'Yl1

/~~

we.

f/;fjQff!

- 72 ()()() N:.

/2

l-1.{e

8~Y'I1(hll/i J' ~~6~ ~ f/(IW

belwr." (1)4t101(2..)

FJ(

F":: 72/~OON ~
.x
Fw /1u.. .Y ~!~ ff I1u ~ exekfecJ /:;f hr-t-, PiPe Oh flu. lee,
Y (IYYtMc"f Itl- h..L !;~e6N" hlnntA11w.-" er ah ,., ..fe, 9~f
So

\.1',2.

~ II). ,4 2

::

(JSJXq'f9!:!)(l5;)(D.1"'~) ~ {,~'fOoN
5'-33

t "Fj

,ve

L).5~ #V

(,mltya,1

(r)

- .......~

.j. 10 psi

... --

5.3'1-

Water flows through a horizontal bend and discharges

into the atmosphere as shown in Fig. P5.3'1. When the pressure
gage reads 10 psi, the resultant x-direction anchoring force, FAx'
in the horizontal plane required to hold the bend in place is
shown on the figure. Determine the flowrate through the bend
and the y direction anchoring force, FA\" required to hold the
bend in pJace. The flow is not frictionless.

P, A

=? ~

Area

"

Water

~l-

\i=.======::::'1

=0.2 ft 2
Area

= O. 1 ft 2

VOt..cme.

I.

"

(2.)'if:;(

FA, = 1440 Ib

" FA,=?

/~

FIGURE P5.3tj-

A uh1 .fl..D/ voluMe!. -f1.taf 'O,,~iJ1S -H,e. 1oe.V1d OlH& -tkt wakr wi+k;Y\
the loeHd be:fwee.n "S'tlOl'1oS (I) a~d (2.) as s/"OI.\JI1 J~ -H1~ 51<.e.1-'/'"
aho~ ''S
t> f

Applic~no~

uS'-ea.

-HI Co Ii rJt.<1 r

- u, p Q

,.t'\ 0 i)\ en

tu,..,

01-

eti.. tAa:n 011

-0

v. cos CfSo a. -=.

I

I/o

u ie Ids
J

- F'Ax.+
rDA
I
I

f)

e.~.

or

al-1d

A,

-QAz.

Va. :

loe'b~(.s
1-

~-a.r

Qrc:OsLfS

AI

AL

..

+Cy po.r+ Co.)

Q-::

5-31.f

~I AI -

~Qge

,1i)J1A1. cos '1-5

w',H"
~,

<J:)MpOy\f.~t-

x - direc+ion

file.

Ax

~r+ (h)

ft,v

, i rl eo. y

J=

AY

~ ~/n q.,

y'" dtre.c+;oll\

~ IA.I:f. -He",

IA-\ 0 MtLl1 fu WI

1{e.

We ltS't.

C>

C!.O'M.poYlf!"1f

of fhe

-ft, qe +

f~ - A,.
R.

Sin

'-+5 fQ.

()f
'1..

t=AY

Q
:.

a.~a

FAy --

os I'VI if S

A2.

1.

(?." I +t')
. 'i-S" (I. 9'1
~
oS I '"

(O,Ol

f+")

S~)~ Ib.~'"
$I ""'1.

-Ft )" 'l'i

- Ib

Thrust, vector control is a new technique that can be

u~ed to greatly :mprove t,he maneuverability of military fighter

aJrc:aft. It consIsts of USIng a set of vanes in the exit of a jet

engIne ~o deflect, the, exhaust gases as shown in Fig, PS,3S, (a)
DetermIne the pI,tchIng moment (the moment tending to rotate
the nose of t?~ aJrc,raf: up) about the aircraft's mass center (cg)
for the condItIOns IndIcated in the figure, (b) By how much is
the thrus~ (force along the centerline of the aircraft) reduced for
:he case IndIcated compared to normal flight when the exhaust
IS parallel to the centerline?

ro.r petrI (0,)

e7~1/'tIYJ

CA-ff'J

WL

Vane

- -- i" - -Pj';=
!lim !li
=

out

0-

-_ .....

= 16 slugs/s

the.. (p/'Yfp()nenf of file J')?()hlt!nf-of-tJ1(JMen~'"

;'r pe."pend,'udar -/tJ the plane of i1Je ske}~h of

fhe alrcraff -k the. c()nfe.",ff 01 fhe. cvn-!n,/ Vo/",~e .show,? -k 9f!i
fl,af

i olAf V

()c..

(2 0

oFf) (/~OO
/

mf - j

>/;' ()

~/;' 8' (i6

fj )

SILl,.

O/A

. V. h,.

In '''I

pi fc~ ),14 J'))otne"f

II?

./

fr.j _ 1,.. p(){) fJJf'fr)

ff-

"rrd.""j ", ..e~ f

I sluy.lt
/J.

/1,. $2..

bh IStJ() _ 1000

1.

-:: pilej'J'y

fl. /b

I"

s~

~P1~hl

~ p~r(b) ~ apply !he /U)Y/3()YI/R1 Cdn7{'(jY)enf t)/ /he I/YJeoY'

yYJ 0 'I'YIeYl

Iu ~

Il 1A.t:c. f/vYl

-ft;

(/m ~Ir

t)f

htL

U/n ~/

V()/U hi ~

T1wus+
.fa

(/~(}O

if)(UH/-W '1(6 1l-

~//,(i'

If

16 . .5'

5-36

Iv 9d

5,,36
The thrust developed to propel the jet ski shown in
Video V9.7 and Fig. PS:3G is a result of water pumped
through the vehicle and exiting as a high-speed water jet.
For the conditions shown in the figure, what flowrate is
needed to produce a 300 lb thrust? Assume the inlet and outlet jets of water are free jets.

FIG U REP 5 . '36

For the cordrol volume ii1d/cafed.

the x- componenf of ine fJ10menlllm

V2.

erlJ~h()n

Sup g'n dlJ

(1.)

: : ~ Fx becomes

cs
(~ C o.s 3 011 ) f

(- lit )III of Vz P(+V2. L42 ::: Rx

where

have asslJtned ihai

We

I:: 0 on the ell/ire control s/Jrl4ce

and fhai -fhe ext'l/fJ9 wafer jet is hori~(Jnlal.

W/fh m::: eli, ~ == fA,. V2 1. (I) beaJlll6S
Rx -; m(V2 - ~ cos e) =- f Vt AI (v" - \1 cos.30")

(I)

A/so) A, ~{ ; A2. ~ so fhal

\I.
AI ~
V
s= - 112.

7- S in."
(3,5 in.) 2-

,I

v, =

\I

(2)

2.60 v,

By comb,'nin9 frs. (/) 4nd tJ.) ;.

Rx ~ pV/'A, (2,60-cos30)
or

:
:
r
.Jo o,!};
l
~ l(l. 9 ":~)(iJrl') (2.60-co.s30')J

Thvs)
Q ::: AI V,

=:

~/:~ft~) (:;'2.7 );: 3, 9'f-

5-37

Jfz.

= 22 7 11
'.s

5.:37
5.37

Water is sprayed radially outward over

180 as indicated in Fig. PS .3 The jet sheet is
in the horizontal plane. If the jet velocity at the
0

nozzle exit iszo ft ls, determine the direction and

magnitude of the resultant horizontal anchoring

H' _"

force required to hold the nozzle in place.

FIGURE P5.37

The Lo~1 volu,.,e includes ik ""'3/e anti waler i:Jdwren secfionJ

(I) a..rI (Z) <lJ /hd;""kd I;' ike sk.ehJ., abcve. Ap,I;c..lio" d' fl.e
y dlie elion eo""'pMtnf
lite j;neay 1'>10""'''1..,., ~a6'"" i el"s

o.c

or

A,y
()

~,y

:: 0

ApI'IiCAnM ()f fhe

eg uo.lio'1 le.df n,
F

A, x

or

and

'1-3 16

5.3~

-t--~

5.3B

A circular plate having a diameter of 300

mm is held perpendicular to an axisymmetric horizontal jet of air having a velocity of 40 mls and
a diameter of 80 mm as shown in Fig. psS8. A
hole at the center of the plate results in a discharge jet of air having a velocity of 40 mls and
a diameter of 20 mm. Determine the horizontal
component of force required to hold the plate
stationary.

The U)/J!Yo1

Plate

';;+""':"":;::L.:!..JJ ~

FIGURE

40 m/s

PS.3E

fhe p/ak l./JIui {low,;' cor a.> Inri/caler!

ab"ve - Appliudion of I-h-e. hOfljtJJI1 f a/ t.JY X

lIoluYHe Cl)nfa/n 5

Ih -the f/<.efdt
d,;ecJi o/l1 cOMpoYlenf
- u, f uIAI +

or

(
I

IAl 2 .
I.L2 -

of -fi1~

//Y/ear

mOMen-lum ~ua.f;~ yIelds

om

5. ?=I A sheet of water of unjfonn thickness (h =

m)
fl ows from the device shown in Fig. p5.39. The waler enters
venicall)' through the inlet pipe and exits horizontally with a
speed that varies linearly from 0 to iO m/s along the 0.2 m
length of the slit. Detennine the y component of ancho ri ng force

F
AY

necessary to hold this device stationary.

--

~
;I~
- - ...
I
,
,~

-- - -

...

",,""

FIGURE P53~

A ",~t",1 volun\e. tMt ",n+"'i"s he. bOl( poyf,,,... ot l1,c. dev;,e

G<V\d ttoe. wtl1e'l' ,'" -\1,e bo>< o;s ,hown In -Ine ~ke.itJ" above. 'I ' u,~ ,
ArpliC<l.fi." of ttoe y_dl~+io" tOWlpone"f of "'... Ii_y "'OII\e.nJu""
e'b .....""" ~ielJ.~ - '
0 'l.

F =
Av

1)

fI

~V , r. dll ~

5t;+

D \

'

,,'

T~<. var' a.+:o" of v- .. ;#, x

..

o.t.

f \ (<;O)()\ ilx

or
FAY

:(q~~~

hd ...

y-so

s-~o

li"'e<t. "y

5.40

change in the direction normal to the paper . Calculate the drag force (reaction force in x direction) exerted on the air by the body per un it
length normal to the plane of the sketch .

The results o f a wind tu nnel test to de-

termine the drag on a body (see Fig. P5.40) are

summarized bel ow . The upstream [section (l)J
velocity is uniform at 100 ft /s. The static press ures
are given by PI = PI = 14.7 psia . The downstream
velocity distribution which is symmetrical about
the centerlin e is given by

100 - 30 ( 1

100

-if)

- 100 IUs

Vz

l y l s3 ft
l yl> 3ft

1:'-C::3
=::\

3 It I

Section 11

where u is the velocity in ft l s and y is the distance

on either side of the centerline in fee t (see Fig.
PS. 42). A ssume that the body shape does not

-- -

- - - --

LutrlrDJ..til..",.
FIGURE PS.40

Section (2

i-

conm/;' i"j Plr Mfy PS Shown In fAe ry"ye if lIfed ,

AppliCAfion d f/,. X dlftcl-;O" componenf of Ihe linea, ""me"fuM

The

(017 &.1

e.<j"",fion

volume.

iead!

3 ff

-V;r1!,A,+

-Rx

ZfufUdy
o
3 II

Zf

f)]

[100 - 30(1-

~ fhe c.#hscrvlAh'o,.
!Applie d ,,,!weel) sed/onf (I) a"d(z)-as loll"",

To de k.,.m l ne.

fh e di;1tJ",u h

(I)

dy

01

.-.'lt1H

l!flA.tA.h;"'" is

3ft

ph -u;

=z

fJ

d'j

()

Thuf

3fi

; ~ [fOO - 30(1- })7 "1

,

or

J u.

2.

". , fI')

( z ) {2 55 :;-

5.1 fl

(100 !!)(I il)

Then

fr.,., lj'

R"r.m731J1"JJ )(too fJ) {5_1f+ill/,

x

-II' /

(-'1"3- if

)(i

ff )

s'

(o,002JfJ/"!,) ( 7Z1, if00

ffj )

17, 1 Ib

P"'r

[!') Ii I.

sl.

{ ~;I.f.1' (!

.'

ff of Je~ nor"'41 fo fhc pl.ne of Ihe skeIGh

s- 'II

So 4/
5.41
The hydraulic dredge shown in Fig. P5.41 is used to
dredge sand from a river bottom. Esti.mate the thrust needed
from the propeller to hold the boat statlOnary. Assume the specific gravity of the sand/water mixture is SG = 1.2.

FIGURE PS.41

lJ.rilJj ~ (,1Ih~1 vptut11e fh4'vl>? by ~ hi?;~ I,'v,e In

/t..L- s/::.elct, a6;ve W~ lASe fht., hoy1foJ?W oY X CllwtftIYJenf
of ~ IlfJea-r /YlrM1enft..vm e~lA.P.hin" ~ gel~ =~/J V V ::: f. (sq)
.2.

2 .2. :2. X

Hz 0

2.

"2

7I5!2
l.f

V V
.2.

2-

CO.J

.fa fJ

whe!re ~eefi~ / is' where IlfIW en/t,yf Ik C-tM-h-s/ vp/ume

verhca.llj tA.i?d secf/(/)1 2 iJ v.;),eye flctw J~ve.s- k ~I
v"kn,e. aT h'1 t:l/}Jle of .?() 0 ~ ~ hor-'Jtr;lhl oIiYec-h~.
N~1e That Me'l'~ is" no fuy-t]tI>?kl d.io/'eC/h~ //Y1e~
#thne;,1u~ Flow a1 5'c-fiQn I .

F ::: 1/.9'1- s/uffl(J,l1)

><

\"

fi$ /

F.. = {6SIJ /6
){

7T (.2.

3..)

Iffro f! )(so :~) tlJs70o/

f-.s

f/-:

$lw!J

s2-

5.42.

Water flows vertically upward in a circular cross section pipe as shown in Fig. P5.4Z.
At section (1), the velocity profile over the cross
section area is uniform. At section (2), the velocity profile is
V =

We

(R ; ryn k

Section (2)

where V = local velocity vector, We = centerline

velocity in the axial direction, R = pipe radius,
and r = radius from pipe axis. Develop an expression for the fluid pressure drop that occurs between sections (1) and (2).

Section (1)

FIGURE PS.4 Z.

The anCl!ysh' for fhls pmb/em IS fin;i/ar 7z, Ihe one of Exa~e. 5:/?
The (onfml volUMe confaln5 fhe fiuid only belw~eYJ -sechorJs(/)tJnd{z.)
as Ind/cllIter/ in the .skeh;h. Apf//cafion ~ fhe verI/col Or ~
jt'neor mohfen~m

of fhe

cOl'Ylf"nenf

leads ~

qua/itJYI

j{JJ.,.. f

P,- P.
The

21"1 rdr

~~

::: p" A - Ifr

R

_pw,-" +

e~tJ4.fJoY1

(,(s -/O/IOVJ5

f~ AI :::

be obfa,y,yJ

Jf tU~ (,<?~)
I?

r..2.2..
A - Ww

.l.. Z.

]r f"

f.~1f [{we ('~~I)

we;~/d of fhe I/IKJ/w I"" -f-he confYDI volu,n,e

w~ = 9fAh
The value of w may

1-

dr -t

may

(I)

6e exp,/(;ffed as

frOi'VI fhL col'lseyvalion of ma.S'.f

l
7

2rrrdr

or
(2)

10 evalu.afe
t>(

= R-r
R.

fhey,
dt>(

= -dr
R..

(If )

s,lf2.

I (con'f)
and

-!.

('7/;"7 ydr

-= - /

1..

C{

7(1_1><) R

riC<'

~s. 2. a",1 5" we () 1::,.1-... /"

C.omb/n,'.",

= "19
.E- tvJ

u.J
c

Th u. 5

frlJWJ

~-P..
2.

&J. /
R

(6)

;::;:~-fWI+
lTRl.

fo ev()/t,ux/-e 1-he.

Thus

= 1'1'-/
-'19

[(;;r/rd~
o

2.-

and ~. 6 beCIJmes

or-

/Vofe

fhaf

a very
a

In

$"mtl//

c,ht11?ge

t"n

[tJntrAsf

Iv

-fhe

restllf- Of Exttl?'lp/e

porf/on of' -the

fh~

mtJmen-hon

pyessuYf!

//ow

drtJj7 if

s: 13,

only

clue fo

befWeeh seci/onf /

#3

I
average velocity, u, with the axial direction momentum flowrate calculated with the nonuniform
velocity distribution taken into account.

5.43

In a laminar pipe flow that is fully developed, the axial velocity profile is parabolic,
that is,

,,

I ,
as is illustrated in Fig. P5.43. Compare the axial
direction momentum flowrate calculated with the

\j

"I

!, ...........

( 'u ......

I
\
\

~uc
~~
.~

\JI

FIGURE PS.43

The axial d,;ecfitJl1 fr/orwen-furn IIowrafe. btlsed

pyolde wifh u =: U /s

M~

::::

x Uf/ifOYIJ1

ufu A =

1he axial direcfion

M~
J

nOI1-

ju

= r

/Jrl"1'rR1.
rlow~afe

ff/()l1teJ1TUh1

IJl7ifr;rm

UZ'1l

hi,-

a un/101m velocity

fltlra btJl/e-.t<. ve locify pr~fi/e

un; fOYM

OJI/

"

(1

if

ba!Jed
I

the

fjOfJ-

2-

0r;)J(I)ff)
~

u~ 271' R'

On

MFx nol'} J

(Jl)i faYn?

To ob-fa l"n a

ye/~lionfhip

befween

con serva/-l'on of mass e~lt.ahdYt

fU 1TR'

f hR' Uc;

U
tl5

fo/I~ws

[rt-({Jj(;) d(:)

- -- -lAc,
Z

Mi=;( nOn-

MAti u ~ vve use -fhe

-3if

U"ifm",

5-'1-5

~ 5.44

For the pipe (6-in.-inside diameter) air

flow data of Problem 5./8, calculate the rate of
flow of axial direction momentum. How large
would the error be if the average axial velocity
were used to calculate axial direction momentum
flow?

F.) :.

tJ. 002'31'

> (1.(9

H:1

/OCA./ ve/()ci/y

Vi:::

r ::. local

s: /6

"3 in.

r~J~ 1-r CIt,

-,,/

/""-"1''''
.... 1""_,,"'/

e va / u.tA.f'Ct;If
1_.-1

1$

VI

by

/
nbtl11eY,CI(

. J.
L
llfCfY~n~

f-/5!ny

frate.fdic/Ift/

ft,c.

Lt/nI.(J1A.

//lex f

pt1Jje.

Etj. /

~f (~ Table 61' /'r1Jb!eu,.,

radius; in. ( .fr~ Table. of I'mb~ s./B)

I? ': pipe YtJdiu.,J

~.Jtn<-

PYlJfYd-Wl

lA5ed.

fw

The ve.$ L( If of

is
MFx -:: 0.29'1

MFx

wl-te>/e

v =

( MFx -

you/e

MF) /f7p

/VI~

)(

WI!t-t

ftJ/s

4neg l1 a.)

,;'/e-yVIJ.!;.7}tG

)7v. y,o/f..

'1 I,.v",e,y;'c.czJ

/S 1/J1e'/ 6n /'he,
t'J1leqvahon aJ1d s~11A h~J7

of

conti: )

100 CLS
110 PE I NT ":t:::f. *;t:,.t* *****:~t:**;,j *.:j *::t~.* **-*:** ** ** i:t J>I':,tt.*:.;;f *t::t :tJt* ::1'::t. *,.
120 PE I KT .. i.* This program computes the axial-direct ion ;j;;'."
1::".0 PR I NT "** momentum f lovr rate for problem 5. 44; usi ng :i';:>i:"
140 FRnn tI.t:* the trapezoidal rule appl ied to unequal
**"
150 PRINT "** intervals.
til!
160 FR I NT "t:i:*::t::t*******::t;j.*****:t:*********i.*;j~;;j.**********:l:>\::**"
170 PRINT
180 DIM U ( 9 ) ,

R (19)

190
200 'Initialize the variables
210 1{ ==
220 RHO

19

.00238
PI = 4! )\: ATN (1!
240 FOR I = 1 TO N
2:~,0

250 READ R<U, UU)

P'I:i = R<I) / 121
270 NEXT 1
IJft.. T A 0.0, 30.00, 0.2,
C
. \./
2e..70, 1.0,
..
'1
Q
T,}" 'T /\
26,90, ...L.,U,
..,.../M.. 1. ..t;.
-<-,0,
::".4, 2:3.2-4, 2. e.

2~'.')O

t-'.
"./

'

-)

2fJ. 71,

0.4,

29.39,

0.6,

27.69,
25.64,

1. 4,

':)

2e.31,
26.32,

'2. (),

22. ::.0,

,--,.

-l..

s~

'-'"

p,
'-

.3.0,

250 FOR I

00.00

2 TO N

'! (; ~~E)~'T 1
:. ,:~. (:~'.:::: X. = RHO ,;

~::

,-

::;.

'11~~tJt~t*~****1***tt**~~*******~*:t:****~
~*

Thi~

program computes the axial-direction

momentum flow rate for problem 5.44 using
tt the trapezoidal rule applied to unequal

~*

**
**
**

*~*****************************************t***
The axial-direction momentum flow
rate is 0.284 slug-ft/s2

5' -If?

27.42
24.. =,4
16.71

Consider unsteady flow in the constant diameter, horiZontal pipe shown in Fig. P5.45. The velocity is uniform
thro\!:ghout the entire pipe, but it is a function of time: V =
u(t) i. Use the x component of the unsteady momentum equation
to determine the pressure difference PI - P2' Discuss how this
result is related to F, = mat"

II (I)

,"
I
I

.: I

---------------t
I

p = density

--

(1)

U5/11}

the C-tJn-/rD1

VIJ/umf(.

-------

DI

--x

(2)

I~ fhe 5kel-ch and etffJ/y,'IJ fhe

shpwYl.

f of /he unstead) //YletfY' h/()n1eY)..J-.q/'Yl 8fl,fetl)~ -fo; !1Je

Contentr of ft;/ s c.v fN~ ge l-

x-

U)t?1(J()t'J eYl

~ JflA.dil
")-t

CV

f rIA ~. ;:. d

1/

rx

(J

or

d (f~ 7r pl.,
df:
'f

r"fA 2.A I : :. I' u7.2./1"

CI~ ~t.un;'':}

~ = tt,

{Y/c/,tmlesJ

5-48

(). t -e I/f/Yy

f;fJW

s .1./-6
SAt)

The propeller on a swamp boat produces a jet of

It;r having a diameter of 3 ft as illustrated in Fig. P5.46. The

ambient air temperature is 80 of, and the axial velocity of the
flow is 85 ftls relative to the boat. What propulsive forces are
produced by the propeller when the boat is stationary and when
the boat moves forward with a constant velocity of 20 ftls?

3 It diameter

.. FIGURE PS.46

F;.., ~ sla..J.Iona Y!1 btJa-t +he hoyi]ontlA J Uwtl'~ tJ/ fhe h~e(),Y
y11trme;,fu ...... e~/,4aJ"/m ().PI'/led -It; /tu l6?~ ,,{ IItJ cmM VD/Un1e
S htJWn Ii-; ~ ~":. ei'(,h A,J,cve yields

FJ
F

w, <.~
- VI)::.bA
VV
V2
r 2 ~ :z.

::

+"'YUS-t-

fj,YUf-i-

\.Iff,

2.

51nce

V.

/1,

V
I

V2

in ~ )

'2

/LA .I'):i~ (I'I.7rn2..1/lf.f~...J 'TT'{JfI)('I5.f-1

(

'I-

R-r

If /j~.). ibpt.{f )

15-3.3 -fl. I: )(5'1/)'7<)

/~. 'R

\ ..

(-

,J,.S:l./

= //7 Ii;

F
+),.,.uff

ft?Y

fhe lo()tAf Wf()vi, fd.,tNf,VYr/. J/V}'rt.. ~ ffuJ 0/

.5~e.

(.~ftb-{ \Id/u~e fhfIWn )n

h~ IttL ~/a,li~
~

aINJV~ is u.red)

the S-kelc.J/
W

If,{; -the

is h~ /;"fJI~'

~ hIJV/]dvrk/ ~ ()/ fj,~ /J~eA Yh(fWJe;,~

e~ ~

F.-IhYIH..}- ::

gel1'1/W (

2.

Fw tIu- yn()v;~ h~

V(,ltrt,:,'1

2tJ

';hY'Laf

8,/.2

/6

w) := I ~II~ W (w - w) :: R..E-7?-~:lV\{(~-W)
r
,

~ ~ gS-

ft

.'1

tw\,,(

<.j

V\,j

=20ft

anti .>0

5". if 71
A free jet of fluid strikes a wedge as shown in Fig.
P5.47. Of the total flow, a portion is deflected 30; the remainder
is not deflected. The horizontal and vertical components of force
needed to hold the wedge stationary are FH and Fv, respectively.
Gravity is negligible, and the fluid speed remains constant. Determine the force ratio. FHI Fv'

The h()rjt1nfa / QYJd. ve-y-h'Ul/ (tJn..,fJOneYJh of /he lInea ~

m 0 me n fu ffJ ~ M 17(; n cut OfP //ed f1J -I'hi. [ffn /evrh of ft,e
CPYJ~I vO/l.Il'Yle ~hdwn fu fief
- V, f' V, A +- ~ f ~ A:J. t- ~ CbS ?O ~ ~ AJ
j

~ f/~:?O~~ AJ
)-mweve"'
v/ -= v2.. -- II:I

V It'

A3

-t A3
flY)

(2)
SeJ

eo>.
(l)a n d{2) beUfrYJe
P

II,) -- - Fit

~(). -

&Of.

AJ
::;.

(/ )

FI/

--

('3)

A2. +Iq t()$" $0 "-11,

C(}YIS( Y'VCt

G( I

....

30 tJ ~

Fv
~

~ ~

V.2.".o (Ill

: -

h~

~.2.

$ /;"

3 () 0

of

yY1

cus we.. ge f

t- blJ

or
anPl

A J:::' Az. r /lJ

~b i:"/~

f .

(?) aAt-d (tf) twt-- qe f

.4, -I- /;7 CQ.J

JIJ 0

Ill.. - //1

fJ 3 {COS?OO

-~------,

113

The ne'jCihve
ul

CiS

>,1;' JO

5/tjY1

5" how}?

I;'

A7 ,-, 3IJ

i)

Indht:l/el'

the

0.27

~f ~ if ~wn r-~~ /Mn

.Jl:..eM~

5-50

-I _

S.lJ8

Water flows from a two-dimensional open channel and

is diverted by an inclined plate as illustrated in Fig. P5.
When
the velocity at section (1) is 10 ft/s, wh~t horizontal force (per
unit width) is required to hold the plate in position? At section
(1) the pressure distribution is hydrostatic, and the fluid acts as
a free jet at section (2). Neglect friction.

.......""'"
l.Oft

2.13

1b

5- 51

FIG U REP 5 .'f~

5.5'0
5.50

A vertical. circular cross section jet of

air strikes a conical deflector as indicated in Fig.
P5.50. A vertical anchoring force of 0.1 N is required to hold the deflector in the place. Determine the mass (kg) of the deflector. The magnitude of velocity of the air remains constant.

conhol
'Jolu;Y\e

SectiM
v

(I )

30 m/s

FlGURE PS.50

deteYmlne. fh~ Y>'fas.5 of fhe UJn/c,(,1/ de.fiecJ'()'r we use fJ,e.

To

SIP.lionaY"y /

/tp,P//CIIl h~n

fA bdlle .

the

LfI)1/n;/

v:

Ii! (-

of

In tJl'H en ~"'"

/1';-,e.tJ. yo

Ih/$

d~fuy1/~

)1dl"} -

t-;.

VtJ/Unl~

v~h'clA /

fite

~hdWJ1. In l1te sl:.e kJ"

a'/yec ndn

C/)}IJI?pr;nenf

of

t!j tlal/o! ( c 1 5'. 2. 2) fp -/he ChlIeH Ir (J f

y/e/JJ

VtJ/Ul"He

of

c.unfnJ/

UJS 30

0) ::: - 'A

-W

Cone

Or

Wc~nt'

~l1ne J - M (~- ~ UJf f()~

Hd/N",vevl!;'

::

::

711),
If

tint:{

A;

E~. /

Thll)

).

Ct2J1t

be

-= f

t.tJne..

O<Iyc5s~d

frO,").

as

I{ (~- ~ CbS 10 D) -

CJy
frJ

':=

ClJne.

f2? A-J)
/'I'fJ

ancJ
IYI

CMe

::-

1).108

~
.9

fj'

*1

5-52

- ; :;:

f~~(/{-J{CPJJO~-~

(;)

5:51

Water flows from a large tank into a dish as shown in

Fig. PS.SI. (a) If at the instant shown the tank and the water in
it weigh WI Ib, what is the tension, T I , in the cable supporting
the tank? (b) If at the instant shown the dish and the water in
it weigh W2 Ib, what is the force, F2 , needed to support the dish?

Pifr ~ ~) we ~j?I'I

!he Y~rh'c.a" J

c~mptJneYlt of

the linef/ Y
m(JI'l'1eh htlM ~/Aa~~ Iv /he lWJ1en1J
of tdnfrtrf vr;/tlme A) C~;J -Iv Je-I

(j)
Td qef /,flue 01 ~ill

Of!",!

/Ne

!,exnfJu/Jj f erJ.tCk~~ -h; ~ fttMI ff(/WJ .'f'N. (yee

IN&< -kv J;' /hL -1?tY11<, -k ~ -Ia~J, ewi Ie f fr; gef
Vu",!

Vz9 "A

0-

Then ~

- (Z'

't

VCz) (J 'Ii )O()

Z.2-

fl.)

i,.(1) we. gef

f:)(''1,{ i/f J{z., If)

If

~/u).

ZS f

~!

StA-YhttL

ltv.

f!

7T /

it)

= T, - W,

/-1

16 . .5'"

ve YHca /

pi

;; ere- f
1tV~

~n-fr::>

C~
V1';.fv

cV8
we 1A5-e

II')

c~k.

~;-,~ =

C\I$

+v '~e su/-e,u
fj (hlJ

-t-ho ) -

G CO (2)

.fr-v.-..

37. (,

One)

qef

0-1-

I#a.k- I;' di.fh Iv

,e

(i,,){IO 1-1 rl2,-H)

-:

Z(?2. z.

,,;,/.,., we L{S' fn,.,...

~l"no""IJ; 's -1l-tWt$"/:rn be-Iwee-n free furtee of

c~

50

CV
B

~ ~- IN'z

/;"-/0

Vz.

CVMj'I{/';JC/h./ ()(

t<M

~.J..,., a! ""'<if5 ,

~ 7(;f

';",;'",
c~

W '"l..

14 7 Ib_
5"-53

J 7-6

,.f f ~I-!..f

';'6..

..fa..,/c..

1.J - r;. - W2-

tf)/J.lj'l ~ YzS". if ~ ) 1Tt 1 ff/(I /~

C' -frJ Jl"
.s )
'I
'>/v9 . .ff

F2.. ;:"

S.52

5.52
Air flows into the atmosphere from a nozzle and
strikes a vertical plate as shown in Fig. PS.S2. A horizontal force
of I Z N is required to hold the plate in place. Determine the
reading on the pressure gage. Assume the flow to be incompressible and frictionless.

~:~=
(oz,).1

-=-.- .....

.(/)

V=.==:f=
\===::::7

To de~"'MIt'\e. +ke. sk+ic:.

Cone:; i dey
(1) -tz, (2) .

Area

I ':

C.o~Io:V\;V\~

-= r!.~- +

-t

Q'2.,

,c

sfz:\..t;OY\ (I)

"",f! .f(rs+

1..

_Vl

"Z

VI aV'(;.l Vt

of

((.t!V\Se.No..1-tDy\

.:::f 0 5Q

,+tw.+

W'<.. V\O~

= 0.003 m 2, I
{3}7'"

fi..\c. frtC'Ho\f\less (}.V\o. i~C.cmpv~ssi bte. flow of air ~

The BernolA I"I e~(.A.a. +1 0..-. fv.r ~'l S Ho",", "s

+- V~
~

9N

FIG U REP 5.52.

pr~SSLlrE.. at

'f'Ie.

4-

I~; ~

Area = 0.01 m 2

\iYlked b~ ~e ~oV1+iyu"i+y

(lV-I{

~oss) e~~.a:tioV\

~r

'\ V I

E,\s. l Gtt'\O

(~~ V'-)L

'l.

vI"-

okl..,ir"

'3.

<To d.-e~"V)\IV\e V1...

A2. V2-

::

-V'-2.

\iY\oW\eyt~~ eolA.A,,"c,,",
~'f" +h~ -fltJ\N ~ \.2) ~(3). FISY -tL-vt C,.6Y\-tn1 "o\M.me.
s~ft.-V\~J o..b:>ve +he l;~e.ay )"Y\ot"'\ewtullV' py'\Y'lc.I~Ie. ':j\e\ds

W<.

use +i1c

\;Y1eav

12. N

or

57

-F"

'5

((!on' + )

5:52.

1 (um'+)
NdW, w;#-1

P. " \

9 3

'l.

l~

S--55

5.SLf

ex
~~~~1'
,-------"

5.54Two water jets of equal size and speed strike each

other as shown in Fig. P5.5~. Determine the speed, V, and direction, 0, of the resulting combined jet. Gravity is negligible.

'/

/.

V2

=10ftlS--':b Io.lft

,/"

/.'"
1
r

------~
90 ,11
0

I
I
I 0.1 ft ,

,I-

t'

Vj=lOft/s

FIG U REP 5 . stj

,

the. c.orrty~l vch.u)\e skow~ lrt -\i1 t. s.ef-"h aloove +he. l&.rea. (
mOM eyd~M e-~ ~:tjo'" for +he x o.Vld y dl~c+tot\.s are I for
1l-t e. X d l fe.C:f,'oV\

For

=0

- V7. ~ V2. A'l. + (V CfJS e ) ~ VA

y dLr~c:hoV\
- VI ~ VI A ,-+-(V "SlV'l. e) -e Vf\ :'

1t1ct

~y ~.:

Also .for coV\<;erva+1l>v\ of vY\O.ss we.

PIV( AI -t pV1. "'1. - ~V~ = c

~\le

E~s. I ar\d 2 We.. ~e+

F-roFV\
:l-

V'l. ~I..

CJ)

='

\J~ AI

~o e

-= c.O(1 V:A-z,

\.1.
'41

N bWI

U) M

= O)t- ~

se

= cot_I~( 10 !;) 1r

- V~ A, 1'" V os in

(~t~

'10

II.

n I

~ \ r\ i n ~

1.

E~ s.

'"

0 f~) 1t' (~l.ft)

I). C1.t\O

(V I A I + "2

'3 IN t

AIJ -= 0

V ::

V .::

v=
5'-56

'i

q.+

-=

S. 55
5. S Assuming frictionless, incompressible,
one-dimensional flow of water through the horizontal tee connection sketched in Fig. P5. s5 ,
estimate values of the x and y components of the
force exerted by the tee Jon the water. Each pipe
has an inside diameter of 1 m.

z
Section (2)

FIGURE

We

COJl'l

eCjtAa-fitTYI

U$e

'feacf7'oYl

-fhe..

cor.+rol

6 m/s

200 kPa

P5.55

fhe x and y CCIYVL(ltJnel1'/-r of Ik I/neay YY1()YY1eYl-ft"YVI

(&J.

-fhe.

V1

Pl

5.

22)

To

defen-'Yfine

exeyfed. by -!-he

foyce
vo tUYJ1e

fhe

x and Y ct:JYVl{J()YJenls ()f

Fw
f.22 leAds

wa.fer Oh -the.. fee.

coYtfA/~jn.J wafey I~ the, fee, E$'

(2)

1/

V3

:::

ll.1

1T!J.~

Li'
(con 'I: )

$'-57

5'". 55

COn

If )

S,5h
5.
Water is added to the tank shown in Fig. P5. 56 through
a vertical pipe to maintain a constant (water) level. The tank is
placed on a horizontal plane which has a frictionless surface.
Determine the horizontal force, F, required to hold the tank
stationary. Neglect all losses.

l'

-'-+)C ,~ _C0!lst~nt.
water level
1 -:-:~--~-:~i-

(2.) ..

Jet area

= 1250 mm 2

'-.+1.
m '. ',lm

F~

Frictionless
surface i

-~--~~:;::;:~-';:-

..i

Jet area

= 625 mm 2

!
/'

FIG U REP 5 .

5.6

A?p\y'It"~ -the. x- dlV~,tioil' c.oMPOV\e.I\+ of -the l jr\eAr W\OWlCY\-tuM -e~(AClfi ov)

to the. U>~~w\s 0+ +""- (.O~~l vo luM(. Sk.tt.~J dloove vJ~ ~e..f
,

V,~VI~'- V2..~Y'l-A"l. -:: F

(I)

8err\OIA\l','~ ~uo.fjon ~ d.~~c.r~1oe.. -the .ffidio~l-ess -flow

frbM -tltC'- c.o\'\~-h\wt WG\kY" SU1~'E:. level +0 +nCo .flow l~o..Vl~~
s.m,1io~cz, (l) and (z) VJe... alo~in
USlh'3

V?. ";

[z ~ h"-

(2.)

<l.vtcl

I/I=~
~1o;v\ll'l'3 ~5. l) 1. dVld. '3

= ~C3 ~, fA. -

or

F= D~

we qet

L~h2.~ A2.

o.t

5.57

I
I
1.L-_ _.,....llL.

.........

(/f'0

Water flows steadily into and out of a tank that sits on

frictionless wheels as shown in Fig. PS.S7. Determine the diameter D so that the tank remains motionless if F = O.

'"I

,
1

'~ '~;. :.o. ~"; ;" '~3-)

AffJ/Y1nJ fhe hfFfljQVlIa/ l{fVl1p(}ntVlf

pI f1tl I/Ylea4 Wlornen..f.um -e,u&&-I/f/h
[tin ~f.s

fn -hu.
Vd tUY'YJe

0f

!Itt.

---if

(ltD

(gy,.fn; /

we qef:

s h(JWYI I;' the

fcs VtV.;dll :

Vd~= V pI-- -I-VdL.

J

2.

A'}t:un / flc.e.

= ~ -= VlJh we gef

Vz.

V;cl7.. = ~p7,..f ~ ti1.

~o/c.IVJj ~f ~$.
If

V3 L.. V;

(I)

CfAYlJI'Io-f

e~.~)

e8 . (I )

If

(2)

~ (z)1-or k

eS' (/)
e~. (J.)

'-t4t.-

I..t

CaJIIYl,f

et. (j ) ~vo. k

~.
lIs-;-~
L?. _

V'S ~ "'"

Vj -;

(7-)

~[)=O
h wt..u..!' f

vzg h

w<.

~kvk.

I:x 5iJ.HrteJ

be 5df,j.fl~

CtU-t

C. (:( 1'1

sall.rh'ecl

be $t$--H.r~e,j

~!he,{ w:/t. j) -;; 0

~ ~-hj/je"l J/l/'tt. p:: 0
,$a.

k.L.Je f

::: l-j

5'-60

Jf)

fhal

of each is atmospheric. and the flow is incompressible. The

..'
"
contents of each device is not known. When released. which
TI he four de~lces shown In .Flg. P5.5~ res.t on fnlctlOn. devices will move to the right and which to the left? Explain.
Iess w hee s, are restncted to move In the x directIOn on y anc
are initially held stationary. The pressure at the inlets and outlets (I) ,-- - - ~ ~I
.

horijoYlfal

We (),pply jt.e.

/urn

/he

eg/,f(.f IltJn f,

I
I

(Z),~~.__::=;:_-=::J'~~L-'

c()mPOYlenf. of f1.,e II~ e~ ~

Y>1 Om e,..,

. -'

(oj

~f fl,e. CdYlh-;;/ I/IJluYlfe

("OJ1kj1f$

(bfl);:'en liYles) aY'ld delel"n1J;'e the.

5e n$e of fll e

.,

;If F.

Is

Shown I~

tll'l cJ"

fhe

/n

~;t1

..fo.taL ~.

d"~cJ-i()n

(cJ

(eI)

the .fke~l,es, nulion

will be. f.o {he /e fl. .If ~ if

/n

~ d{Y.cf/(Jn

riJhf .
Fr,-y-

()flPIJS;

Ie

{-Jaaf shown.! the. Y??o~;'Y)

fr;

.J..F FA:O.; there- IS

1'10

)'(J'rJ

jonI-,. /

is'

fhe

l?1(rhOn.

ske tel, (a.)

- v, ~v, A

~ ~ ~ Al.

5(ncf:.

PlN s/r:.e

kh (b)

fo f1-,e lei f /

is

mIJh'on

/J -/tJ

fhe.

YO;J},!.

-~f'~,A,+ ~f~A2.=:F
().nol {y()n/) Ulnset"vah'trn of YY'Ja>J

fJ V, A, :::"p ~ 4 l..
~I'ki

V '> V

)"tnee

2.;

rhe"

Fov s~~ ~) (nD~:

FLI

If

-/7J 11.e /eff

flow i.r ,;".ft, c va:f

a'JPI 1"I1(J~~",JIoIl.e~;flu..
,/

(t )

-l1p V, A = ~
I

a~d ~ ;.1 h

ft,e lelf-

f,

nro hon /s

h lJ,e

njAf.

FIN' 5Ke. f-c~ (d)

-v,p~~ +
and ~

~ p~,.42.

UJYI.JerVtA 170 n

,.0 V, 4J ~ f'V2,
{And ~ <.

so

= F;;
of ~a.fS

A2.

"2.

~ if -10 fie r/!/'t-

lAne!

~Pf.~r'J /$ /r; the Jeff.

5-61

~. 5'1

Water d ischarges into the atmosphere th rough the dcvice shown in Fig. PS.59. Determine the x component of force
al the flange required to hold the device in place. Neglect the
effect of gravity and frictio n.

To

30

fl~,~

______

,,,

,,,,,,,/~k fht ;(-d,.-<ch~~

{o".

"fU'Ye,) to hold f/,e

device In flac / the x- d/.-edio'1
CO>'>1I'OYI,,,1- of the 1,'.,,,,1" mommlu..,
egl/ali."" is fAJed 0" h.e (ft,k-.. iJ
",-,clo.,,'''3

fj,e

+0 .I.fa;n;

skt-kJ.,

-V,,,,VA
-VflV4
\
112.2.1.
To

dekTI'M/ne

7-D

./,fa ,';., :

VJ

.1A

+ V,, cos'~'f' V3 A3 = - F.1/ +f." 1/

CIJn5rvAT7
J,
..,

LJ

Jn ~

Q.,=>;<" T Q,}
~ II, = Ii A, f

>J A J

(20 ~f;:O. 8r~') ~f(J~t)(f/'ff'f')t- v,. (b.3h')

f.

V3 =S ff
S

fY7f'r->

E3 ' / we

,e!-

_ ('20 V)(I.U it}(2O j{d.Zff')

FA

-=).'1 '+0

Ib

1>-62

(i )

S.60
5. 60

A vertical jet of water leaves a nozzle at

a speed of 10 mls and a diameter of 20 mm. It

suspends a plate having a mass of 1.S kg as indicated in Fig. PS,bO . What is the vertical distance h?

FIGURE

fhe ve~H(.eI1

To de/eYYJlllne.

fhe. II~eIlY

cowtpbY1enf

tJl

wafe r

fhe

I;"

- R~

-;()O

.7

con-fn,/

cI/sfttnce

I"n()YHehfu".,.,

P5.60

apply fk verhl.al tilfecho""!

we

e'6u().h~h (61' >.2Z) fD ft,e

shown 1i1 fhe .s-kefct a.bove.. Thlls,

voluY11t2-

-ifwale,.. -- - VI f AI VJ

== -;0

J.

l{ ~ ~

2-

(J)

tt

7Ae verfico,/ reaciion force of lhe ;/ole on Jhe kI~/er is

efu,o./ in 1n49nilu de 10 lite l,fKiIighl of Ik pJII.le) ()r

RJ : :" 9 !11p /a l e

('1. $1 !f) ( I. 5

~J:: I if. 7 N

A /050./ !he. wBiyh f of M wQ.ler willl/n I/J cfl)1IYo l volt/me J fJ.9 ~41e.r J
;.s 17~1 lig iiJle I and fAe /?It.Z.fS flow role is

m jJ ~ l{
=:

== ;; Ao Yo

-:: ( 999 ~ ) f

(/J. o:J.

v,::

hi )'- (

10 ; ) ;:: 3, /3

l!f

Thull Elf / becames

- /~. 7

II ::: -

or

11f-. 7

- If. 70

3,/3.1t1s-

From lite Berl1lJtI// tjpg!itJn (Er;.3.7)

~ + i. fl v,,:l+ J1zo

::::

-f1 .J. 1:(/ 'v; ~ 0' ~

Wi!

1fU2~ ifJl1~

/'0 -::It :. 0

1#

2,

:::,.1

l' ~~?

or .Ji/lce
L
If

h9ve

wAe.r8
20

T/;I/~

tp

=:21 (~,. /I 1)
I

I
=::"2. (q.81!f{J

(:z..
:z..) m ~
/0 -- JI.. 70 ~

=:: 3. q 7

/J'l

..-

5.6'1
Exhaust (assumed to have the properties of standard air) leaves the 4-ft diameter chimney shown in Video
VS.3 and Fig. PS." ,."ith a speed of 6 ftls. Because of the
wind, after a few diameters downstream the exhaust flows
in a horizontal direction with the speed of the wind, IS ftls.
Determine the horizontal component of the force that the
blowing wind puts on the exhaust gases.

15 Itls

FIG U REP 5.61

For -the

control volume indic4fed fhe x-Gomponen!

()r the

momenlvm eCI'Jafi~f7

s:u pV/1 dll

= ~ Fx

become.s

cs

p Vz- Ill-

where Rx ".s the nef hOl'i'l.()IJio./ force

fha1 -fhe winrh pvis 0" -foe exhaust 9a.ses.
===

Rx

ThtJs

Rx ~ m:;. V~

m2 ::: e!9" \4 == ~ A, V, (i. e. m,:::: '+',. )

m~::: (0,00238 sJ?-)I1J (lfHt Jr 611) ::: 0, /79 ~~~

or

Whel'B

He nCB.!

Rx '" O.1793J?(Jsf}),: 2,6'1 0f.!1:= 2.tQ/iJ

S-6tf

5 62-

5. 62.
Air discharges from a 2-in.-diameter nozzle and
strikes a curved vane, which is in a vertical plane as shown in
Fig. P5. b2.. A stagnation tube connected to a water V-tube
manometer is located in the free air jet. Determine the horizontal
component of the force that the air jet exerts on the vane. Neglect the weight of the air and all friction.

P5.~~

+hat

Note.

we 'Iqnoyc. -\-l,<. ef~+ of o~ost>h(,ri c.. Pf.f'SSUfC On ~h(. \lal~~

;n OUf SOlu1iOVl below a~ck lASe. ~~e. pye~SLtfe.\. I\s 'In~\c~6 in

0+

FIGURE

)(

L '

Ex.~mp\e. 5, 10 J '#\(.

~~Sphc":l to ?y~ ~~uye -rvrc.e. MOJ-j r\ee.d c()ns I"~r~+ll>""

whe", id.t~ti~iY'l~ rto.L+ioV\ +orc.e!,. For ~e Qty .f'lowIt\~ ihY~~h+he
C-Ot\+rol votu,,",e., ~ ~~ a\oove) +he. X - d 'f~C -He>'" COMpot'le.\I\i of +he.
I', neo.'(' M()mc.r'\1u~ ~(AO.,fi on 'I~
- VI P

,vI AI

V'l. eos

\Qlf

I\fP\/\~tioY' 0-(

(,) -tv

('2..)

0~.

30

V2,.Al..

Q\r

= - R;(.

(I)

8eroololll\ IS ~W)..p.oY\ 11r t-he. flow fn>M

y'le\c:is

V2, =VI
Ihe n ) +ron'l +he. C()",c;erV'a.-i1on of Mo.S~ t>Y'Ylc.iple
(~)

A,V, :: AI...V't.

e..rlAAfioY\ ~dl~ -+0 oJ::,~~1'\ +he

.fDlloWlt'\~ e,~+lOY\ fz,y ~ S~~~(7Y\ -hAbe decele.~~Oh

We

lAse

~ (l\r

For +he

t3c.rnotAll',

VI

:::

(~)

'2..

w\.t-h. +h-c.

V\f\o."'o me.kr'" I

Pt\~ +

h fY'~ t'\OCS' W

Q.

\.e,y

0'.

1Ytt;tr\g

o.lr

e.\IAct1io,""

1:s+o. ~

(s)

( G,)

( eDV)'i )

562..

(COn't)

Rx. ==

~x=
ThiS

2.9f, \b

--

is the .f-ov'ce -eKe..rkd. ~~ -\hc. vane

--the. .f.lovl,~ ~~V'.

\?~ th.t. tlc,w 1~'1 <:\\1 txer+s on 1i1e VCl.n~

~ ~~ ~y\ ~7 \I'\\-Mo\4. b~ Of posi k iYl d ;~c:nCTY\ 00 -Ihe rl1h-f)

The. .fu.ru2. -ex.uktl

\

CY\

5"- 66

5.6S
5.6 S

A 3-in.-diameter horizontal jet of water

strikes a flat plate as indicated in Fig. P5,65. Determine the jet velocity if a lO-lb horizontal force
is required to: (a) hold the plate stationary; (b)
allow the plate to move at a constant speed of 10
ft/s to the right.

(al

(bl

FIGURE

The COI1/-rr;/ volume

In The

shoWn

the

htJYlj()nft?1

tyJ () Me yt

/u,yy,

x- dlf'ec.iltJY1

OY

e~ ua/j(7}/l
-

is used. The

skefch

sfah'oYlPYJ plale CAfe if. cPI1J'ldeYea

"5.65

IIpfllicaltan ~I

fi;ff.

cOYJ/If1~nent

of

fj,e /;i1eor

y / e/dj

-~

Oy
lA,

Thus

()nd

f.,(,

plate

the

tit

fP.eed
r

V= 10 :s
ff /

-the lin eery hI~hZehluh-t erUIl/;OY'j

x - dIYec,fioY]

or
and
-==

/)10

5- 67

ZOo Z

====

ff
J'

VI;'" platt!

5,66
A Pelton wheel vane directs a horizontal. circular
cross-sectional jet of water symmetrically as indicated in Fig.
PS.66 and Vidtm V5.4. The jet leaves the nozzle with a velocity of 100 ft/s. Determine the x direction component of anchoring force required to (a) hold the vane stationary. (b) confine the speed of the vane to a value of 10 ft/s to the right.
The fluid speed magnitude remains constant along the vane
surface.
D

=1

.,;
m.

(a)

(b)

FIGURE P5 ..6.6
(A)

To

deferm,nG -fJ,e. )(- dl;ecli~n cpl'H{J4J1ehf of qJ1c.h~Y'I~ ~e !7!fUI'i-etl iP

hlJ/d fhe

e,

tU?IJV~

skwn

S"1ei1/onlJry JIVe use file S'lRh'dJ1~'y on"/rrJ/ v~/JtM(!

V4J1{!

tlJtd th~ x- d,yeCndn

(1' Ii 2"2 )

MA:n#1I1

ct?m;;~l1ehf of- the //heo.- m,Jlfle"lu"",

l"hu~

~ :: m(tft ~ I.IJS 'Is ') :::j7AJ ~ ('1 t~ ~Jljl"1 :: I' ~p/I{~ of ~ t;.5'1~'

F. :: Iii Ib

" de!e,YYn,;'e

(6) 70

fhe

X'- d,;e&h'Oh

11J U)wh'ne .fife. Vane..

~

life

&t

Ii

of"

W CIJ$ Y.r D)
l.

&

JI16-k 11tA-1-

/'1-1 'I,

s- 68

fr";"

fo

ftt~ Y/1hf WJ'fh

()f

tHe. I/;r.u.r

clh1fy,1 vO/~Ylte (1' $".21).

(vv
J

or /lJ1cJ,fH'~ ~e ",(HIed

Chlsnrl1f s/eed of It)

Ynov/nf/

V()/ume.

f YtlJ1.rlitn"?j

,: ::. ~ A, ltV

We

()l

me x- d/ved/on comp4J1od

and

IrN-

Clhrlrol

fr;

CIJ"VJ()nel'1f

7r~). W

(it'

t{

IRe Yl9"'f w-e

$,ud pf /0 ~f"

MOJll1.tJ1/ztm

ejlo"h',,,

lJut~"

/W

' ('

t W
1.

U.f .f D)
/

{t}

'i.h7

5.67
How much power is transferred to the moving vane of
Problem 5.66?

P"wer

EA V

where frolf} Prohlem

( l/.fb \b ) ( ID
PDWer :::

s. 66 Fa -::. II/bib

ft ")

t;S'o ~+.lb \
(
~. hp J

':2

2.6S hp

~-

69

5.68

Water enters a rotating lawn sprinkler

through its base at the steady rate of 16 gal/min
as shown in Fig. P5.68'. The exit cross section area
of each of the two nozzles is 0.04 in. 2 and the flow
leaving each nozzle is tangential. The radius from
the axis of rotation to the centerline of each nozzle is 8 in. (a) Determine the resisting torque
required to hold the sprinkler head stationary.
(b) Determine the resisting torque associated with
the sprinkler rotating with a constant speed of
500 rev/min. (c) Determine the angular velocity
of the sprinkler if no resisting torque is applied.

! r ij. /NOZZle exit .

--t;--/,.,..----=

area

/ /--

---

O.04m.

.......

1/

'\
~
~

~~
"

.//j

...-///

--- -- -::-:--t(sio.fit1nd. YJ
t.........

ClJtrfl7Jl

IItJlu~e.

=16 gal/min

--- -

FIGURE PS.,8

Th;s if f/~;I"y -It> GK'amfJle 5: 17.

(a) To dekvtlne fhe ~5"ir/Jy,f 1t;Yi Jt~ r~tlli~d fz> ;u4d M~ 5jJn'hk/erhead sfafl~l1t:1'Y we U$f:.- The. m"JIIt.~f - tJl-;;noJ1teJllfu"" ~f"Iue

etlA.alidn {EI' ~. 50}. i'Jul5,.

(;)

= 6'/./7 t!
oS

-r.$/uil-I : -

z.96 ff.16

dehYm,ne the r~5iJh'~1 -I-oY'ltl~ a>$dd~f.ed w/ft,.. tt spYIVJkiet' ~ttd

of 5"t1~ ye.v we. a.5e c1 / attll;'. fhn.veVey I (/ot'i fA ro/7tI/t/YJ Wf.. /,ave.

(b) T()

ml;')

(Z)
FI7Y W ,..
Wl..

We
c

use
bL

2 AI1()J}~
exi,,"

(16 !~a(

) (Ill'! ;;~~)

(2){ ". ()'f

(GLJI1'

,;"....)

f )
5',70

(7. '1R

9,4 ,

F/~

-=
~ ~.L )

....,;.,

{, '1./7 ff.
J

S:6B

(cOJ1'f)

r~y

Z{

/,Ale ('(fe

= (9 In.) (soo ~ ) (i7r ftt )

(6tJ ~ )

(;2 I;")
off

1' 2. (,N~ htMe.

Th{J J with

:: 6'1./7 If - "llf.91 ff =T
.J

V.

~2.

C/Jlfti

;Jfm

W~

E't. /

wilt,

e-z

(~'fK

,$/11llf

Y8 In.j{zf. zt t) (/ iJ!..

f.."/
lJcin . /

I) (bIJ ~)

9tf
rf2

alo'U/

ff-

.J"

tJ6"kt,;"

- (to 9'1 f.!!J.!)(I~

2f/- 2{

him

sll4,.

/12.
(

i" ' )

fI-

.sa..

/. 3~ f-l. /h

CC) To de/e",m/YJe fAt.. ~n.I~/ar veto~/ fy ~f- I1rL >jJ}'/nlder /f ~ Y~/>h~

f()y~ tl.e
fl;

p-p/I/ed we.

!s

~/Y1tA-h(;YI ()f CtjS. / aJlut 2

() bID. Ii?

tf

::W

)..

2.-

=:.

(6'1.17 ~/)(I Z

yo.....

7h e

the

U.${!

Yl; ftJy

":::.

(S,;'.)

~ 1MU.I IV.I i.r

N -::::(?I.?

if)

YQd)

fI, Ci .J

(b()~)

/(277

~d)

rev

5-7/

920

-======A=,=''''

9~J

ypd

s-

5.69
S.t19
Five liters/s of water enters the rotor shown in Video
V5.5 and Fig. P5.69 along the axis of rotation. The crosssectional area of each of the three nozzle exits normal to the
relative velocity is 18 mm 2 How large is the resisting torque
required to hold the rotor stationary? How fast will the rotor
spin steadily if the resisting torque is reduced to zero and (a)
() = 0, (b) () = 30, (c) () = 60?

II FIGURE P5.69

7b de/erm/l'Je

fh~ flJ~u~

we use,
-10 obfa/~

~oJ+tenf -

fhe.

~ y

;- Shlll'f --

We

nl)f~

J1I1

::

~uI-

duf-

"'~UI"ed -/zJ

}u,/d ..fhe. YrJly fiP./7i;)Ylaq

,,1-- m()JIH~Iu;+1 rorf"G I!.j;UIJtIJ'un (1:1' s: So)
(I)

t115!)

fHaT

p t:2.

3A""'"1le
eXl!

1.$.

I J Z. aJlld 3

r' Q
3
To

riekY"w,ine

oSha! f

iDrfJ/lfe

e~J,(ah'oV1

nofe

Y)1

(it)

~t co.> 6'

AI'I6JJle

exit

fhe

Y7Jtrrr

fAJ19/,1Itt y

Wl.

~!IJ In

use.

( 'j. ~. So)

~hah-::
W-e

we

fhe

+t> "hm,n.l

~"f (tv 1)1A.7

CbS

veltJvify

it,)$

t1>s()c/tJtf~d wifh

m()~eJ?f- of - fflomel'1luW'l -/Dt"ffJe

l7~e

qt.tf- )

w /t?t hJIRhol'7)
(5)

tha.f

(7)

(cOYl'f)
5-72

3ero

5.69

(c~n'f)

r;half :::

s"4.11
Fr~ 1"

= Zt:Jo

AI.

not

w~ obJ,un ~

fl.t:?H::

tJ

If I~/ (OJf 3()")(/PI?P ~),.

-= IbtJ

3(18~~L-){ IPI}~ ~)((J.S"..)

e ==

(c.) F7Jy

r~4fi

&

60 d wt use
(9ff!1) (s
~3

" 'I

Iv ge.f
~

~~y~ (3) (IYn-.n,~)

py

III N.~

~ t'j. f
W

we 16hun -fp.., ~

(S

.$

~/(t).'-'")(Co! to') {tPtJtI : , . : /(f1'/;" )

(/IJIJIJ

rJhaff ::

--

YAel

~)(UJ6tJ~

=- ()

'firr
(IPPd

2-

(3J(13ht,.,~J(lOPcJ ~) (d~~;)

;-73

f>

b1 j1.

5.7 J
A water turbine wheel rotates at the rate of 50 rpm in
the direction shown in Fig. P5.7J. The inner radius, T 2 , of the
blade row is 2 ft, and the outer radius, r I , is 4 ft. The absolute
velocity vector at the turbine rotor entrance makes an angle of
20 with the tangential direction. The inlet blade angle is 60
relative to the tangential direction. The blade outlet angle is
120. The flowrate is 20 ft3 / s. For the flow tangent to the rotor
blade surface at inlet and outlet, determine an appropriate constant blade height, b, and the corresponding power available at
the rotor shaft.

f-

Section (1)

since

Q.
211;-; b ~,I
+hen the blade /'el,kl-, b I

Section (2)

FIGURE PS.7!

II::

:Iffr;

The

1.5

51101f

OJ

~I

P()WeY'"

vv:.~tlH

) 15"

lief (NIt

powef" ~uah'tJn (1.5'53) .

-vtt;.haff .::.

(Ina

nef (Jt.ri
the Use

1/

of 11+ 'I

.,

wi It,

0,.

l{ V~ 2. d el'end.s

0"

wire/her

Ve 2 /s- opposi Ie. 7-0 or i" +he. 5"ante d/rechon as V; respecfively.

/
To defermine the value of ~,I we use. the velocify fYiong/( af
se c. Non (I). Thus we hallf:
I

V.R,I
V,
Wi~ fhe ve/~ci1y /Y/(Jn9Ie

~,I

hn

2()(J

V.R~ I
fAn 60

we.. have

+ V,
0

However

V;

r;w

(con't )
5-74

5".7/_1

(c()n't)

thus fq.]

leads fr;

rOd)
(if ff) (5() rpm) (/-271' ;;;

r,w

::

:::

/ -L
_ I ')
( hn 2.0~
fDn 60,/

R,/

tJbh'n
(to #1)

tV i ff" ~9 ,I we

211"('1/1 )(9.65 1

9")

fhe blade lIe/ocifl'es 1i1 E~.

For

7J = r, (J.)

('Zff) (5 0

we

(Ve, 2. ntrt h

VB 2

::

_".

6 ,1

mh 2(}

COnJirucf

t1

ff
of'
./

salle)

~ Z fan ~() 0

8,2.

(It )

t{

cOf/servaHon of Mass

~ 2~. ~ l

The se.cfiol? (2.) ve/(h:,fltj fy/1I1'10/(: ske.~kd 6elfMI

R,2.

ti

HI/I?

L{
yeahie -fhaf

We

t'p~)

fhe, velrJc/ Iy iYj(Jnv1e af secf/(}n (I) -h; ~blzi,;'

V.~ 2

.s

60L

~I
fz:tn 20

,::'

'II.:

= 20.9'1 If

"'11"
( 2-71' ~)
--------------~'~~~---== ~.~7

= J: w =

Foy ~I J we we

From

we ref

(60 .s: )

1.l:z.

(AYld

if

('I Tn (so YPWt) ( 2TT ~)

==

F-or-

tJ. O~25

V.

A,:::

/(, I A

(con'f)
5-75

wi Hz

50

~.

V~ 2. -=
Finally

'T we obmln

{ltf.3

r.

w/111

virshall-

~f)1-rJJ1 30
2

~ I!,ti'l
(,"

net ou.t

0
_

/&.'17

ft

== 0.673

we (}b~/~
sluff\fi.o if) )!(zfJ.71f 1 )1;.652"rl-f{O.'f7 fJ:)'/O.6 7JB)}/i !it- )
1-+1/, s If co
S /(4.
S/
s I
s"(j{ sllI1.ft
J~

Or

W s)1tI.H
net

":

'2.. /8 X I() 'I ft. II:;

-s

4ltf

a~c{

-Wsna.If
nef"-o/,tf

;f

1.. iN X II)
s~o

'I

If 110
s

-::: '39. 6 hp

ff./b
s. hI'

5-76

5.72

An incompressible fluid flows outward

through a blower as indicated in Fig. PS.72. The
shaft torque involved, T'haft' is estimated with the
following relationship:
Tshafl

= t1U2 VO.2

where t11 = mass flowrate through the blower,

= outer radius of blower, and V O2 = tangential
component of absolute fluid velocity leaving the
blower. State the flow conditions that make this
formula valid.

'2

.....-

_...

FIGURE PS.1Z

I
valId

S-i1a It

J1I1a..y 6e

c(JY14fJ~neJ1f

of

i11~

~)2

Ide",.l/hed

d.

e.

0,1
no

6y

Ee. s 'f2..

a.. s tah'oJ1.IJl;':.Y and

". slea.dJ - I;'
c. ne&I'j/6Ie

(;)

- flit! -

UJ>?1ffJl'I

~&J' I

co hd i -n (n,,$

Thast!

with -IJ,e /Ix/a I

ar~

h~J? - de/w~/~ CQ'y1~1 volume

MeQI'I

She4Y sIY~s.! 1oY9UL

sftt!>~e~

d /s fy/huh'on

(see .rtelc~ a6uv&)

,clow

::: 0

f. u J1 / flJy~

"J

of t,.;,
I

~77

w;~ ve>Iee-f ~ tlx/s IJ{ ttJ/r../JOh

5.73

V R2 = 30 ftls

5.73
The radial component of velocity of water leaving the
centrifugal pump sketched in Fig. PS.73 is 30 ft/s. The magnitude of the absolute velocity at the pump exit is 60 ft/s. The
fluid enters the pump rotor radially. Calculate the shaft work
required per unit mass flowing through the pump.

aMt! 11011- d~/PYMlry

The stah'o}fcuy
Sk~l-ch

lIni!

./

bIt/de

1""1_

r,

$ntlrt

Id~

V9)

2.

~".ud I tJ;. )

"l-

cd;r

ThuJ I

.frn.n

= (v:-

s: S"~.

shlJlf wOy/<.. fer

TJII~.J

(I)

be ()6M,ned

CAli

(lS

..fiJI/(}w>,

~/;'

)fTT ~)/l):::
yeV (~O...E.-

dbl,J1net/

The. fangeJ1hd ve/tJti/-yJ ~

~2

4.
II

(he

2-

::: C W ::;; (0.5 ff )(2.000 y!!'

ct)J1irrJI vt)/tlYJt~ shown /~ -IJ,e

/0 ttebYmln-R
C~"'"
l,. U~I
""'L

I""""

= 1J

w.$/'tlfl7}te

used.

i.s

abtJve

Wlt/5J

FIGURE P5.73

(/J

fp/;;/.,;~

v~ ... )i [(6off/-(30~t/l ~
='

JD5 If

52

{f
s

$' I

(105 :1)( ~2

t;lf60

ff/6

s/uJ

~78

5.74

A fan (see Fig. P5.74-) has a bladed rotor

of 12-in.-outside diameter and 5-in.-inside diameter and runs at 1725 rpm. The width of each
rotor blade is 1 in. from blade inlet to outlet. The
volume fiowrate is steady at 230 fe/min and the
absolute velocity of the air at blade inlet, VI' is
purely radial. The blade discharge angle is 30
measured with respect to the tangential direction
at the outside diameter of the rotor. (a) What
would be a reasonable blade inlet angle (measured with respect to the tangential direction at
the inside diameter of the rotor)? (b) Find the
power required to run the fan.

The ~lah(;Ylary and

skel-ch above.
tJ~1/e

/>

is UJed.

" ....

....

,c

.;;:--._--FIGURE PS.74

delrrrm/~J confn;/ VtJ!ui11e

de~n1/h-e.

10

1pin.--J I-

.fjzDWYl In

-the

a retrst)JlUf61e. blt:lde

6/adl. $htJl1/d ft,e /-t;;n~Mf fo

ve/afive ve/ocJfy ttl lite Iy,/~f.

JkekhuJ belttw.

The.. Inlef ve/tJcl/-y /Y/an!/e

we

aSSume

fhat

WI

(;)

Now
Q

::.

A,

= 35./

(12.

wifh E~. /

In)

ff
fI-

e = +aM -t{J I J) 7 =
,

(37-"

f!

= (2.5 11].)
.

== YoJ

7hu;

I
I

the

Ih/ef

-Ihe

nOn -

"

51 ) ]

'f 3

(Con'c)

5: 7/f

(con It )

The power ye~~"y.ed) ~J,tlll) may be tJb-blird wi/tJ

Thus

&1-

(2)

W:::mVV
fha/l-

VV1IiH -!Iow-ra-!e /

th< 1-

'"

jl Q

~ "L

z.

1..

rl17-J

='

~bIt;l~i

YYlay k

a$ hl/lIWf_

(2-31 X 10-3 S/"ff

(z"i0 tf Y -'- );; q.12 xmJ~
if
to.!...
J

Also

5".53.

fIIlh).

111,/)

u.. : ~w '"

(6 In. ) (172 ~
(/2

Jf J{27T fl! ) '" 90."3

In.) (6tJ .ff-: )

t!.
.s

/Hln

The value. of ~I ~ may be. o6-/r:(Jnet/ by cOh-rld'Ylj .fh~ lIe/:i7

friPYJ1/e -fpy -Ihe. flow letW'l1j -lite j?J~ af 5ec;hdn(~_ The
ye!/ftfNc velocily at /he Yl)~ exjf- i> UMsJdereti -IT; be. IoWf fld
-Iv the-- hhde fheY'e _ !he yafw exi f flrJ/N vtl ()~i fj -IY/aY/le is

skel-d1eJ

belfIN.

5.7S

An axial flow gasoline pump (see Fig.

P5.75) consists of a rotating row of blades (rotor)
followed downstream by a stationary row of
blades (stator). The gasoline enters the rotor axially (without any angular momentum) with an
absolute velocity of 3 m/s. The rotor blade inlet
and exit angles are 60 and 45 from the axial
direction. The pump annulus passage cross section area is constant. Consider the flow as being
tangent to the blades involved. Sketch velocity
triangles for flow just upstream and downstream
of the rotor and just downstream of the stator
where the flow is axial. How much energy is added
to each kilogram of gasoline?

c~m+-ml

~5C

VIJ /Utl1e
I

60

I mean radius blade

sections
I

:7U:~coYlfro l

I
I

I
l

VDlume

FIGURE P5.7S

lhe veioc-i-f'l l'IiI1YJj/e." f;;r {low jusf (Jff~tM11 ~ /he, y,,1-tJy Is

belaJ

SKefrfrled

fhe arithmefic mean Yael/uS.

lOY

WI

,- s-

V-"3rn

With

'he TriorJj!e.,
:;

V,
cos 60

We
::.

con~(ude fhai

(3 ;:-)
Co> 66"

ay,d

m
s
5,2

v;=
5"- 81

5.75

-coy/Ii)

The ve-I()ciiy -/-vldYJg/e I()r (I(}w jllsf c/()/)JJ1.JIYetlM

ske hhed

b~/(NJ f()y

t'i7UJn1fJm5ib/~

Thus

flow

lor relafive

pf fhe

Y()1-or is

-the tJyifhmelic, JlY/e tlYi Yadws, ~

~)2.:::' ~.

f:or

/J1eon ratift.l.f t~

lIow

faYJgeJllf fr; fhe blade

ve(rJcify -Iv/angle.- .>kefd7ed belM.

Wt

l{=Z{.
obkiln iAe

W2.

~lI
With fhe fY/an,/e we undude thaI-

Vn.,
~~

= U~ -

W@JZ -:; TJ2 -

v:J21anl/D:::

5"- 82

5,2

m_ h
s

l-

m) -M~ '1/=
$

2.2 ?Z'
S

5.7~
5.7"
A sketch of the arithmetic mean radius blade sections
of an axial-flow water turbine stage is shown in Fig. P5.76. The
rotor speed is 1000 rpm. (a) Sketch and label velocity triangles
for the flow entering and leaving the rotor row. Use V for absolute velocity, W for relative velocity, and U for blade velocity. Assume flow enters and leaves each blade row at the blade
angles shown. (b) Calculate the work per unit mass delivered
at the shaft.

J ~76~Ufe
/

'A'
I

/ 45'
,
I

FIGURE PS.7b

I \/oll.(jIr\e
(0,.+11)1

I
I

\lOhl~e

Blade sectIons

arith~etic

at the
mean radius

17.5

The ve/oci.fy -/Y-/dr},f/es foy fhe.. Tk>w enleYl?J and fhe flow
leav,h9 fh e

vofrJr

cd -!he dJ'lfhmelic.-

Yow

metlh Ytlc!tu.J (1ye JKelched

below.

1J2.

ari~lJtefic

Ai fhe

V::
t{
I

m~a;1

rw

::

f\!I

vCid/uJ)

the bltlde ve/oclfy ) ~ is

(fD ,;".)

I DIJO

re.",

nt/~

(12 In.) ('02-: )

If

(Z'Tt' Yev
~)

:: ?:? '3 II
s

)lHlh

W;t4,

th~

~>in

7()fJ

V, (;() 5 70
W

"

I irl LfS II

\tV I

fYl'aYl!/Ie.- f,Y fh~ flow l nHn-IYtJ the Y7JIuy Wl- cmclwle fIdf

vel~cify

-= VgI

(I)

= ~I

(2..)

= V~ ,- u

('3 )

Co> '1-5" ;:

'Ix,

(Con

'e )

5"'- 83

('I)

(con '7; )

5. 76

Fro}1l1 fhe rtlfio tJ{ ~5 . 3 /AMI if we. Obf71'~

V.X,,
when um6/necl wift;. Elf.

which

(J

1af'llfS

~d 2.

y/e/ds

vI U)S 70"

or

[5/i1 70

0
_

=- ~'7.fofl.s

TheYl

\.j' S1i17i'

VBt

::

= \tj

= (f7' ~/)

=- SZ,3 If

'S,;" 70 ()

.>

~/

fa7.b ~+)

7(/ -=

(()5

70

:-

z"

'1

-Sfl-

()nd

WI

(.f)$

Vx , I

cos fs D

(~'1, q ~)
U'Js If r

::

()

12, '-I

!!
s

W/th fl1~ ve/ocify -/-Y/OYl9/e fllY fhe fl()w leavlnJ fhe r-olrH
conclude ihaf

we.

(5)

\I

v~ l

V2. - W2- S-1Y1 s

()

\{ $,;' z.

Vz. (,0$

O{z.

=
_ Zq, Cf {lS

(conI t )

G~. 5

{yom

ThUJ

= '12. 'I f-f

.$

oJIId fr-uwt ~.

fLJ

::: U _ W ~1Y, Iff; 0

V
(},'2-

")..

.x;
aJ1d

= -fan-I

mass

22.l{-!J

4:.

.J

y/e/dJ

aMd!

I '-) -=

fru-,

Vx, ~

-!

(2.2.4

( Z'i, 7

it )J

37

~+; J

-IYl7Y'n E,/ . 7

v:z. We

(Vt9

f! _(ttl,'! f.f)
~/~lf)
S
$

valio or 15. 7

The

= 52.3

2.

CLJn

Ve, z
U5~

Etg. S:S'I

deJ/veyed
W

5htl.fl-

().f

::::

WdYf,.

per u~;f

/he s-ha.ff. 71zt-1I

TJV
J

:f

C'a/ClAltlk fhe

fz;

(5"2, 3

~I

+ 7J

V
fJ.
I

ft)(n.3 ~+) f (5"z.3 f f)(z~. '/ fI-~

!.L )
s1Jl/t flUj.
(f
5

J )

5).

::: _ :3130

fl. Ib
5/uy

5- 85

5.77
Sketch the velocity triangles for the flows entering and
leaving the rOlor of the turbinetype flow meter shown in Fig.
PS.77. Show how rotor angular velocity is proponional to average fluid velocity.

..

'"

FIG U RE P 5 . 77 (CoutICsy or EG&G Flow Tech.

nology, Inc.)

F"" '" 5edjt7l-> of {he /uYbj'lG Mo.de. af r",<I/u6 f/ fl.e b/tff/~

J17fN<S t-~"fhl!> w i /I, '" vdQc.i/y V = rrAj. 1k ve/(Jei!;t
Irl"'''9/e ! hltJ.y be fkl.heo( as ShtM>'> .

W,
V,

v
v

~2.
J

/.1s'''J

IE$. 5". '50

IN

'lei

- VX 2.-+-1... - r W
J

50

cu fJ-86

5".78

S.7f:3
By using velocity triangles for flow upstream (1) and
downstream (2) of a turbomachine rotor, prove that the shaft
work in per unit mass flowing through the rotor is
Wshaft
net in

V~ -

Vi

+ U~

Uf

Wr -

where V = absolute flow velocity magnitude, W

flow velocity magnitude, and U = blade speed.

Any

or veJo(ify fnaJ19/e.- fw

.fef

wtJlAld 9/Jle.. fh~

YOw

relative

,rIM fhYI/lA;/'

I'e~u.lt. We

Jdme

IA.Sc

t{

/z,tvbt'YJltPch/fe

~ l;r/dnt/es Df 10,. ?S. 77.

~2

Fr()/'YI

,'rile! Ilow

fhe

fYl'aYJ9/e w4Z qef

velocify

l."l.

':2.

V.KII

'=>.

V -)/
V

(;)

v, I
D

tlnd
1.

': W J - (~~ I +u)

I

c~(, /Y)J nJ
ifI ~I

'2

~ 2..

vl

'1.

- 2 Uv
-U
~ I
I e I

\AI - V

).

(2)

c.vc ohfaly)
_

til

-fh t!.

FrO)IVI

'2..

'l.

t:IM-d

Cjr. /

2.

outJe f

flow

v~/pt;fy

fy/an9/e.

we- gef

'l
:::

('f)

V .2.

and

(s)
/

(COy/It)
5- 81

ft)/Py

? 78

. COY) 'f)

C(YI/yt /n'n /Y/J

Etj~.

Ull
~
87..

'I

tA nd

the

:;?.

(,)

l{

;t:-()y

"l-

lj'-W""2-

we. b6h/~

S'

~ef

of veltJcify

uJ

sh4f+

U!/
I
~I

-Iv,'a 119 /es

(7)

~~~
I

he! /n

Corn b/YJ ,fij

~1s.

3/ h ClL-vtd 7

V 2_ V
W5htff fhel Ii-?

:::

;).

ok-/-,; I;'

(AJ(..
l.

2-

2-

2.

+W-t V-U
:a..
I
~

5"-88

W"22-

5.70/
5.71*

Upstream of Rotor

Summarized below are air flow data for

flow across a low-speed axial flow fan. Calculate
the change in rate of flow of axial direction angular momentum across this rotor and evaluate
the shaft power input involved. The inner and
outer radii of the fan annulus are 142 and 203
mm. The rotor speed is 2400 rpm.

1ItL

Radius
(mm)

Axial
Velocity
(m/s)

Absolute
Tangential
Velocity
(m/s)

Axial
Velocity
(m/s)

Absolute
Tangential
Velocity
(m/s)

142
148
169
173
185
197
203

0
32.03
32.03
32.04
32.03
31.09
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
32.28
32.37
31.78
31.50
29.64
0

0
12.64
12.24
11.91
11.35
11.66
0

lit

chA.llje

across

Downstream of Rotor

the.

~FAMx

ov

(/ )

f}Jhey'~

~ nnu II,( S

ttd (f)

(,

~ anti ~

aye local

ClAd 5c,c+io~

OVId.

~2

lIx'/L

As

V~

.
Ih1/e

()nd

y-a.dii af secfil)n

t1tt. /ey

rad'-;

(2) dll.lll1s/tla-11-! ()f

1aJ1

y,hy

(;) I.If$~ of ~ ~iur

()Yf!.,

local aj,5tJluk k"le)1h4! vdlJcJly

al

secftdJ7J(2)IJIUiU)

aMd VX, J

5Wj1t!,JktJ.

7:Jlu/ff

bj

a-x.i(J.1 vt-/()( i ffes

a~ (1)(4/

aJ

Sec piJn.1 (2)

a-Itd (I)

t~. 5 '15

(2)

~.tJ FAMJ(

Gj. 2- IS eva {ua./(tA nUYY/fJY,"{,Il,/l witr... a. U/mlufw fYP<jYdll? Maf (,iht~J

!ttL -Iror' Jt)l' dA. 1 rukwi/'t, tAJ1e~Yl inWet/J. & pri7Y~ fisi ~yf.d
(e.su.lfs att!, on fhA.. Yle)C-f paJe .

and

~h((ll) ;f ev~ 4-takD/ w'-f(., Gj. 5. '17. ThUi.)

WrA4ff- =- ~Illf
:3

;' s

.eN1t tlA.ojuI

fA.)

( 3)
6~

IIu.. ~ujt,./ tJr;r;Y~ I/)/e~ on bu

(um If )
5"-

8'1

(Con 't)

100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220

230
240
250
260
270
2130
29U
300
310
320
:3~~

340
,3'50

PR HIT ., :+. tt*******:t;*.******************:*********:*********:.t:"

PRINT ":rt This program computes the change in rate of *:t"
PRINT ">1* axial-direction angular momentum and power**"
PRINT
input for problem 5.79 using the trapezoidal **"
PRINT "** rule applied to unequal intervals.
**"
PR I NT "i' t::!.~~.t*****~~*********:t:*.*:t:* :j;~;~;~;**:t,*t*******i:*;t:*****i:"
PRINT
DIM UXU (19), UTU (19), UXD (9), UTD (9), R <19 )
'
, Initialize the variables
N = 7
RHO = .L .:::..
PI = 4! * ATNO! )
RPM = 2400!
FOR I = 1 TO N
PEAD R (1) , UXU (I) , UTU (I) , UXD (I) , UTD ( I )
RO) = R (1) ,/ 1000!
NEXT I
DATA 142.0, 00. 00, 00.00, 00,00, 00,00
DATA 143.0, 32,0:::-" 00.00, 32,28, 12.64
DATA 169.0, 32.03, 00,00, 32.37, 12.24
DATA 173.0, 32.04, 00.00, 31. 7,13, 11. 91
DATA lot=: 0, 32.03, 00.00, 31. 50, 11.35
DATA 197. 0, 31. 09, 00.00, 29.64, 11.66
DATA 2():3.0, 00.00, 00.00, 00.00, 00.00

"**

")0
,.~

~) -~ ,

'Compute integral u:sing trapezoidal rule

380 .:3UJ{U :;:;: O!

~wo

SU]lfD = O!
400 FOR I = 2

:3(~' (I

TO N

410 TEMPU=UTU(IJ:t:UXU(I)*R(I)A2+UTU(I-1)*UXU(I-l)tRCI-l)A2

420 TEMPD=UTD(I).tUXDrI)*RCI) 2+UTD(I-l)*UXDCI-1):t.R(I-1)-2

430 BUNU
BUMU + TEMPU
(RCI)
ReI - 1
/ 2!
44(1 SUMD = ,sT):MD + TEMPD
(R(I) - R(I - 1)
/ 2!
ft

*
*

450 NEXT I
460 MFXU - RHO

*
*

2!
PI
470 }{:FXD = RHO
2 ! t PI
480 POWER =:: 01FXD - MFXU)
490 '
500 'Print the results

* SUMU
* SUMD
* 2! .t

PI

* RPM

(60!

* 1000!)

510 PRINT

520 PRINT USING "The shaft torque is ##.## N-m"; MFXD - MFXU
5:30 PRINT USING "The power input is ##.## KWH; POWER

**************************************************

**
**
**

This program computes the change in rate of **

axial-dire . ::tioYl angular momentum and power
)j~*
input for problem 5.7~ using the trapezoidal
** rule applied to unequal intervals.
**
********.t*****~***.t*******************:t:*******.t***

**

IL.. The
The

shaft torque is 4.79 N-m

pm',er input is 1.20 KW

5"-'10

S.l:{()
Air enters a radial blower with zero angular momentum. It leaves with an absolute tangential velocity, VB' of 200
ftls. The rotor blade speed at rotor exit is 170 ft/ s. If the stagnation pressure rise across the rotor is 0.4 psi, calculate the loss
of available energy across the rotor and the rotor efficiency.

10

!he.

~haff w()y/::...

nef

~
11"1

lNSh4 1:1-

tlt:'f ,},

wcJvl,- e~ lA.a:f,'1IY\

MCJYI1eJ1fuYYl

v;,uf-

:=

uJS;'ulH
net-

CAh

In

be ()6~/~e?l wilt-..- the" V/.1tA11eVlf-of-

(. E~.

sr-<t-). 7hM.s,

(Z)

dkr

In

c~ ndnY')J'""J
loss

tr

/~df -ID

14-J,tt/2
~ I';.
"

Po

"

auf

r tr

i71A-f-

;0

loss -=

(lJ1,cI

loss

1t9tJo

rf.

(I)

It

5"- 9/

t'1,t,J

5.81

Water enters a pump impeller radially.

It leaves the impeller with a tangential component
of absolute velocity of 10 m/s. The impeller exit
diameter is 60 mm and the impeller speed is 1800
rpm. If the stagnation pressure rise across the
impeller is 45 kPa, determine the loss of available
energy across the impeller and the hydraulic efficiency of the pump.

The

antl/y.fi$ of

~. Z 7

EXtfI,nf'le

/5

10 S()/V)~

a/pi/cable

#til

!.JS1i1J ~. ~ &f Exq"".pJe 501.7 we

py()bleVl1'

uv&;2 -

tJb/aln
actual ir)'fp/ Py($$U~ Yise ({&-Yr;$f I),.~ fk""

H()lIIe 1If/r"J

:::

t;.UJ

(60

yY'''''

(1900 ~) (17T

(2)(!()()O ~ )

,.,.4 )
Yw

= 5.66 ~
.5

(bo.!-. )
}'?'lIn

Thus
/0$5

::

(5.66

J)(!Os'jf~,~", ~
s2-

:::

/055

Fronz

&1' 5'

/ /. 6

of

5)(10

/II. ~

7<J

EX~k

{)C~aJ foia/
;::

t
'
;;i)(f1f~~)

f1"t'eJj(Jf(

to

5. Z 7

we

ti.re aCYlJJ

tJbM,;"
I~pe/I""

AI

5.82.
Water enters an axial-flow turbine rotor with an absolute velocity tangential component, VII' of 15 ft/s. The corresponding blade velocity, U, is 50 ft/s. The water leaves the
rotor blade row with no angular momentum. If the stagnation
pressure drop across the turbine is 12 psi, determine the hydraulic efficiency of the turbine.

To

defeo'J1lne

ocfua/ //II()r/<..

achttl-I

momenf -

f),e, fuy/:;/ne

We

use

acfua/ \Nod~- ou.f

'1
The.

ef{/c/ency of

fhe

our

o('vf;

Wf.!'rK

(I)

loss

of

w,ft,af{

Ir

fief ouf
Wt7Yf:.

of - rnomenfuYl'l

v(f J~

(2 )

To

fhe

rofvv

use

fhe

eYJ~ j

e~ lAcL/-;'tJy, (61' 5:?2) ~ ~6hln

~

loss =

eneYO'r ac.Y()sr the

of a vtf.f/la6/e..

I ()5)

-I-

~;..

~Uf

~ n~,Juf

-I-

9(~/" h~~o + ~h(1fl-

p.-I!
f
", I
411, IJu.
J1

Ii?

t/6j I;..

VIn tI~ II?.

7.J
V . 1III ~

=
/055

In

a.nd

5-'13

1-

l'Jef ,;.,

(3)

5.$13

j
.

5.83
An inward flow radial turbine (see Fig. P5.83) involves a nozzle angle, 0:'1' of 60 and an inlet rotor tip speed,
U l' of 30 ft/ s. The ratio of rotor inlet to outlet diameters is 2.0.
The radial component of velocity remains constant at 20 ft/s
through the rotor and the flow leaving the rotor at section (2) is
without angular momentum. If the flowing fluid is water and
the stagnation pressure drop across the rotor is 16 psi, determine
the loss of available energy across the rotor and the hydraulic
efficiency involved.

.ff3ctd
CJ)...t.. I
\IOfct,ae

---:o-:~~-~ ~.} ~,~

~

:\ ,,~'-1IiIIg1!

,----

FIGURE PS.83

analyJf.~ //ke fhe One of ~)(tlmf/e 5.Z8 IJ/(juld be liff~flyjok

fw 50/V;'!j fhis flYbh/eJ'J1. ~j"ce t:4 fur6ine is Inwlv~d lit fh/s

An

pJ1)b1eJ1t'1.1

we Cdn

and fnm" ~.

wshaff :: - W$half
nd i"
hel (Jut
c.())1c/ude that
s itlfn ali ()'"

/055

pf"e.s.5'I'1~ dfPl' acyO~s

()f

EXtJI")flJe ~ U

yofuy

r'

If) $5

10

-=.:

51?A(P1~Ht1YI

pt(.s.sU'l(

V 1/~ I
J

dY'Pf o.CrtJSf YrJIuy

(r)

;0

c/elwTJ'1J~e"

ft;y fn(..

-fh(.

I/(JW '~/ny

hvm fhe velOcity

we eX'tlm/~e file.- ve/dclfy fy/ol1j/e

fhe, ~ fhal- iJ JJ::.ekhuJ k/vw

V()/{"(e

fr;'tll1,fJe

o-f ~ I

we Obltil!1

From

ob1-al;'

we,

(;6 f:. ~ )(/'I'Il,': )

It/55

(t 1'1 f!:J $)
{f"3
=

fh ,,,

I'I!J

tv$htlff

sla?l'u/jJ'fFYl piU.> u re

J655

;0

hel ()uf
Oy

In

ofhe,y wWti.J /

/n

re.Jt.l/ir

7hl/ 5

J'ju/~1

lite
l/VlI'Yk

me aA 1~:fiA.1

&f

Slayifa.'6'on preIS u Y!.

alu:/

e ff;c-ieYlC;Y

UJShtlff
l1er OlAf

dJ0/J acrou ihe. roJuy

/0$.5
If

dyojO

I/f dt/tJ/'/a6/e

PlU'~.r

~er,/

-Ihe.

n:drJy

5.8 if
An inward flow radial turbine (see Fig. P5.83) involves a nozzle angle, 0: 1, of 60 and an inlet rotor tip speed of
30 ft/ s. The ratio of rotor inlet to outlet diameters is 2.0. The
radial component of velocity remains constant at 20 ft/ s through
the rotor and the flow leaving the rotor at section (2) is without
angular momentum. If the flowing fluid is air and the static
pressure drop across the rotor is 0.0 I psi, determine the loss
of available energy across the rotor and the rotor aerodynamic
efficiency.

P,-~

105$

/he
WOr/c.

slJa{f

wor1..,

CEi.

e~~~

wS/-'Q.ff_

l1ef ,;,

ol1d

C~61""/~
/t7$5

WSJulf~
,,(!f ,;,

5".5'1/).

-=

-VI/.:
I
~I

J?~ t

I t:tA-fd z

~s.

P. - P-a.
/l

W: ha (.1-

v,2_

DI1..!-

y/elds
~~

2.

~I,

~I
,

(Coy/f)
5- 96

U\I
I

con'f)

With the velocifJ

::

/-Y/an 9 Ie.. /life

~)

(-Zo

I/O

==

.fls

and

v~ ::
5iYl c e

('fo -H)

-::

SIn

the

flow /eav/~ fhe YD/w is

V. =- l/
~

SIn b()

R,L

1.3

lOSS
Ie

-=

~()

::

Yael/a/

20 f+
S

we-

tJ6~/;"

(b, 0 I I".
/!!-.) (I'1/'1'1 f+~
i!J. ...)

(1a1X10" i.J.1j ')

ffi/

fl().~

lhe

t.- {{/c/ency

1 ::

may he

(lclvtai woY/L

aclvtal wov/.oy

o!?h:lIi1t:.d

Qui

o-wt + / ()S$

3'f.~Lf it

wilt,

theY!

Ses I
5.S5
How much available energy is lost during the process
shown in Video V5.7?

All
fr;,

of tA~

pore"IitJ.1 eneY9!!

of Ihe

~y

/0;1-

I;'

the. bo7ldh?_

I'YJOI/ly

fhe

What is the size of the head loss that is needed to raise

the temperature of water by 1F?

in

c(r~lAl - r)
})J

Ib~ . It
lb.

h = 77f
-= If
L

S"-qq

\;j7f

f.f.

Ik \

57..) . Bn.)

5.B1
S.K7
A 100-ft-wide river with a flowrate of 2400 ft 3/s flows
over a rock pile as shown in Fig. PS.87. Determine the direction of flow and the head loss associated with the flow across
the rock pile.

IIlI FIGURE P5.87

To dele.rrn,;'e Hte d/'~.c~ of ~ we will

Q$.rLinte p.

dJ~cIJ8n

:/

u.r~ -fivL

eA?~ e~~ (Gfo 5":tt'l) aJ'u;/ C'QlclAlQk the. >

/bS,J. .Ir I/t.L /vaal 11)5$ is ?()fi~ve '" OUy aSJ'tlmec/ c4~o)"

head

I..f fJ.,e hR.atl /lJf~ if J?ryal,~ whjlh iJ J1td

fJAyfic~/0 ;tJ()ss;ble.,J OrA' a.!stJ""et/ d/~c.-hlrn (JI }Iqw iJ w~.
t'f

ft~ if ~CI:

50.;

tlSfllm/~

POI'" r (i)

-Iv

is ~ Y&Af -k lei; (/Y' ~

po/ni- (2.) I~ !he .5'kehl, I1bcv<./ we gef
{he

HdlN

.JJ" (J

fA sin}

N(IIN

(Jl'ld

~ = (:Zlf(}() fr3)
\0 A,.(Lj fi) (in: ff)

V2,

-:::

~ -::: ('].lf~o

AL

ft )

G f+

12

(2/-1- :(100 ff)

fr

S
l..

So

_ (If+)

~_/oo

If wDrL

5". S8
5J:{S
If a t-hp motor is required by a ventilating fan to produce a 24-in. stream of air having a velocity of 40 ftls as shown
in Fig. P5.88, estimate (a) the efficiency of the fan and (b) the
thrust of the supporting member on the conduit enclosing the
fan.

40 ftls

--+-

1m FIGURE PS.8S

(0.)

The s~/uf;d"h -IZJ fJ,if fM] df ht.t poblew, iJ It"k.e b:dMJ'1e s: ),'1.
We. lAse-

7 = ~~<tf{-

fr,

ca;/Ctf.l4'/~'

fJ,e.

We use fl,e
~-h-t VI//ume
f.oll~5"

fJ
8fA f

fUse}

IPs-h,r/!.
e .f17c /eYlc).

rd41

~ e~a,,;,rnr11.5;S2.)-Pr f/(IW -fA~Uj'h the

fJ.elel,ed abow.. 10 c,/A/cl1la,!e fh<.

+ '/,.2 -I- a c
2"
.I l.
!{ ::

/"fS

R a-rJ

~ :: fA~~

-=-

!i. + ~~ + 9r

r'

2-..z -:

':l-

~J

\.j::

j
~

~clJ. V;z...
I?T 'I

=L

So

101

of
I

0)

los s

WfJ,tJlft
nef in

wfJ,~1
~f~

iPJS II!

==

~
m

5.88

(c.orj'+)

II. /6

'Itt- 1-/./6 _ 2 i/.?

/0;5 -

'f'f ~~ _ 1f!,2 fU
16_
Ihl""

-I'././b

1~Yt?

Ibn-,

50

= /9.2

~~b

Y ..p.~
1/'/!tO

Frrr
(/:;) We uSe fhe hOY)Jdn/a} ctJYl'IptJnehf of fhe //YJea yo
YY)Qyyle,n ~
etjvtt:~,;h~ ~ e valuak /I....L anch()Y);'J
fWa reJu ,.;e 4 Iz; h()/d ih( 1ztv? In place

FAX
h-~

= Vii?
2.

pf).;{f (fA.,)

n:,
.

2.

1T dv
f<T 4

L{ =

9.t!-1 Ibm

('10 ft )~ 'II

fo
Ax

'f')

(~2.2 (k.f+ )
. Ih.

$').

5-/02

= / 1.7 II;

U! ___ .___________
C!:)~.~
Air
l

Air flows past an object in a pipe of 2-m diameter and

exits as a free jet as shown in Fig. P5.89. The velocity and
pressure upstream are uniform at 10 m/s and 50 N/m 2 , respectively. At the pipe exit the velocity is nonuniform as indicated.
The shear stress along the pipe wall is negligible. (a) Determine
the head loss associated with a particle as it flows from the
uniform velocity upstream ofthe object to a location in the wake
at the exit plane of the pipe. (b) Determine the force that the air
puts on the object.

(rA) T(')

ene49J

/O$}

'1-

()'"r

e;...,~

hL

::

, , - ....... "

"I(K ,t

,-"..t

II

':~W~ke
~
,

2m-dia.

'_

l-m,dia

~4 m/s

l
1
'

r-:::: __ ~ ___ - - - -- -_-J

I' = 50 N/m2

rlJfle~eel h,

fii';~;gv/ .-1'~ = Tr.;i9V,

=

'\

12m/s

Exit/"

V= 10 m/s

flu/d po~/i"k (}{s;1 !loWJ

-10 ~ I()u"h~n I~ lite VII()*e ,,-I- (2.) we (J.fJply fht..
e$uaA'on (f' ~. 8l/) -fr; thaI- pay/7'de floIN' 10 'Ie!:

de/-fH--m/(Je fhe

f,--qn,a (I)

J,L

I_

1_

f,

'I

"3-

+ -~
2J

(5"q ~~)

('7-~)

- ;}.J-v,

fj' r/~
vJ~;
I

(10 ; )
2

h
-

(t)

'1

"1.

el

(If

1)

"l-

~(9,'1 ;'~)

(9.i';i)

ffVA)

7'~
.$

(coY'/f)
5"-103

--

$'. '15

n7

avu::J

1/
r'lx

=_lIt)

IV

5-IOif

5.90
Oil (SG = 0.9) flows downward through a vertical
pipe contraction as shown in Fig. P5.90. If the mercury
manometer reading, h, is 100 mm, determine the volume
flowrate for frictionless flow. Is the actual flowrate more or l~ss
than the frictionless value? Explain.

~- f ..
;0

_ h(

- 9

$G/fJ

(tf )

5(;011

COMb/I'JJ~

:;I.

Oy

J _ (' OD

",m) 't

']()O PtM

a J1d

.fnJn"

~f' I

ha ~

wC

1Y (Oo/",,) 1- (S.

7-9;') :.

I-I(Jw rill<-

!he /05.5

WO lAId.

wdl-1.IJ

oz ~ 3
s

AcAv.~ /

O.

j,!.

Ie.>.! fhol'!

fhe.. {y/c,!-/"I',1esJ \Iv Iwc /.e-l.4MJe-

be.. frt..a ky- livtl'l fhe. }e-nJ a""unl

5-105

t-t-;.eP(

a/'ov( .

5.91 . A~ incompressible liquid flows steadily along the pipe

shown 10 FIg. P5.91. Detennine the direction of flow and the
head loss over the 6-m length of pipe .

FIGURE P5.91

A.sSllme

f/()'-'V /Y(Jm

(I)

efut((-,'t:)n (1- S:BI./) h

c(}n~1 volume .>howl1:

f{

a I'td 1,1.5 e

(2)

gef hY- 11te,

fhe.

enedj'J

CQnfe-l?h of fJ,e.

f, +

-r}. -

1-0

"I

145

-- p, _
(f

(f

Z - 'l:I

J.

-::.

'3

5_106

tNt

I.

0 Yn

I, S"."

tJ. 5 ~

5.'1Z

5.92.
A siphon is used to draw water at 70F from a large
container as indicated in Fig. PS.9Z. The inside diameter of the
siphon line is 1 in. and the pipe centerline rises 3 ft above the
essentially constant water level in the tank. Show that by varying the length of the siphon below the water level, h, the rate
of flow through the siphon can be changed. Assuming frictionless flow, determine the maximum flowrate possible through
the siphon. The limiting condition is the occurrence of cavitation in the siphon. Will the actual maximum flow be more or
less than the frictionless value? Explain.

FIGURE PS.92..

To
A

::: Aa

01,1-0 I~

anrJ

j:
or

'1

Vs

-=

(I)

frY8 VB'
Lf

apply -I-he ene,,) e~lAah'()n

t'n fh e skefrh above -Iv ()bftA/n
VB'

we

v.'

..P.. 1- 9Z~ ==

jOJO rh
~ 1-

2",0

.!..
2

f- !&/I

lf
"leI in

~ ::; 9{~ -~e) - los}

1

and

(3)

('f)

or

Vc

==

Z (q, 11

!!:!) (- 3 ff )f030'/s
",,)
~ii

s..

(c.on't)
~-I07

1- (101000 /'I
n,-z

'"

-122 B N )
lh~

(999. 7 ~)(/ ~ )

,.,J 1t,,;:,

::;

9.0'18

!?!

b. q1...

(con If )

= Ac ~

z.

~c ~

we have. hv Ik-

if

fitJW~~

mtLX/Y'1/Um
1.

Q. '::

-fhyoVfJA ih~ 5//ho Y1 ;

2-

'!YO /Y1.)

(f).1()ft

If (Iif'! Ii,.

7.)

In) (tJ,Olf8 P1')

fi

";

~.)8.kIIJ-:J ~3
s

7'P'

With

E1f. J

/ovJ-e,.r
Oi/IvtJ

flowr~1e

tlJ'lrj

we

Co~clkde

Mal Pny los!

WOWd pt.f Ir;

va//l..e of V /11 Ik SJf;hIJYJ OYld I'1w"f maJ..e. fJ"e

max/mum f/owmk wi#! fy/chon /e.fs fft4l'1 IJ,e ~axl"mlJl'VJ

the.

wi/11ou t

{Y/cfi't1n.

5-/08

5.93

A water siphon having a constant inside

diameter of 3 in. is arranged as shown in Fig.
P5. c;g. If the friction loss between A and B is
O.5V2/2, where V is the velocity of flow in the
siphon, determine the flowrate involved.

4ft

12 ft

4ft

1
3 in.

FIGURE 1)5.93

10

c/elel'hJlne -fhe /Iowrak I Q/

Q .: A V =

we

Use

1t11. V

(/ )

J/

obfo/~

To

po/~ Ir

w~

A anti 0

apply

eneyfY e~lAAj/on (E~. '.i2.)

IAL J/aJd

I;'

/fOr v/+ F,

fhe

;4:4:fJfl

&0 lie.
7-

1J-..M S

6elweeYl

~hoff

los.!

nef- ,-.,

tJr

J -Ill

().

'8 V

].

v=
OVId

9(~A - ~II)
0, q

o.q

wifl1 Ij. I
'2

-=

1Y ('3/n .)
~ (I'll/-

{I 0.1 ;f)

'!:....)

::::

O.l3 {fl
J

ff'~

"-Ioq

f6. 9 ff
s-

5,95 J

5.95

Water flows through a vertical pipe as is

indicated in Fig. P5.95. Is the flow up or down
in the pipe? Explain.

r(AA

'-"-i'~

I
I

:
:
1.:::r
H

~
h
!:a!i;;;;

"""""

Mercury

FIGURE P5.95

~onIY()1

TheFov

5hown

vtJ/ume

Sf~t2.d'tl ;"nCQM.fJlessible

we

Dbfelin

Ps

1-

r'

2:'

~r

C~.5eYII(lLl(}}'1

Tnu s
A

= V8

fi..urn
loss

~,. I

= q H

J./tJWever

fhe

~;;;

[JJhic--h is

skefc-h ah()V~ i.! uset/.

fhe

11'1

flow

dowJ'!wa,rd

ft. s.n
fI

t)f

F;:; + ~ 1-

to

Wlfi>$

we

g ~A

wh; ch

los S

(onv/llfde

fhaf

ej1Aah'un (5 ee

f?1til'JtJmefer

Sec-lion 2.6)

y/e/ds

- g[ h(l- S't,)-H}
a.

ne$tlfive. ~t(al1lif! .5/nce

SG

~ /3.' . /I ne.Jt:i.f/ve

lij
So -fh~

j() S ~ is rJ(}f fJhys i Cd /17 pt1ssJ6/e

vpwllyd ~ 8 -k A. Fur ~wtJ/rd

leads

.fnw.. (AJ fD (8)

flow /'nMsf be

fldW fAe

tlbt1 ve anti;SiJ

-Iv

It; 5 SA =!J h
, of

p()Ji five

( 5" GHi lIlY/d

1)

fh~Yc 1rH--t.

5'- 110

pAj'si CA 1ft p"ea.5tJn.a6/e.

5.96

A fire hose nozzle is designed to deliver

water that will rise If 0 m vertically. Calculate
the stagnation pressure required at the nozzle
inlet if: (a) no loss is assumed; (b) a loss of 30
N'm/kg is assumed.

1b delemlhe fhe- rlaiJllan't7n ptt:sS~ a f ~ MJJk Ih/ef we.

a SJ ul'J1e ilia! fhe. 5ktfMt:l/;'gy, ples.fUle aJ- htL ;1()]}/e exif if
& Same af fl"e. >1a5 Y141ftfr' tY'tJJute a/ fh~ nOJ]k ;h/ef Clnd we
apply fhe eJ'% ~J e,.,.".alJPYJ (f,. S:i'l) -/7; Ik -f!tJw ~ h
)203Jlc ex/t iv t1u..
i1It~o(;muYJ-t e/~ vt;"nift" of IN. w~ ~IAN -,0 ~el
~
(a)

;110

:=

(b)

Fw

?f l1 ~

-.:=.

/()SS

+ 17{I 0$$

IO~J ., ~~. /

30

tv.

-Iv

/eods

(9. '(D n,11< AIl'l

(J "" )

-=-

"?q1-

-kN =S
",-z.

1'1

*7

(I )

.)

&t.!

s:.lll

y;'eldf

"2

-k.. PC<..

5.17

For the 1800 elbow and nozzle flow shown

in Fig. P5. q7, determine the loss in available
energy from section (1) to section (2). How much
additional available energy is lost from section
(2) to where the water comes to rest?

.j:'"

6 in.

- - ...

(I

"\

rrt,., I
V6h.tme

:YL
I

12 in.

J
= 15 psi
= 5 fUs ~ u.---l.~----,~~

Pl

Vl

Section (1)

FIGURE P5. q7

so/v/ny fhe II's f fClyf of fhi.J jlT()bleYn,l the [(};rfrol 1/()/tI~e

&h(}wn t'n fhe sl::eh;h
ahtJlle 15 lIser-1.. To defe1"nriYJe the /1J~5

fOr

acct!n1.p()lIYI7
CiS'

flow fYl'/YJ1 sech'P>1

I it;

Sec/ion 2.

E9'

5".

71

Cdn

6e UJfd

.jfJ//OW5.

~-

P-z.
'2

;0

x -y

5',';'ce

C.()oyd,;'",ks

hot,'},,, fa /

15

Fr{frlA

fh (!

2, - ~2.

a",eI

of

C-I)-1se rva,n,,1'l

o A/so.; ?Z'::' ~h.,::

JI'Ylflf!

PJ'/;u./ple vv~

0 ?'si.

(..QYIc/lAtie Iha f

v,f;:j

112. :::

-(iJJ
2.

ThU5

( loSJ:;..

{(I

::

oY
I

/055

::;
;l.

--

For

second

fhe

5/U!
ptWT- tJ{

flu/d f",yh'c.le. ~ Jec -hOYl 2.

fo

jtJss
2.

Nofe.

we c~n5;de" .Jhe Ilow 01 p..

.$/nk o~ mf;, 4'8- ~ 79 /f!Atis -1-0

th/S' ,roh/en.,

tt

T1ta:f

7hllJ

5"- 112

t:f

1g

5.
An automobile engine will work best
when the back pressure at the exhaust manifold,
engine block interface is minimized. Show how
reduction of losses in the exhaust manifold, piping, and muffler will also reduce the back pressure. How could losses in the exhaust system be
reduced? What primarily limits the minimization
of exhaust system losses?

We. an1y -f~ e)1~J ~~'I/Y) ( Eb ~. I)) h f/1L lJo~ ~ Me.

en7111e bloc/<. I ex-haus t YJ14J1Jift;ld I~/er-kta fp IN- ex.l1auff J!lJ~
eXif fo get

i;"r; :::; ~
Wifh E$. J

-r ;;( toss )

t.t f-

Y(,ducfJ'oYl

lIVe

5y>j-&w1. resulh
b().cJe.- p1ers[JYe. .

In

a..

ItJlN'er

ftt(..

LtJsse J In

In

race

UlYJ I/"W

CiJrs.

fhe e.x. k YL f

fe r-

and

by

((JIl hjUY'":J !he ex hatlJ f

(Ina

~I'YlJjJYiak

CO.rff

fh" J

UI Wt(1t)}1 ~ n

()J

l11e enf'he.

C(J)A-IcI 6~

.J)'f /4",

M/,(ffler

-exfJa/,o-J.

/~

/f

.fue/' ILJ
()f~

/he

done

noise Qi1d emiJ.r/dns le!ps 1~/i(/)1 //m;fs

with h /"hiJ ,k/Vlt:t of /~.fl ~cf,'()1'J can OCC/..IIY"

In

ve..T",nyefr/ el'rh

ike

los .J

OJlld

P;;,

!he

/)1

However,

10
con venh'onaJ veh/cler.

OJ'fd

of

of loss

exh~.ff

mVt7Y

re.tiu.ced by e l/wlIY14. rh' !J

Caj-~lyh'c

valtle

(I )

area

S~P1.C

IOSI

.f ffJen,

clis~"6ul"()nf.

rec!.MciJOn
P/{J'ny

can

aflo

6(("("('v

wilh few 6eHd.s

Howetl~,

of~ /et:ulJ Iv behci.r aJ?d t-UYJ'}.J" I" fhe PIPI"

/;mif the

exhxd of ofJf/"Yl/j/~

5 ... / /.3

C/J"eC(

diJInbu//d)'Js.

 _. s~c--fj,n. ('2.)

5. 91 Water flows vertically upward in a circular cross section pipe. At section (1), the velocity profile over the cross section area is uniform. At section (2), the velocity profile is
R V = We ( -Rk

,)117 .

I
I

where V = local velocity vector, We = centerline

velocity in the axial direction, R = pipe inside
radius, and, , = radius from pipe axis. Develop
an expression for the loss in available energy between sections (1) and (2).

I
I

-f ~sedj~I'\(i)

fl 6 !AI

Fay- deI-eWJ/~;~ /~Sf we

fld'WS

(jYli-/Qym

loss
~

g. S.i7-

~-!{
-,/J

:::-

UfrI S eyv 4.

h fly,

of

M 110YJ-

ThuS' /
-2

-tlte, eneYJJ eg/l'lafh'on

use.

0(, ~

J.'nti. sf

-:to

t(2.

-t

Z
(tj. S.l3)

(;

J(~/- ~)
I,tk

kve

II Is ()
ha lie
/

S/nce

we.

ve/o( ilJ

-fhc..

~1

sollie
~1' /

Yields

fw

p>ob/~ 5./25 (c

_"2-

~-~

CJ O~

jO

V;

1-!} ( ~ I - :Z"2. )

2.

5, J(Jo
Discuss the causes of loss of available energy in a
fluid flow.

50me

cc("uses of loss of Q.Vd.lllA.b/,e; fYVIf!H9't

In

a fluid fJ(jW

,. fj,i c 17'01'1

z.

heal trCln.!/w acft)ss

'3. /law

I1.CYOSJ' fA

secho..t2) i
I
tvYIoI db/a'n

pyt)-h'le. af .rec/'oJ'l(I) /$ un/Iov"",. /If

S'.3 (sec. sol( nOn

/.00

loss
5. 100

'

c:r: :::
J.-

7J.u... s-'

== /.0

C('

t1

km,-t-rt1Iure. d/fM8Ha.,

S ho ck.,

5- fiJI-

s: 10 I

[)5/~j f1, C-fhlm / v(}/umt. ,$41wn b

hrD~~ I ;ne.s we '~l'Jfl/Y ~e aXJ~1

t &Inri

11. (y'r n1tI /

(. Q M!(Jne YI

Z ~ ::
PY1d

So

h tJI.-/he I,'", ea yo

IJ

$i;'ce.

i
I

3m

,I

.:1

_.:

- ---::

n-, ()me H Iu rVJ

t1,e~ i.l

no

0.1 m

Consider the flow shown in Fig. PS.91. If the flowing

fluid is water, determine the axial (along the pipe) and normal
(perpendicular to the pipe) components of force that the pipe
puts on the fluid in the 6-m section shown.

c'

e-rlA..Q; h fn.. -Ir;

mflY"le,.!u"",

get-:

flow I~ !Itt 1"1(/~nfA/

rlJlech;..,

2 F ::. 0 ,fl;"c,e the flow i.s 4.$suI"'JeeJ. f~l/tf de",eUJp~P/ a ~CI the
A
he f- ~Y'1(JIM-lf- (Jf Qx/~I J.,,'~cf/(J n ~'r11enlf.1lN1 {Io IN 0{,.#1 of
& CV if ~e~

I?N -

Wcos 8 ': 0

~: Wco.rB

OV

W = n! " "4 A.R = )'

~d '1 - f!. IX1/ ~ l'-- (17.'",)"'&..'.';= '162 tJ

_lor

/'1.;-

fJ :. S I';, ';::.

f<N .:: (ifb 2N )(~f /9.S') ==

f!W- ~ 4X-/~J cJ ;~th~

~ Al. + RA of W>';'

R}q :: r,DI} - r-zD Al.

(7-

~ II,

1- WSJ;'

(J

~ the-

f{'=
fJ,us
Pi.".,c/

,..,1( ~omefe,y

~ad/~.J

~r;(

f: =- d' h)

>h)...

I1-P2, = ~ (h;- h2

~N

R~

00;

=If:-f1.)11
;

.f- W>I:' t9

= t/(h ,-h )f) -(Wfln

~ =r.cx1o':' )(7. 0 ","2

=0

Irt.SO)

o.s:JtrtI"'J~ (r62 N

32 N

5- }/5

j(.f;;'j9-5j

5./02
5.102 Water flows steadily down the inclined
pipe as indicated in Fig. P5.102. Determine the
following: (a) The difference in pressure PI - P2'
(b) The loss per unit mass between sections (1)
and (2). (c) The net axial force exerted by the
pipe wall on the flowing water between sections
(1) and (2).

w/UfYte

6 in.

*
(fA)

The.

d;ffeyeYlce

pr'eSSuf'e.; ~-

In

WlanOYHeter (see Jecf/oVl ~. 6)

p. - Por-

H2 o

2.

D
1/ -

P.

f(s it) S/~

:. - 6'

:=

2..

-42.4
\'"

l"

3(JD

Mercury

P2,

J')1~y be. obfa/~ed fY~ -the.

e~lAll.fiol1

with tAe fiLtid slllt:Nc.J

1-

(6 in.) ]

(/,;Z};)

+~

~~

( 6 I~

.)

(,;). f~)

Ik)fSff )Si"J11,o-f (0.50)j7+ ~3.6)(62..'f'&)((J.5.ff)= 2]7'1,

f.I i

f-l'J

-f+3

and

P,- P,

2~7.lJ2.

(h) The

IOSf

wlft,

EZ'

f+' (lw ~~

I).

per

".,if ,"7,;)

~. 71.

':

/.65 f

be!wee h

Thu5

R -= - 77. 2 110
)(

5'"- II 6

S /'

Sedi."I (J)

Ii mI (2)

J~1'4

"'''1 be 06i

s: 103
y

Water flows through a 2-ft-diameter pipe arranged

horizontally in a circular arc as shown in Fig. P5.IO 3. If the
pipe discharges to the atmosphere (p = 14.7 psia), determine
the x and y components of the resultant force exerted by the
water on the piping between sections (I) and (2). The .stea?y
flowrate is 3000 ft 3 /min. The loss in pressure due to flUId fflction between sections (I) and (2) is 25 psi.

5.103

Section (2)

Section (1)

FIGURE P5.103

TO defeYYJlJJne

"y

ihe. w().fe Y

fhe X 4nd Y
On

fhe. p/YJJ~

c(}ht{Jonenh

be~eYJ

of lite teru/fan"; -1'C~ exerlep/

sechdn (I) and (2.) we lAS e the

01 -lite. I,j"eay mOYnenfu"1 e$uaf/OY/ (Etj Z2) .

fi';r fhe.
CtJnlrtJl vo It/me
Con-I-~,'ni~!he w(:('/ey I'? the p;r klwtey,
secf/~YJ (,) 4nd (2) / 1' 22 le~d.f fo

and.

C()yY!po}1e HI J

R><-=-~It-V;fQ. =-RlI~ -!{f1~

and

Ry -= r:....4,4 7- ~ f{}

7he resu /!-aMi IoYCe

pipe ('h1 -jh~ vvCt~.

mayni ludt hi-fi

To de{oymln~
~

Also

= ~ (loSS)

~ ~

()

A,

Elf. / C'R1t1d 2. att exeykd by-/JrG

Yl.!tdktYll fir.u. of wah" lin p/,e if ~/ltd In

c.ompo)"Jenl:r
l/-t~

(2)

In

o,,,aldr:. ;'" dl;~cf/oYl.

PI we use. the e 11e,.-~y ~ua lIun) Efj. ~ Kl.

711.UJ/

':. :25 fS i

::

().nd

Rx
(J..J.1d

watw

=_11.,850

the.

110

x dlt'~c-6~n GtNYtptJYlenf of ft,e,

On -/1t.t

p/"e bd~eey>

for-c.e.

se..ch'~J (/) tlMrJ (2.)

(con'f)
5- 1/7

exe,!ed &7 ~

Js +/2,850 110.

.oS

,J 03

(GOII '

t)

t;~. 2

{)JiM

vvc. ob-/-4t"n

~ = (1).92
Y

the

CU7Ij

fwee
( I)

y(2)

r!!!1!)

s .

ffl /

d J;let;H~Y)

eXf!/kd

aY! d

If) (ql{.

lJooOft)t ~ .) J ~ 15'10//;
(~
no.. ~/"J' : :)(lo ~

UJmpoYJenf

of

In-e-

b'l the.

walw ~Vl the... pIpe

t5

IS ifd lb.

-//8

mil?

be~ sechdn.J

s. /041
S.lOLf When fluid flows through an abrupt expansion as indicated in Fig. P5.10~, the loss in
available energy across the expansion, loss eXl is
often expressed as

= (1

loss ex

~~

A)Z VZ

_....!.

_I

Az

I\ \I

II / \ ;'

'.1 S:ctiln

(2)

FIGURE PS.I0if

(I)

:::

sec -hoY!

(I)

-Iv se c. fr()yt

('G)

A AI - P.. A). ~ - ~ f AI l-j

()f f/'e /;~etlY" mIJYhel?/z"""

Oi'VtptJne n f

C.

c~ IAA-HtJ Y) (~~. 5 Z 2.) W ~e f!iA.,'d

Rx

(1)

we. olofrA/n
,.

fr-gyv,

Sectiln

10 c.afi ()(I ~ f
.u.dio"., (I)

~-P.. + \1-11
-~
ex
2;0
I d,~echfJ n
APply/)'},J f~e ax/a.

/OS5

II I

e'tIA~h'()Yl (r=IJ ).!Z) fo the fl()w ~ Jech'qn(J)

fhe ene,.,'1

to secH()Y/ (2)

{j

-()

(1t+(t'",a~

where Al = cross section area upstream of expansion, Az = cross section area downstream of
expansion, and VI = velocity of flow upstream
of expansion. Derive this relationship.

A pply/nJ

I
I

f
,'~

~_ _~.

'n

ctP'l.frv~ eo!

010 fa I~

we.

fhe. UJh-h--D1 voluYl1t

(2 )

l( fA l. 112

NOw, ;f we.. consider sec.+io'VI (J) as tJCCUYY'lry af f;,e evrd

of the. 5ma Iler di(lW/e~ p/pe (-the be91;'J1J~ of fhe /(A'rger
d/(ll'11eiw pipe) uS 1~d.iCA.1-ed In -IAe.. skid. above I
I fnll

C~tJn.J/oy, /oss

fhe

yields

Rx + P, A 2.
Nofe

th~f-

sec.flo n (I)

wife,

ES' 2. 1oe~.J

- - ~ t' AV, -t- ~ I' ..42 11:1.

P'1. A"

~nd

ptJsih'tJY/ed

(3)

at- /1,e, QJ?d of

fhe

Jma.lleY'

d/4me/e flfe~ .t; ().dJ ovev- ar-e~ .A2.. Also, b(!CtUt.Je of fj,e
jef HdW fy~ fl1e.. S"Ynalle~ d/a.~t-eY' pl;"e- Info f),e /orfe-r
ft;

olher

ft,e.

Va./La.

p/,o-e) the

d/(lAeff!Al"

~ - P"2.

-;0

::

ie"-m.sV ~- V
2.

1;-,

of

;fx

E<e. J

/AI/II
11t~ f

fpe

sYna/1

eJ?4k,jh (.PwIf'4~tA

can dY()jO Rx' F~

(f)

A,
A2,

L.UYYl h/YJJ.,

joss

eo(

5"-1;9

E;.3

FrI/WJ

CtJY?.Jervah'p n of

}'YJIIISJ

(&I.

s: /i )

we have

II:l. = I/.J _
II,
A.".

/OJSex

> ill nA

f1S.

~h/1'117

~ (A~/ ~ 11)

,er

we

~_~_A_~~)

_l{_'2.__
2

t:Jr

/OH e)(

f
2((21 )
til.

A, +-1
liz.

it,')}

'2..

(). Jll()

~{(- A~.)

/oss~x . '=

2-

"2,

5./05

5.105
Near the downstream end of a river spillway, a hydraulic jump often forms, as illustrated in Fig. P5.1 05 and Viu,'()
V10.5. The velocity of the channel flow is reduced abruptly
across the jump. Using the conservation of mass and linear momentum principles, derive the following expression for h2,

h2 = -

section {I

i (i J
+

+ 2VgIhJ

The loss of available energy across the jump can also be determined if energy conservation is considered. Derive the loss
expression

A'I'//ca;f/oi'/
etjt<~h'(JYI

of

!'he.

h()~Jjoj!J-/r,r1

FIGURE (15.105

cOWLl'lJnenf

of

fhe.

//neay hllJn,el'1iuw.

In fhe.. (dYl~1 Vo!un-tf! -hw.

fo / -&- Un;f w/dlh ~f' FIII'W/

(Ef' >.22.) -fo the. wale,....

see-tim U) Iv se ch'(JY7 (2) /ea.dr

- RX

h2.

'0_, _
~

r; :h~

= - l{l'h, ~ + I{

J:)

h:L ~

(I )
we

dYf)p

Rx

d lola In

(:;;.)

(con'-f )
5".. /2-0

5105

(COy)

t)
/ and
_

2.

2 V

we ololtJ I;'

/; ]
I

- 9( (&)-1
hi

2.

!:~) +
h,

h~)
11,

__,

Zv'l.

9"',

2.

Jtll'YII

/IS!

::

g
'I h"2. hJ

5=-/21

(3)

5".JOb
5.1 %
Two water jets collide and form one homogeneous
jet as shown in Fig. pS.I06. (a) Determine the speed, V, and
direction, 0, of the combined jet. (b) Determine the head loss
for a fluid particle flowing from (1) to (3), from (2) to (3).
Gravity is negligible.

1'1 = 4 m/s

FIG U REP 5.106

f:Dr +he wakr .flOWing throll9h the. tOntYl)\ volume -sk(.ttY!!td o.ioov, the
x. - tAY\cA 'i- dlt(.dior'\ GOYY\pof\et\n ()l -\1,e. lir'\u'f rY\OMe",h,tM ~cAo.tiOl-\ ate
- ~~ ~ V2. A2. -t

"1> CfJS (8 ~\J3 Af

=0

(I)

Q..V\O

- V, ~VI AI + v~ Sin e fV 1 A3= C

H-oy)\ -the. <..Ons-enb-hOt'\ of ~"S s p.,.i nc..~p\e we. qd"
- ~\)J A I - ~V2.A"l. + PV3 A-?, -= 0
COY'\~"I)'\',,,a f=a..s. l aVId 2 We.. Obktl.-,
r.' ICJ.
'l.
JP
d ' ) ~ITYI)
+o.V\ e = v;- A = V
I
(~ ~
'\
"1.

-:7r7A
V'). '1

\-

V ndl.

"

:. -----:...-- -= 0 ,';os b
( I'
~
'2..
10 i-)
'IT~l.m)
'1

So

NOW) c.ofYI~;n;n'3 f:~s.

\J~~A2. t

V;Cos

o..nc:l:; we. "Ie.t

e (~\j,Al T f

V'J.

"2.)

( c..on'i )

==-

(2)
(~)

(4 )

(C;)

(6)

anc!
felk

of

(05$ :;::

22

S"

~#"

123

5".1 D7
5.1 07
The pumper truck shown in Fig. P5.107 is to deliver
1.5 ft 3/s to a maximum elevation of 60 ft above the hydrant.
The pressure at the 4-in. diameter outlet of the hydrant is 1U psi.
If head losses are negligibly small. detennine the power that
the pump must add to the water.

Hydrant

II FIGURE P5.107

hs

= ~."3 f"l-

W.rhtlf.f
her in

s- /2/f

5:}08
S.lOS
What is the maximum possible power output of the
hydroelectric turbine shown in Fig. P5.108?

6 mls
Turbine

III FIGURE P5.108

lOr IIDw .(;.()fY1 sech'()n(t)-h; sechol'tfz.), yt.5.i2. y/e/cls

J.;.

:2 f- 92}. : !5 + '12

r.-

5/nce

P/ = I?2.

= /!,.--L
r,vn,)
9 (i, -

'2..

~ 2..) - y~
2

,
MW

W;i1alf
IJe{

ou f

llIaXihluhl

and ,

-W5 haH
hef bfA..f

.
W;haff
hef ()IA./mil. x/ ,." t JNI

W~hq{t

1'1(1 I;"

wfhq( r =-wSiJqH
J1ef in

7htl5

+- Q

JO.,./I
f
~

sltt,1f

lief ou.f
~/Jxirnl.t"'"

nel

- /t;'sf

.,d

loss

(; )

5.109

Estimate the power in hp needed to drive the main

pu~p of the.l~ge-scale water tunnel shown in Fig. P5.109. The

design condition head loss is specified as 14 ft of water for a

flowrate of 4900 ft 3ts.
Test
section

II FIGURE P5.109

-hi; VJ

7he

Sf) It,{

of

t;x~fJ/e.

(Jf

fhif prob IeI't1 is fimi /a r ~ !he Ohe

i'. 6. L00I'I~
Cn;of.f I"et//jan
t7F-

~ &iy
5ame, cl7JSS
e. f (,url/tr;,)

-S"t;Jcn"rfr,

GS'

y?

~ B If

~ E8 5: t> S

=J,f r C<
.
W

S"hq/f

nef

the.

we. UYlc!ude

hs = hL..
The

p.rtJunc/ iJ,~.

I;'

5-125

wafer tul1l?e/

-iunY)e/ bacl
WI;'j

~fhe.

-It>

1/,e

ener,fJ

5, I/O

P.1.
Q

Section (1)

5.11 0 Water is supplied at ISO ft3 / sand 60 psi

to a hydraulic turbine through a 3-ft-inside diameter inlet pipe as indicated in Fig. PS.ll'"Q. The
turbine discharge pipe has a 4-ft-inside diameter.
The static pressure at section (2), 10 ft below the
turbine inlet, is 10 in. Hg vacuum. If the turbine
develops 2S00 hp, determine the rate of loss of
available energy between sections (1) and (2).

= 60 psi_
= 150 ft 3 /s

VI = 3 ft

...,...~~

10 ft

P2

10 in. Hg
vacuum

D2

4 ft

(I )

= (z /. 22

If)
s

2-

(3 If)
(Lf 1+1

FrlJW1 Gf. I

power I()s!
(

-t'

5'50 f+. /10 )

S.hr

p2.1-. f! )~(J f1- J(Islu!.110 If _)\

s~

sa.

- 2500hp
pllWe t()ss":

30 I hp

5"-/26

:: II. '1'1

t!
.5

5, /1/

5.111

A steam turbine receives steam having

a static pressure, PI, of 400 psia, an enthalpy, hI,
of 1407 Btu/lbm, and a velocity, VI' of 100 ft/s.
The steam leaves the turbine as a mixture of vapor
and liquid having an enthalpy, h2' of 1098 Btul
Ibm, a pressure, P2' of 2 psia, and a velocity, V 2 ,
of 200 ft/s. If the flow through the turbine is
essentially adiabatic and the change in elevation
of the steam is negligible, calculate: (a) the actual
work output per unit mass of steam; (b) the efficiency of the turbine if the ideal work output is
467 Btu/lbm.

(tl)

This

pmblem

If

fimi/ay

Ex.am/,/e

5:21.

2.

/'1-07 ~ _ /Ofl KIw

11:

/,,~

308

Ib~

l.

(loa fj ) 2,

(200

('2.').

f! )

Ibm. ft)(771
II, .

s 2.

f.f.,j,)
flhA

'!i::-

=/hm

(b) /I reaS()fllJ,hle
it;

Jd&.ll

e,(!-/ciency

15

out-puf

() y

I/V'lJ rk

J()B 8!!3

_ _ _/~"I'f'>;..-

'It? 8&

100

/he

rtlfit)

- 6610

Jb;..

5-17-7

of ac&aJ worJ. ()ulpwf

5//Z

I
5.11 '2. A centrifugal air compressor stage operates between an inlet stagnation pressure of
14.7 psi a and an exit stagnation pressure of 60
psia. The inlet stagnation temperature is 80 oF. If
the loss of total pressure through the compressor
stage associated with irreversible flow phenomena is 10 psi, calculate the actual and ideal stagnation temperature rise through the compressor.
Calculate the ratio of ideal to actual temperature
rise to obtain efficiency.

We
fin

-II, 0..1- -the air compressdr

aS5ume
ideal

()//Id thus
Or

Compl"e~$;"Y1

~cc.oyd/~

/5e//l /Y~pic..

an

IJ1tJsf

IMVO/VC-

cdo/d/Ylate.;;

()PI'ecw
ft-r(..

a5

/0 jJf i

fl"/c fitlnleSf

Eg. 5".101) if is

+0

9'

Wi fh

pYOC. e 5S.

aclu~ I

fhaf

pyoces~ is

ad"abpn'c.

5". It)!

idt!/A I al'ltl

l~dicak<J

J~$

I~

-the.

In
S

tJdia6afkal/y.
IAl1d (;l.d/abalk

ct/J15fdM.f e;?1YOfl1
c.I)JI'!

(//ude

pY()ceSJ witt, rl"/c.h'tJYJ

femfJe,yr,tMl

-141:/nJpy

/Ae-fJ.t.a1

C~~I/~$,ti()'yI PYPC.ti!CS

~I<f!fd"

6eltIW. A/~o shMn

~f"1al"()Yl

70psitl.-

tJJ1

IlL'

re.J

we p.,1$t)

CVWt/J;IC$$/()YJ

aM en~y In~YCIl.>e.

fhf!.,

Opera

pY~S$ uYt!

::

,Po'

dlA~

'::

fYic,IJ()J'I.

___...,.~_~;......~_o !f:JA. ~ ~ 2, tfchtJ ~2, ideAl

,,

"2 4cl-wJ.I

-----.,01'--...-.--7; 2.
J

I
I

S--1z'8

id~(J.1

i5

5:/12-

I (lIJ,,' t )

5. //'f

5.11q* Total head-rise values measured for air

flowing across a fan are listed below as a function
of volume flowrate.
Total Head Rise
(mm H 20)

Q (m 3 /s)

79
79

0.14
0.28
0.42
0.57
0.71
0.85

76
67
65
70

76

0.99

79

1.13
1.27

75
64

Determine the flowrate that will result when this

fan is connected to a piping system whose loss in
total head is described by loss = KLQ2 when: (a)
KL = 49 mm H20/(ml/s)2; (b) KL = 91 mm H201
(ml/s)2; (c) KL = 140 mm H20/(m 3/s)2.

7he

a.. -IaJl1.

of !ttL Ufrn6/i?af/tJYI of
f)fJll1J

fan

sys~

pump

Oy

S'ls~

/t/H

qe/~)IJIJI'y]ed

IS

head y/u.
vs

I/olul'l'le.

pump

by /J1t..
V/J(Uhle..

.f/(jyo/ yak...

an4 IL uJ1l1eckd

/nwsecl-/",.,
fl6NY'tLk-

uo've.

7~

of

/h.e

utrv{.. ~l1.tJI

I1te
dehm/J1e I1u

!It.t.. ~ of !tz,/,J 'p~b~ /{ ~nYleck~

f?J Il1.L ft,l"e~ [( aJ(b) ~(c)] p/P)i?y sys~s / Ik. )j.,/eysec-f/Ph.J
<:J f
fkt. III 111'2} .sy5' ~ / tJ S S
vs. b( W YII'f..J () i1 ~ flu. fan
-roW hc~d yise... v.s. ~ UuYlle fil- weye de/wY11iJ1Cd
flO'Wya.k

Y'esu/~

tis

tN

II~wy-ak

Wh~

wirh I1u U/V'J-tfJlA./e pn;rY~ liJk,l On ~ ~?/IIII'W)~ ftifeJ.

A p~/yn()mia I /etl,rf fjuwye.s 4lyl/e. f/I ()f ~ /tJ..6ula..k.d
cL~ /5 used 1k- jY1/e-rsech'()"I pd Jj;,f> wey~ dejeyJl"1/~ee:l
1# i ttt

I1v..

Ne.w+oYJ - I(O<.f/h JdYI

(UJn't)
~-/30

f- e. c.-~ ;'; 11/ e .

5.//1

100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230

240
250

CLS
PR ~NT "****************.***********t;************************ :t*"
PRINT "*:t, This program determines the intersection of the
PRINT "** head loss and head rise curves for problem 5. 11lf *:r."
PRINT "** A least square fit polynomial of the form:
:t.*"
PRINT "**
Y = dO + d1*x + d2*x 2 + d3*x~3 + ...
t:*"
PRINT ":t:.t: is used to describe the head rise dat.a.
**"
PRINT "*****************)!'************************************"
PRINT
DIM B(21), DC2l), S(21), XClO1) , WOOl), YOOl), FOOl)
DIM ERRF (01), PJ (101), PJMl (101), YBAR ClO1)
'
'intialize t.he variables
NTERMS = 8: NTERMSAVE = NTERMS
NPOINT = 10
INPUT "Enter the head loss coefficient."; KL
PRINT
FOR I = 1 TO NPOINT
READ XC!), YO)

**"

260
270
280
290 W(n = 1
300 F(l) = YO)
310 NEXT I
320 DATA 0.00, 79.0, 0.14, 79.0, 0.28, 76.0, 0.42, 67.0
330 DATA 0.5 7 , 65.0, 0.71, 70.0, 0.85, 76.0, 0.99, 79.0
340 DATA 1.13,75.0,1.27,64.0
350 PRINT "The polynomial fit to t.he head ris:;e dat.a is of ordey-";
.360 PRINT U'::~ING "##"j NTERMS - 1
370 '
380 'determine the polynomial coefficients
390

400
410
420
430
440
450
4()O
470

PRINT "The coefficients of the polynomial are:"

FOR I = 1 TO NPOINT
FCI) = FCI) - D(NTERMS + 1) * XCI) - (NTERMS)
IfEXT I

FOR J

1 TO NTERMS

BU) = 0
DO
E~

(J )

=
=

NEXT J

480 C(U

490 FOR I = 1 TO NPOINT

D (1) + F (1)
500 D (1)
* W(l)
~,10
EO) = B (1) + X (1) .* W (1)
520 S(1) = S Cl) + WO)
5::::0 NEXT I
540 DO) = DO) / S(1)
550 FOR I = 1 TO NPOINT
560 ERRF(l) = Fer) - D(l)
570 NEXT I
580 IF NTERMS = 1 THEN GOTO 850
590 B(l) = B(l) / S(1)
600 FOR I = 1 TO NPOINT
6 1 () F! J M 1 ( I)

620 PJ(l) = X<l) - B<l)

630 NEXT I

(un 't)
~-.I31

(~n't)

640
650
660
670
680
690
700
710
720
730
740
7e:-.;0
760
770
780
790
800
810
820
8,30

840
850
860
370

e.r:,o
890

900

=
=

FOR J
FOR I

2 TO NTERMS

1 TO NPOINT

*'

P = PJ(l)

WO)

D(J) = DeJ) + ERRF(I) * P

P = P
P]CI)
B(J) = B(J) + X(I) * P
seJ) = S(J) + P
NEXT I
D(J) = D(J) / S(J)
FOR I = 1 TO NPOINT
ERRFCI) = ERRF(I) - D(J)
pel)
NEXT I
IF J = NTERMS THEN GOTO 850
B(J) = B(J) / S(J)
C(J) = se]) / S(J - 1)
FOR I =- 1 TO NPOINT
P = PJel)
PJO) = (XCI> - B(J
PJ(1) - C(J)
PJM1(l)
PJM1(I) = P
NEXT I
NEXT J
PRINT USING" d# = +#.####-"~~"; NTERMS - 1; D(NTERMS)
NTERMS = NTERMS - 1
IF NTERMS ) 0 THEN GO TO 400
'
'determine the intersection using the
'Newton-Raphson method

910 qNF = 1!
~)20

QN

930 F

==

QNP
O!

940 FP =- ot
950 FOR I = 1 TO NTERMSAVE STEP 1
,.
1)
(} 960 F == F + D <l) *' QN
970 NEXT I
980 FOR I = 2 TO NTERMSAVE STEP 1
.,
(l D (1)
990 FP = FP + I
QN
1000 NEXT I
1010 F = KL
QN
2 - F
1020 FP = 2!
KL
QN - FP
1030 QNP = QN - F / FP
1040 IF (ABSCQNP - QN) > .0001) THEN GOTO 920

ft

1050 F = O!
1060 FOR I
1 TO NTERMSAVE STEP 1
1070 F = F + D ( I)
QN
(I - 1)

H)80 NEXT I
1090
1100
1110
1120

ft

PRINT
###.##"; KL
PRINT USING "Head loss coefficient:
PRINT USING "Volume flow rate ----: ##.### m~3/s"; QN
PRINT USING "Operating head ------. ### rom of H20"; F

(COn 'f
5"-1.32

5./1'-1

(Con't)

***************************************************~**

**
**:
**
**
**

This program determines the intersection of the

**
head loss and head rise curves for problem 5. 11'1 ~:*
A least square fit polynomial of the form:
**
y = dO + dl*x + d2*x-2 + d3*x-3 + ...
**
is used to describe the head rise data.
**
******************************************************

(e)

Enter the head loss coefficient? 140.

The polynomial fit to the head rise data is of order 7
coefficients of the polynomial are:
d7 = -1.7369E+03
d6 = +8.2623E+03
d5 - -1. 5353E+04
d4 = +1. 3788E+04
d2 = -5. 9543E+03
d? = +1.0551E+03
dl =- -6. 2329E+Ol
dO = +7. 8983E+Ol

~he

Head loss coefficient:

Volume flow rate ----:
Operating head ------.

140.00
Q.705 m"3/s
70 rum of H20

******************************************************
** This program determines the intersection of the
**
head loss and head rise curves for problem 5.114 **
** A least square fit polynomial of the form:
**
*t
y = dO + d1*x + d2*x-2 + d3*x~3 + .. ,
**
is used to describe the head rise data.
**

**

**

**~*******************t*******************************

(b)

Enter the head loss coefficient? 91.

The polynomial fit to the head rise data is of order 7
The coefficients of the polynomial are:
d7 = -1. 7369E+03
d6 - +e..2623E+03
d5 = --1 . 5353E+ 04
d4 = + 1. '3788E+04
-' r,
c.':"
- -5. 9543E+03
C:2 = +1. 0551E+03
dl = -6. 2329E+01
dO -. +7. 8983E+Ol
Head loss coefficient:
Volume flow rate ----;
Operating head

91. 00
0.928 m-S/s
78 rom of H20

(COJ'7't )
~-13.3

(Con If )

******************************************************
** This program determines the intersection of the **
** head loss and head rise curves for problem 5.11Q **
A least square fit polynomial of the form:
**
**
y = dO + dl*x + d2tx-2 + d3*x 3 + ...
**
** is used to describe the head rise data.
**
*****~************************************************

**

(al

Enter the head loss coefficient? 49.

The polynomial fit to the head rise data is of order 7
The coefficients of the polynomial are:
d7

d6

=
=

-1. 73~59E+03
-+8. 2623E+03

-1.5353E+04
- +1.3788E+04
d3 = --5. 9543E+03
(i~~ = +1. 0551E+03
ell -- -6. 2329E+Ol
dO = +7. 8983E+Ol

d5
d4

loss coefficient:
Volume flow rate ----:

Head

49.00
1.203 m~3/s
71 mm of H20

~ -/31/-

5'.115"
~ lJ)

Water is pumped from the tank shown in Fig. J =~ -~1~

PS .1ISa. The head loss is known to be 1.2 V2 /2g, where V is I
the average velocity in the pipe. According to the pump man-:
6m
ufacturer, the relationship between the pump head and the ftow- J
rate is as shown in Fig. PS .IISb: h" = 20 - 2000 Q2, where,
hi} is in meters and Q is in m'/s. Determine the ftowrate, Q. I

I
I
I

'FrN-!'he- C/Jnl-m J

Vd /41"t1e. f

2.)

.- - -

- - Pump

b2.

''',

,-? - .

1_

VIe wanf Iv 1:.'11"" !he ftowrak

(a)

-,
i.......t

0.07 m

/"\,

Ii"

= 20-2000Q2

'.

oO':-------::--':-:----.i
0.05
Q, m3/ s
(h)

hfJ 1/11Y7 )

a/p/,u/f.htJn ()f /he.. fYherJ:;

ej1AfA.hlgy. (G~, ).gl() y/eii.r,

+
V~
(( 2J

f- 2-z

2-

= 7.I- ~

6':2J

~I 1- h;
1-

(z)
~

nd

hs

= hp

:::

20 - 20a?

Since ~::: V2. A1. w<-

'1

().J/}~

..L

2.J

=:

!..:.!:

Z9

(A )

Unb:n'j

(!E.)
Az

'Z.

h~ ..fn,."

"l,.

~.L (/~(])~d. ('1)

I/Jt!

).

=~

-I- -t
2.

-J-

~-

2,.000

S--/3S

et

,.

0,10

5.116
Water flows by gravity from one lake to another as
sketched in Fig. PS.116 at the steady rate of 80 gpm. What is
the loss in available energy associated with this flow? If this
same amount of loss is associated with pumping the fluid from
the lower lake to the higher one at the same flowrate, estimate
the amount of pumping power required.

FIGURE PS.116

or

1/1 tJ

~-------:::::---T--------------------------------I

: 5.1/ 7

5.11 -, A !-hp motor is required by an air ventilating fan to produce a 24-in.-diameter stream
of air having a uniform speed of 40 ft/s. Determine the aerodynamic efficiency of the fan.

The Qeyt)djJ'1dnt/c.

"dept

or

efFic./e"yzc,!/

fhe

fan" '(

yejl4lrld
acl"tA1 Pd1Alev Ye.IU,;eJ/

IS

The. ;dr.al ~h(iff I'0JA/er rtjw;&:/" vV;Cleal J i.1

Wifhou.f loss tl.CYDS$ fire fal1. Thus

lN7,.1D_1 ::
4r

/5

?~wey

fAcill1."'/ .rhflff p"wer resu/yM.) WAc.fl.(.::</)

/ tlFr:Jf.

I'M

2.

~uf

1.

::

'2.

()~/;,ed ~ ES' ,.32 hY /low

v3

I'A,ut V'ilT 2.~uf = -I' ?r..!!ou+

~ut =
'f
l.
J

VV;ded :: tl. '135 hr

~-136

O.7S hI' .

5".118
Aerator column

5.119

Water is pumped from a tank, point 0), to the top

of a water plant aerator, point (2), as shown in Video VS.S
and Fig. P5.118nt a rate of 3.0 ft 3/s. (a) Determine the power
that the pump adds to the water if the head loss from (1) to
(2) where V2 = a is 4 ft. (b) Determine the head loss from
(2) to the bottom of the aerator column, point (3), if the average velocity at (3) is V3 = 2 ftls.

FIGURE P5.118

(a)

The enerqyeCfvof/on {rom {/J to (:;.)

~
+ JZ + z +h - h ~ P:L + li2. of ~
~ 2j
I
P
'J.
7 z1 J.

w,-fh

A ::: ~ :: 11 ~ ~ ::: 0 9/ves

hp == hi- +z2.- Z, ::: iff! f(;O+3)ff-slf

Thvs , the pump power ;'s

==

't (J h.s

~ 62.'1-

==

12ff

(3!f ) (JJ-H) :: 22"'15

tt; Ib (551~)

= '/-.08 hp

5"- /37

~.IJq

(I)

(:=--"-r~"~~~"--:::--

The turbine shown in Fig. PS.119 develops 100 hp

when the flowrate of water is 20 fto/ s. If all losses are negligible, I
determi~e (a) the elevation h, (b) the pressure difference across I
the turbme. and (c) the flowrate expected if the turbine were J
removed.

1
h

/(/ (,V,.
L

P3

I
1

~ .'
______ 12..in_ (-aJ,'
-

.::

~---=.l..

1'4

::--

'.' - . . . (2)
~~ i~
\

:. J

CVB

-,' - - - -:I' -

(/)

2 S-5 li..J

(C)

[;"-/38

-/
Free jet

5. /zo

t
-7

5.120 A liquid enters a fluid machine at sections (1) and (2) and leaves at section (3) as shown
in Fig. P5 .12.0, The density of the fluid is constant
at 2 slugs/ft3 All of the flow occurs in a horizontal
plane and is frictionless and adiabatic. For the
above-mentioned and additional conditions indicated in Fig. 5.120, determine the amount of
shaft power involved.

Section
-..r;--Section

&j5.

=
=

(1)

80 psia
15 ftls
30 in. 2

P3

= 14.7

V3

A3

= 5 in.2

5'.64 J S. 65 and S.7' lead

+ ~2) _ n1
2. /

nef- in

FIGURE PS.12D

-h>

(fl.fO + iI{ ) +
2

(I)

S/nce

rn I UJ

.
v
. v
YYJ U).. - YY13 ()3
2

psia
45 ftls

(JtI/abah'~ flaw +hyoUj" -/-his IlbO(J WlllCh/ne

rAJIlri.

virS'htlff :: m3 (!l
;0

L
(3)--1 .6~

1..------.

Section (2)

Pl
V1
Al

Fi:J~ fhe iricfiOY1/tSJ

Pl = 50 psia
V 2 = 35 ftls

( .

.) v
<AI -

m1- + m3

+ n,3

IIf secfioYl (3)

~-13'1

'"

V)

. (.,

~ 0;: Yn2 lA,-iA 2.

m.l. U).- n1J

(u-u ) ::
I

'2.

5./21

Section (2)

5.121 Water is to be moved from one large

reservoir to another at a higher elevation as indicated in Fig. P5.121. The loss in available energy associated with 2.5 ft 3/s being pumped from
sections (1) to (2) is 61 V 2 /2 where V is the average velocity of water in the 8-in.-inside diameter piping involved. Determine the amount of
shaft power required.
HGURE PS.121

.(y.IIYn Sech'oh (t) -Iv secft'ol'J (2) E~. 'i.iz leads

flow

loss],: ;at; [!J(~-~)

the

FrtJVJ.-t

\I

:::

v()/ul'He

bl

If

-=

flowrale
~

;;:-i/-Lf

w-e
(2.5

obhl'n

{t7)

11- /!.i:!...
( 12 117.
fT

s-liIlH
ner i"

-1'1-0

)z

7.162

fJ:.
.J

",

fj

(I)

~.12

z..

Oil (SC = 0.88) flows in an inclined pipe at a rate

of S ft3/ S as shown in Fig. PS.l22. If the differential reading in
the mercury manometer is 3 ft, calculate the power that the
pump supplies to the oil if head losses are negligible.

(2)
6 in.

--+
I

12 in.

3ft

L
-.

S" IIi'
~ =

.r
1-

; ( : ft)

~-Jlf/

--

_"':::t .
. ,::r,.~r

1'1-

ZS'5 J

5.124

5.12'-1 The velocity profile in a turbulent pipe

flow may be approximated with the expression

E.

(~)lln
R

Uc

where u = local velocity in the axial direction,

U c = centerline velocity in the axial direction,
R = pipe inner radius from pipe axis, r =
local radius from pipe axis, and n = constant.
Determine the kinetic energy coefficient, a, for:
(a) n = 5; (b) n = 6; (c) n = 7; (d) n = 8; (e)
n = 9; (f) n = 10.

ror -the kinetic. eneryy ctJelhci~l1~ ~ we ma, use Efj. s: 3, . 711/,'($,

rx

= ;:

I<

1f'U

27r;-r)y

= 2

1/tlJ(f) ,,~)
fr= 2 c!, f- i)rf)d(f)
1

.L

-3

fA

-3

{.(

(Z)

(~)

(5)

IX :::

(C)

/.08

For n = 7

(d);=w n=

IJ( == 1()5

(e)

I=tJv. n::: q
0(' :::

/.0"1

(f) ~n=l()

tr

::::"/~J

5"-/.'1-2

5.125 A small fan moves air at a mass flowrate

of 0.004 lbm/s. Upstream of the fan, the pipe
diameter is 2.5 in., the flow is laminar, the velocity distribution is parabolic, and the kinetic
energy coefficient, (11, is equal to 2.0. Downstream of the fan, the pipe diameter is 1 in., the
flow is turbulent, the velocity profile is quite flat,
and the kinetic energy coefficient, (12' is equal to
1.08. If the rise in static pressure across the fan
is 0.015 psi and the fan shaft draws 0.00024 hp,
compare the value of loss calculated: (a) assuming
uniform velocity distributions; (b) considering actual velocity distributions.

(Jml

loss

:::

3.36

fl- Ib

5-/Lf3

5.126

Force from a Jet of Air Deflecled by a Flat Plate

Objective: A jet of a fluid sU'iking a flat plate as shown in Fig. P5.126 exerts a force on
the plale. It is the equal and opposite force of the plate on the fluid that causes the fluid momentum change that accompanies such a flow. The purpose of this experiment is to compare
the theoretical force on the plate with the experimentally measured force .
Equipment: Air source with an adjustable flowratc and a flow meter; nozzle to produce
a unifonn ai r jet; balance beam with an attached flat plate; weights; barometer; thennometer.

Experimental Procedure: Adjust the coumer weight so that the beam is level when
there is no mass, m, on the beam and no flow through the nozzle. Measure the diameter. d,
of the nozzle outlet. Record the barometer reading, H oam , in inches of mercury and the air
temperature, T, so that the air density can be calculated by use of the perfect gas law. Place
a known mass, m, on the flat plate and adjust the fan speed control to produce the necessary
flowrate, Q, to make the balance beam level again. The flowrate is related to the flow meter
manometer reading. II, by the equation Q = 0.358 1Il/1, where Q is in f(l/s and h is in inches
of water. Repeat Ihe measun:ments for various masses on the plate.
Calculations: For each flowrale, Q, calculate Ihe weight, W = mg, needed to balance the
beam and use the continuity equation, Q "" VA, to determine the velocity, V, at the nozzle
exit. Use the momentum equation for this problem, W = pV 2A, to determine the theoretical
relationship between velocity and weight.
Graph: Plot the experimentally measured force on the plate, W, as ordinates and air speed,
V, as abscissas.
Results:

On Ihe same graph. plot the theoretical force as a function of air speed.

Data: To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and dick ,,~/'(!
to bring up an EXCEL page with Ihe data for this problem.

II FIGURE PS .126

(C!on't)
5- I'f'f

(COJ1'-t )

Solution for Problem 5.126: Force from a Jet of Air Deflected by a Flat Plate

d, in.
1.174

Hatm , in. Hg
29.25

m, kg
0.010
0.020
0.030
0.040
0.050
0.060
0.070
0.080
0.090
0.100
0.150
0.200
0.250

h, in.
0.54
1.08
1.52
2.18
2.72
3.25
3.81
4.32
4.92
5.46
8.13
10.85
13.72

T, deg F Q = 0.358 h"0.5, with Q in cfs and h in inches of water

70

Q, ft"3/s
0.263
0.372
0.441
0.529
0.590
0.645
0.699
0.744
0.794
0.837
1.021
1.179
1.326

Experimental
V,ftls
m, slug
35.0
0.00069
49.5
0.00137
58.7
0.00206
70.3
0.00274
78.5
0.00343
85.8
0.00411
92.9
0.00480
98.9
0.00548
105.6
0.00617
111.2
0.00685
135.7
0.01028
156.8
0.01370
176.3
0.01713

Experimental:
V = Q/Awhere
2

A = nd /4
W=mg

=n*(1.174/12 ft)"2/4 = 7.52E-3 ft"2

Theoretical:
2

W = pV Awhere
p

= Patm/RT with

Patm =YHg*H atm = 847 Ib/ftJ\3*(29.25/12 ft)

R = 1716 ft Ib/slug deg R
T =70 + 460 =530 deg R
Thus, p

=2065 Ib/ftJ\2

=0.00227 slug/ft"3

(con't)
5 - /JfS

W,lb
0.022
0.044
0.066
0.088
0.110
0.132
0.154
0.177
0.199
0.221
0.331
0.441
0.552

Theoretical
W,lb
0.021
0.042
0.059
0.084
0.105
0.126
0.147
0.167
0.190
0.211
0.315
0.420
0.531

s: /2-' (Con' -t )

Problem 5.126
Weight, W, vs Velocity, V

0.6

O.5

--.--~-- -------~--~---~-.-------~-,-

~--I

II
,

-----~--i

0.4

..0

~ 0.3

0.2

--------------~---~--~-_r_-----------

--1I

0.1

0.0 +,- - - - - r - - - _ r - - - - - - - - , - - - - - - - - - j

50

100

150

V, fUs

5"-/'16

200

Experimental

1 - Theoretical

5 . 12/
5.127

Pressure Distribution on a Flat Plate Due to the

Deflection of an Air Jet

Objective : In order to defl ect a jet of air as shown in Fig. P5.127, the fl at plate must push
against the air with a sufficient force to change the momentum of the air. This causes an in
crease in pressure on the plate. The purpose of this experiment is to measure the pressure
distribution on the plate and to compare the resultant pressure force to that needed, accord-

ing to the momentum equation, to deflect the air.

Equipment: Air supply with a flow meter; noule 10 produce a unifonn jet of air; circular
flat plate with static pressure laps at various radial locations; manometer; barometer;
thermometer.
Experimental Procedure: Measure the diameters of the plate, D, and the nozzle exit,
d, and the radial locations, r, of the various static pressure taps on the plate. Carefully center the plate over the noull! exit and adjust the air f1 owrate, Q, to the desired conSlaIll value.
Record the static pressure tap manometer readings, h, at various radial locations, r, from the
centcr of the plate. Record the barometer reading, HOlm' in inches of mercury and the air temperature, T, so that the air density can be calculated by use of the perfect gas law.
C alculatio ns : Usc the manometer readings, h, to delennine the pressure on the plate as
a function of location, r. That is, calculate p = "Ym h, where "Ym is the specific weight of the
manometer fluid.
G raph :

Plot pressure, p, as ordinates and radial location, r, as abscissas.

Results: Use the experi mentally detennined pressure distribution to detennine the net
pressure force, F, that the air jet puts on the plate. That is, numerically or graphically iIllegrate the pressure data to obtain a value for F = P dA = f p (217"r dr), where the limits of
the integration are over the entire plate, from r = 0 to r "" D/2. Compare this force obtained
from the pressure measurements to that obtained from the momentum equation for this now,
F "" pylA, where V and A are the velocity and area of the jet, respectively.

Data: To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and did..' "('re
to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem.

II F IGURE P5.127

(c on 't )

57 /2.7 I (c()n 't )

Solution for Problem 5.127: Pressure Distribution on a Flat Plate due to the Deflection of an Air Jet

D, in.
8.0

d, in.
1.174

r, in.
0.00
0.39
0.79
1.24
1.59
2.04
2.41
2.85
3.23
3.67

h, in.
6.62
5.92
3.04
0.55
0.19
0.13
0.09
0.05
0.03
0.00

Halm , in. Hg
29.25

T, deg F
77

p, Ib/ftA2
34.42
30.78
15.81
2.86
0.99
0.68
0.47
0.26
0.16
0.00

Q. ftA3/s
1.41

p, Ib/in."2 p*r, Ib/in.

0.2391
0.0000
0.2138
0.0834
0.1098
0.0867
0.0199
0.0246
0.0069
0.0109
0.0047
0.0096
0.0033
0.0078
0.0018
0.0051
0.0011
0.0035
0.0000
0.0000

P = YH2o*h
P

=Palm/RT where
Palm =YHg*H alm = 847 Ib/ftA3*(29.25/12 ft) = 20651b/ftA2
R = 1716 ft Ib/slug deg R
T = 77 + 460 537 deg R

Th us, P

=0.00224 slug/ftA3

Using the trapezoidal rule for integration

Fexp

=2n*0.5*L:J

TO

9[(prj +pr;+1 )*(ri+1 - rj)] = 2n*0.5*0.189 = 0.594 Ib

Theory:
2

F = pV A where

=
=

=
=

A nd /4 n*(1.17 4/12 ft)"2/4 0.00752 ftA2

V Q/A (1.41 ftA3/s)/(0.00752 ft"2) = 188 ftls
Thus,
Flh 0.00224 slug/ftA3*(188 ftls)"2*(0.00752 ftA2) = 0.595 Ib

5-IJf8

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

pr;+pr;+1
0.0834
0.1701
0.1114
0.0355
0.0205
0.0174
0.0130
0.0086
0.0035

r;+1 - rj
0.39
0.40
0.45
0.35
0.45
0.37
0.44
0.38
0.44

>'127

Problem 5.127
Pressure, p, vs Radial Location, r

40
35

.-.--~----~------~~--

30

.----~.. -------------------~-

--- --_. __ ..-.- -

------_._---------j
------- ----- -

-----------..j

25

- - - - -- --------.. . . ------------------------.-.------- --- ---i

. c 20

---'\-------~---~--'------~~I

ci: 15

--~~

10

------4

----1

<

! --.- Experimental

I
i

0
1

r, in.

------

--

Problem 5.127
Pressure Times Distance, p*r,
vs
Radial Location, r

0.10
0.08
c:
::: 0.06
:

1--.- Experimental 1

..

{ 0.04

-\-----~--~.---.~--- -

0.02
0.00
0

2
r, in.

5" - IJfCf

5.129
5.128

Force from a Jet of Water Deflected by a Vane

Objective:

A jet of a fluid striking a vane as shown in Fig. PS.128 exerts a force on the
vane. It is the equal and opposite force of the vane on the fluid that causes the fluid momentum change that accompanies such a flow. The purpose of this experiment is to compare
the theoretical force on the vane with the experimentally measured force.

Equipment:

Water source; nozzle to produce a uniform jet of water; vanes to deflect the
water jet; weigh tank to collect a known amount of water in a measured time period; stop
watch; force balance system.

Experimental Procedure:

Measure the outlet diameter, d, of the nozzle. Fasten the

8 = 90 degree vane to its support and adjust the balance spring to give a zero reading when
there is no weight, W, on the platform and no flow through the nozzle. Place a known mass,
m, on the platform and adjust the control valve on the pump to provide the necessary flowrate
from the nozzle to return the platform to a zero reading. Determine the flow rate by collecting a known weight of water, WwaleP in the weigh tank during a measured amount of time,
t. Repeat the measurements for various masses, m. Repeat the experiment using a 8 = 180
degree vane.

Calculations: For each data set, determine the weight, W = mg, on the platform and the
volume flowrate, Q = Wwate'/( '}'t), through the nozzle. Determine the exit velocity from the
nozzle, V, by using Q = VA. Use the momentum equation to determine the theoretical weight
that can be supported by the water jet as a function of V and 8.
Graph: For each vane, plot the experimentally determined weight, W, as ordinates and
the water velocity, V, as abscissas.
Results:

On the same graph plot the theoretical weight as a function of velocity for each

vane.

Data:

To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and dick herl'
to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem.

FIGURE PS.123

(con't)
5-

ISO

5:123 I (COfl't)

Solution for Problem 5.128: Force from a Jet of Water Deflected by a Vane

d, in.
0.40

t, s

m, slug

Experimental
W,lb
Q, ftA3/s

Data for 8 = 90 deg:

0.02
7.71
0.07
8.66
0.17
8.87
0.12
8.92
0.22
9.66

29.8
18.2
10.1
12.6
10.6

0.0014
0.0048
0.0116
0.0082
0.0151

0.044
0.154
0.375
0.265
0.485

Data for 8 = 180 deg:

0.05
6.81
0.10
9.02
0.20
8.84
0.25
7.88
0.30
8.86
0.35
7.97
0.40
6.37

24.5
20.8
13.2
10.9
11.1
9.5
7.6

0.0034
0.0069
0.0137
0.0171
0.0206
0.0240
0.0274

0.110
0.221
0.441
0.552
0.662
0.772
0.883

m, kg

Wwater,lb

W=mg
Q = Wwate/(y*t)
V = Q/Awhere
2
A = nd /4 = n*(0.40/12 ft)A2/4 = 0.000873 ftA2
Theoretical:
W = pV2A for 8 = 90 deg
and
W = 2pV2A for 8 = 180 deg

(Con'~)

5-/5/

V, ftIs

Theoretical
W,lb

0.0041
0.0076
0.0141
0.0113
0.0146

4.7
8.7
16.1
13.0
16.7

0.038
0.129
0.440
0.286
0.474

0.0045
0.0069
0.0107
0.0116
0.0128
0.0134
0.0134

5.1
8.0
12.3
13.3
14.7
15.4
15.4

0.088
0.215
0.512
0.597
0.727
0.803
0.802

CDn't)

5:/28'

Problem 5.128
Weight, W, vs Velocity, V

1.0

-,-----~------------1

0.9
0.8

---

------~~-----------------

-----r;~-------

0.7 -0.6
~ 0.5

-.#-+--

----..rr-----~-~-~__J

-~-~~---~~cF----~~---'----:~---j
~--.-----.--

0.1

o. 0

Experimental, 180 deg

Theoretical, 180 deg

0.4

0.2

Experimental, 90 deg

Theoretical, 90 deg

..c

0.3

----- --------1

J-....-I!~=--..,----r-------t------j

10

15

V, ftls

5""-1$2

20

Force of a Flowing Fluid on a Pipe Elbow

5.129

Objective: When a fluid flows through an elbow in a pipe system as shown in Fig. P5.129,
the fluid's momentum is changed as the fluid changes direction. Thus, the elbow must put a
force on the fluid. Similarly, there must be an external force on the elbow to keep it in place.
The purpose of this experiment is to compare the theoretical vertical component of force
needed to hold an elbow in place with the experimentally measured force.
Equipment: Variable speed fan; Pitot static tube; air speed indicator; air duct and 90degree elbow; scale; barometer; thermometer.
Experimental Procedure:

Measure the diameter, d, of the air duct and adjust the scale
to read zero when the elbow rests on it and there is no flow through it. Note that the duct is
connected to the fan outlet by a pivot mechanism that is essentially friction free. Record the
barometer reading, H atm, in inches of mercury and the air temperature, T, so that the air density can be calculated by use of the perfect gas law. Adjust the variable speed fan to give the
desired flowrate. Record the velocity, V, in the pipe as given by the Pitot static tube which
is connected to an air speed indicator that reads directly in feet per minute. Record the force,
F, indicated on the scale at this air speed. Repeat the measurements for various air speeds.
Obtain data for two types of elbows: (1) a long radius elbow and (2) a mitered elbow (see
Figs. 8.30 and 8.31).

Calculations: For a given air speed, V, use the momentum equation to calculate the theoretical vertical force, F = pV 2A, needed to hold the elbow stationary.
Graph:

Plot the experimentally measured force, F, as ordinates and the air speed, V, as

abscissas.

Results:

On the same graph, plot the theoretical force as a function of air speed.

Data:

To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click /tat'
to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem.

Centrifugal fan

II FIGURE PS.129

5"-/53

s: /2 9

I (COli 'f

Solution for Problem 5.129: Force of a Flowing Fluid on a Pipe Elbow

d, in.
8.0

V, ftImin

Hatm , in. Hg
29.07

T, deg F
73

Experiment
V, ftIs
F,lb

Long Radius Elbow Data

0
0
1200
0.38
1420
0.51
0.79
1800
2160
1.05
2440
1.38
1.65
2700
2900
1.91
2.19
3100
3520
2.83
3.12
3750
3950
3.38

0.0
20.0
23.7
30.0
36.0
40.7
45.0
48.3
51.7
58.7
62.5
65.8

Mitered Elbow Data

1400
0.30
1780
0.55
0.74
2000
1.12
2300
1.44
2630
1.72
2900
3150
2.06
3360
2.38
3550
2.62
2.74
3620

23.3
29.7
33.3
38.3
43.8
48.3
52.5
56.0
59.2
60.3

Theory
V, ftIs
Fth,lb
0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
55.0
60.0
65.0

P = Patm/RT where
Patm = YHg*H atm = 847 Ib/W3*(29.07/12ft)
R = 1716 ft Ib/slug deg R
T = 73 + 460 = 533 deg R
Thus, P = 0.00224 slug/W3
A = rrd 1l 2/4 = rr*(8/12)1I2/4 = 0.349 ftll2

(CtJl1'-/: )
5"- 15"1-

0
0.02
0.08
0.18
0.31
0.49
0.70
0.96
1.25
1.58
1.95
2.36
2.81
3.30

=2052 Ib/W2

Problem 5.129
Force, F, vs Velocity, V
4.0

------~,---,------

3.5
3,0
-

Theoretical

2.5

.c

-_ 2.0
LL

----.. . --- ---------1

I

1.5
1.0
0.5

O. a -t-..e::::.---,------'""1r-----i------l

20

40

60

V, ftls

5"-/55

80

Experimental: Long
radius elbow
A Experimental: Mitered
elbow

'-./ J

6.1

The velocity in a certain two-dimensional flow field is given by the equation

V

= 2xti

- 2ytj

where the velocity is in ft/s when x, y, and tare

in feet and seconds, respectively. Determine
expressions for the local and convective components of acceleration in the x and y directions.
What is the magnitude and direction of the velocity and the acceleration at the point x = y =
2 ft at the time t = 01

FroM

ft,.,. II~ I"c; 1-:; ,)

eJGj>rt'$S 14J"

5:/nce

a"

(,{ Ju. +1/' Pll.

!);<
~

(Ci!Jnv)

a~

pi/"

::

Tt:+

r- Z!:Jt)(o)

,+xl:2.

S/mi Jell" /'J)

= (Z.X'.1;) (2.t) -t

v-q

u ~-t

t9;(

J~

CO'1 PI

1.!! =- = at-

a;

(local)

a.,

(C~nj/.) .:

2!:J

u~t-1r~
d !J

l);<.

(2xt)(o)

-+- (- 2}jt)(-l-t-)

= If lj t-2..
At

x.-:.1.j=2ft
U = 2.

t~o

Clnd
(2) (0 )

=0

v- : -

2.

(2 ) ((}) .:: 0

So

-that

V==o

a~

Cl =
j

a: =

.2;<. + il-xt'2

-2J +

'f.!Jt

2 (r.) +
_ ,2

2- .:

41: - LfJ +-tis"

(2) -t

tt (2) (0) =

(2) (0) :::

Lf .ftls z.
- If R Is 2.

6.2

Repeat Problem 6.1 if the flow field is

described by the equation

= 3(x 2 - y2)i - 6xyj

where the velocity is in ft/s when x and yare in

feet.

and

a;( (tDnv)

= [.(.~~

+r~ -:: 3{;tl:.!:J2.)(b,t)-t (-6~.!J)r-b.!J)

= / g(X. 3 +

qnd

a..'J (/OCtJ/):: ~; -

a.j (~nJl):
==

= 3
~

2.)

ff r rf
T

Je(.x 2 ':J

At K=!1 = / ft (/hd
fA.

XJ

[O/-ut]

==

3 (i 2_ !J "l. )

(-6.!f) -t

(-h)(!J) (-, I.. )

~ !i 3 )

i:~o

v- :: -b (,)(i) = - Ie

=0

V= -&,j

Qnd

a i = /3 (x 3+x :/,)

= 18> [(0 3 ..,. (/)(t)~

::

a!J = IS( x~-+y3)

= 18[{/)2{1)

= 3{, -ftJs~

,,-z

3
-t{n ]

gtlt/.s

6 ~
tion

The velocity in a certain flow field is given by the equa-

xi + X2zJ + Yzk

Detennine the expressions for the three rectangular components

of acceleration.

From e)(.frt'j>/~Y1 /t,1" ve /()'l"t!1)

fA. -::

><

Sinc.e
a.~

::

a~

::

-!hen

0+ (

><

)(1) ,. (i~)( 0

+~r:)(O)

--

5t'mt/arl'j./
a - olr
:;- t>t +
and

a. ~

0 +

~w +

fA..

~ -J-

o 1-

xLi'

:1 r

p~

ox

'lr!J!F
1"
8~

W'

Jur

J~

) (0) + (X2~) (~) + 6~) (fj )

2-

6.4

The three components of velocity in a

flow field are given by
u = x 2 + y2 + Z2
U

xy + yz +

-3xz - z 2 /2 + 4

Z2

(a) Determine the volumetric dilatation rate, and

interpret the results. (b) Determine an expression
for the rotation vector. Is this an irrotational flow
field?

V()/I.{me.fr/c. d,/t<la.flon v-a.fe

(t:L)

Thus) {"Y fle/()c,fy

I/()

This

tdJ/'rJjJtt7l'1fl'll-s

d;/a.ta.t,b"

I"tn~ In Co

rate -:

Volume. e>,f. a.. +Itlid elemfl1i

/I)Cltt'OIJ to
(j,)

Jir

+ Jy T

f/ien

(x.,. r)

-t- (- 3 x.

-7:)

chtllfl/e I;'
(I~ it rn~lIeJ -hm

-the

2.t. -r

ih~1: 1heyt! I~

/nd,ctl+es

YfSU/t.

J(.I.
;a;:

nD

dJl1e.

(lI1IJ1he r.

F'IPm .Gss.
'lIven:
W

W;(.

CU!f

:: :i

( ;; - ~;) =;

/s

1:

(1;-- ::) = -1 [0 - (y-tZr)J " - (!J: H)

~):: [2i - (-3z.)J1 = sz~
-- - ( ~
I

= :l
I

;;..

oi:.

.!...

p;(;L

- r-; +7:) i
SI'nt.e

(!f - 2!J) = -

/.5 nat

nCJt

)fr~

S-fo
2.

elleffjwheve -the fl{)w field

~Y'oia-t';'1111 J. N ~ .

.=

6.5
Detennine an expression for the vorticity of the flow
field described by
v = - xy3 i + y4j
Is the flow irrotational?

FY'CJm
C( n

cl

e;<"fr"t~s,i;n -h,Y ve/tJci-l-!j)

tv ;' rA
: 1- (~_
W;e.
W
11

~ ~

W =
~

/i

Iolll)ws

Jy

:2..

tl

=-

X!J3 J tr= !:J'f)

or

JJr)

( t

~. /3)

~~)

(po.

6.

1- (Jtr_~)
;L

ax.

CJ~l )

r+

(0)

j + (f. ~f1") k

.-.l.

S/nce
/~

:f
hot.

,'.5

not jer()

/;/,()t4",6'(,I1I1I,

evef'fjwhere -f;,e

N tJ.

11f)

(EZk./2.)

0 !:j

inA-t

- z [CO)

ond w-= o}

t:.. ~

6.6
A one-dimensional flow is described by
the velocity field

u
v

ay + by2
w= 0

=
=

where a and b are constants. Is the flow irrotational? For what combination of constants (if any)
will the rate of angular deformation as given by
Eq. 6.18 be zero?

i=tP1'

/~rottl.~/6,~q/ ./-/~w-

---"'

'=0

tJ1r)
_
-0
of:

Thu.5) c;)

is

/5

no i

n~i

7'fY't)

irr~l:-tL~itPn(J/,

Since.. (~m

~//~w.s

N tJ

J!;j

a + zbfj

Thus) 1her-e tire no va. /1{ ts

et(,{q/ -h> /~r()) -uud. wil/

:to

f'/tJu/"

.fr:,,, hie.. IIt/I)(./-/:y c/iIfn'hlli.;()J1 7 1J1fJ1 1114.1:

i=~f

fife

(If/Pi

I:i$. t,.18)

oU- JL.4

~:: ~ t-

(I:

ellfr!1w/'ere

N~ne.

tJ/

t4 1111(/

rlv~

a- =-0

( eJt~~fi:

.r;,r

4//

k11t
I)a/wt'.s

6.7
For incompressible fluids the volumetric
dilatation rate must be zero; that is, V . V = O.
For what combination of constants a, b, c, and e
can the velocity components

u
v

= ax + by
=

ex + ey

w=O
be used to describe an incompressible flow field?

For-

CI n

ine(f)mp tess //'Je

Ju.
~;(

lv/In

-the

Jtr
-t-

Tj""

Ve /C;c./-/!1

~1Jt-o

o~-

d,.!J'.f,.; bl('t;{)~ r I i/el1

~tr

;'1 =e

a. +e =

/I,,/t/)

oW- _
-

~t

-0

6.8

An incompressible viscous fluid is placed

between two large parallel plates as shown in Fig.
P6.8. The bottom plate is fixed and the upper
plate moves with a constant velocity, U. For these
conditions the velocity distribution between the
plates is linear, and can be expressed as

u =

u
Moving
plate

ux.b

Fixed
plate

FIGURE P6.S

Determine: (a) the volumetric dilatation rate, (b)

the rotation vector, (c) the vorticity, and (d) the
rate of angular deformation.

(a)

(/e>Jtlmett/c

(h)

,t:;,,.

d//a.. t~ tt4?JI

(/e/~c./ry

tv~ = .J.:2-

CC)

cd. )

-S ::

24)

"0

::

otr

(' =

-[rb

cW41:.

.=.O

--

'11 11 1:11

(~_ dU ) =
oJ< 0 'J

- -2b

-zbV

.-'\

V ~

U -{'"

.b

cJu

-r
p;<.
J!:J

Thus)

~i"

()fj

'"
Wi! -/;..

UJ~

Thus;

te ~ ~ +

d,'.s I,; hI.( f,'eJ11

4ntl

f'"11

(~t b,le)

6.9
A viscous fluid is contained in the space between concentric cylinders. The inner wall is fixed, and the outer wall rotates with an angular velocity w. (See Fig. P6.9a and Video
V6.1.) Assume that the velocity distribution in the gap is linear
as illustrated in Fig. P6.9b. For the small rectangular element
shown in Fig. P6.9b, determine the rate of change of the right
angle 'Y due to the fluid motion. Express your answer in terms
of ro, ri' and w.

(a)

FIGURE PS8

Foy the. lInear d,.sfy/buf,o"n

t<...: -

r; co !J
~-Y"','

.5c

thai:

d"!. - _ V;w
J!j
Yo-Y;;
alllf

S/"te

r= 0

The nejal-i II~

rfjlJi- anjle

sifn

(b)

~./O

I
fl.l!)
Some velocity measurements in a three-dimensional
incompressible flow field indicate that u = 6xy2 and v =
- 4 y2 Z. There is some conflicting data for the velocity component in the z direction. One set of data indicates that w =
4 yz 2 and the other set indicates that w = 4 yz 2 - 6 y 2Z . Which
set do you think is correct? Explain.

To

;5A..t,54 -In e ~"-t1;1I,"1!1 e ~ u.~.fItD~

Ju air
u..,.
75

dU :; ts,!J 2-

J"lnce
-tlIfl1

~w-

1"

Tt.

~fJ

b3' 0 )
fS,:; '2._ 9fJ % + oWJt-

Thus)

2t,U~i:

Ff "A-f", iJ

CZ)

(!fin

w-=
:5et ~f

c.

be ink Jra-kd w/fh Y~S~ct h

:::

~r

::'0

8'fJr -~d2.

fdw- J 8!1
The

Jzr= - 3'1 i

II i1 II

~x

IttJtn

(/)

.= 0

'ffj1: 2 _

dA-bo.

1: d:J -

":J 2.-J:

(tvJ'-n-,

f '!J1.d ~ + +

(;I.;

1-

'(Yo) ~)

kt,'J) =0)

w- ::: 4/J:r 2. - ~!:J l.:z

woui tA

tlflfllY

-10 he fne ~ff'ec,t se i:: .

('-10

i-c

()j,flJl)'

!1 )

Z)

b. J I

I
6.11
The velocity components of an incompressible, twodimensional velocity field are given by the equations

u = 2xy

= x2

y2

Show that the flow is irrotational and satisfies conservation of

mass.

II

-the

t:.UJo-d/mfnSIr;I111/

.{jew

UJ =".J... (~V-

:e

F;; r

Ct 11

1J1e.

c/

ve /()Cit,

71te

~;<

,;J.

15

_ 17Ju.)=
':J

d/~ fri /:)/1'1-1';/1

f' ven.l

IS

-r; Sllt;.s!::t ttP;1.serJ/ail4J1f "I

eJu.
Jtr_
~-;.

-then

1~~()I::a..be,ntI/)

"t"

P!J-()

mass

'./2..

I
6.12
For each of the following stream functions, with units
of m2/s, determine the magnitude and the angle the velocity
vector makes with the x-axis at x = I m, y = 2 m. Locate any
stagnation points in the flow field.
(a)

'" = X)'

(b)

'"

= -2x 2 + Y
~f ~~ ~fY'e/lrn fl.4 Hc..:hiP J1 J
tr-= -

l{'::

dt
~,

=x

Ai: x::: l.-m) 'f ~

J-,.",,) I

~
d'X

V-=-~ ::-~

~~

-4/1IJuJ.J ~.f::

Th~s I

-~
5Jn!c '" =0

C"a n 9 ":

ClI1"

",I:.){:: C>

(!)~C.IAY.s

at:.

u. -= 0 cf -=

J hM
j

p()/n I:
(j,)

>Co

v:. 0

z.

a--t

~::o /

tt

j+a9n4f../~;'

=- ':J .::. ().

Ft'y

TtJ

A 1:- )(. =

jlWl}

I:J;::

1r.:: 2-/I't1 I

~ ~ '!-x
D~

it ~11f)W5 fhA-/.

tA.:: I

(.f"d

1r= ~

0/

'-. , '3

I
6.U
The stream function for a certain incompressible flow
field is
'" = lOy

+ e-Y sin x

Is this an irrotational flow field? Justify your answer with the

necessary calculations.

~'r 1'h~ /f"w -tD hfC

W ~ = -L
2.
alt~

/z,r

f;,~

l;r()-ttLt:lo~a I

~=

=-

11"":: -

OlA.

~j

~()

e-~/';~

/0 -

=e

W~ ::' 11Wl;:O

J tf :: - e
7i

-':1

--/J1a;t

Jln"e

1../2.)

(~
- d!?~)-o
~/.

-:1

l:g.

S.f:rerun .f.U)1c. t.,';rl (J I'veI'!

tA.-

ThUj

(S4'e

~s ;(
-~ .
alr_
- - e SIJIJ

.sIn ~

~;(.

( e-~jJ~
-r;1J':s

JS

-!j

l-

e s int.

='0

an J'rroi:(L+r()~t:t1 flow -I,eid.

Yes.

~./'f

I
6.14
The stream function for an incompressible, twodimensional flow field is

IjJ = ay2 - bx
where a and b are constants. Is this an irrotational flow? Explain.

Ql1d

#r the slrellln
IA.::

()If
~

u-::: - ij:
~;(.

=b

Thus;

S / n t. e

w~

(t{n/-es~

1:- 0
a =0) .

~1'I'~J1
CL

7 HI(J1 J

lO./5

I
6.15 The velocity components for an incompressible, plane flow are
Vr = A,-l + Br- 2 cos f)
Vo = B,-2 sin 0

where A and B are constants. Determine the corresponding stream function.

Fr~m

1he de/;;'/i,blt of th~ StYi'II/11 Iwnc,6/~n J

..,,... _ ..!.. dip
.,,... :: _ _dip
v~ -

So

+OY' fhe velocity

I cJl;
-I
;:. Ft9 :- A- r T B

tha.t.

- /3}-

;r;,.

Ii? Ie 9n1fe

c/Js'ft;'I7J,(.it~1/ fll/en,
-2

I:'j'())

~s

I-

-2.

J~

Or

Vt;

S;'11

Jd J{A+
::

(/)

( 2.)

&

to e

r-eSf~t-t:

w/-ht

8 }--/ e.~ s

If::
Thw5)

.fo

=-

fa

j--2 sil1 l!} d/'

13 j- - 'sin CI

.sa,tIS.f.!1

both

.f. (r)

+0

I'.. fB)

~ (t) )

1-

./;"gs.

~b-b,/~

e ) da

S/~/Jar01 /nte'lrllte E~,l Z} u/rlh Y'l'~fec-i

fd if

to

(.3) 1(l1d/lf)

t.f:: Ae+ /3~-I.5/I1C1 +C

where C ~

an

Clrb /trA r.!:J

c~n.5itll1 t.

t,.I'

6.1 G,

For a certain two-dimensional flow field

u
v

=0
V

(a) What are the corresponding radial and tangential velocity components? (b) Determine the
corresponding stream function expressed in
Cartesian coordinates and in cylindrical polar coordinates.

(()..)

A i-

an arh i fyay'J pfJ,ni P

(.5~e ti'llAY'e)
Vr=V~/na

ve = V ~s
Cb)

Since.
u=

Jif
d':J

/t

v-= -~:::v
oX

=0

f" I low thai fII

wher-e.

IIlsrJ) tui"ht

is

n()t

15

~ f/,fnc I:ltJ~

l)

f.

Lf=-Vx: -fC
lin

.x.:::

'1=

Ii r

b / IrA 1"':1 UJ1siol1i .

t.t!;S

- V f"UJS& fC

I;j

6.17

Make use of the control volume shown

in Fig. P6.17 to derive the continuity equation in
cylindrical coordinates (Eq. 6.33 in text).
Volume element
has thickness dz

8
x

FIGURE P6.17

fo' +

f-V:' 0',4

J~ f ~ t/-tr

"......

Cp-

f~y,~ dA -

(I)

net

i"ll.te

oS /'(Y'ffu.es

Cs

o! mNSS ()ui//()w fhr()II9h

cf

~nff"()/

( f V/. r
FrPR1

h'lwn

r, . .,. '4.f3
f)y

v,.

J.I' of tk)
.". d(; d1:

q.,JI'

J/()/wme

d::1- t) (I- t )de d~

or

f ~J;h t.

Ne t: rLtc 01 m~~s
()U-tf/DW /n
r- dJ';-e,..i/(J~
( /J r,:

&,,)'1)

cs

CV

Clnd

( .E'S,

"'0

=
.

- {t ~ - ~ r)(r- t)dGdl
C 2.)

~,/7

(con i)

FrfJl11 !t9~"{ at- ttfht.'

~/

Net Y'a I:e

~utfl"/N

(;~

,;.,

/nASS

t) - d/ree:t";JJ

~ ~e)

drd

(fife - dfife dB)cJl'"dr:

~~~____

-fv;; - ; ~~ ~~ )drdilaI'/J{; ely d~d~

09

( 3)

(J$

hitlYe

I'lfPl'n

!Ve.t

f"11

te (;/

{)u-t-R~u;

r~

/IJV";
(I

at: rl9lJt:

In

()f"i-

Ji

tnQS.J

r - el;~c....j.ldH

~) rd&df
2-

- (/1'j. - of"i
dl:- ) rd~ til'
)2: ;l,
(;t~ ydrd{)d~

('I)

(:)r

5u"sl-/-j.j,tI-'~1j

~f

Gjs. to

t r dydf)Jr -r Jr:r
-+

a/v[;

,"nl-o 1. "./9 'j;eIJs

inY'/'< (fl.)

f- eli"

drdf)d2

)9

11'6 dt
+

+! v;.

0 f~ r dy-dedr : 0
J~

or

De.

wr/ He 1'1

dY'd&d:&

,q .s

%.,. -/: fi (r~ lIj.) + -f: ;j~Ilj;) ..

,,-/ g

~,/8

6.18

It is proposed that a two-dimensional,

incompressible flow field be described by the velocity components
u

= Ay

v = Bx

where A and B are both positive constants. (a)

Will the continuity equation be satisfied? (b) Is
the flow irrotational? (c) Determine the equation
for the streamlines and show a sketch of the
streamline that passes through the origin. Indicate the direction of flow along this streamline.

(u)

10 :5otisry the Ct'JI1III1U/1y

Sin ee

J u...,. d II"" =-0

p;(
J';J
/1:;r 1J1e ve IDtif.y

e~uai'';J1

c/''s-';''''/b,,/-ti;/J 1i1I~11

q,x =-

&..!:!.
-0
t>,K. -

tJ~

~l1hiJl,/t1 e.! ",a. &;'J1 ls 5 a t;/sfietl. Yes,

(b) :t.n ~I"der .ft,,.. the .fl(!)w +D be 1~f'~t:flb~i1111 wz.-=Oj

the

w~~l(t-~~)
I
;L

(I3-A)

Thus; f/~w will ()fJ/Y be ;rr{)l:atl()~t:// ,'f

(!)

4/~n9

(~%-b,/Z)

~
=A
d r:1

tf-'/3
a;(.
-

wi =

IAJheY'{!

,4=-8.

s.fre/lI'l1/;;'e

a.

dy _ (/
d~

fA.

S" that for fhe tle/Deit!! dl;fn'bu!tPH

ttl tie"
(/11"

cI!I =

B x.

dZ

fi!:1

1htre fe,re

'1 c/!J

slope::

=-J)(. d x

.t:11.ferrlll/!:)h 'fields
t./ 2 -

/.3
-;r

,,(,z+ C

r1

(p.jq

I
6. I q

In a certain steady, two-dimensional flow

field the fluid density varies linearly with respect
to the coordinate x; that is, p = Ax where A i~
a constant. If the x component of velocity u i&
given by the equation u = y, determine aq
expression for u.

For

p..

vCll"it:l/;/e.

del1~;.J.'1 f/~t.V)

J fcou.) ~ J (fv-)
~x.

J!:f

(t<..:: C4~)(J)
/t;/llws -thllt

11-

Th

= AX!J

otlA.J . Ay

(As)

Jt'fV-J :: -AfJ

( I )

t1b

In Ie 'I rille

eg .(;) wi fh

jdrtV-)
With

r~sl'ec.1:

tD

= -jAjd'J

=A-x

v=

v- _- - ~ z.

f{)I.)

:2.,;(,

where

~-2..0

!f 10 ~61rt/"

fIx)

(p, 2,0

I
y, ft

6.20

In a two-dimensional, incompressible flow

field, the x component of velocity is given by thl"
equation II = 2x. (a) Determine the corresponding equation for the y component of velocity if
v = 0 along the x axis. (b) For this flow field
what is the magnitude of the average velocity of
the fluid crossing the surface OA of Fig. P6.2D!
Assume that the velocities are in ft/s when x and
yare in feet.

1.0

________ A

CPoA

1-7
I
I

0'

:8 ~8
I

.f ~DG

x, ft

1.0

FIGURE P6.20

ro

(a)

s~.J/s~ the t.D"tl;'U~.f!J

dlA

un/t

(i.,

tnJcJ:.lllSS

=1ft)

Jtr_

Jb

'?X -r

SInce.

(con~'der

-Rg U4 b()~

-0

'\

~~

=2-

~/I"ULS

thft-l.
JLr=_Z

(I,)

t?!1
rn.f.e11'~6p;' "I

E"1,fJ)

1r= -

rf

~/tP"9

'2r=O

With

resrc.-t. to :t

2:; +

f{~)

1/= (h)

1;, ~al';;4

(j)AI3

/f/0I19

Thus)

t!)13

= ~ (,) = 2

AA8 = (.2..

'1/"

=0

Sa

~,tI = {/J;/3

Y;v

So thd

=0

:2..:J

%,4 :: 0;.~ - 4113

U

/-(;1.)

~f m~s.3

C4?11.st!YIIA-k"o'f

tt/()n'j A/J

7hen

(f/:'O)

X-AxIS

'j/eJdJ

::

{Jt;1J

a f"elt.

()A

(,,~~ !t7t1~)
oft-

1h4.. t.

.50

ItIs ) (/ ,ct)(/ ,ct) =

ih~t
2

(/)Ot3

= CJ ,

-Ft 3

-5
=

+-1: 3
s

v:r

+t'J.

...

/. If. / +-1:
S

cD. ;2/

I
6.21
The radial velocity component in an incompressible,
two-dimensional flow field (v: = 0) is

vr

2r + 3r 2 sin ()

Detennine the corresponding tangential velocity component,

vo' required to satisfy conservation of mass.

J..
r
S/nce

~ (rtlj,. )
~

/ J~
-r -;. gB +

-v; ::.tJ )
oU{; :

Pllc/

de

wIth

l"f fr;//ows

v:.r ::'

("I)

:<. r

31"3 05/ 11

1htt t

~ (r 'J/j,.) -

Thu~

Tr
E$. (j)
~

v:

E$Ufli:I4?I1(l)

be,-",-"es

(II r

=- -

qr 2:S/11 e)

Ctin be ;"'-teff'tLieq'

Jd vg

= -f

VB::' !( r)

I";

an

with r~.5rc.t

(If I-' f- qrz. si" e) dB r

tfre - 9 ,...zcos ~ + .; (y.)

Hncle ter/rJ,npd

'-.2 Z.

Ittl1ctle;'H

~/ Y".

6.22

y, m

The stream function for an incompressible flow field is given by the equation
IjI =

3x2y - y3

1.0 B

where the stream function has the units of m2/s

with x and y in meters. (a) Sketch the streamline(s) passing through the origin. (b) Determine
the rate of flow across the straight path AB shown
. in Fig. P6.2].

A
x, m

1.0

FIGURE P6.22

If.: 0
(a..)

fJ/ 6Pns/:t?lJ I: If ore str(1/1If}/Ii7es.

tf: 3;( 2; - 1 ~ tht! slre/lllllJ;'e

Li~,s

FOr-

fX'ssinf

has

thrDllfA
vpl,,~

&t.

e$tlat-ldJl1 .{()Y

1he

()f' 1

In

( b)

~fel:c"h

Tfltl~

-the

If=o

fHl!.. S-f"flll11/iIlPS ihmllfk

-----7(----"':""-":"'-'

() :: ax z!J _ 'j3

zv3x

()f these sfrellm/Jl1e.s 15

4?=Y8-~
,4 t 13
.x. =

lfs ::

cf=o,

(~:=~ !I=())

I~

j=

4-

1h~ ()I'if,n

()

':1:: I MI

sJU)Wi1

il1 1Jfe ;;jllr~,

.so tha..t

B(o) ~/) - (1)3

= -

I Mf~/s (per tlnd WJdtA)

Ai
3(1)'(0) - (0)

3 --

Ihus)
ne1al-l~(' sI9n l~d,C4k.s inll';' the Iltjw /s IT()I'YJ
rl ,h t
.f.o Jett
QS
We
/fPtJK ./rpm A Ie E

The.

t-23

~.23

6.23

The streamlines in a certain incompressible, two-dimensional flow field are all concentric
circles so that v, = O. Determine the stream function for(a) Vo = Ar and for (b) Vo = A,-l, where
A is a constant.

Prd)m

0/

"the. de-h/1;fltPll

.J..a

.5.fr~(Jm knc.t'()'11 )

-the

v-:(;;

~= y Je

/hilt tt)/f1t
and 1l1prej,,,.e

ht

Jr

1/.~-t

;f '/:'//t)tuS

So

(A)

-= - ~

:::'0

= f(r)

~ = A;-

dlf :-Ar

( I )

Jr

t:.

EIl1) with 1'I'.s/,ct

l-

fd", = -jArdY
'f =
JIoweVf') .sill~e

(jl is

A:

1/6t

t.f = Where.

I~

Cb) SJfn"/tlY'i':J)

tin

-k.,.

fdtfor

A.

+ ~ (~)

'2.

htl1C.i./()1I lJl &1 It-

t!f2. f C

Qrbifral''1

Uf1sMl"rl:,

~ = A- y-I
== -

fA-r-'dr

tf = - A 1/1

+C

('-24

,t; //"U/.! thL t

6.24-*

The stream function for an incompressible, two-dimensional flow field is

'II = 3x 2y + y
For this flow field plot several streamlines.

The 12.~ ua.:tltJlJ Icy a ~.frellm/il1~ ,:S -h,fll1d'/''1 ~fh~ tjJ =~lJsizJl/i

/n

ffJe

ejua.f::lon -Idr 1JIe offlllllll -func.t:j~l1. Thusl lew -t11e

9/11el1 ~fre/l111

./uHtittJ#

Lf =
/ I:: ~ 11t)u)J

inai

t1Je.

'j=
kJh-ere

VIIY'I()/,LS

XI

t/J
1 + 3x"2

loS

Ct;IJ,st:""t 11r,III'.s erNI be Q~.sJ1 ned Iv If-;

fbm,'/.!t "f ,jrrf'lIm//lJes.. I-J- Py",NIn?

'1 eoord/n;ks ,,{ 1/'4Y'1(;~ Sfreqm/;d/ZS "?;//f)II/S

+0 t)hto/"
-rhe

3i y +-b
eStJd..tl(f)JJ c I

tl

{" yo

cq Jc" 14.

1:, ~

-':'00 cls

110
120
130
150
160
162
165
170
180
190
200
210

print "****************************************************"
print "** This program calculates the X,y poin+.s for
**"
print "** various streamlines
**"
print "****************************************************"
print
dim y(4,)
print
"x
y(Psi=l)
y(Psi=2)
y(Psi==3)
y(Psi=4-)"
for x=-10 to 10
for psi=l to 4y(psi)=psi/(1+3*x 2)
next psi
print using "###.#
###.####
###.####
###.####
###.####";x,y(1)
R

2) ,y(3) ,y(4,)

220 next x

( C&>I'/t )

,y(

res", Its

Tabu/alea

..:51-f"ell/l1I1~~

if = /;

-h'l'

4J1'~ 71?-t'11

21

~ If

ol1d a... fltrt .sh"uJ/~" the

..6tluw.

~***************************************************

ylPsi=l)
0.0132
0.0162
0.020L,.
0.0265
0.0357
0.0506
0.0769
0.1290
0.2500

0.2:;,00
0.1290
0.0769
0.0506
0.0357
0.0265

0.0530

r)

0.020~

0.0~08

:'

0.0162
0.0132

0.0324
0.0263

0.0~86

O.06~8

0.0395

0.0526

-2.:'-

-2.0
-1. 5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5

:'. a
Lj,. '-

~.

0.571~

1.1~29

1. 0000

2.0000
1.1429
0.5000
0.2581
0.1538
0.1013

0.571~

3.5
!

y(Psi=2)
0.0263
0.032L,.
0.0L,.08
0.0530
0.0714
0.1013
0.1538
0.2581
0.5000

y(Psi=3)
0.0395
0.0L,.86
0.0612
0.079:)
0.1071
0.1519
0.2308
0.3871
0.7500
1. 71~3
3.0000
1.71L,.3
0.7500
0.3871
0.2308
0.1:)19
0.1071
0.0795
0.0612

:7:

-5.0
-L,..5
-4.0
-3.5
-:3.0

:).0

0.071~

y(Psi=L,.\
0.0526
0.06L,.8
0.0816
0.1060
0.1~29

0.202:)
0.3077
0.5161
1.0000
2.2857
~.OOOO

2.2857
1.0000
0.5161
0.3077
0.2025
0.1~29

0.1060
0.0816

5~----------~----------------------------------~
Legend
.~--E)Ps1-1

Ps1-2

"

Ps1-3

~---+I

Ps1-4

-1L-~

-6

__

~~~

-4

____

__

-2

__

~~~

__

~~~

____

______

6.25* The stream function for an incompressible, two-dimensional flow field is

'I' = 2r l sin 38
For this flow field plot several streamlines for

o ~ (J ~ n13.

Tile e$u ..b~n ;;" . <t st,~qm/;;'e "' HII"d b!l sellin.!
/n t'he "illlt&t''' .,4:>1' 111e sfr~"m Alndlc" . TflIIs~
'lIven sfrfl1lJ1 Itt/utt;,,,

2;-30$';" 3~
file fft"ai:IOI1 cf ... . strellm/lli.,

If=

It

1<> //(lI<IS

r=//f

(Z

where VPrt"ll.5

t"",f,,,,i

1-0 obb"j., a ibm//!!

",.!J

()r

~i. 3 B

VII/lies

IJ

)~

be I/J5/fjlled-lt,
shwm/Jites. ;1- ~r()Jrqm ,I"()I"
CQ/1

epic/daMI)' f"lJe
~"rp;,~ks
(t./;'"re JC=yc~se
'j= /-5 /"19) o-f yarlt'UJ sftepm//II~ ~//ows .

"",/

100 cls
110 print " ~* '~***~*********************************************',
1 20 pri nt " -..>1' This program ca lcu lates the x .y po ints for
**"
1 30 print "** various streamlines
**"
150 print "~****** *** **************************************** ** "
160 print
162 dim psi(4). , :C4J,y(4)
161.1 print"
Psi"'1
Psi =5
Psi=10
P si;20 "
165 prin~"
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y"
166 pi=l.I*at n( l.O)
1 67 date 1 . 5.1 0 .2 0
168 fo!:' i=1 t o 4
1 69 rea d psi(i)
1 70 n ext i
1 75 fo r theta=pi / l 80 t o 59 *pi/ l SO step Pi/45
180 for i""1 to J,.
18 2 r"'(psi(il/(2*sin(3 *thetaJ))-(1/3)
185 x ( i J"' r* cos (theta J
190 y Ci)=r*sinltheta l
200 n ext i
210 print u si ns " 1t.UIt
M.UM
II.UM
*,UII
II.UIt
it,UM
II.UII
x( 1 ) .y( 1) ,x C2) , y(2) , x (3 ) ,y ( 3 ) .x ( 4 ) ,y(t... )
220 next theta

It.UIt" :

( C{)t1 '-L

Tab,,/a.f(d Y-l'.sllih
The ~ fl'"ellm/J;je,.s

~r
If ::: I; S; /~ 2CJ
Cire 9 1tifJJ bellJw.

~***************************************************

** This program cal culates the x, y point~o foy

*)f'
** various streamlines
**
****************************************************
Psi=l
y
x
2.122
0.037
1.2/,),1
0.109
1.020
0.162
0.902
0.208
0.826
0.252
0.296
0.770
0.728
0.339
0.385
0.695
0./,),34
0.668
0.649
0.489
0.635
0.552
0.630
0.630
0.734
0.638
0.672
0.892
1. 235
0.802

Psi=10
y
x
/,),.571
0.080
O.23/')'
2.673
2.197
0.348
1.9/,),4
0.4/,),9
1. 779
0.544
0.637
1.659
1. 568
0.731
0.829
1.496
0.935
1. 440
1.397
1.053
1.190
1. 368
1. 357
1.357
1. 374
1. 580
1.923
1. 449
1.728
2.662

Psi=5
y
x
0.063
3.628
0.186
2.122
0.276
1. 744
1.543
0.356
1. 412
0.432
1.317
0.505
1.244
0.580
1.188
0.658
1.143
0.742
1.109
0.836
1. 086
0.944
1.077
1. 077
1.090
1.254
1.150
1. 526
1. 372
2.112

Psi=20
x

5.759
3.368
2.769
2.450
2.241
2.090
1. 975
1.885
1.814
1.760
1. 724
1.710
1. 731
1.825
2.178

0.101
0.29::
0.439
0.566
0.685
0.802
0.921
1.04:)
1.178
1.327
1.499
1.710
1.991
2.422
3.353

5
0
0
~

-1~~~~

Legend
oPsi=1
a Ps i=5
l>Psi=10
e> Ps 1=20

__~~~__~~~~__~~~~__~~~__~~~~__~~~
4
1
5
6
2
3
x

6.2~

A two-dimensional flow field for a nonviscous, incompressible fluid is described by the

velocity components

B(O,})'

u = Vo + 2y
v =0
where Vo is a constant. If the pressure at the origin
(Fig. P6.2') is Po, determine an expression for the
pressure at (a) point A, and (b) point B. Explain
clearly how you obtained your answer. Assume
the units are consistent and body forces may be
neglected.

Chec.K ~

;U.

;'{

,?'/()uJ

::.J..

2:

J-

A(1,O)

Po

FIGURE

P6.2~

is Ir'r~t(J.:I:r()~A/. 5 1Y1 c'e

(!.Jt' _ d
~;(.

LI

/3"'.~.I2.)
b

an d lor fne rive" (le/~ctf'J c!tSfrlbU.bl()#.J ~::::.{) 1111# j~ =Z I

; f fr; II ~W.J
thfi I- tU~:j:. O. Sinee I/~w i.5 nat / 'rr()ta it{;;14/
CLJl1noi ().ffJ/'1 the. i3ernou.lli .f!gU(:I:I~1I bet.Wtel1 an3 fw{) poi n 1s

In

the.

(a)5/I1~e
5.a me.

f/()w

lie/d.

1/=0,
.5

1"he

frelJln //"e..

..po
;r

"t-

~Y'19;11

and

p()/ni A t'/Y'e

{)IJ

Th us)

~ 2,

= -P14

:L~

(I)

4'

At the Dr;'r1n
f.r~m E~.

0)

~~~

(.b) ~/ ~ t

15 Ij /Jot ~11 St'lh1e ~rrY?II/'11j/lle as tJJ"/9In ~o

aff)::; Ber/')tJul// e!"lLt'~# betw~el1 13 pnd tJ. 10
Use
the '1- wm~J1ent ~ Gu.lfY'; .e~tlA,t:'tJl1'):
L) ~
-!...! = -<J
u Jlf 7/)tr
fAY Jtr)

r- (f!J

; ':J

the

[JIl"
. ,.
pi

1fJ =0

=0

c,- 2'1

pX +

; 'J

l'

) t

, ~,l7

J
b.Zl

In a certain two-dimensional flow field the velocity is

constant with components u = -4 ft/s and u = - 2 l'tis.
Determine the corresponding stream function and velocity potential for this flow field. Sketch the equipotential line 4J = 0
which passes through the origin of the coordinate system.

k=
"" -t11e lie /"Clf-rt

t~I7If'J"flfh J/vell
0)

=-i{-

p':;

{2

'7

J;< - .(,..

'1' (;) /AI;rh Yt'5f~Gt ti, b +0 OhtrUh

jd If

::-

f- 1/ d!1

If =- If ~

fd'l .: I
=

If

Th U5) -h

Sa

I: I'S 1'1

/;ith

If,:
wher'e

IS

till

+; (x)

-(-

iI/feJr4i:e e1. (Z)

~ (,-)

7-

/AJ i fh

Z d;l.

Z X. -r

res/ni. .Jo)( .j." "b1711 h

+ .{ (!J)

I&. (j )

s s, (3) a
2;(

( .3 )

11 d

(If)

-Lf!J -f-C

flrbi 1rtJY.!J ~51:t;I1i.

tf(J)H1 1he deli'''t'.f'47;' 0./ the lIe/()cif!J ffJ-/;tlfhQj

fA..

00

'=

@j

v=

~~

fh~t /r;, the lIe/f)CI'nj

E-i
J;<.

=: -

II
p~

Mf11POflfttt.s

'lIve fI
(5")

4-

!.-4> = - z

(~)

J':;

{,-30

t..27

In.f-e frio k

E ~ . (5 )

(,IJ

/tn

'('eoSfe t

fd4 = f- ~dx
~ ::- - It-x t

k+efYllk 13;,

(It,)

'Sa f:/'5.f!:t

/,f//I it

~(!J)

w/h re5fee..i b J -k aj,.j",;,

9:: - 2.)

Thus) -k

.f,;

!ar!J)

fdp = J-z d:;

OY'

f.j.y,

b()P,

-r

-t

1Ij.(~)

4('1.)

E$ S, (7 J

tlJtti {a)

=-/ft.-Zjt-C
t.Jhfte

C l:S

(1;1

aY'blfr'4Y; ~slo!1i.

jJl1C.e, ihe .e!lIlfp,LPHf,q/ 11I1e) rI~a) flfs.se.5 1hr()1I9h Pte

()r"91i1
()C:.y=o)) ihel1 C.:::. 0 ;'it E"f,fr) So 7hlff -file
e1litt1n~H ()f 71t( ;:::o egfJ'Jeftlff'4/ /111' IS
2

fJ

=: -

'Ix.

~=-,Z)(

,,-31

( 7)

C:..Zg

6. 2. ~

The velocity potential for a given twodimensional flow field is

= (!)x 3

5X."2

Show that the continuity equation is satisfied and

determine the corresponding stream function.

to sai:ls/!1

~"-t/I1,,,if!:1 ~ 0UIL t/(~i1 )

fhe

~
fi,y

~ =0

-r

-t;,e- ?/~t'1'I

tle/~c,'..fy f'ctel1tJdil.;

u= ~

= (3)({))C2.- S !JJ..

fA. ='

and

P!J

I/'}I-e!rl/I'h~

::-

Sx 2-5!:J2

IOx.~

Since

S';{2. _ S"!:J l.

re.s'pe~i.f()

With

//11- : if

5";( "--

9Jlle.J

5'!/ ) d!1

~ =- S (x1 - }J) + !, ()f )

51m l 'Jar l, ) ...,,.. - _ JJ

v ~X
til'ltl

Inff,rAitl);'

== -

wi"tl,

If::: 5';( 2!:J

10 sa-t-';/!;

lOX w
..J

re.s;evt to
7-

0)

-f;z. (!J)

both Ets, OJ qn~

(2),)

tf -- S x 2!J - f. :J 3 -f C

x.

q J i/e..s
( <)

6. z'i

Determine the stream function corresponding to the velocity potential

x3

3xi

Sketch the streamline If! = 0, which passes through

the origin.

= q.J: :: ~ ; =- 3X

fA..

ox

J'j

Zn let "" it!

tV I

n, (,PS/~C.:I;

!d fr
I.f :

..5!;"';/lIr0

pi

fix!!

tJb';"1;-;

dJ

Iex!:J

Y'eJ/Pc,t 1:.

with

jd If ::-

-t()

~ ~!j
'J.J. = -

ij:

1~I-e'lrAfllJ',

3!:J ~

-h !1

3;1.2- 3fj 1..)

1/.- -

and

2_

x.

f1/~'/ds

d;(
(2.)

If -= 3x 2!/ t !;.fjJ

To

'stl.ti.sfJ

h(!)"/h

GiS'

(I) 11114 (Z)

Lf:- 3 x"J. y _ :/3 +

wheY'e

C t.s

passes

1hr~tlfh

4h

{'

et)lIsi7Il1t. '51;'C~ -the ~+re4m/;l1e 0=0

(x.:=())y::o) t"t 1:,/I~tUS th~t- C=o qi?~

tlY'bilrlfll"fJ

1J1e.

Drlflit

tf=

3;(':; -!:f

"3

The. -e~uQ,bol1 0/ the stream line

p(J..sS/n~ tnrotA.:Jh the ()Y'lgl;' I~ /o/.{l1d b'.t
5f!H;'n:; If=o
IH
~.r3) -1-0

(3)

r=c

ij/eltl
x

,4 ske icJ,
4/'e

fJ=!-V3x
~I ilJe If =0

~hotVl1

IH

sfrellm);I/(;S

-the lijwye..
b-33

630
tion

A certain flow field is described by the stream func-

= A (J + B r sin (J

r/J

where A and B are positive constants. Determine the corresponding velocity potential and locate any stagnation points in
this flow field.

.er + IS ~S e

1h - .!. Jtf - d r- r;n;--;n:,-

:t"'nkJrai:e. Win, rf'.s~",f ~ ~ ~ ~bl-olj,

fl ~ f 1-t 8 ~.s(?) dr

Or

tf ~

A /11 r

t B yo

S/mj'JAr/~ )
;<J r' _ _
J If _ .J. ~

Tr -

VI? -

aH~

f; ~ =- ) 8
tj:; /3 J~a,i-'s.f!j

To

tf : -

~ (~)

-t-

r- ~in l} d ()

~s~

+ t; 0-)

(If )

bO in E JS. {2) tt H PI.

;.J. / n r + B r- et;s e

fA)hey~ C /~

(2)

= - B 51 n8

;.

~.s ~

arb/.fr~Y.!:J

tin

{If}

+C

~nsi:(JI1I-.

51:a.'I14./:"18/~ ~/;,-h 6CC.~~ U)"er~ Vj.:;() al1ll ~.:o .

PrtP/11
~r. (3) ~=-o IJ..-t: G:o a~",< () =-rr. t=r~1?1
~!.
So

(/)

wi'fh 9=0

1). = -$

thlJ,i

t:(t'<l..

b~Th

fie!},,+-, v~

Ii- -t

7J;. :

t9:; 7T

-thAt

h>r'

=:

-"8 .

/1

/'1TJl.}ev~v.;

~/11"!

p",joh,i.e, ~".$'frlYJ -Is "n1l~ Yes,,/-/:. il1d,ca.1-e.s

va/"e ~I' r
1AJ/11i.J, /oS I'}()t de fined.

17f,.
~o

1- /j

=1

ry.. .: : 0

sIT;..111 Ai-T~JI

f'llit o (!C UY$ a,t;

,A.

e==-lT

aHA

r="Jj

A-

411d []

a..

~,

31
6.3 r

It is known that the velocity distribution

for two-dimensional flow of a viscous fluid between wide parallel plates (Fig. P6.3 \) is parabolic; that is

FIGURE P6.31

with v = O. Determinoe, if possible;o'the corresponding stream function and velocity potential.

-

To d e-t-ernll;,e

--

let

-!he sireQI>1 hnc/.JoJ1

~=~ = [{ [I-(t)~]
an'; 111/efrg.fe

fdY! ::
If =
7/= -

YIZSf~C.1:

WIn,

1-0

f~[,-{t)jd,

3~:

0; [ :J -

J'f =a

lX

) I.f

[{!1
where C /s

.fv.!:f

Ij

J; (;( )

net

I'UJ1c. t-/O~ /t).{ X

A.

/t)

-/hit t

[1- ; (-/)Y+ c

an ar/n.ftor!:1 6!JJ1stal1t.

Tc de.termJYJe. ihe /I~/tXrl"!:J ,()ifJ1-/;/~/ let:

fA. = ~f
7{ [I - ({) 6)

::

I~ief"..tlie

wi f1t

PI J

Y'e~fect

1 ==
~,..or/; v - d!J -

.x.

tlnd~.

desct"lues

7:{ [, -

-/;0

1:0 ob-l:(lil1

(%f-) d;<

L{

[;< - i)6;e] + i. t )

_.2D(X!1

+ Jo-fz(.!J}

dJ

h'J.

Thus) "there 15 not q

fl1/j -'c/otd (" 17te .fl()w

====================~

6-35

ve/oc./"ft1 ,Poi:.ent/q/ 17111"/:

IS

/J(Ji

l'rrc;ill..-btJnql) .

6.32,
is

The velocity potential for a certain inviscid flow field

cP = - (3.ry -

l)

where cP has the units of ft / s when x and yare in feet. Determine the pressure difference (in psi) between the points (1, 2)
and (4, 4), where the coordinates are in feet, if the fluid is water
and elevation changes are negligible.

1n~ 111)4.1 -/ie /4 1..5 de.sC!j but by A. I/e/{J"-fr; pot:ellt';'/ -fhe /I'H~/'r ro &a. t-II)H (J 1 01'1 d '111 ~ 13~".n~"//i -eJ/,la..t,tD~ ~11 be appl,;d beiweei1

5/;' Cf!.

is

tin (j

lit", s"

.fwo pDlni:s.

3+
JfA..':: P;t.
0 t/J

At

)(.= /

-I-i

= -

'V'"r :: I

A- t

{, )(2.) =

-/2.f:t:

3 (I) 2+ 3 (t) '3..:. '1~

S

V;"2..: 4/'''' 'Pi 2.::: (-/2

thll.. i::

x =- ft

1h4.i

OJ

: -" x. ..J'"

1) z.. T('f +: ) =

'J:::' if ft

U2,= -b{If){Lf)

So

'J = 2 /-i:

00

Yt'2.

2..#-

=- -

ft:.

:#
oS

1-i ::

-3(tf)4-r 3{JI)'l.=o

~ 2..:"

(_

f~ ~) ~

2..

2- Z"(7) 2.

(p.33

6.33

Consider the incompressible, two-dimensional flow of a nonviscous fluid between the

boundaries shown in Fig. P6.33. The velocity potential for this flow field is
<p = x1 - y2

y'

(a) Determine the corresponding stream function. (b) What is the relationship between the

discharge. q. (per unit width normal to plane of

paper) passing between the walls and the coordinates Xf' Yf of any point on the curved wall?
Neglect body forces.

"r
/

1/;=0

z
x

FIGURE P6.33

(a.)

To qet.errm"e tf

1~t-e1rll k

(#

fd tf = p.)(

/h re.sfu,.1: .;.. !J

.;.. ob-blIH

d!:J

'f:: Z.x!J + "Ix)

J If _
'1r~ - ~ -

SIMi/III" /'1.1
So

Jd

thAt

If
To

6"th

sa./;i.si!;t

if:==

~$

o!J

C.b)

The

the

IS

2..x.!J + h l j )

E$s. (/)

tln

tll1e{

dischaY'~e)

(2 I

'1111/ 11..)

ArlJilrl'lf'fj

if =-

-;: - Z ':J

!Z!:J dx

tf=:LXj+

where
C :: 0

(I)

ttf)II-f-/:qHt.

S,nt.e tf=O

b)

pqssin9 1hrf)U94 tll1fj stlr~ce

+WD UlQlls) stich as .48 (see nfllre) I /:S

F1

.l3))

~ =0

!f=O
(3)

Z)C'.:J

t~

a/"nJ

- 911

6.3 Lf
The stream function for a two-dimensional, nonviscous, incompressible flow field is given by the expression

!/J

= -2(x - y)

where the stream function has the units of ft 2 / s with x and y in .

feet. (a) Is the continuity equation satisfied? (b) Is the flow field
irrotational? If so, determine the corresponding velocity potential. (c) Determine the pressure gradient in the horizontal x direction at the point x = 2 ft, Y = 2 ft.

(a..>

-r; sa.t/s 4

,.;ne

i,," fl1

C{)n II

fA

F;;y

iJJe

:5l-rellh1

u=

--

qJf
P!j

a.J!' =- 0

-t-

p.JC.

eSti a.-/;I rd I'J)

Ii !1

knc.-tI4Jn

91,;~n)

fr
s

2-

v-=

-l!t
aX.

=2 .It:

So

anc/

~111"/~tJ/';'!1 elulJ.i/~J1

7Jte

( fl/ofe: 0J,e" ~ //(')w .field /5

-the ~l'1il;'u/-f!J egua.iliJ;t /,$
(h)

1.5

's4tls/;ed.

dt:-hht>d h!:J
(lIWtHIS

Yes.
.sfretlm IUnc.t:I()J!

/del7l-lc~,;1.:t .saill;//ed.)

S/~{~

~fA

(/11"

alj

; t-

;;tr

'='0

4//aws

a;<. .::

04

~;<.

'l1'.fefr4t:,olJ

Clnd

CJJ = a

1hat

tA-=

CJ

the .(/()(,U -hidcl

Clnd

15

2-

!f / idcb

=2{x + !J)+ C
CJhere
(c)

Wi1n
anll

a.i:

C /s

an "Y'bl.fran;j C/Pl?si:"d.

.x - a;(t'~
- ~ -= /J (IA.
lJ;<:
(~

the

X=

2.

~t:)

=2.+-1;

h~Y;1/)11"~ /) d~ = 0
0'"

a nv(

v- ~ )

J';('''~

~f = ~

[z

~r (0)

11

T-

2 ~t- (0)J

iY'r~ia-ti()1f4/.

Yes,

c;,. 35"

6.35

In a certain steady, two-dimensional flow

field the fluid may be assumed to be ideal and
the weight of the fluid (specific weight = 50
Ib/ft 3 ) is the only body force. The x component
of velocity is known to be u = 6x which gives
the velocity in ftls when x is measured in feet,
and the y component of velocity is known to be
a function of only y. The y axis is vertical, and

( a.)

at the origin the velocity is zero. (8) Determine

the y component of velocity so that the continuity
equation is satisfied. (b) Can the difference in
pressures between the points x = 1 ft, y = 1 ft
and x = 1 ft, y = 4 ft be determined from the
Bernoulli equation? If so, determine the value in
Ib/ft2. If not, explain why not.

To sa iisly the (!t),rl:,~tljf!J eglla 1:U)# )

Ju.
ocr_t:)
~x T

~ -

17 u ::: ~
,,;(.

it

J~

= -t,

;v-

bi!

(!q11

71111 i

/J,.J.efrAfe,f w~1h re.ste~t

1/= -

Since

.t~ / /{)141.$

t:~

!J -Ie :J"eJ~

~J + ~ (;()

11" IS I7tJt a. HtIfCi:.If!i"

,,(

Rnd

JJ

~er()

at The.

OrJif/ H )

-rr=-6 ':J
I3frn"u.JJi Rgu4f/oJt Ct/n he QPpJ/~~ hel:wten 4"!J +Wo POln+':'
/f -I-h e f--/"w l.s J yo /"'(') i It i:t011" J. :s JJ''lCe..

,.b) The

t.v=J.(~V-_~)
i-

:2..

Jx

" 'j

(Eq.h,JZ)
()

( 2)

6.3~

The velocity potential for a certain inviscid, incompressible flow field is given by the equation

4J =

2x 2y -

(ih,3

where 4J has the units of m 2 js when x and yare in meters.

Detennine the pressure at the point x = 2 m, y = 2 m if the
pressure at x = 1 m, y = 1 m is 200 kPa. Elevation changes
can be neglected and the fluid is water.

1h~

SinCe

,fJ{)w

.p,
-J-

i..s
+

;Y'() -64. 61f)ila J)

.fJ2. .,. \{.2..
Yj2.
- :: -r '-}
.2.;
I

)'~it11 II; J

(Pith

~c$

~::

Ai

fDI;' f

u.. I -- If
CI n

cI

2..::-

f()/~ t

Ie t
(1)(1)

('I

)(. =. I
'::

~ ),.

h7I

~()

tf~
S

"

/1112..

::

$ '&

:2

IA :: J.f (z)(z.) ~

-s . . .

,uA"Z.

(/" p)~ -

::.

&'0. I ~

Pa..

7.

Z;{ -2!J

!J =. 11m
v-:I :- ~ (I) 3. -

(:oul

'J J ve J1

'Z.

tn,i
:2.. (J)z

6.37
(a) Determine the velocity potential and the stream
function for a steady, uniform, incompressible, inviscid, twodimensional flow that makes an angle of 300 with the horizontal x-axis. (b) Detennine an expression for the pressure gradient in the vertical y direction. What is the physical interpretation
of this result?

Pr'l?7

(ct,)

1::$5_ (,..80 anol /'.8/

tf ::~r

(iI/Pi

C/ (.>< t4sol.

-+-:J

:s I;'

(!='J. ~, 36)

01..)

ot.::: 30"

tf = 0- (;< OJS1o" + ~ S/11300)

~ V-(~,8'b;( + ~.5'h~!1)

Sin" /111' /!j

tf = v (!f U;sd - x. sin~)
I

t/ h

a.

fpr 0(.:; ;-" c

If '"
SJ~'{'

(bJ

(Ef. ,,80

v ('J ~j JiJ'- ><

U. :: l:; cfi
~

J /"

1,r..::

t'lt11l

:11/) .. l/

(~. ffU,J -

O. S()(),( )

~'::J

If ~11~tI)J 1nd
1A.::~.f"Vp:;,.f)I?J

anI!

itt e

1) t:1

if ~

hi I in

-R. ~ tl.1L -tJix

~ "the

.1 -:: I[) (0dtIT+ u ~Jr

-r
4~.x

J~

1r:='

&;115.fz1l,

Clud

IIfr1-/CA. J

V-

.!J - d I y~dtolt

e.r
+ JAr E)
P!1
dr

(='9, '.Slb)
6

#1):: - ~

*~ -tJ

or

/fJJ~

t=IA fev

V-:::. ~. 5"00 r;-

Cll'ttl

'r'f1jI.(JI::

/Yld,C4.J.e.s jh4/- 1he pres.suve dJshi hU.J-,D~ 1.5

h'1d"~s-taI-(G ,Th/~ I~ nDi ~ ~l1r/,Y/$ln, Vt'.5u/-I: .sInce.

-tJ, ~ ~ frn~/,( II; e$ UI-/~11 Inti, c.al-e..s ~ f II- 1Ittrt.. loS
no ehfll1'1e. 111 Vc. J~'-/:;'.!::J 1h~ eltlll-1pt' 111 pv-e.fS"Y~ Ii
Slmpl 'J ~jtl e ..fa */he. We 19h f of fh(. ,fluId.; L: Po) a..

h fj d rt>.sta..J.ti.

v4 y, a. 1-tt> n'

6. '38 The streamlines for an incompressible,

inviscid, two-dimensional flow field are all concentric circles and the velocity varies directly with
the distance from the common center of the
streamlines; that is

Kr
where K is a constant. (a) For this rotational flow
determine, if possible, the stream function. (b)
Can the pressure difference between the origin
and any other point be determined from the Bernoulli equation? Explain.
Vo

(a)

~=

En.f-e? ra te

_ J If

=k

17","

y-

1,.lI} w/1h

re.sfec.t.

/dt{; - for
:-

"y-

if
Sinct:.

(j,)

The

- ;z.

_ ( ~ If

11 - ? u;

/t Iol/()ws 1ha:t

wher-e

1<: r"

::

C
Ilew

e~ U~&/DI1

t.p

Js

ntJ1..

- J<;-6.

an

IS

-r fIe)

=0
J.5

~=

dr

a.

fu 11 C. t /tJJ1 ()I a

a;,d 1heye~ye.

+c

"" +

arb " va. V:J

l"()ta..tl()~IIJ

ohd

Cton S1:411 t .

Therefore

fne

13erl1t/uJJi

o..pp);'ed betWteh --the.. oY/~/i1 a h d

q 11 ~
pOInt J SI h ce
These fo/nb QV }1{Yt 6)J1 The
Same ~fr"etlm //l1e. Nt).
(I?e.fer 1-0 d'SCtI$S'DI1 t'fS.sOCICll:t-tI tu/fh der/~IJ.I:I~h
olE; Z. it>. ~7. )
CA nt10t

be

'.31

6. 39

The velocity potential

= -k(x 2 - y2)
(k = constant)
may be used to represent the flow against an infinite plane boundary as illustrated in Fig. P6.~t
For flow in the vicinity of a stagnation point it is
frequently assumed that the pressure gradient
along the surface is of the form

ap

ax

= Ax

.. _._----

---_.-

FIGURE P6. ~9

where A is a constant. Use the given velocity'

potential to show that this is true.

Fe>y

the

II

e /() c. /-J.!J poi:en.f,Q J 7' ve fJ

~cP

LA.. ==

a;.

11"::Clnc!

tne.

S~JtJA.ft~11

;:';y

'this

-6fea , ':J.-

o~
=-~b

pt!),~i

() CCtlrs

dlmt/l.s/~II/

1-kJO -

~
a~ =-t (IA, 1))<

(lIon?

SUyfac.e.

-the.

?l. :

/JU

1J.x.
t-;..t)m

E1. U )

u ': -

(Z)

2. '" !:J

-ij.
Qnq

u)

- -2.~)!.

1"

at the

...

~r'.j In

/It;w

r~)

(:. ~>/o.)

tJ !:J

(:;=.o)

v-= ()

So

dX.

Z--k:X.

au.: -z/{
p;(.

qnP(

Gg . (3)

beu;me.s

~ ::
PX

where

fi) (- Z

Ie)/ ) r- z~) - IfJe G,x

1J,a. i
(..3 )

'.'fO

Water flows through a two-dimensional diffuser having a 20 expansion angle as shown in Fig. P6.40. Assume that
the flow in the diffuser can be treated as a radial flow emanating
from a source at the origin O. (a) If the velocity at the entrance
is 20 m/ s, determine an expression for the pressure gradient
along the diffuser walls. (b) What is the pressure rise between
the entrance and exit?

2m

~\

~-----

,.

-~~

:~ran~

-"",,~,

Flow

7m

~/Exlt

(Sf'e

11 =2.0 ~~
1??'1

Pr~i'Yl

-=

2.

5(>

rr y. 7rj,.::

2. rr

:50

'\

"/hILi:

("2. hH)

(2t!;

?)

/he. /3fYI/~ul/,' ~ lJ.4.;/:J()}1

-p -+ it 1"';-"2.. =

JJnc.e

Ta'ie ,. J

~(Pl1slr1l1t:.

~ = -~ v;. ~ tJ;.

"y

., ,..,.,.",
VI'":;

~1T'Y

(I)

~r

I
-1-1.

Inel1

v;.

~ Y'

==

6.4 I
An idealfliilcffiows betweenthe-inciined
walls of a two-dimensional channel into a sink
located at the origin (Fig. P6.41). The velocity
potential for this flow field is

"

m
= -In'

2n
where m is a constant. (8) Determine the corresponding stream function. Note that the value
of the stream function along the wall OA is zero.
(b) Determine the equation of the streamline
passing through the point B, located at x = 1,
Y

o
FIGURE P6.4\

= 4.

(et)

( I )

n fe~ t"rt .J.e.

~g ./1)

fe/if
t>Y'

w/fh

5/ nee.
Lf

n()i

is

/t11~

~6io/11

+ ~ f;")

qj

= 0

oB

(1. )

tu nc.+;~/1 01

Ir,

:l7T

-27T
I
-~
tPi'"

~=
,

f ~ it;

if=

to

r-e.s/ec.t:

r-

eS .f'l) bectJl1Us

So

~C
if:: ~
.:;,,,.

where
-So

~a-t

qh"
( .b)

At
f11e

I/Idw

of tf
if ~
fI1e

Ie.'

It
tlY'e

CtlIJ

be

(~~

/1"n

It
.3

Possil'1f
t?'n

-- )
I

({) .:- /. :3 3 r d d . J:;.I!) /YJ ~ g .t 3 )

eg(J~biJ,J1~.f

seefl

-t;,Y~w'lh ih/5 ?(),hi

(1.33
- ~ ).:211
=

(..3 )

&:.

Pt II. i:

So

(). 0 "SO 11'11

IS

~~

;;'1'

n?1

I-tJ n ~:o;-

!p:=.o

= -C.

/jJ.:

4,nd there~re

(fj/)

~I1SiP"t . If /~&)

J,j

/)?1

~1fS"olYl1
.

1he. sirellll1hlJe. plIsslnJ 1hrtJL(jh 13

(~~

/rom '&1.

D.

1.5

(3)

i)
1htl.t fAt!

,;Irflllf1 lilJfS

II/I ~"""'1I9I1t };heJ f'k~.sl'n~ 1hrlJtI&11 -!he "yiglit. )

6.42.

It is suggested that the velocity potential

for the flow of an incompressible, nonviscous,
two-dimensional flow along the wall shown in Fig.
P6.4Z is
= r~/3 cos !8

Is this a suitable velocity potential for flow along

the wall? Explain.

suifaJ,ie ~ -fiJe C/!)rre.sp()ndln~ tfJ must hAVe.

I/o/we fI/on~ the 1U1/1/ (s/nce -the tvll/I tnust tt:)rl"'''~}'~l1d --h
~
d - If- ~
If
Vj --...Lr JB
=- ;r;. - "3 r ~~.s"3 &

:tl this ;5

et

:1:nk1t'Aie I:iS.tJ) w/tIJ

.!j f-"~ c..S

If:: !- +/.8

,JIb

sfr~A/IJ/i"e).
(I)

1:a B 10 ohtolH

reSfect

jd if:: f

et u;IIsT:t!l1i

~B

~ tr)

(2)

:: - 3~ r ~.
o5J :t:. e
.3
I,

/I

J:j

if =

If

r -; .5;'1'3

: S +

+;. (8)

(3)

both E'Is, (2) an4 (.J)

If:: f 1f~ SIn : B + {

where

is

an (/rb;~rlJr!1

e()nsbtllt.

A-JotJ? one se~b~n ~I fJu! wl//I; t) =0) Qnd tj;::: C. A-/()nf

1ne other set..-bo'n e:::
a nil tp C. Th us) tp hils ~
c.~ n 5 1::11 n i va/we. a/f)!'''} ihe WtI/J and the 1/vel1 j)e/~c.;-h;
t~)'fe I'rh q, j Ct/n b.e used -k y~tYese" t f~~ a/tJ"1 the Will/. Yes.

ft" if.3

6.43
As illustrated in Fig. P6.43 a tornado can be approximated by a free vortex of strength r for r > Ret where R, is
the radius of the core. Velocity measurements at points A and
B indicate that VA = 125 ft/s and VB = 60 ft/s. Determine the
distance from point A to the center of the tornado. Why can the
free vortex model not be used to approximate the tornado
throughout the flow field (r 2: O)?

Thus)
(:011(

fA

ILl:

a.-t

Th ere /r:;re

13

/zt5"

~:

(Po

fiJ

Go

/ ZS'

~/nce

/1-

~:

J 2.5"

'A : :

fA.
vorte.(.

1nrou'lhoJl.t

t/e/o~ifrt

.5

-:r )

""......

". . . - ---

---

}
/

-,.,.,....

./

fA

t
R

/ I ,"".. I
//~

FIGURE P6.43

Sf)

ina i

Ie =/zS' fA

..50

that:

/G::

60;-/3

'B

"k - fA =/{)() l-i

f~//t9IPJ ~t

7h e hee

.::.

it

the

I> 0

~ '11.3

(/~O + fA )

It

C/ln/Joi b~ tlsed .j." CljJpro,( i"'41:.e t<. /:or)'UIII'o

/-ltJUJ .fle/d Since at:- r=o The

b~~me5

/;'f;';,/fe.

6.44
The velocity distribution in a horizontal, two-dimensional bend through which an ideal fluid flows can be approximated with a free vortex as shown in Fig. P6.44-. Show how
the discharge (per unit width normal to plane of paper) through
the channel can be expressed as

q =

cJ(1

where Ap = PB - PA' Determine the value of the constant C

for the bend dimensions given.

= 0.5 m
= 0.9 m
/

~A

1<

= a:.

~S:

fh e. 13fl'o/)~f,t / It; eba fi" -6u:;'n

1~ .,. ~; = P13 +~

2..~

7:
~

-ve.e
2-J.

d-

FIGURE PS.44

(~A" - 7Ijg8'- )

= ;;; I("l. ( (J.I,.

or

1<.

Thus

7-

::

.111 .J!.
tt.

r"l.
-1t (~ -f: )1-

tJp=

Of'"

t
Clncl

.
/,Q/th

--

(.tL

1he~eh"~

c=

::

.b

a..

rY

V2 jn

r~

( ;~ - i~)
-k

;;; - i~

('

')

VTh

J,

--

iff
I'
tJ,'1

(),S'

V(ft; . .), - -

bl.

hI'f
hwt

=/

{o, ~",,/"

b-'f~

~,S"oo m'I

6.45"
When water discharges from a tank through an
opening in its bottom, a vortex may form with a curved surface profile as shown in Fig. P6.4S' and Video V6.2. Assume
that the velocity distribution in the vortex is the same as that
for a free vortex. At the same time the water is being discharged from !he tanlc ~t point A it is desired to discharge a
small quantity of water through the pipe B. As the discharge
through A is increased, the strength of the vortex, as indicated by its circulation, is increased. Determine the maximum strength that the vortex can have in order that no air
is sucked in at B. Express your answer in terms of the circulation. Assume that the fluid level in the tank at a large
distance from the opening at A remains constant and viscous
effects are negligible.

FIG U REP 6 .4-S

,. b )
(14-

8.,,-l.r'Z..J
A-/r w/Jj

be.

_ J/ I
sUCJC.et

/ hws)

Ir I =

/01

-s

....L

/I1r;~

P'fe.

~ J h en
"'"

7.. ~

J::...

= - / -r-r:
f' 1

.fr, ".

;- =- 2

it .

__

~B

6 . /fb The streamlines in a particular two-dimensional flow field are all concentric circles, as
shown in Fig. P6.1f{.. The velocity is given by the
equation VII = wr where w is the angular velocity
of the rotating mass of fluid. Determine the circulation around .thep~~!!.~_~CD~ ____..._.....

r=

Pri- d-;
- f ~
f

FIGURE P6.Lf:b

ABeD

j,

df)

A-13

Sln~e

7/j. =0
(7::

-v;.

+f~ adt;

dl-

fezi/'
tv

~I

~= CUr

d~

+0

Iv;.
lJA

CD

/3,

4ntl

E~. U)

fe,
t<)

~L

be OJ) m e.s

a.. l. c/ e r{)

fli'

(I)

t6.~7-

4 fils

6.47
Water flows over a flat surface at 4 ftls as shown in
Fig. P6.47. A pump draws off water through a narrow slit at a
volume rate of 0.1 fe /s per foot length of the slit. Assume that
the fluid is incompressible and inviscid and can be represented
by the combination of a uniform flow and a sink. Locate the
stagnation point on the wall (point A) and determine the equation for the stagnation streamline. How far above the surface,
H, must the fluid be so that it does not get sucked into the slit?

------------

..--------~....----t

t-I$~

0.1 ttl/s
(per foot of length of slit)

FIGURE PS.47

t.f= t.f

Thu.5;
Cind

If:sl~k.

7-

"'I)I ;;,f"In

Hew

JIp

?If :' '"F dCJ I

- Ur SIj,e-

CfJsB-

!!!e

0)

2.7/

m1

(2..)

2rr~

- ~tp - -US/~e
1/;=
I)
~ Y" -

1I-/c)fJ?

the

~:: 0 )

willi

wheY'{: 7/j. =0

.so

1111 t

the s.fa9IJAiltf)H

ClI1r/

p"J/1i

(jcc('{I"S

Beg. t'/.)

..f~m

/YY1

t; ::

.s

Ql1d

-bo

the

.Jta91J~t,ol} fo/ni

1he f"lfl1t

cl

pn the

IS

S//t.
( CfPl1 '-L

('-5/

teJlII/

t!),

007'f~

+t.

t..47

I
The
IS

( COl?

'i )

c/ If Itt the.
i.e,..o (E"'g.1) :so thAi
(/Q/&1e

sfr~t1mhi1~

Sinle
can

si:fltll1llitOJ1 f~,~i (r = ~.t)()7~~ It) e :'0)

the- e~t.iai:'4)H ~/ the cjk'1I1'1t/to~

i,s

y=- rSln
. (;
W/I'I ffe 11

1he.

.eJ

Ii it.

01

t/~1J

the. ~*,9/1I1-bP" sf"'~J1",J/1I e

as

!:J=

:::Va

the. ;5i-dfn~I:'~11 sfrellml1l1e w;11 luJi b.( sucked 1~+lJ

.:5/' 't. Tlte tn4;(imlAm c/,~tt1h,e.1 HJ ~y -Inc sl-otf/llhd,,,, s-trel/mJIi1e
t;~Ctlr..s
as
c9 ~ 7T
:s 0 ~ t
P/u/e/

aboVe

tJ.2

H=

tt2.
s

Z (If '{~)

--

(Noi~: AI/ th~ ./It//d be/f)W -tne s-lA9nl( ttDI1 s+f"ellml,;'e must
111r()tl 9h the. .s//t. Thus) f,."m t4J#S~rJ/4t'4JH ~I mASs
/-IV =- ,f-/()W

,,iii)

~, ~ 250

'f~
.$

wh ic..A

e-hec.k:.s

WI'fh

71te.

/;i

.ft

tll1swer a J,~lIe )

'-52

"'.!.f8

Consider two sources having equal strengths located

along the x axis at x = 0 and x = 2 m, and a sink located on
the y axis at y = 2 m. Determine the magnitude and direction
of the fluid velocity at x = 5 m and y = 0 due to this combination if the flowrate from each of the sources is 0.5 m 3 / s per
m and the flowrate into the sink is 1.0 m 3 /s per m.

':1

At pel~i. Pr IlI~H1 The )C.-tH.U A.~

Th( V e.\oc..; +-I:U dl.l" -h Th~ -two
e:t~~

11te

!:I1~\c..

a.v(

j.,,::

SMA

SOI4 VC.eJ

,G,llow.s:

a.s

SOuVce

{VY1 } A=

::

/#tl.

FoY' The

fYV\

Th~s,

(S' IW\ -l""" J

1.0 ~
A=

2iT

n~

a.-i A
LA..

y-=

W hev(

~'(2./M) "l.;{s3l-

~ 2~ ;;.,.

2..rY"

-i'hD.lt.

(V-y )

?rr

i)\ 1<-

(1r~ ) A -=
;)0

(r- z"",)

2lT

0,5 "5

-=

'rv:'

"I.
':

C>.OZq~: ~

1M

ht>,(,I'~t>",~J ve\oc.;~ ~VY\po)'\e . . tl

0.6\

S"'i

~+

0.0"2.(05

~,

(A.j

(0.

\.~

O"2.q~ ') ~

=- O.O\\f'i~
o.VI~

-tne

ve v+ic~1 ve \Oc.~+1j ~YY\fo~e,,",i) 11", LS

v=
T~e

V.\ 0 c. \

+,
VA:

2.

V2q

(I..t

(O.02.qt)C!:!
= O.Ol\O~.. ~
S
A \~ nevety"~

f Lt~-t1rl = ~ ( o.

0 \ 4-q

~'; 1.+

,
(0. 0 II 0

~) 2-

O. olg5

~ ~Lf-c

6. ~ 9

The velocity potential for a spiral vortex

flow is given by = (f/2n) (j - (rn/2n) In r.
where f and In areconstants. Show that the angle.
a, between the velocity vector and the radial direction is constant throughout the flow field (see
Fig. P6.~n.
::c

FIc;URE P6.1.f ~

HW

me

p~ 1::e11 til:! I

I/e /0'/"::1

'1=-

~d

:'

~ .".;-

~I-

Ve y = I VI

Sln"ce

--100

oord

V :-

'II IIf H J

-1

r;. er

r 0&or/> : I

f7
2.7rr

CtJscl.

+ ~

"'\

eB

-then
Cbs~:

""
V eJ-

IVI

7/;.

Y1/j.1.

-I-

VB

1. 1

(..i2 )

1-

.2..7T,...

/+

( _ ; , . . . ) 1.

Th US)
a..

;;, .,.

Ct; J1 st:a n

a.

t.

rand

angle

01.

IS

~.5"O

I
6.50

For a free vortex (see Vidt'tI \'(1.2) determine an ex-

pression for the pressure gradient (a) along a streamline, and

(b) normal to a streamline. Assume the streamline is in a hor
izontal plane. and express your answer in terms of the circu-

lation.

1r. " .L &lIP =

~B

fne .fy~~ 114r&" refre,fnH ,ql1

5,;',,,,
..f-/d4 ,

-me

I3fY'm~II;

1: + X.:

's
(a.)

';r"td'M"/

Ilow

f?l''(L-t'o;,
i:

= i!J11ls7:t1l1 f:.

(j )

Jz...~
/lei,#( ht.'!:w,-el1 an, -I:wo poi".b.
,4/,1/1 u .ffru",I,Atf; (r-=- wnsf""i), ~ )j ~"sfq.1all'" 1).=0 $0 -tIIaf from '3.(11 w,111

:z.

i!,p/ls/-tt"f-

.-In .. ,

press""

..e
':
ot9-

,J C_:;h:lltf) I..'.e.)

"lretlml,i1~

wi'" 10- =0

~ 2. + i: -= ~"s.Jq"",
2-~

.5.

(,-S5"

({nil t-= cpns1:J,.f

~.s/

6.51

Potential flow against a flat plate (Fig.

P6.51 a) can be described with the stream function
'1/

the stagnation point at O. By adding a source of

strength, m, at 0, stagnation point flow against
a flat plate with a "bump" is obtained as illustrated in Fig. P6.51 b. Determine the relationship
between the bump height, h, the constant, A; and
the source strength. m.

= Axy

where A is a constant. This type of flow is commonly called a "stagnation point" flow since it
can be used to describe the flow in the vicinity of

0
/'

(a)

Source
(b)

-fiGURE PGSI

lj;= A-x ~ ..,..

For

1J,e. bump

the

/h1
ITt;; -- A;z..

, J if
V;=?ae = A-r
(JIn'

J/f
v:::
e -

or-

Th e lOIn /;) B:

v;.. =0

~ /)''Ue

r)

28 +

(!!J
~7T

po,'"i will "cct/y Ai

f-=-P..). FDy -the ~'L1e H o t.retlm Iu YlC- tl (11)

~t:(l.1nlt tlOh

(B= ~)

.>G= 0) ~=/,.

}--lS/11

AI-

~~ z.!I
:)111

oJ.

0.

i:

(' 1 )

2.8

r- =- t,) w/// be

v;;.::: a

qn

:z.1T'r

.:;-t:a1I1tft f/~;,

-htJ~ jJo/n t:.

o ::: A h C"$ 7T +

Th us)

pOlni:

Ir

Ir!Jm '1.

(J )

'.52

I
6.5Z
The combination of a unifonn flow and a source
can be used to describe flow around a streamlined body
called a half-body. (See Video V6.3.) Assume that a certain
body has the shape of a half-body with a thickness of 0.5 m.
If this body is placed in an air stream moving at 15 mis,
what source strength is required to simulate flow around the
body?

2rrb

b=
EZ{,9'1

b=
wheye

rn

Sf-renJth) (JHd

15

iheve-/Cye

(/51f)(t',:;)
7.SCJ

/h12.

-S

(P.5'3

6.53

A body having the general shape of a

half-body is placed in a stream of fluid. At a great
distance upstream the velocity is U as shown in
Fig. P6.S3. Show how a measurement of the dif
ferential pressure between the stagnation point
and point A can be used to predict the free-stream
velocity, U. Express the pressure differential in
terms of U and fluid density. Neglect body forces
and assume that the fluid is nonviscous and incompressible.

--u

FIGURE P6.S3

!3ernrJulh' esuQ,.fl{)~ bei:ween

A- ~ ()iPTxlI ;,

1;1:a.J = ~
It Is f

\I.: 2.
It

='

2. ( /

!=.>'
)
;:2-

e,,, s e +

(~'t.

P()/~t

JT

5u. /:'51:: i tLl. t/(;11

IJ

b(rr-I)
SliJ

:::-

/rtJl11

7Tb
2.

( :l )

7T

f [;b . (2) ,rl.f-c)

-F]b.j =

Thus)

r-:z..

2-

.:

~ :2.: V1n~yt krt!

7h1J.

So

2-

t:=
A

-'hb

(E'g . tt..J()" )

05,-;.,

e.:.

'./01 )

If

b (7T-B)
j-=

Clnd

+ 2.-

(I)

ql1d

At

~t ~ 2.

7"

7. ( /

+ 0 +

E j. {,..

10 J

:flf feb

=iz.)

J;g . (/)

fA

it

T/

7.. ( /

+ :;... ) -

r tJ.7p3

V '-

6.54
One end of a pond has a shoreline that resembles a
half-body as shown in Fig. P6.S4. A vertical porous pipe is located near the end of the pond so that water can be pumped
out. When water is pumped at the rate of 0.08 m 3/s through a
3-m-long pipe, what will be the velocity at point A? Hint: Consider the flow inside a half-body. (See Video V6.3.)

15

m----J

FIGURE P6.sLf

lud.f -Io(!)d~ )

tf -= V- r-SJh B
-that.

.::50

~~

VB =- JIQIIP(

dfj;
'1/.'= 1..
I" ae

l-

Thus 41:
/

p~J;'

t A

:::

:::

(l2g.

"f"

e.::t:J

97)

.51j"B

77 &;S e

(p,

.,. .

:tvJ.-

/-.:: IS'_

q,,~

l..-B .:: 0
1/:.=
r ~: V+

!=or

4\

Sou rc e

AN(

( /)

~TT(JS)

f/()w ra te
~ /-reng'/h

/OI'JJ f Ipe ) the.

J~

(I:g. '.99)

then
V=
Z1T (S,,")

{g,37 )( 10

;IJ4f

--

(P.37

-It M4
xl/)

6.5.5*

oj, - TbU

For the half-body described in Section

6.6.1 show on a plot how the magnitude of the
velocity on the surface, V., varies as a function
of the distance, s (measured along the surface),
from the stagnation point. Use the dimensionless
variables V,I U and sl b where U and b are defined
in Fig. 6.24.

On 1JJ~ Stlr/ttce,

6/

the hflJf-b()dy
.b (7r-e)

/-=

d5
X ::.

wIth

1((d;<)

=:

t~s

S/h
2.-1

{d.J).1

ol1d

!}

!1 =

y- (- Sill b) db
db = V' (~se) dB

-t

d;(.:

ClitP

5,;, 8-. It

Y'

of-

~1/(JuJ.s ihpt.

til"
S/nB d~
C(),s (}

there~ye

ds ::

"V
Let

V r '2.(d e)

sib

+- (d yo )

l.

r2-f-

(~)" de

qncl

y1' :

1/6

ds -::
.::s~=

2.

So

7hA. t

ds;;'
r-r~m

E Z.

V{rI'F+(UjZ
5111

-de
'f}u..

de

(I)

19

( 2. )

c.. /fJO

dr~_

Th IA S)

( rr- B)

C6'J

s+

IS

"J lit 11

by

//;;1<)'"1- {~/- de
1T

O~cP='7T.

S/n'17

tire / e12jfh

.5~=

(3)

(e&r/t)

The. ve/oc; ~ .I ~ I (')11 -!he. .s",.fp(~ ~f. th~ hal/-b~J!1 CIt H

WI"'I'Hl'11 111 11t~ ft,rm
(!)b#//;"" #Om '1.
/()/

".

V~=

Thus I ~Y'
S""

a..

.frpl'II

-Vtis

=-

-r 2. I!fJs!, +

7Jv't'fJ e )

el. (3 ) J

j---110

".-1' 0111

tlif II

I ]
[p,.) l-

he ~6kllle~ fr~",

V #- fj..Ptn

Ef

.flr).

b~

tf. t. /~O)

,4- fY"()9f'(/ffI /t,y-

CtlJ~lAla.J-/nJ

V* tls a iul'1c.t.Jl)it fJ/ S'" f,;//()u}s. (Not.~:.I;,

1}1e pYf),rlllfl

V""

1.5

c/e~J9n.kd

4.5

V' 41111 S'" QS

S.)

100 c:1""

110
120
130
150
160
170
171
180
190
200
210
220
222
22~

226
228
230
232
236
238
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360

print "*******************************************************"
print "** This program calculates the velocity distribution **"
print "** over the arc-length of a half body
**"
print "*******************************************************11
print
dim th(18),r(18),s(18),intgd(18),v(18)
pi=~.O*atn(1.0)

n=18
dth=pi/18
s(l)=O.
for i=l to n
th(i)=pi-(i-1)*dth
if i>l then goto 230
r(i)=1.
drdth=O.
goto 236
r(i)=(pi-th(i))/sin(th(i))
drdth=-(sin(th(i))+(pi-th(i))*cos(th(i)

))/sin(th(i))~2

intgd(i)=(r(i)~2+drdth~2)~0.5

v(i)=(1+2*cos(th(i) )/r(i)+1/r(i)~2)~.5
next i
for i=2 to n
sum=(intgd(1)+intgd(i))/2
iml=i-l
for j=2 to iml
sum=sum+intgd(j)
next j
s(i)=dth*sum
next i
print"
Theta
Arc-length
Velocity"
for i=l to n
print using"
###.#
###.####
###.####";180/pi*th(i),s(i),v(i)
next i

(con't )

(~I1t.)

to.55 W'-I

TObU/ofed

da-ta..

(Jlla

A.

~f

fie-/:.

-the cf4-itA. tire

gnifH be/tJl().

******************************************************~

** This program calculate::-. the velocity distribution **

** over the arc-length of a half body
**
*******************************************************
..s

Arc-length b
0.0000 )
0.1751
0.3527
0.5352
0.7255
0.9269
1.1437
1.3811
1.6464
1. 9495
2.3052
2.7366
3.2814:
4,.0079
5.0539
6.74,87
10.14,19
21. 54,87

Theta
180.0
170.0
160.0
150.0
140.0
130.0
120.0
110.0
100.0
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0

Velocit.'}T V5
0.0000 ) U
0.1739
0.3444
0.5078
0.6611
0.8013
0.9257
1. 0322
1. 1192
1.1854
1.2306
1.254:7
1.2588
1. 24,42
1. 2134
1.1693
1.1159
1.0577

1.5

.......
::>

r
1.01-

>-

...c
U

.,

>

0.5 h

Gl
Gl
III
~

c::

...c
Gl

c::

III

E
...c

0.0

-0.5~

____

____

I~

__

~~~

__

~~

10

__

~~

__

~~~

____

15

Dimensionless erc-length.

____

~i

20

sIb

____

25

".5''''

Consider a uniform flow with velocity V in the positive x-direction combined with two free vortices of equal
strength located along the y-axis. Let one vortex located at y =
a be a clockwise vortex (1jJ = K In r) and the other at y = - a
be a counterclockwise vortex, where K is a positive constant. It
can be shown by plotting streamlines that for Val K < 2 the
streamline IjJ = 0 forms a closed contour, as shown in Fig.
P6.56. Thus, this combination can be used to represent flow
around a family of bodies (called Kelvin ovals). Show, with the
aid of a graph, how the dimensionless height, HI a, varies with
the parameter ValK in the range 0.3 < ValK < 1.75.

----

----L-l----t:--",.L1---x

--

--

_7/

(I)

e ,&.

yk: H~. tttUP..f,f)fl

(/) Illul

(.!j -t j)

2-

(I)
( 2.)

(-* -I)).
:Jlec;';;~1fJI va/1ft ~I Va./k 1=1.L2) ~11 1)(: S'tJ/tleA b'1 ~ +r/~j
tfnll err~r :)o/(.('h{;11 /0 t'6-klfl HI),. 5 IPme -itJ/;ulak4 till/ties Alit( the
t;,y

~6?rre~ff)I1I"i1j'

tjl"R,lJ1J tJre

$hpWIJ

bel/9/.().

2.5

Ua/K

H/a

0.30
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.50
1.75

2.65
2.09
1.74
1.54
1.32
1.25

H/a

"1

0.5

.-.- - --

---- -- ---

-- -

---

-- -

- -.. __ .__________ _

-----------1 - --

-------1-

O,------~I------~I------~I-____~
o

0.5

Ua/K

15

ro.57

I
6.57
A Rankine oval is formed by combining
a source-sink pair, each having a strength of 36
ft 2 /s, and separated by a distance of 12 ft along
the x axis, with a uniform velocity of 10 ftls (in
the positive x direction). Determine the length
and thickness of the oval.

).

::

a...

[1r~~

+ I

J~

(Et b./07)

~ [( ~ ) _ I ] tt< ~ [2. CT;':") : ]

{
a..

I/.,

::

( E'b.

/3, /

Th e fh /ck.neS5/
+rla'/ '111'"

w;'th

2..l)

AS$"fme

fl'"Y'fJ)"'.

rl9 II t

Ctln

A4nd Side

O.

C!J. ZSo

t).2'Z

~.

o.

25"2

al1c/

~a., ~

r (!>.l~) fJ
2.

2~9

0.25"'1

2S"I.

0.25"0

O. 25"3

Thus)

Ii

be de term/ned frf!)fYJ Fg. '.IOC, .h:J

I/Q/"Ie ~.... -/"/It.. Cfl1d CtPmlflY'e
~f E$. to. It) ~. (See -& J,1e. J,(, IDw. )

~ [(4)' - IJfa h

-:.

use

D.ZS3

-thickness

~. /0' )

- 2J.

= 2. (".ft)(~. 25"3)

3. a'l- -fi:

6.58*

Make use of Eqs. 6.107 and 6.109 to

construct a table showing how (ila, hla, and rJh
for Rankine ovals depend on the parameter n Val
m. Plot h versus n Val m and describe how this
plot could be used to obtain the required values
of m and a for a Rankine oval having a specific
value of rand h when placed in a uniform fluid
stream of velocity, V.

rl

cauf

w h{)Y~

Itl1fl1t ()f. the hody I~ Z), tlnd the W/dth IS z~.

/r;r tt J /vtl1 /l'p/ue e>f 'IT 7/tt, //1'11, F'f. (P. /07 Cfln b~ Jt!)jtJed
/r,y .i/a / dlU{ Ef. ,./tJ/f CIII1 be .s~/i/fd ("SJ~.f 4n ~ ceY'l-ft:Iff)d
jJYtJcetlu~) kr ~/~. The Yllt-/o ~/-i Mn 1Jtel1 be dekrmll1f4.

the

jJr011"1I1')1 iDy Ck/~"lgl/111 t/a)

of 7T V tJ.-/11?1 ~//()IVS.

Ii-

-A/a.,

"Nd

l/J

as

t1

htnc-I:I()~

:00 c15
2.. 10 pc:int, "* *~: *:+ * *** ** * * * * ** ** * * ** ** * * * ** ** *** *:j: * * *:t. * * * * *:t: * *
~,: I'
:L2'J print. "** This program calculates l/a, h/a, and l/h as a
**"
130 p:r:'int "** f1.lnct,ie,n of pi*U*a/m fOT Rankine ovals
:tic"
150 print. II ** *** **** **** * ********** * ** *>l:******ll: **:k ****:**:)1:0+ *' *:t:** * *'''
160 print
162 print "pi*U*a/m
l/a
h/a
1/h"
168 data 10.0.5.0,1.0,0.5.0.1.0.05,0.01
170 for i=l to 7
172 st.art.=O. 001
175 read a
180 la=(1!a+1)~.5
190 for has=start to 10.0 step 0.0001
210 ha=O.5*(has 2-1)*tan(2*a*has)
220 if abs(1-has/ha)<O.002 and ha>O then goto 230
222 next has
230 lh=la/ha
250 print using "##.####
##.####
##.####
##.####";a,la,ha,lh
255 start=ha
260 next i

** '"

Tabu/pted dabJ.. a"d

g/l/fl1

I(

pi,,-/:.

()f-

lit. as

a. .ffl11~t/~n Df 7T'Tr~/m1 tire

be/otV.

r******************************************************
**' This program calculates lla, h/a. and l/h as a
**

**

1'* function of pi*U*a/m for Rankine ovals

*******************************************************
!:i:tU*a/m
10.0000
5.0000
1.0000
0.5000
0.1000
0.0500
0.0100
10

For

-2

tA.

10

Rfll1KIIJe

f!6;U/d 6~

(2.)

(....3)

h/a
0.11,,27
0.2632
0.8601"
1.301,,2
3.1022
1".1,,227
9.9538

l/h
7.3,*83
1".1623
1.61,,37
1.3281
1.0691
1.0362
1.0096

10

(J)

l/a
1.01,,88
1. 0951"
1.411,,2
1. 7321
3.3166
1".5826
10.01,,99

O{/4!

~//OWftl It;

-1

iAJl1H

1.

tinA

det:.fJl'InI!1e.

/7;.". a. 9Jvfl1 1.1.Jr.

from -nte. gl"aph.

i.

:spec.;!J(~d the IoJJf)wJn~ s.J..eps

/Yn and 4..:

d~i:.f~/7J'I1e 7J,e reSIJIN'd value t:Jf 7l[r1Z)m

tI~/I1.1 111/~ J/p/ue ~f 7rD"~ //1'11 ~h/cLtla;i:e 1~ +-1'{)1I1 Eg. ,. /" 7.

W/1h 'the. VII/we of .ellt. c1eiermJ~e~1 tlnd ,R. :Jj>f'C,'tl p'd) dei:.frI11Ji1e

the '!I4/we !)f a..

LIf) 0;171 7T77a/,m Clnd a.. de tf}l'm,He'!.;
/.5

-1r110WJ1/ Q 11 d

the

/r;r ~ jlVfJ1 1/ the

/,It}

lue

I/p/U(!

0-1

f
t?11

u1m
/s f;.xe4.

6.5"'f

Assume that the flow around the long

circular cylinder of Fig. P6.59 is nonviscous and
incompressible. Two pressures, PI and P2, are
measured on the surface of the cylinder, as illustrated. It is proposed that the free-stream velocity. U. can be related to the pressure difference
/)./) = fJl - fJ2 by the equation

u~c~
where p is the fluid density. Determine the value
of the constant C. Neglect body forces.

FIGURE P6.59

si:a.5n4. tlon
=

-P'2. + ~ 1.,

(I)

r:,2::
.2..

-J: ;0
So

u:

)ffy~.

1hey~~t"e

c=

V-f

(3 U:t) = -j-!, l!

r;

<.

6.60

An ideal fluid flows past an infinitely long

semicircular "hump" located along a plane
boundary as shown in Fig. P6.60. Far from the
hump the velocity field is uniform, and the pressure is Po. (a) Determin~expressions for the max-

imum and minimum values of the pressure along

the hump, and indicate where these points are
located. Express your answer in terms of p, U,
and Po. (b) If the solid surface is the'll = 0 streamline, determine the equation of the streamline
passing through the point () = n/2, r = 2a.

( ~)

FIGURE P6.60

ine suv-1ace cf' ihe hump)

()1'1

1;. = 1:," ;/ l/
The.
(/11

max.IYnU/?? pY"e.sst-ft"'e

4.-t 1'hese..

. .

rn, n I rn III rn
A

t71{5

(I -

J{.

si.'-a)

0hef'e

Dec.fAY'S

$1;" 8::0)

~Y"

a..-t

t9.:q 71;

f~;n-l=s

1; (rm ~IJ(.)

10 +

~! V'-

(ILt

t9 =(J

0-#/

7T )

f~t5S u Y'~

!Dln t

1::.s (mlln )
(.b)

-----

V, Po

;:;r un/form f/r;w

If:: -

In

(4.-1: e:::

:1h( J1e,14h~e

..JC-

r)

d/t'Pc.b()~ )

r (I - f:~~).r ~ a
I

d;5C"SS/~J11 as.s(!)~,ate'" w,f;.,

the

-a..)SII,B
.

~-v-r(l- _r'ttl

dey/vA-flO;' ~I g. ~.JI:;').

~----

6.61
Water flows around a 6-ft diameter bridge pier with a
velocity of 12 ftls. Estimate the force (per unit length) that the
water exerts on the pier. Assume that the flow can be approximated as an ideal fluid flow around the front half of the cylinder, but due to flow separation (see Video V6.4), the average
pressure on the rear half is constant and approximately equal
to 1/2 the pressure at point A (see Fig. P6.61).

u= 12ftls

-----

.. FIGURE P6.61

hJ.

'.2.~

t"t

!-o11"lJ/!

~I?

C{

.sec..i::/~J#J

(~twei'h 6)=0

of

tA

Clrcw/(lY

clj/lnt/fY'

DrP.J ~

-t:he drttj

7nA.-t

,9=""J

C/J;'Jj(

7 1 ,,1('110<."'1

t.3

~ =

~JU4.i:-/~'11

17te.

-1 t ep~t9

",dB

C)

-k>l'ce

;::;1" 1;,(:,

me

6)n

.j;.P4-t.

/::0

t1t{e

f.s = ~
d.l1P<

sinCe

V-J(..

fh~ //PUlIJ,j

~ =tJ.

SrrnlJ'Jel-rlj

tPl1/~

(Ire.

;:/,,/d

II1.fert's/-PII
7r

1-;1 =

2.

f -1;
'11lz

'IT

i1T5/~ 'Z-f) ~~l7dB

1!/z-

7T

1lt~

I",

OJ

6:.. lib

rEt.

.51;' 2-!) )

-brce ci(.(e

6,J16)

6-0

h~hn 5!.f))

1/2.

(J -

17r/1.- "

t-t;.sBdB == :5/"P

'1f/,

Chid

If

I'f!t 1b'=6. 7hus

(VIII

h/of!

e;:(

rrt)/n

;! u ~ (; -

-t

<Per III'I//: lei1flh)

j;
~s ~ ~ d t9
1T/z

r::;.::- - z
Dill!.

hq/f ~ ~e c.ylln/fr

't .5/~ 1.f) ) cpse v... de

-I

jf~3f}lIT

7T~

('-70

.: -j

( Z)

~. ' I

{(!or;'i )
It

f,;1/()IIIS

+r()/?1 i:?! .(2.) -ina t

t:XI ~
lV()f~

(-.,0.3U-za.

-1J",f 1h~ neja.I:JI/~

slid /nciJcJi:-er %,.+ 1I1~ wlry J~ a c&all.!/

'P4IFn.:; DI1 1J!e. c..rlOftlPy (,frpl1t h4/f) I'; tHe upst:re/lm c/1J'f'c:bf)I"'I.
I-I-e>wevt~ (,Jhe It the -e .f.fe~1:.. of- t'lte Y'eIiY holf' of the ClfIJIfAel'" 6 tAJcPI1
Inib aC~ilJ1i (lit ct YPtd Flu,'d) -then fu,'ll be A net drtlj in til, dlYer;hD/f oI-f/lJlJJ.
It

The prtS~I(JI'~ A.I:

a/,(&(

1ht

-I:Dp D/ fh.f (!~kndfY' (pt>J~t ,40) /J

P.s =: ~ + 1; 7)"2. (J - Lf -S/I1'l.{;)

WI n. {) = 71'Iz..
-PI, :: -A - ; f V' ~

SInce. A-o
~ -

PA- :; - ""i! if

lJi)fo( 1),/-r
~n~

1ne.

SC f'n .. /;.

~t

t- ::: .1
Ii< 7..
If

f:;.

~
><
Z

{ig . . IJ~

1-

/J@Jllt/iI~ P(~.5S{,4Y.f

/:; : -

w,l/ '1JJt..

4.

prf>Jt'"ft.d a VE'~ = -

'1.

'Z.

1/ (2.a.){I) :: 1: fD u-

= ~I
= _

+ ~lp. V-~ +
3

- ffrJ').~
[,.u I ~

fl'/tK ""

-In e datA fJ I ~e 11 )

t-; =7; (J.1~ ~: )(t2 ;~) 2(3 h)

fo-11

D()..s/~f,J~ ~
~
;(.. 1.. a.. (I)

~L

6.62*

Consider the steady potential flow around

the circular cylinder shown in Fig. 6.26. Show on
a plot the variation of the magnitude 'Of the dimensionless fluid velocity, VI V, along the positive y axis. At what distance, yla (along the y
axis), is the velocity within 1 % of the free-stream
velocity?

-:~
I.J./on,
D

f 1I1e.

-the

!1-I1;(JS

~e/I!)c.;ff1)

V,

1I'j..=O So th4t The m4'}fJrl-~de.

i...J e!/IAI -fa /118/' J I;;Ut!..

- V- (/ + ;-:)

(Pt. ~.JIG')

SIn b

(a=:) r;::f;j)

/+

/+

/
-(-1:)~

100
110 print "* * * ***-*- * *- *- * * * * *-* * * *- ** ** * ** * *' *:t: *- *- *- *- *- *- ** * * * * * * * * * * *:1'''
120 print "** This program calculates t.he velocit.:,r profile **n
130 print fI*:j( on the +y-axis for flow ar()und a cylinder
**"
1~0 print. !! **:t:or. *:0: ** * * ** * * * *- * * ** *)\: ** *:I::;j: * *- * *;~ * *- ** * *- * ** * *)1: *;1: *:t."
150 print
155 print
" y/a
V/U"
160 for ya=1.0 to 10.0
170 u=1+1/ya~2
180 print using "##.##
#.####";ya,u
190 next ya

( UJ:'J

t. -72.

t)

(C4'JI'/t)

n tI a. fl"t ().f /he data.

fr"l?1 fh'J~ ye.su/-h 1h4i ",..

da,ipS(Jfl1

(j

'1 > ICJ

a.

~*************************************************

**'

Thi:: program calculat.es the velocits profile

**

** on the +y-axis for flow around a cylinder

**
**************************************************
y/a
1. 00
2.00
3.00
4:.00
:).00
E,.OO
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00

V/U
2.0000
1.2500
1.1111
1.0625
1.04:00
1.0278
1.0204:
1.0156
1. 0123
1. 0100

2.0~--------------------------------------------------------,

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

y/a

11

6.63

The velocity potential for a cylinder (Fig.

P6.63) rotating in a uniform stream of fluid is

= Ur

(1 + ;:)

cos 0 + ;n ()

where r is the circulation. For what value of the

circulation will the stagnation point be located at:
(a) point A, (b) point B?

FIGURE P6.63

(1

(a.)

(.I:, )

II I
/"f' r;

~/l1t

/3.)

e.S~j -('::

371'
2..

7TlIa

S;'n

6. b Lf

A fixed circular cylinder of infinite length

is placed in a steady, uniform stream of an incompressible, nonviscous fluid. Assume that the
flow is irrotational. Prove that the drag on the
cylinder is zero. Neglect body forces.

D"fl~

f. 1's

:J.rr

: F; : -

eeS(J

~ de

fs :: ~ + -it [/2(1 -

f.
f

tf

S/~~f))

27T

Css t7 dB

2.7r
S I j,

~ ~ ~s e dB ~

. 3

s,~

J2.
(;}
o

C>

if f.o Jj DW5 ih(l. -t.

Drlt j = 0

lT

=0

( Eg. ,.

"I, )

_.

6. ~S

Repeat Problem 6.~4 for a rotating cylinder for which the stream function and velocity
potential are given by Eqs. 6.119 and 6.120, respectively. Verify that the lift is not zero and can
be expressed by Eq. 6.124.

27T

t = -fo +

F;,. " - [

Dr-tl') '"

CfJSI9 a. dt9

1.2.('

~ITI

( / - if

de '"

sin

17].

7r~ TJ

=0

2'Jr

1. :;IM"'~

2f1s/nB

lrr

,ll

C!JS

. ~~
5111 l7 of-

Cilsede- "

z1/

Ct)58 51;' 9 de-

d: +0 II ows fh- -l:

DY'a.~

=0

2T

~
3

'="0

,.17"

5/~e de =

J~:iH

e de .-

i s/~"e
"jJ

de "

J-t !cIJoW5 1h().-t.

~-71

6." ~

A source of strength m is located a dis~ tance etrom a vertical solid wall as shown in Fig.
P6.G,b. The velocity potential for this incompressible, irrotational flow is given by

e)2 + y2]

<P = 4n {In[(x -

+ In[(x + e)2 + y2]}

(a) Show that there is no flow through the wall.
(b) Determine the velocity distribution along the
wall. (c) Determine the pressure distribution
along the wall, assuming p = po far from the
source. Neglect the effect of the fluid weight on
the pressure.

(A)

S/~Ce. )

QYltA.

~e-i
FIGURE P6.l,.~

= ~rJ
~x.

Ix 1., [ ex -;./"+ ~.]

::

U:

Mt

-Jf7r

(~_). ) ~ -t ~

~ f. n [l;<. 1-1 ) ~ j ~J =

It 10 /J()WS 1tll. t

2 ( x-~

[2. ex -.e )

2. ()(11.)

ex -rQ )
2

(X-).)2 rfJ 'l.

"J..

';l.

+-.!:J'l..

C;{ -t..e )

(x+~ ) 2.+ 'j 2-

J
o

Thus theye
)

(b)

Tn!

l/eJ~c~+j

IS

nD i/tJw ihr-ough -the

o/f!)IJJ
1r=

Cln d

U)I'th

7/=

the.
t1?1

'fTr

Slhce

IJ

u.. =o. A-l.so

~tfi

dlj

(il v'f? '"

[

V.w- :. 7T

/AJa 1/)

Wa

tie 1t:)'/~

4 ~
( x-}) '2-r!:J 2-

( c.~J1't )
'-7B

ftJ

leI''':'' ~ /

z~

(x+J)l. + ~ ~

/)

( 2)

( ~)

!=; y

Ir~m ih(!.

-PO _ -Pur
7 - 7
whey-e.

1;) =f;;

Sou Y'C e.l

Qh

Th us J

V;
2.d

fw- l".s the fyeS5Uye ai the

PJ,r:: ~ -

V ~ ().

-1! VIu-

'J.

1.J4/})

.s~

1h4i

6.t. 7

A long porous pipe runs parallel to a

horizontal plane surface as shown in Fig. P6'(.1.
The longitudinal axis of the pipe is perpendicular
to the plane of the paper. Water flows radially
from the pipe at a rate of 0.5 IT ft 3 /s per foot of
pipe. Determine the difference in pressure (in lb/
ft2) between point B and point A. The flow from
the pipe may be approximated by a two-dimensional source. Hint: To develop the stream function or velocity potential for this type of flow,
place (symmetrically) another equal source on the
other side of the wall. With this combination
there is no flow across the x-axis, and this axis
can be replaced with a solid boundary. This technique is called the method of images.

sou.,.,e )

/s

rnea.suJI'ed

.sh~wn

/n
r?.:

C/ lui

~r

1"''2-

-fne SOl.{r,e. W,"th

;".I!)fYJ

()

X"2.+ {'j_3)2.
/ ()Wtt"

--the.

C!t9mblnt'c/
2

+ (!j-3

(~-:3) 2.]

)~J . . in [x'+ 6+3)'J]

2 iYl [ )( "2..-t-l ~ +3 )1-] =

;;;<

2.><
)(2

-+ (f;j-3)

Vw-

= u

=0,
=

( Con

1/

=0

)(2.+

n;; (-X-'2.

(:;'1"3) 1-

and

lf

--r-i..q- )

't )

l-

2)(

/0//"w.s -thai

WII/I) '1

sou rre )

S(U(Y"ces

()X

[ ;("Z

the. C.tJOJl'dIl1~/e

fi9ure

l' = ~ f..en [x
u=

/1:.

2n

t'2.:

so -inA. t

and

~
.".".

At

f()Jn

A)

x.:.

VW-A

V'/(r/3

irtJm

the
1>13

t;ta. [

Lf

/'YY1

=-

0.57'

-2.)

J-_~

(~Pt.)

(If- -Pi:) '1. + 9 -PI:.

Jf- 7T

.2 5"

2.

:ft
S

an d

=0

/3ern()ulj i
~

Vt.crB::

-+ -

wJ1'h

find

O. SIT

x. =0

At- p{)/n t B)

It)

Jj.

:L~

Or

~-~ =
::

J..L
2

.2.

d VWA
Jb)

(~2.IfH3
:L (32. 2 ~ )

(3.

fE)

25'S

.2-

O. OOG> 2t> psf

6.68
At a certain point at the beach, the coast line makes a
right angle bend as shown in Fig. 6.68a. The flow of salt water in this bend can be approximated by the potential flow of
an incompressible fluid in a right angle comer. (a) Show that
the stream function for this flow is I/J = A r2 sin 28, where A is
a positive constant. (b) A fresh water reservoir is located in the
comer. The salt water is to be kept away from the reservoir to
avoid any possible seepage of salt water into the fresh water
(Fig. 6.68b). The fresh water source can be approximated as a
line source having a strength m, where m is the volume rate of
flow (per unit length) emanating from the source. Detennine m
if the salt water is not to get closer than a distance L to the corner. Hint: Find the value of m (in tenns of A and L) so that a
stagnation point occurs at y = L. (c) The streamline passing
through the stagnation point would represent the line dividing
the fresh water from the salt water. Plot this streamline.

(a)

1n~ 1lve~

f;r

a/tin,

source
(b)

(a)

FIGURE P6.68

$f-rtam fun(.:f/~A)

= A- r 2$;"1 '2 e9~,(

if=-o

().=()

Thus) -f/,(, ('A~~ G=o

B-=-rr/2,

lP=o ,

replac.eeA
lv/Tn. a. "5&/;" b~Jllu'"y't 4/(!)A1 4Jh,;;'h the Sfrefll?f
-Iunc.-tItP~ r1tJJr bt ~n$hnf. 7}J/5 b"u.;;tdf(Y"~
.j;;rmJ ~ Y"lint tlJllfJe. Allit 1'nff'e,/rJle Ink! sf-reAm
ful1(...I-,D /I Cfln b" U$~~ fD yefr~.sfnf ft4~ JJ4' ~
YO/ill! qrtfle ~rl')er.
(J:;)

(JHP.

B,. 17'/2.

5'/1'l'~

11::::'

a..b

1r

t9:: -rr/'l,..
1;-: :: 2 A

=- ZA-r

r Uls7T

Zvr
1')?1

To
J~ I;-

Cr-t (L ~fL

"lrr

Ct

~ 1-1t7"lVbf)H

= 11';.1
(~tp" 't

b-B2..

(!,(JI'I

be

( CfJl1't)
_

/n1

- -2.7rL

2. hL

tjJ= A-r2.s/~'2.B -t
CI n a.

g ()

rrn =: If rrA-L"l.

IA-Jl' th

ljJ= ,A-;-2Sln 28 T lAL!'e

The

~4/ue "l /jJ 41- the. SJ.afnaf/~~ ~Int (r=L) G::: tr/z ) J~

'&/ A L2
= ,4L
Th'-lJ)

$1'"

2-

7T

'1-

2.41..'"("1)

1T

-the !"UviIDI' .;,,,. 1he ~fre(unJltj.e, pa~sln,

1n~ sh911aA-/~i4 p~/;'f Ij

,4L '2.11

f.,..

f-

~Y'" pj~H-;'l1j
,

X.
t:lnlA

= r-

A- rs/n 2B

7T-28
St'11 2.8

t-

2.A L2 e

let.

~ pjr;z

J?~.cn

=:

CDS

().f-

a
In~ d/I/;d,ltj .sfY"e4mJ/~<t..

I~ sh() wn ~1'1 17u. ~J1DW/~~

;r~m

pa.,j e.

in v"~UfJ.t

Theta(deg) Theta(rad)

10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90

0.175
0.349
0.524
0.698
0.873
1.047
1.222
1.396
1.571

~ .~~

0.80
" 0.60
0.40
0.20

IStreamline I
.-;:::::::,:==..,..----,-!,
-----,
j

t----F--~_j~~~~~----~---ti---j

.f-----+_!,------=i~-_--r--.---_--+-----r--------j

t----t------j------t---=~--iiiiiiiOO;~:.:__1
+------l-----I----_!__--__+----+__--_l
+------l-----I~--_!__--__+----+__--_l

.00

Source

y'
0.496
0.667
0.778
0.856
0.912
0.952
0.979
0.995
1.000

x'
2.814
1.832
1.347
1.020
0.765
0.550
0.356
0.175
0.000

-.----.,.-:'- - - - - , r -

I~O.OO

r/L

2.857
1.950
1.555
1.331
1.191
1.100
1.042
1.010
1.000

0.50

1.00

1.50
X'

2.00

2.50

3,00

iL_______________________________________

J'

~. bet

I
6. ,~

The two-dimensional velocity field for

an incompressible, Newtonian fluid is described
by the relationship
V = (12xy2 - 6x 3)1 + (18x 2y - 4y 3)j

where the velocity has units of mls when x and

yare in meters. Determine the stresses a:m ay)',
and Tn at the point x = 0.5 m, y = 1.0 m if
pressu~e at this point is 6 kPa and the fluid is
glycerin at 20 e. Show these stresses on a sketch.

(j"

:: -

(T,

>t){

~~ ~

-F -r

ih~

dU

-::
~x

12!J

'2

2)tr)

(OU

( ~O.

~J<

ay'"

d;sf~ibui/~J1) With
4

-/~;(

:::

'Z.

12 (/'0) -Ie

X::.t1),S"",.
~

j::1.0M-1:
/

,:1.if (~,S)(I,D) ::

1;)..6

~=

36X::;:

3b (~,S)(I,o)

If,

~ ()"' ==

/dX -IZ!:f

(JI1J

~.I'Z.'d)

(b,s) ::: 7.StJ -s

~.:

d!:J

b,lz5'a. )

( '=g. b, J 15' 1.,)

O~

lIe/t!>';+:;

9/(,/(11

( Eg.

,,(

-p-r~ ~()'"

txJ ~ f
Fo.,.

2.; ~l.!:

(j

~)(

C)

alj

Thus) .f.o~

and /"-:: /,5'0

+

cr'J~

::

tj = (1.5'D

~:

(I, 5"' () ~) ( 7, ~() f

) :: - S. r8 ..Ie fa.

6.70 Typical inviscid flow solutions for flow around

bodies indicate that the fluid flows smoothly around the
body, even for blunt bodies as shown in Video V6.-1. However, experience reveals that due to the presence of viscosity, the main flow may actually separate from the body creating a wake behind the body. As discussed in a later section
(Section 9.2.6), whether or not separation takes place depends on the pressure gradient along the surface of the body,
as calculated by inviscid flow theory. If the pressure decreases in the direction of flow (a favorable pressure gradient), no separation will occur. However, if the pressure increases in the direction of flow (an adverse pressure
gradient), separation may occur. For the circular cylinder of
Fig. P6.70 placed in a uniform stream with velocity, U, determine an expression for the pressure gradient in the direction flow on the surface of the cylinder. For what range
of values for the angle will an adverse pressure gradient
occur?

---

-u

FIG U REP 6 .J 0

rYP/71

Eeg .

~. /I ro

11 = -to + i

fVl(i -

if

;1'ln1.B)

( I)

Since

el/J

p?Slh;e.,
I

Hils

/17

adverse fr~.s>nre J rdQle",,-t

t3lljPB)

/r

1J;e rAl1fe

-!oj/Pills

tJf

2.

hom

rt'cJ

#r

Ei .f/)
1/11

tJdJlerse

p('e.sst/~ 1I'IU//I'I1/. Th/J 1"t/f1/fe e87rrRspl1ti.I -Jo

Y'etlr half "I 171e C!f/ltlder.

'.71

I
6.7'

For a two-dimensional incompressible

flow in the x-y plane show that the z component
of the vorticity, C, varies in accordance with the
equation

DC
Dt

v V'2[.
-<

What is the physical interpretation of this equation for a nonviscous fluid? Hint: This vorticity
transport equation can be derived from the Navier-Stokes equations by differentiating and eliminating the pressure between Eqs. 6.127a and
6.127b.

~~. 1../27b
(1.)

f
,

b, fleyel1tJ~te
V'.esfe,:i:

fc) )( )

ax;J (JV'it

-t

Eg.") W,.th Ye'f eci +0 l:J cliol E ~ . tZ) wi-h

a""pA $Ubtl"'U.t, G:fJI) .fr fJ " , E~.lZ)
,,~-I:'IIH

Jtr) - a!1d (JU

~"t

dtr

l.(.

~x .,. V ~!J

~ [ d (~ 1. tr
]X. ~X'L

"1

'8~ cJe//","/-,()i1

V-)

~-z..

dIA.
ax

d ( ~ 't (,.(

o}('L

-t

v-

&
'""i

JI.(.)

v- d ~

d'1. '-<.

d':J'L

)J

(3)

(s~e li'~. '.17)

;;I..L

~v-

f~:~-r-;
Re-wr;te

Et(.3}

r;j,-/;g/h

d ( ~v- d L<
(~tr_~)+ u. 'fX
~x- d!:1
Pfj

- ,X
C>

~t:

7[ at
~7..

(o~

dU

ax. - J;

b-87

-+

e'"

ol. (~_J'<)J
oJ<
t3 'J

~!J 'I.

(j,,)

a>< - ~

( If)

(P, 7/

-fer-rn
:5/nce each
it iol/()ws Iha.t

d~
tit

The I eli

D f~

f:J

afr

tA.

-Dt

de f"iva tille

D ()

IS

lor

d'f. )

+~

(S)

J.!:J 2.-

1hf!

f'slJe' G!.lf.S)

mtJfenid

Dt

s; eJ

Th e rl ~ h 1:; ha J1 d

(If)

expyessed a. s

be

CtV1

~teyab:;r

the

t.J here

~ Z.(5)

of

Erg.

In

h.(~
;0
J.x2..

~ fiL =
J!}

-r7.J'"

a"><.

icJe

pqyen thR SI'S

01

t.

E ~ . (5)

~h

b-e

ex.pYessed as

-v
-V =)L~

where

Fo y

a.

V2. ~
So

thai

nfz
::
Dt

-V

1'Jt:n{//~C.()u..s

.{/uid

~"11 b~

E''!. tG")

tdr/fltH I~

l7~

.z

-zj=a J

QJ1c/

111

Thu Cq.s-t!

D f1:-

Th us ) -{O.,..

a..

Df:

fwo- ttllmpI151OA4J

lIon I//SC/J(J.s ,f-/"I(j I

/-Iu,'d j)rut,cJe
is -,.fl"o.

-=0

-In e.

c.hal1/1

as t't

f?1 ()

lies

+/~w

/H

the.

I){

On

Ji1~ompt~.s5aJ/p

v();-iJ~/r':1 t>f "-

ih Y'~"9h the..

!..jaw It'eld

~.72.

I
6.72

The velocity of a fluid particle moving

along a horizontal streamline that coincides with
the x axis in a plane, two-dimensional incompressible flow field was experimentally found to
be described by the equation u = x 2 Along this
streamline determine an expression for: (a) the
rate of change of the v-component of velocity with
respect to y; (b) the acceleration of the particle;
and (c) the pressure gradient in the x direction.
The fluid is Newtonian.

(~) From

C4Jni./~ul'-f!:t e8ua.tl~~)

-the

~V'"'-o
~ -

c;u

ox.

.so tn~ t:

tv

"1'

in

u. = )(

?;tr _~
~::
oJ<

A/so) ~g .II)

Cal-(

theV'ekl"t.

X-fiX/J

is

(;<)::: 0

Jo

'1r

(b)

(/)

wit;, res.ft>ct 1:.0!:J +0

OJ,-i-4/~

J- z~ d!1

=-

1r::: -

the

-;LX

btl ;".f.@9Y'4ftM

Jel 11'"
SIHce

:z..

z)(:; +
0.

f-l)l.)

.s/-Ytlll'l1/Jhe) r=o 4/"11, "this

-tit. t:
-zx';j

o;tiJ

(J/I1~

'.73

6. 13
Two horizontal, infinite, parallel plates are spaced
a distance b apart. A viscous liquid is contained between the
plates. The bottom plate is fixed and the upper plate moves
parallel to the bottom plate with a velocity U. Because of
the no-slip boundary condition (see Video V6.5), the liquid
motion is caused by the liquid being dragged along by the
moving boundary. There is no pressure gradient in the direction of flow. Note that this is a so-called simple Couetle
flow discussed in Section 6.9.2. (a) Start with the NavierStokes equations and determine the velocity distribution between the plates. (b) Determine an expression for the
flow rate passing between the plates (for a unit width). Express your answer in terms of band U.

T"

1/
>-

Ii' I

It

77 7

7 I

7 I I I n-X

J:/ )(~d

(a.. )

7htl~ ~r ~.,f'O f'''.5..fIlY~ ~YdQ/;'''t

)2.k,

7JJz
..50

At

1hd
'j=D

at: ::J =-~

U::: C,
fA. ='0

c;::

-0

j -t Cz.

and ,.f -h//t)/.IJS 1h~t

u.-= V and

TheYekre J

(1:,)

!J

fA..

u (I) d:J

where

C/ ==];

'6

J;

f~':J d::;
0

E~f
-j,
2.

is 111 e. flDwra te per unit- WIdth

Vb
2..

pJ ..-le.

r;.71f

I
6.74
Oil (SAE 30) at 15.6 C flows steadily between fixed,
horizontal, parallel plates. The pressure drop per unit length
along the channel is 20 kPa/m, and the distance between the
plates is 4mm. The flow is laminar. Determine: (a) the volume
rate of flow (per meter of width), (b) the magnitude and direction of the shearing stress acting on the bottom plate, and (c)
the velocity along the centerline of the channel.

(k)

1-~)( Sln'~

I (tJ/,i.
~

lA.. :- -

').)A

all1d

;f

~tr)
-r

(Eg.

~;<.

b.J2!i"J.)

op
aX

-.......

v-=o
iO//f!)wS thai

-~k
a ':1 -

eE (Z!1 )

~ ~x

Ot..r

a.x

-=0

and -theY'e kwe

~ ('1)

Tj,x. ::

At- the boll-om pia ie) '1 =-,,. ) (/11 d S il1 C(! ~
~x.
......:\..
=:
61' (-R,):: (ZO;<I03.1Y.-a)(Z'(JO~'/YYI)
L'jJ<
;.

::

- J

/WI

(C )

-If

(2.81

xlO

~)

(Z)(Z)( IO-3M-{ ')

- D.

105

fD75

I
6.75
Two fixed, horizontal, parallel plates are spaced 0.2
in. apart. A viscous liquid (J-L = 8 x 1O-3 lb s/fr-, SG = 0.9)
flows between the plates with a mean velocity of 0.7 ft/s. Determine the pressure drop per unit length in the direction of
flow. What is the maximum velocity in the channel?

Tn r.(5)

~
i ..

= 1. If 2 ~z. p.,,..It::

'3
::: 2:

(P-b)
0.7 5
=

I.05

tt
S

6.710 A layer of viscous liquid of constant

thickness (no velocity perpendicular to plate)
flows steadily down an infinite, inclined plane.
Determine, by means of the Navier-Stokes equations, the relationship between the thickness of
the layer and the discharge per unit width. The
flow is laminar, and assume air resistance is negligible so that the shearing stress at the free surface is zero.

3)1. = 3
w/th
7/':0

the
J

UJoyd'l14.t~

t..cr::O

froM -the

and

~'1s/-em

#()fl1

Sh"Wh

fJ.x.

d...

,it the hjUye

ox. =0 Thus)
lilli/lty -S.f.tJke.s ~!UlLtl()H~ (Et. '.I 2 7a..))

eLJl1tinuif!J e.tJtl4:i:IOH ~

1l1e

)(.- ~m'p'Mfl1t of the

() = _ i j

S/11

1'1}

Slit

(f

()

eJ/

+j

dZu

d!J

(I)

2-

A-/~o) s Jj.,{~ there /S 4(. free slwface there CtiIfMt. be a. pre.ssf.lY-e,.

jYrJdlent Ih the X-dlY'ecf/~H So -h.c.i: E..e -= 0
Qut/
E'I. (I)
L.1L,
axCqh

De.

wrt 7T~11

I/lS

( Z)

6:,-1'3

(P.77
Direction of flow

6.77

A viscous, incompressible fluid flows be-;

tween the two infinite, vertical, parallel plates of
Fig. P6.11. Determine, by use of the NavierStokes equations, an expression for the pressure
gradient in the direction of flow. Express your
answer in terms of the mean velocity. Assume
that the flow is laminar, steady, and uniform.

~h+h~
FIGURE P6.17

With the ~f'dtn4~e .j,/.stem ~hf)UJn t<. = 0) W- =0 C(lId .frt!Jm 111e

UJni/nu/f!:1
(Aa.I::/~J1 ; : ; = o Th liS) rr"m 11te !/- UJmjJDJ1bl'"i
of -the Nllllley-SlDk~.s -ejtlal-ID;"~ (EI ~.1Z.1h)) tul1Jt ~:J -= -J)

ez

Jp

-h -f3

+;-

cJ 2 tr

(I)

d;<'2.

S/I1C~ 'fhe ,"~~stlye is I'}()t a h(J1(:.-b~n

be wl"iHeJ1 IJs
d 2 v- _ .p

01 .x.) '1'

1/)

C/l11

-tlfi'L -/--

(t.Jhe~e

P =

# +;03)

dt.r::
d.JL

s'f/7J/nelr~

J:;1!)f)1

of

1,.

Thu5

(2)

~if1/d.s

w/1'J-,

~r =c

/nff?rp/-en
P X T C,

ol1d

r
o.t:

x=

(J

.j~

(me~Yl veJocj~ ) 9ivel1

<!- =
J..E -I.. "2.

V= 2:h
'!hai

~
'4!:J -

/'-

( Z)

r..78
6.78

A fluid of density p flows steadily downward between the two vertical infinite, parallel

plates shown in the figurefor Problem 6:17. The

flow is fully developed and laminar. Make use of
the Navier-Stokes equation to determine the relationship between the discharge and the other
parameters involved, for the case in which the
change in pressure along the channel is zero.

Problem

See.

'2.

Z=

where

J5

.f = P':J
!.e

Thus)
3~g
2..
J

~ +/J - CJp =

TY

!=b~

':;

p-l3

3
~
the ci'scha"ge pel" "1I11 t.vidth

+/,q.

"to

to. 8 3

-3

2.

-It.

11. -fJ

=0

(lIo/:e: Jj,(! ne!ah;,~ SI'!), iJ1dlC4ks -fh4t 1Ite d'l"e"tJ(/n ~( IIf)W

l?1us t: b.fl

d"wnw~lIeI

.f.o

create.

a IeY'O fY't'ssl.J~~ jradJlfrlt.)

6.79
Due to the no-slip condition, as a solid is pulled out
of a viscous liquid some of the liquid is also pulled along as
described in Example 6.9 and shown in Videu V6.S. Based on
the results given in Example 6.9, show on a dimensionless plot
the velocity distribution in the fluid film (vIVo vs. x/h) when the
average film velocity, V, is 10% of the belt velocity, Vo.

l' VeJ1 b'J the ~tu4:h~)I

en

( 3)

(Lf' )

r",.,,,,
tlnll

eZ.

e1.(3)

(J J:..~

~VD

(If)

~''U1

V. ~ J.

wr, HfH

3S

2.7
a.S

27 [~ ) +

(f. )

1_

A pia+- ~ f. -tn(! I/~ /Oc./-hJ c/I'flt-vi 6/.(.J-/~1'I

xlh

o
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1

vNo
1.000
0.744
0.514
0.312

1.500 ,---,----,---r--...,.--,----,-..,---,----.----.
! i

1.000

0.136
-0.013
-0.134
-0.229

f'...

<>0 0.500

0.000

l_

lr-....t-..,. i

-1--+--+-+--~

___~"...__-I---t--4----l
-I~~:...-;Lj.

-0.500 -I--......!-I--L._.L...--L-~!----l_..l.---L---L--I

-0.296
-0.337
-0.350

~
Calculated from

~.,........,.-...,....."....--,

Eq. (5)

0.5
x1h

~-~~------------'

G,.FO

6.80

An incompressible, viscous fluid IS

placed between horizontal, infinite, parallel
plates as is shown in Fig. P6.80. The two plates
move in opposite directions with constant velocities, VI and V 2 , as shown. The pressure gradient
in the x direction is zero and the only body force
is due to the fluid weight. Use the Navier-Stokes
equations to derive an expression for the velocity
distribution between the plates. Assume laminar
flow.

FIGURE P6.80

c~l1di .J-IDt1~)

:steel h iod

RPr fne

171tl.t the.. X.-6Pmf~l1p"t

( EZ' ~. /2'71<.) reduces -1::0

In.f-e1rll 6,p;' t!J.f-

Gr

0)

J.

F;; r

'J

=.

b)

fA.. '::

V,

tit:.

p,l(.

1:111"

! :: 0

J(.,)

e'l"lttJol1S

u)

of ("2.

( 2.)

u.. =--L{

w-:: 0 ,)

7Ie/cis

(I)

U:- ~

:J=

.:.

=")

01 the Natlle~ - S-iDkfJ

Sa

d zf.,(
d!J 2.

=- - V ~
~o

1ha t

V;=C,h-~

c=
I

u; -t u;. )
u..= ( b

t;J

"

6.81

Two immiscible, incompressible, viscous

fluids having the same densities but different viscosities are contained between two infinite, horizontal, parallel plates (Fig. P6.E,J . The bottom
plate is fixed and the upper plate moves with a
constant velocity U. Determine the velocity at the
interface. Express your answer in terms of V, 111 ~
and 112' The motion of the fluid is caused entirely
by the movement of the upper plate; that is, there
is no pressure gradient in the x direction. The
fluid velocity and shearing stress is continuous
across the interface between the two fluids. Assume laminar flow.

Fixed

plate

FIGURE P6.81

the. spec/hed C~lId;'tloIf.SJ 7/::: 0 ; w-:::0.l if. :'0j QHIiI Ix. =oJ -Se>
'/hat the x- ~mf()nMt of th~ IVallier-5fDkes -esaa:l:loHs (E?fJ. ',/Z711)
-hI- e/they fht! up~Y tJr IOIVIY laffer vedtlces t.o
/=r;r

dzu

I.nk~rA:ti"lt

~I

E S.

d!J

(/)

':0

(I)

J,.

fj/e/ds

u=A-~ -f8
fA.)

tJt~

h ;c h '1 Jiles

r",

the

lIe/f)c/-ht dt.sfn~ktIDN

uppey /4. reY' at-

'j:= 2 -'.) '"

it

= Z7

e/fhev

.so

J alJ"'Y".

/ha.:t

B -: V - A, (2.1,)
I

her~ the S'IbSC. "'pi

POI' the lowe#' latter-

re fers 10 11te U.f'f~v la.Yfy',

CIt fj::oJ u=o ..so thai

=0

B2-

(..)her~ the. '5L1bu,JI'lpt

U I -::

tlnu

fA 2.

AI:

'J='{

AI

Jl'eier.s +0 the

( ':J - 2

U, ::: U2

A:z - -A I

JaY-iV'. Thus)

t..) +- 7J

= A'2,

Jo

AI (~-Z.h) + U

",...

JOOty

.::

1ha-l:

AI. --{

(c'()n

't )

(z )

( CI)I1'i )

S/~(e

he

1h(. lIeJ()C"-ht chs'frJ'blll:lDh IS /'~elll' '11 e~c.h Jtl~er

5he~Y'/n,

~fYi.s.s

tr)::

L':Jx

Is

.u. .i!::

( J u. .,. Ii
J ~)x

"f-..

-jA.

/-

d!J

~l1si:ql1i 111 r()l.(fIHt)I(,f. eac.h lA-iffY'. hr the "'fpl'Y J~'ttr

L; ~ /-1 A,
a J1 eI

laf'

the

)tJWdy

/tl'1fY'

Li

":!

jJ,. A

",...
., =-

2.

~
.z.

Co,.J.,a
-I:
lit

PI A, -=)tz. A

I-

ft, -

liz. -

l:!-~

~,

Fixed
plate

6.82
The viscous, incomp.r0:Jslb1e flow between the parallel plates shown in Fig. P6.8~ is caused by both the motion of
the bottom plate and a pressure gradient, iJp/iJx. As noted in
Section 6.9.2, an important dimensionless parameter for this
type of problem is P = -(b 212 p.U) (iJp/iJx) where p. is the fluid
viscosity. Make a plot of the dimensionless velocity distribution (similar to that shown in Fig. 6.31b) for P = 3. For this
case where does the maximum velocity occur?

u
FIGURE P6.82

U ': ~

At

t.< :'

C, :: -

(dP)
2
~ ':f t
Jo

"'1}t1A..i:

..../'I , 'J
Cz. ::-

-t

~L

v:

A -I:

.J. (lj") b _ ~

/)..1"

~;< /

(~ ) (!J "- b:;)

(1 - ~)

[,r

i.~ (~)(Y
r; - ttr
,;( b )(!LI)
J,

'::J

u -

(I)

t I

P=-iih"'-rr ('?i')
~

SII1C<)

1:1 . (I)

Can

b<

wr/ffel'1 as.

u. ...
- -p(t)(l-)-f7
IJ-

p/oi 6/ -this

/$

sh()wn.

On

VI! / ~(..;

];

( 2.)

+rt chsf(; b/.( -tIC ';" loy P =- 3

-h1t!. .ft, / /() u) I n' ,

, -100

p4.J<! .

y/b

u/U
1
1.17

0.1

1.28

0.2

1.33

0.3
0.4

1.32
1.25
1.12
0.93

0.68
0.37

1.2

..,--.,--,...---,-\---,..--,----r--,--;-\-,--,-I----r--,---'I,--;-1

1
0.8

t:tl~~j;~t:r:['
JI=JI=JI=I!=rI=L
~i
I! I i

- ,

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8

It~:~1
I!
~ O. 6 +---+-+-+----+----+-----j---I----l----tl---i~.....
~d~-----r--T!-----j

0.9
1

0.2 +-+----+--+--+----+--+---+---t----t--t__-t-~--r-::~-,r--:-I--j

0.4 +-+--+-+-+--+-+-+--1--+,-+-----+----i--1'l}l-tI, --j

, 1

0-l--...I....-...I....-.L.....-.L.....-j---!l.--J----1--L---'-=:;.l..---,----,---,--;

Calculated
from Eq. (2)
with P =3.

To

u/U
L-____________________________________ i

de. krrrlJ~.c.

whp,,<

c/,/ft.r-tl1tI4+-t!..

d .(1A-1v)

~'J
ClntA.

WJ

1-;,

E'!. (2)

)114)(1I1U011

Cll1d

.sei

V )0(, I ~

J,a

=_3
~

.= 0

[i (2 i-1ij - = ~

.. 1

"I""

.b

&'-/0/

DC'" C..O"

eS~AJ ~ 'ty~.

0[1. (J. ) - 1] - J.b

~-..L

dey

-InlVr

fh{

P= 3

c{(fA./v )
So

1.5

0.5

Thus"

6,83
A viscous fluid (specific weight = SO Ib/ft3; viscosity = 0.03 lb . s/ft2) is contained between two infinite, horizontal parallel plates as shown in Fig. P6.S3. The fluid moves
between the plates under the action of a pressure gradient, and
the upper plate moves with a velocity U while the bottom plate
is fixed. A V-tube manometer connected between two points
along the bottom indicates a differential reading of 0.1 in. If the
upper plate moves with a velocity of 0.02 ft/s, at what distance
from the bottom plate does the maximum velocity in the gap
between the two plates occur? Assume laminar flow.

u= 0.02 ftls

'~~_.
m_BB~
~
.1=

Fixed
plate

r = 100 Iblff
FIGURE P6.83

MCI;(llnt.f/YI

at cllS-h}fce ~ntf tJl1t~e

ve/oc,1t:t ltI/// 4'JCCllr

Thus)

( J)

For rnanofYItte.,.

(St~ h~lJrt 1:0 r"IhtJ)

~+ ~f Ah -

'(1 f .An

t, - 1'2. ~ ('0}t - ~

= (J

()O

it

= f1.

) Ah
gD

11

l:! ) (

6. J

.ft'3

I'

111.) -O.I~7-~
_
Ih
.ft.

2.~.

+t-

A-Is 0 J

JP

ox.

::

.p, -R'l.

O. /(P7
(

(01')1.
12. ,'\01.

1'-'

4=t;2.

lb
= (). ~3LJ H3

I. 0 I~'

12. ,'..,.

Shaft

6 . S1+A vertical shaft passes through a bearing and is lubricated with an oil having a viscosity of 0.2 Ns/m 2 as shown in
Fig. P6. g'r. Assume that the flow characteristics in the gap between the shaft and bearing are the smne as those for laminar
flow between infinite parallel plates with zero pressure gradient
in the direction of flow. Estimate the torque required to overcome viscous resistance when the shaft is turning at 80 rev Imin.

75 mm

~"'i"

FIG U REP 6.84-

dF== "t'dA

The -bOY~ ue
~)\I\

1.5

'yce d r ac.+'~j
d~++eyet,.hal ~vea.) dA-=- vi.Rc1e J

().

C$e E'

+0

due.

+1;

ijll'.iC!

cI~ ~ y.
.J

().Iheve

IS

tne.

Il.t

Tr.2dB
L

VI'~t.)

d F :: y.l. 'J. r.1 d8

~ neAyil1j styes s.

Thu S J

1oJT"

d8

:1.11"

u= lJ.:t.
b

Th us) from

E Z . II J

J= 2iTr/"r;-)f. =
= ),11 (0. 015
{0.2

m1

0.355 N

rm

r/ t ;

(I )

6.85
A viscous fluid is contained between two long concentric cylinders. The geometry of the system is such that the
flow between the cylinders is approximately the same as the
laminar flow between two infinite parallel plates. (a) Determine
an expression for the torque required to rotate the outer cylinder with an angular velocity w. The inner cylinder is fixed. Express your answer in terms of the geometry of the system, the
viscosity of the fluid, and the angular velocity. (b) For a small
rectangular element located at the fixed wall determine an expression for the rate of angular deformation of this element.
(See Video V6.1 and Fig. P6.9.)

de

1 '"

c.~Jihdf(

Jen,1h

t .... sheanng s+ress

(ill)

The -torgue W~'c.~ must be. o.ppl,fa +v out(lv CLfIJ~dtf 10 ovevco",e 1k.t
kY,e du~

1v tk~ S~~4v(n, J1-l"'ts.s IS

d~:: ~ d F

(see .r,9u~)

Y" (t ~ .Q de)

ITT"

J"

'fb'

tJ [ de

:::

;2:".,.

= ~ ~ 1:"..Q

de

ro 2. '-'"l!..n

(I )

I. n the 3(). P

t:: F'Lt
1::: YQ G Z.

(J)

Y"l.'

d..Y: : :

-hia+-

db

11

+0 Ho ws

~.fS

I
(j,)

FYtJln E'fj.

t,,18

P_~

~
/i;~

01.(
'+ 0'1

- "K

1h(

j Jt1ea r'

J,ifr;bu .j./~'1J
__

u.= - r;~

Z/~

J,

Y.'-y-.
()
L

~l-{

__

Fb"
I/nll

V-

V.::.()

--v.b
/h~ lIe!a..f/,t~ ~J1n indtC4h.! -/n"t;- iJt~ ()rt9J11~/
rl911t ClIt9/~

.Ihf)IINI

I;'

Fitj,

P', 'f J,

jJ

IhCretl..slh~.

6. 8~* Oil (SAE 30) flows between parallel

plates spaced 5 mm apart. The bottom plate is
fixed but the upper plate moves with a velocity
of 0.2 mls in the positive x direction. The pressure
gradient is 60 kPa/m, and is negative. Compute
the velocity at various points across the channel
and show the results on a plot. Assume laminar
flow.

ve/o(;/t-!1 d/sfr/i1U";'OH 5

The

=V

me

'iIi/eM

b~ the egt{~bt)~

~~) (:;2_

b!1)

9111iw dA:U I

(~.:J. ;')

u=

(tJ. ()t)SI'm

so 1ha i

u = 'fO!:f +
tv/lh

U.

111

CCI / til J~ 1-,;'.1

100
110
120
130
140
150
155
160
170
180
190

7.!f;<. It; 'I- (

O. O()S!:f -

:/J)

fm/5
t(

whfn !:J i~ I;' 1)t1. If pr0tjY4m

as 4 I-ttl1c;bl)d bf f:J fO//()lQs.

cis
print ,,******* *** **** ******** ** **** ***:+ *************** :t-* * II
print II ** This program cal culates t.he veloci t.y prof il e * i l l
print ,,** for Couette flow
**"
print "**************************************************"
print
print."
y
U(y)"
for y=O.O to 0.0051 step 0.0005
u=40*y+78900*(0.005*y-y~2)

print using "#.####

next "}t

#.####";y,u

( CtPn't. )
[;,,/;II/ated dak.

4Hd A.

p/tJi ()f- the dlLia. a;e

!}/vf'J1

j,e/()w.

*************************************************w
** This program calculates the velocity profile **
** for Couette flow
**
**************************************************
y

0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050

u(y)
0.0000
0.1975
0.3556
0.4742
0.5534
0.5931
0.5934
0.5542
0.4756
0.3575
0.2000

* 10- 3
5r-------------------~~----------------

________------____

3
E

0.1

0.2

0.3
u

(m/s)

b-lo7

0.4

0.5

0.6

6.~ 7

Consider a steady, laminar Bow through

a straight horizontal tube having the constant elliptical cross section given by the equation:

x2 y2
a 2 + b2 = 1
The streamlines are all straight and parallel. Investigate the possibility of using an equation for
the z component of velocity of the form

X2

y2)

w=A (1 - - -2
a2
b
as an exact solution to this problem. With this
velocity distribution what is the relationship between the pressure gradient along the tube and
the volume fiowrate through the tube?
Fr(Pin

'/he descl"I,iJt/It 1)/

-the pJ"()b/{'m,)

U=O) V-':0

Ix- =0)

ur:j: I(t),

the. C4?l1ilnU; f~ eg tilt tl,,;n li?tl;~~~J' -II1,d Jur.:::.o. w;f1.t 11use

CbI1t/;f/~;'nJ' The iE -CtPmp~pl1t of 1ke NIJII/e}l"-J~".s .e!(J,d,()H.s (Ef. h, IZ 7c.)

C/hd

rePtlte s -16

(Lur
~;(Z.
"Z

J!, _
Ji: ~)'

';/"2..

)(,'2..

-al: + 6'3,
-

1-

"Zur)

~J ~

=I

pr()t~secl

Thus) the
~11

d,' +, f!JIt

Carr

the

011

b.e

used as

bt)LlHdtli'fj

.s~Jli.JbM. Subst/tu 6til1 ~f the ve/oci ~

tt

d2 W-::P,x'z

btl I-IO~

V'~.sLlJi 1~(";att'J 7hllt the PY'tJfos('cl lIe/{)cir!1 d/~f~l:)jrho~

d',S"fr;l?t/fJoH II1'-1-lJ Et.

the Pf'.e>StlY.(! 1Ylltltf;'t;

d'SfYI

~ -1':-- r)" A [i- (~: ;- ~~ =A D- oj) =()

0": A

Th/s

/J1 ce

veJoc,'-ht

( I)

~llows

t.J)

#)

ql'/es ihe YeJa-b~sHj be.J-w~eY1

(/11# 111e
Lle/oci'1tj. S;;;C'f!.,)

_;(,4

d 2 W-""

_ Z,4

o!J'Z -

.bz.

7..

1H4 i:

~
J-t

- - l AJ<.
/

(-f.

( coni)
G-108

j,~ )

(2)

d4=-di.d':J
I

T
h

-t--

QV1d

1Y1 e re fr:, roe

,4:

!="rom

zeD
1ra...b

EZ(2)

~ =- Lf # C)
Tr4b
~t

(-jy. i-~)

6. ~ g

A fluid is initially at rest between two

horizontal, infinite, parallel plates. A constant
pressure gradient in a direction parallel to the
plates is suddenly applied and the fluid starts to
move. Determine the appropriate differential
equation(s), initial condition, and boundary conditions that govern this type of flow. You need
not solve the equation(s).

D/';:kYPII~,(/j

~.

e .t"ce,Pt

/;J J

( x-

HII

1Jte

OYt!

7Hc t- : ; :# 0

1. '. IZ 1 r?/ws-t

Ihvs J

e$ua.ildJl1S

-hte

QS

$5. 1..1291 6./3~ ql1~

(.5,;'a:.. iHe .f'14L.) 1.5 ~J1sl-ea",).

'nclwde

,/ov(lY'l1ln f

Sf/me..

tHe.

IOCQI aCce/enJt:lo~ i:t'r""'.J

d,.,ch~J4hlf'j -ef""iJt9Xs

tlre:

d/Ye(.-htJ~)

0::-

_ Jp
d!}

- fi-

0: -~
dZ.

J:n, +, q'j
/3f)t/ J1 r/II,.!}

&;11t/J '..j.,p#

k=o

.ft:,y-

i:a

C4'JnQi .fioll5 :

u=o

h>r

!f=~~

6:,-/10

~r ,I'll

-k>y t

!:1
~(j

6.89
[t is known that the velocity distribution for steady,
laminar now in circular tubes (ei ther horizontal or vertical)
is parabolic. (See Vidl'Cl "\'6.6 .) Consider a IO-mm diameter
horizontal tube through which ethyl alcohol is flowi ng with
a steady mean vclocity 0.15 mls. (a) Would you expect the
vcloci ty distribution to be parabolic in this ease? Explain.
(b) What is the pressure drop per unit length along the tube?

(a)

C hec.K

Re =
flow /; ) IJm/;'" r (} Hd
PIIY" /JoFc.. y~j .

= g

(/.I~ ></0- 3 yt,~)(t? /~f' )

(0. o;,lJ"") "

S7 / -IV,
;m

p.er

j
'--1 1/

ml

~.

'10

6.90
A simple flow system to be used for steady flow
tests consists of a constant head tank connected to a length of
4-mm-diameter tubing as shown in Fig. P6.90. The liquid has
a viscosity of 0.015 N . s/m 2, a density of 1200 kg/m3 , and discharges into the atmosphere with a mean velocity of 2 m/s. (a)
Verify that the flow will be laminar. (b) The flow is fully developed in the last 3 m of the tube. What is the pressure at the
pressure gage? (c) What is the magnitude of the wall shearing
stress, Tn' in the fully developed region?

_ _ _ _IIIIIiiI_m

Diameter = 4 mm

\.

3m---I.!

FIGURE P6.90

(C<. )

Check:. Re'fIJ~/"s

hum ber-

Re::: !- V (2~)

::

/'"

(h)

/7;r

/qmlfJRY

/-/f)W,;

v=

J!..2.Ae

K)4

fJt= 1: -1, :: 1:-

SInce

= J'1t

fs.ef! I/J'w r-e

vi

..e ~

(1;3-

1;, /sz)

::-

/~o.le. ~

,.l.

B' (

~:) (2 '; ) (3/IH)

0.0/5

(0.0:' If I'M) 1

(c )

7Ij. :'0 I

4he/

v;,"'i::.z V

w/fh

Lrr = .< y/
ThuS)

o.t:

tha. t

me4n ve/oci"l:'J

f"1-)

-\- ~ ': 1-

V is the

/ tJhf"-e.

the. wall) r= F2}

(~"
l Lri-)w./I

(-

50

(2 ~ ) ( (). 0 I fj ~.. ')

If

(0.00
Z

f&.-1/2

ij. IYI1 )

~O.O-z.
m'I

1--'_'1_,_ . . .1

6.91
A highly viscous Newtonian liquid (p = 1,300 kglm 3 ;
J.L = 60 N . s/m2) is contained in a long, vertical, 150-mm diameter tube. Initially the liquid is at rest but when a valve at
the bottom of the tube is opened flow commences. Although
the flow is slowly changing with time, at any instant the velocity distribution is parabolic, that is, the flow is quasi-steady.
(See Vidt-o V6.6.) Some measurements show that the average
velocity, V, is changing in accordance with the equation
V = 0.1 t, with V in mls when t is in seconds. (a) Show on a
plot the velocity distribution (v: vs. r) at t = 2 s, where v: is the
velocity and r is the radius from the center of the tube. (b) Verify that the flow is laminar at this instant.

~rAj,~II' veloci-fJ dl;.fy"bH-h~ II

(a) [;.,,-

3: =

J- (f)1-

't;q).

:5,'""C! ~IIK:: 2. V

~=tV[I-(~Y"]
V= 6.1t ) 0.-1: i=-

(I)

V = O. 2~

2.s

ct.
(6,2 r) D-("'~':""J" ]

15"~~111'1 :::- 1StmM1 . Thus)

2..

~ = 2.

1i- ': o. Lf
A0.100
0.185
0.256
0.313
0.356
0.384
0.400
0.384
0.356
0.313
0.256
0.256
0.185
0.100
0.000

(b)

(I - 178 r). )

pl{)t (;f -hi;.; ve/~(,;frt d/~Jy"butl()'"

(m/s)
0.000

Vz

(J)

r(m)

0.075
0.065
0.055
0.045
0.035
0.025
0.015

0.1

0.06

I
,..,~,

0.04
0.02

-0.015
-0.025
-0.035
-0.045
-0.045
-0.055
-0.065
-0.075

o /'e-

0.08 ~

"
,

0 t-------t--T------t----t-------I

-0.02

t----t--T---+-~)--t-______j

ii~
V ,I

-0.04

'

,
!

-0.06~!

~:.:ooo 0;" o~oo o~oo o~oo o~oo

vz(m/s)

f-Y D -

6,. () NJ
h1'I~

== '.5

2..J{)t;

Flow

J".s

14m/naY')

6. ~ 2

(a) Show that for Poiseuille flow in a

tube of radius R the magnitude of the wall shearing stress, TTl> can be obtained from the relationship

I(Trz)wall!

4JlQ
nR3

for a Newtonian fluid of viscosity Jl. The volume

rate of flow is Q. (b) Determine the magnitude
of the wall shearing stress for a fluid having a
viscosity of 0.003 Ns/m 2 flowing with an average
velocity of 100 mmls in a 2-mm-diameter tube.

( Q..)

/]J~
(..r~ -:: / ' pr

Vi- = ~t"

[I - (~]']

0lJ.-= _
a. t

tHe

cP ::

/f /o//{)II)S

u/(',// {}- ==-Je) ;

- _
Lrr willi -

";" "ftt

ve Jocl+'"J )

/C2.

( "....)
CIII d

rn el#n

'fVr

~r-

Th US)

1H~

V 1.5

a~d

Tit 2

(0-~L./I

'f~V
Ie

(b )

If (0.003

~ )(0. Joe> !!f)

( 0. 00 2. ,.,.. )
"Z.

= /.20

Fa.

6. 'J3

An incompressible, Newtonian fluid

flows steadily between two infinitely long, concentric cylinders as shown in Fig. P6.~3 . The
outer cylinder is fixed, but the inner cylinder
moves with a longitudinal velocity Vo as shown.
For what value of Vo will the drag on the inner
cylinder be zero? Assume that the flow is laminar,
axisymmetric, and fully developed.

t. ./Jf7 J

G'tua 6,;'1:/
CA.pplles

JJ1

The.

Fixed wall"-,..

wh'Gh WIIS 'ec/e/~ptd ~Y'

flnnu/lir reJI()n. ThUll

~ = ;. (~) r~
With .b()"i1dtJr~ U)H(J/f;()J1S
It fe>1/()w.s tnAt:
(

y.

=~) -v;

~ ) ~2

( U)
~~
'{;
1.0

Z.

in

C,

fl"w

tlnd

i Y1 t;;

c,

Co,in

? Of) (r,.z- r;')

yo ::.

..-

1-';.7- C.

c, 2~

w,'j /

Lri- -:: I M. (~T

Jr
COIf:/

w;fJ,

v;. ;: a

Vi-)
y

if I"/I,,ws tha i

:::)k

rr /

J Vi:
or

(c.~n 't.

rz)

~.:: ~ )

Cz

C '::::

The

-lubes)

(t)

SUh frac.t E~ . (Z) 1',./J11'1 E$ J3) Ie CJbl:~u~

~"

clrcuilfY

+ C%

J-

=0)

111

be reY'o

( 3)

~.93

I
D,t~/eY{1ntJ~l:e

$.

OJ

J ~ _ -L
~

So

1h1l

Thus J

~i

- ;1.1<-

w;tn

NSfec.t

(..e)I-'''''
0r

~
J-

r.: r..

(Z-'ttr.,,~&(~:)r
..
,

1/1

t:cJ

./0 r ih e c/Y'II? .fD be ~eY'o

-L (ll. ) r. + ~ - ~ (# )(~.7.-y;; 2.)

"rd ey

021'

.I

; z-

/.

6.'14-

An infinitely long, solid, vertical cylinder ot radius R is located in an infinite mass of

an incompressible fluid. Start with the NavierStokes equation in the () direction and derive an
expression for the velocity distribution for the
steady flow case in which the cylinder is rotating
about a fixed axis with a constant angular velocity
w. You need not consider body forces. Assume
that the flow is axisymmetric and the fluid is at
rest at infinity.

v;. =0) -z.; =0;

p"t" this (//)W he/cf)

~(I-l/j-)

-r
I

t"t

+ -

frt)h1

Pi'll!

d~

al--

'1h I(. t.

10 IIt) w.s

the

~l-i-

+ -=0

pC;

~z..

I hus) the Ntll//fY- S~kes efua-tlt/H 111 the e-d/}~ec.t/l)~ (Eg.6.1ZJb)

loy s tflld~

ae

)~

o = - ;.

Due.

fo

the

io

Y.ftluce.s

Ht)w

[f1== h- l'"f J~)

av- d

tJ/ 1he k"lV )

S'lmme tl''1

o -p

::::"0

dB--

.so tJu. t

-L~

Jf-o

ti)Zt/j;

/05

(r ~?)I

~",2.

S,nce

+~

=0

/-'1..

Jv;, _ ~

}-~

1--;;;:
iul1c.i'f!)Jf

eA./"'~ .ssed 4~ t1n

V'e - tv Y'I '#f' J1 t1 S

VB

"f

=0

( I)

~n/!1 r.l E $ ,(J)

Cllf1

~ rd/)'JA1"!1 dl Ife"/'Inq/ eI tllJ til) J"J

.!!.. (~)
T

dr

J-

dl--

d~
ely.

(2.)

"V&---- -

d l/(:; +
I-

=0

-t-

~.:

( CCn 't

b -117

C1

(.4 )

~. 9'1

E$lIflt:/f) ~ t.J)

~n

be

d (;-I./j;) _

e)(.pY'~.ss(?d 4

c, y

-~ eO) ~ ~ 0) (s,;'ce f/tI~d IS ai r~si O-t 1~/;;lIf~)

.405

I-

So

1ha i

C, ;: o.

T h US)

"'i~

ve'::

.;Jince

ai

Cz.

;-=-R / v:
a -= RtV) /f

6. qs

A viscous fluid is contained between two

infinitely long vertical concentric cylinders. The
outer cylinder has a radius and rotates with an
angular velocity w. The inner cylinder is fixed and
has a radius ' i ' Make use of the Navier-Stokes
equations to obtain an exact solution for the velocity distribution in the gap. Assume that the
flow in the gap is axisymmetric (neither velocity
nor pressure are functions of angular position ()
within gap) and that there are no velocity components other than the tangential component.
The only body force is the weight.

'0

(I)

( See

PY'(),bJeh1

W,th The. hOUY1dIlYf:J ~j.fd~ f,;Jt.5 t- =Yi,' ) ve.= 0) 4J.1 til

r =:. r:0; V; :: Y'. U) (s~e fijll'e ~Y' hOia.t:IOI1)) it: kl/()ws.
+-ff)1?1

~ b'

C7

()

C1)

tna t .'

c, r;..

D::

"f-

.2..

-(, Y'"

~w=

.2..

eZ.
1"".'
'-

-to

C:J.,

2W

/-

-r:z..
o

C:2. :::
/-

.so

1n1l.:t
r-tU

1/:::G;

r..I. 2- ~
..... :a.

1- (/- !i.~

t.

I-

1";10

or"

v:=
(7

rW

(1-

%2-)

[ I

,- //7

r/]
1-2-

h"
()

6.96
For flow between concentric cylinders, with the outer
cylinder rotating at an angular velocity w and the inner cylinder fixed, it is commonly assumed that the tangential velocity
(ve) distribution in the gap between the cylinders is linear. Based
on the exact solution to this problem (see Problem 6.95) the velocity distribution in the gap is not linear. For an outer cylinder
with radius ro = 2.00 in. and an inner cylinder with radius rj =
1.80 in., show, with the aid of a plot, how the dimensionless
velocity distribution, ve/row, varies with the dimensionless radial position, r/ro' for the exact and approximate solutions.

(I)

fh~

/;1'

e~a(,.J S/)/U.l:,t~11

~
ClIJe!

It.

-f;AJ
"

r;.::

jY'A.'ph

rtc.J
::

(/ -

~.I.)

[I -

1=b~

n~n d/fY1frlsi~n,,/ ~f"1"n

119

rf)Y

(see PrIJf,Jem

I,g 0 In
t:1l"e

....

..

(1- !.:':)
...."
1/ MAt;; := 2... Ot)

sh~WiJ

i" 15')

!lJ
f-ao

[I - ~':(lr1
Yo

(2)

V't>

/n .

beID"V. Npte

S~I11~

k;u J4. fpP{

~.J; -h:tY~

IJ

VII Juel

1:tt-.1e

I'JI(

II

d;f./e'fll('e he-/;w~eJ1 the eJC.ac.t Q"d a.ppf'l'ilml.fe .sc/U:tlt9fl.S,'(;'Y' thIS

srntJ/ JA..p wid-t'Jt. FtJr 1111 ,rA&'"C4i purft'Jt.s ho11t :5tJ1u.r'/f)Jl/s HII
on 1/te SJhf)e C.UVlltl shpwl'J.
Linear

",/r.w
0.000
0.125
0.250
0.375
0.500
0.625
0.750
0.875
1.000

Exact
Yo/row
0.000
0.131
0.260
0.387
0.512
0.637
0.759
0.880
1.000

r/ro
0.900
0.913
0.925
0.938
0.950
0.963
0.975
0.988
1.000

::::: .~_._. __.__1___~ _ ~

a 960

-- .------:/-------------

~ O.9401--~ ------.-.0.920 \/-------- .. --'---'-0.900 y - - - - - f - - - - - - \

1.000
0.500
0.000
Vf) Ir;,w

().97
A viscous liquid (p. = 0.0121b . s/ft2, p = 1.79
slugs/fe) flows through the annular space between two horizontal, fixed, concentric cylinders. If the radius of the inner
cylinder is 1.5 in. and the radius of the outer cylinder is 2.5 in.,
what is the pressure drop along the axis of the annulus per foot
when the volume flowrate is 0.14 fe Is?

Check

Re'flll';ds

iJIIl1'Ibtr

R ~
(!

Di. ::

Whev-e

:l. (';; -

1-0 JeternufJe

I.. V iJ"
)"-

ft)

Q/I1

Thus)

v::-

:J. (1,7t;

1T

(~).-ft..1.)

s!:/; )(t). ILl

13)

tr (~.()/2 I~~ ) (.?Sln, +

:-SI#.)

12. 111

3'1,Q
S/~ce

<

the Re'f,,~Jd$

/Qm /J1~'"

2100

l7L1mb!y

IJ

w!/I b(,/ow

Z/oo

flow I~

-the

411 d

( 6. 6.1~6)
So

41'
J

==

( ~.S/;'\~
I~

(JIS/~

-:rot

.
2.51/'1'

12

ft:

1,5'1'11.

33.1 ~h
ft2.

fey

It

fr.-,i,

,2J2-

12..J.!l' )

6. '1'6>

Plot the velocity profile for the fluid

flowing in the annular space described in Problem
P6.Q7. Determine from the plot the radius at
which the maximum velocity occurs and compare
with the value predicted from Eq. 6.157.

ch~ fy; btl. tlt)J1

The veloc/f!J

the annulus

'"

f.ti[;<
~- ~ or
r -~
- -!.

1":.2_ y;
+

'
.1n

IS

2-

(/

-r,.
Yo

9 , yfJ1 hI; the -Rgtl~,",dj,

Jm

1:]

(Et,

f;

"ISS)

f..

t .Q7

From ProbJem

~: - ~ = - J. a. 'I- !.k.3

J.

tJz

Thus) w/iJ,

J,t. =

/-.

tt

r::
J.

o. 016 I~ ,s/~i 2. I

If fo//()ttlS "1hA i

~= -

(:u.'I i!:3)
if

(d. /)/1. ~ )
"-L

wh(JY~

1,5
1'2.

ft

-L..

:00
110
120
130
1~0

1--=

as

~,ft
12.

J-

JH

.,Ltll1c. t:1(/~ af

1//1 tI

Y'()

= 2. S' I'".

(.. ft)':.M~)ln

I:z.

w;th

.fils

111

c~/Ctl /~t-/ng

rr~ (Yft):

I, 5" /11.

2..~
1.5

ft. A
r

/"

~J
!;{.ft

fY'c9rtl!n .loy

the.

Y'An'l~

k//()WS.

cls
print "**************************************************"
print "** This program calculates the velocit.y profile **"
print "** for flow in an annulus
**"
print. "* * ** ** * ** * * * * * ** **** **** *** * * * ** * ** ** * * * >I: *** *** * * *"
print
print II r (ft)
v (ft/s)"
for r=1.S/12 to 2.501/12 step 0.1/18

150
155
160
170 v=-~~~*(r-2-0.0~3403-0.05~38*log(r/0.208333))
180 print. using "##. ###
##. ###"; r, v
190 next r

( Ct?JI)

i )

'--/22\

'.1.&

(eO!?!)

.110.

Tahu}qted da.ttL ~l1d

FrdJrn 1hp.5e dat:tt. 1--1;
oCCuvs a.t-

JS

?/tJ t a.f the d" ia. ()r~ f/IJI(Jn beJ!)f.().

speJ1 1hllt -lite. f'n"XllYlttm lJeJoc.I'i!:J
~.

/"5 ft

**************************************************
** This program calculates t.he velocity profile **
** for flow in an annulus
**
**************************************************
I

r (ft)
0.125
0.131
0.136
0.14,2
0.147
0.153
0.158
0.164

v (ft/s)
0.000
0.l19
0.768
1.048
1. 265
1. 419
1. 514
1. 552

'~I) t)

0.169
0.175
0.181
0.l86
0.192
0.197
0.203
0.208

1.53l
1.l64
1.3lj.l
l.169
0.947
0.678
0.362
0.000

0.23~------------------------------------------------------~

0.21

11111/1''''

,/

0.19

...::. 0.17
L

Hat/mum

ve1ot,tlj OC('LO'~
a.t r= O./("SPt

0.15

0.13

O.11L-~

0.0

__

__

__

__

~~

__

__

______

1.0

0.5
v

(ft/s)

/;.-/'2-3

~~

__

__

1.5

______

~~

2.0

6. q,,)4c As is shown by Eq. 6.150 the pressure

zlC
R(z)IRo

gradient for laminar flow through a tube of constant radius is given by the expression:
iJp

r r
1.00

0.73

02

.
0.67

03

.
0.65

.4
0.67

r r
5

0.80

0.80

811Q

For a tube whose radius is changing very gradually, such as the one illustrated in Fig. P6. qq ,
it is expected that this equation can be used to
approximate the pressure change along the tube
if the actual radius, R(z), is used at each cross
section. The following measurements were obtained along a particular tube.

.,

f.

K!4J ft [R(rT'tdi
= ;e / Ro

!Jf>= g;;C/J).'jrR")-'f dr.-#.

7rR()

(4)!),sitJrli

ra.d;us t:ube. (oJt'e bS. 6./S/))

~A Cp}.
1r'F'() If

So

tha.i
LI P (/1()nl/()J ~rtn -tube)_
fj f

This

it?te'jrtlJ

SIft1PjON

(tln,term I:llbe)

Con be.

Cll1d

0.77

/"

(fhe prl'.sslIY'e dY'tJ,) ; t

a" II Ie ""

.
0.73

/'//////.

,.

FIGURE P6. '1 Cf

r/J.

08

11.0
1.00

Compare the pressure drop over the length efor

this nonuniform tube with one having the constant radius Ro. Hint: To solve this problem you
will need to numerically integrate the equation
for the pressure gradient given above.

-=--

;l.Jt..:;:

07
.
0.71

etltl/uated numfY'Jct:/l&

-the da1;tt,

~/veJ1.

USII1.fj

(~n't )
~*************************************************

** This program perf01.1l1S numerical integration *>1'

** over a set a set of an odd number of equally **
** spaced point,s using Simpson s Rule
**
**************************************************
I

Enter number of data points: 11

Enter data points (X , Y) Ncte: X/V t" and '(,..,
? 0.0,1.00

(RJt..)

? 0.1,3.52

7 O.2.~.96
? 0.3,5.60
7 O.4~4.96
? 0.5,2.'-1:'-1:
? 0.6.2.'-1:'-1:
? 0.7.3.9'-1:
? 0.8.3.52
? 0.9,2.8'-1:
? 1.0,1.00

The approximate value of the integral

1S:

LJ f (non IIn'#'rm -f"b~) = 3,57

Ap

(un,ftJrh1

i::uj,~)

+3.5707E+00

6,. /00
6.100

Show how Eq. 6.155 is obtained.

;:;y -/It)tt)

lit

~11

Ql1 l1tt/ tl S)

r=

y.
(".

t;'"

ft<

1i=D a.t

I) ..::

t:ll1a

~oJ IIlitf

~r-

ttl:

r==

/rtJl'h

Er.

~.11/-7

1:

Thll~

(l/?) '1;2. r
tJz.

..1 (le

tf)A.

1': .:: c>

) r:.{.
d i:
(!,

C;

'z.

-L I~)

C .::
I

- ~ L~

t; l'

Cl.

el 111 Ii 1" Cz.

t-

tI)1~

In

t:l11 pt

Y:~

hnlle

tJt!

(z.
fJ -

~.

.2.)
(I)

111 (~. )
l.2..

~ -~

/n

f;,

(z)

In (~. )

'l:l. /
't1.:, .-,,{)

yo ]

/n(~.) n ~

I~

~. I()I

I
6.101
A wire of diameter d is stretched along the centerline
of a pipe of diameter D. For a given pressure drop per unit
length of pipe, by how much does the presence of the wire
reduce the ftowrate if (a) diD = 0.1; (b) diD = 0.01?

The

(I)

(z.. )

//)c)

4 tk,d:.

';;'y

cp =

=0

711(; 'r I::.p

0:;yre.rjJt)J1ds

w/re)

( h0

?r';uJ.
PO/Jet/Illes Ltw

= o. I J E 1 ,c
if =- 7T~ If. AI'

$)A 1.
Th us) ~'y 1ne stirn e

l)

(Eg.

'7 /(/~5

[I _

6. / b'1) .
'2..

(tJ.l) '1-+

[t -

CO. J)

91

(n (o. J) )
-f/Ol()r~b:. l:.s reduced

f:.,p +he

I"

(J:J)

r(o tedttcl:t~1'1 t?.=- (; - ~. S7).>C )tJfJ

St ~ a(ty~ .,t;;v 1; -=-~. () I E1.
91
(2.)

cp; rid

::=

'f2.

~I' [ , _ (/).01) 1',... V- (~. 01)9 ~7=-

reductIon

J 11

/11

6.';7'f

b::J

b%

tJ-l'.j

y.

g;uJ.

t:>t

==

(0,0/)

tjJ:.- (; - (j.7 F3) oX

D.]S3

/00 :-

:2. 1,7 0/0

;tit; ie 1Hlrl- t;,e lYeJfH( of e t/P 11 ~ t/f V1 S/'hfl/I un Ie Q!()jIf f

-tlt~ kJe Cef1ffrJJ~e h II~ t:i ~';II; tC~Jllt e~c.-t t!Jn tke f/otJmde
b ~/ 2.7

7. /
7.1
The Reynolds number, pVD/I1-, is a very important parameter in fluid mechanics. Verify that the Reynolds number is
dimensionless, using both the FLT system and the MLT system
for basic dimensions, and determine its value for water (at 70
0c) flowing at a velocity of 2 m/ s through a 2-in.-diameter pipe.

Re'111 ()/tis num bit' =

fJ-VD

(FL- If r 2 )(I. T-)(L)

FL- 2

.
/=;;;-- wa..t:er at
LJ

Cj77.

g ..k,.

/YYI~

10

tJc)

(Ta b/e

(M L- 3 )(LT-,)(LJ
ML

_1,-'
;V.s
-

/m 2

13. 2 ,,, AppendlJ( B) .

7-1

Qnd

rOL~T~

M~LD

TD

7.2

I
7.2
What are the dimensions of density,
pressure, specific weight, surface tension, and dynamic viscosity in (a) the FLT system, and (b)
the MLT system? Compare your results with
those given in Table 1.1 in Chapter 1.

.
p = fr~S5UYe:" .../arce.
are a.. .:::
tv(liltj
~ = spec; lid. we/rift .:: Wlllt vi/tune L.~

-2-

HL T ...:.

. 1-

L..3

MLT
L

-2

-.

/-1
T 1- Z

'

;1.1

T2..

/. -2.';;L_2..
. ()/ILT
T -I

(a)

1ft

t::
1'::'
&;
r:T=

;"

-.

the. FtT ~'t.skmJ

J= L -If T
t=L-

(j,)

p;

ft1L-'

r-

2
~= ML-

FL- 3

0-::-

FL- 2

!VJ L r .5Lf.sffm)

the.

3
I~ HL-

2-

FL-

/11

/-=

7-2

M T -

r- 2
2.

ML-'T- I

-LTM

7,3

1
7.3
For the flow of a thin film of a liquid with a depth h
and a free surface. two im,E2rtant dimensionless parameters are
the Froude number. V/V gh. and the Weber number, pV 2h/cr.
Determine the value of these two parameters for glycerin
(at 20C) flowing with a velocity of 0.7 mls at a depth of 3 mm.

'f;h

. --

f- V 2.h -

/WI

6,7 "5

j (r.81 Cf-z)(O,OtJ31M)
(/ "2 fDo

0-

--

If. 08

Je
!!-a
)(CJ. 7 ~)~ ~. ~t)3
,

trn )

.33 )I.)D-,2. - "

2 9. 3

tm

7,Lf

7. Lt

The Mach number for a body moving

through a fluid with velocity V is defined as V / c,
where c is the speed of sound in the fluid. This
dimensionless parameter is usually considered to
be important in fluid dynamics problems when its
value exceeds 0.3. What would be the velocity of
a body at a Mach number of 0.3 if the fluid is:
(a) air at standard atmospheric pressure and 20
e, and (b) water at the same temperature and
pressure?

V :: (),3

(t:?-)

!=or
So

c.b )

tllr

tit-

20De

V-=

tJ.

111 a. t

Pol"

WA-ter
.:s () 1;Iat

=3Lf.3. 3

3 (3'f3. 3

at to DC

T)

::

/03

c :: /'1-8'/

V = ~, 3 (/'f~ / c;t) 7-3

( Tq6J~

!!!1

t!!1.
S

e. if

J;'

//ppfnix /3 )

I'm

(Ta.6/e 8.2

'flfLf ff!1.
s

111

/t,pfrld/~ 8)

7.S

I
7.5
At a sudden contraction in a pipe the
diameter changes from D j to D 2 The pressure
drop, !::.p, which develops across the contraction
is a function of DJ and D 2 , as well as the velocity,
V, in the larger pipe, and the fluid density, p, and
viscosity, /1. Use D J , V, and /1 as repeating variables to determine a suitable set of dimensionless
parameters. Why would it be incorrect to include
the velocity in the smaller pipe as an additional
variable?

?
-tlJe~rtm) &,- 3 = ~

n&m

the. pt.'

l1)

~ t/Md?

dlmfl1"M/ess

fClYl/metfYS

== FC

reg "in''''' Use

as refe~/;/n1 variables. Tl1us)

a:

1Tj = iJp q V ~
(;= L- '-) (L ) a- (L T -) h ( PL -J. T) c~ j: ~ L"T

I-rC=O

-2

+~,../:,-:2c=o

- j, + C

1t

~ jJ"w.s

ih" i

a. : / ~ .h:: -

='0

J,) C:: -/ ) 1/11 PI

1J1fY'~ f"r~

/JI. /),

TT.=

t::..

V/,

{, heck. d"';)fn.sltJfJs u~/n, 1/4 L 7 ~'Iskl11 :

IJ.t DJ ~ (ML-1r-Z)(L)

v)<-'

( L I-i) ( HL-JT-)

'11),

11;::

((,

V;a
.b

L (L)Q. (LT-jb (FL- r) c.: rOL~rf)

2

'i'"

c=o
~ +b -).C=o

-.b + c

(.=-1

7r..
2

':0

h=c

c=o

Dz.
D,
7--'1

.:...

M"LoT o

.'. ok.

7. s

( CC)/I t: )

7Tz

1:S

'{?,y

7T3.'

Obv/~usJ'1

cilmfnslol'I/ess.

((.

I-

7T3~ /,1 V
(F L - 1fT 2) ( L) Q. ( L7 - ') b ( F 1.. - 2. T) C~ poL~ T
I+G

=-0

-If +a -r j, -2C. =0

:l-b -t-

11

~J/f)tIIS thai

et

(Ie"

= 0

= I) h = I; c =- -/

( .

1h-eJ'e{o~e.

f/HP(

77:= t-D,V
3
~
. .
Chec,/c JlmpnSIIJIJS us/nJ fv1 1.. T .5lfskm .'
4/), 11
(Mi.- 3 )(L.)(LT- ' )
ML- ' T-/

-d

T)

MDI/TD

., tJ/t..,

Th US)

~Yrhn~ /f!;J
-rr

wheY't Vs

/s

.5

,j
.sh"u Id

7r

~_

2..

V 7j. D, - ~ ~ D2
1he ve/l't:.;t!J I ~ the

Vc

lis

eg U(J..;tt"J'} )
jtn4

J/ey pi fe.. Since

=(!j )2. V
/)z.

(lot inrie(Jf}1deni of ~ I P2) I1J1A J/ til1d 1heYe~tt!

no t be /11c,luded. Q~ tJYI /l1depeY1deKi lJav,able.

7-5

7.6
Water sloshes back and forth in a tank as shown in Fig.
P7 .6. The frequency of sloshing, w, is assumed to be a function
of the acceleration of gravity, g, the average depth of the water, h, and the length of the tank,
Develop a suitable set of
dimensionless parameters for this problem using g and as repeating variables.

e.

FIGURE P7.6

w=. T- '
1/,t. p,' +11 eo rem) 4 - 2 -=. Z d J'me 11's Ibn less
paY"'!'t.eYs Y'e!",'red. Use 3- ann L a.s Y'.ep~(J.h;'~

FY-"rn

vaY'ltJ/JJe.s) Thll5)

.b

"'" = W? a..1
(T"'I)(L T-2)Q.(L)b::!; LO T

and

(,f;,r L)

z+

h)/~ws

b = y'z

Chec..k

(r;,~ r)
a"d 1here/r,ye

, Dk

Fo yo "TTl.:

- 'l tL '::'0

)(.. b
L() T

q IJ

7r'}.. := ?1 d
L (L T-t. ) a:.(L.).b ==
/ + a+b = t;

tJ

7.7

I
7.7

It is desired to determine the wave height when wind

blows across a lake. The wave height, H, is assumed to be a
function of the wind speed, V, the water density, p, the air denand
sity, Po' the water depth, d, the distance from the shore,
the acceleration of gravity, g, as shown in Fig. P7.7. Use d, V,
and p as repeating variables to determine a suitable set of pi
terms that could be used to describe this problem.

e,

___..~+_H___~t_____________~_~~~~_V_.~
'1

#= L
F;."111

f -=

V'= LT- 1

FL -"r

fa.:

7- 3

the 1/ fh et>YftJ1 J

d J ~ 411" I

FL-

= Lf

If

rl-

(L ) ( L J(;.

f/ .ferms ret(; u/rpti.

4.s fete4.-/;;'lIj VP rt'a6/es

tT, = II d

d::'

/I b;

, Thus)

(L T -I) b (Ft - 'f T ~)

F ()L" TO
( hI" F)

~=o

a... rb - 'Ie

- b

(~r L )
(.{".,. T)

=-0

-f"Z.C =0

Cl=-/

oJ

Use

1,=0 J C=6 I

anti

ThftelCte

1r~J:t.
d

oj, '/J~{lSi.:J
tTl.:::

dJMtns/on/ps...5.

fa. a4. tr b t

[FL -'I r7) tl.. ) fA. (LT-1 ) b (FL -IfT~) t: =

I

-f C

- If -t- a. -t-b - 4- c
2-b-r2C

=0

==0

((!6)n 'i)

7-7

POL TO
6

(~r' r )
(full' '-)
(,fr,'(" T)

7. 7

til'll'

( c~I1'i)

e::{S

J;r

7T/)
-rr

=-I) b= 0)

cr

1';3 -

/;,. 7T'f:

11"'f:;-

C=o

,50

That.

).

d da. f

J, / '

{LT--z)(L)4.(LT-'jh (pL- lf r2-)c=. fDL()T"

(.for t)
(-hf' L)

C'.::. 0

/ -r

A. ~h

-2. -b

t.t- c.

=0

(f;r

"1"2(.-=0

C ::

0
)

,,
I

H _ )..
d - r

(Ia.

f')

ft

d..)

7-3

~)
V'"

01<

T)

:-:--:s--:::;:S-:-:-~-::-::::-

t
H

Water flows over a dam as illustrated in Fig. P7.~ .

Assume the flowrate, q, per unit length along the dam depends
on the head, H, width, b, acceleration of gravity, g, fluid density,
p, and fluid viscosity, J.L. Develop a suitable set of dimensionless
parameters for this problem using b, g, and p as repeating
variables.

7.S

f---b-l

'f

~ L 2. , - '

FrtJn?

bJ 31
and

Jf:: L

j,..:.

relea-if h:J

as

FIGURE

Pi -'111-

1,-3= 3 pi tfrmJ regUJY'f'd.

-the IJL the()rem

Vlnd

;= L ,-2 1=

vt/n 'af;/es

77f= ~ b aJ~(c
(L Z T -) (L ) et ( L T - 2.) b (F L - lIt

:2.)

Co .-:

a... -t-b -LfC

- / - z.b

-I-L C

f=- FL-2.r
Use..

Th(Js~

pOL TO
0

(.for ;:)

c=-O
2 -f

P7.~

(:ky L)
(lor T)

=0
'::0

'J

'p3~ J ~
C heck

d/~en~/~M

us,;' j

1'-1 L T .5't:,f.em.'
,

77;.-- JI 6

t:

/,

(L)(L) ~ (LT-z).J(,t=t-'fT-a.j c. ~ FOL

C=o
I-t- ~ rb -tfC =0

- 2-b -rl. C

=0

a =-1) b ::())
11:2..
1'.5

() b 1/ J ~ ~.50

= b1-1

dt'm !14.5IPI') Jess

7-Cf

oro
(J::,r r)

thy
(.ky

L)
T)

()/<

7.8

(~I1'i )

a.

"

113=)<- b j f
(FL -2. T) (J-) (J- T-j /, (;=-L -If-T 2) c --= pOLO TO
Co

#I.

-). 1"

t{

-I-C

(,k,- F)

=0

(J;y L)

-t.b -tfc-=o

/ - 2b-r 2 c.

:t.t- 10 IltP4IJ thai

n=
3

o//rnel1~/i;f1J

f:,9Iz

= - ~)

if 'lz..f

= - 1z .)

c= -J

I/Iz

u5iny

?:

(oCy T)

=0

/'1
ML T

s"'f~.J-em.'

(I1L-'r- ' )

(L)3/z(I..T-V'IZ (M[3)

11

()L.I tJ)-o

" ())(

7. 'f I
7. 'l

The pressure rise , !:J.p, across a pump can

be expressed as
tJ.p = f (D, p, ro, Q)
where D is the impeller diameter. p the fluid den
sity, (j) the rotational speed , and Q the flowrate .
Determine a suitable set of dimensionless param-

eters.

-2

II .fellows 1h~t

= -2) b' -/ ,
_ 4p

= -2

. .
Tli- D'(o4J'
CheclL. dl mel15l()11S IlSin, NI-T slfskm

.-

tZ

t1p

D,/,tcJ'

C.

qnt/

111trehte

Mf. -'T-'"

.'. bl<.

(L) Z (J..,J:')(r~

n; = rP D"'/4J c

(L 3r)(L.),''(;:rr)b(rJ C: rLOT"

31''' -

.b=o

(;;,~ ,t)

~b =0

(f"y '-)
(Tor T)

-1+2/'-C.=0

:U f",11.ws 1hai

a. =-3I b = 0, c" -/ ,

- cp

.
Checir

4n4 1h'",/(,re

1r;z -

dimenSIOns

D34J

1151;', Mt..T ~'fsJ..em

CD
D0p,)

"

L"T-' _ == NDLDFo
(L)3 (r-')

7-1/

.: OK.

7. /0

I
The drag, ~, on a washer shaped plate
placed normal to a stream of fluid can be expressed as

7. 10

ill = f(d" dh V, fl, p)

where d, is the outer diameter, d2 the inner diameter, V the fluid velocity, f1 the fluid viscosity,
and p the fluid density. Some experiments are to
be performed in a wind tunnel to determine the
drag. What dimensionless parameters would you
use to organize these data?

~ == F
rrlJ)tn

d,)

"-,

-= L

dz. :d: L V ' : : L T,-~

tJte. p/ fhet7r'rm J

V;

tlno

(4

Al

pV

d,

tl

j/

F"L ~ Tfj

/-t-C=O

(/;,,,.. F)

a.+h -Ifc=o

(-ICY' L..)

-.b-+2.C=o

11: r;,//PI(I$ ihll i

(.fey

/<..=-2.; },=-2, C ='-/ ;

ChecK ql mfl1SI;'ns

NtT ~lfs-t-em :

::::::

MLT
(L) 2. (LT-') (I1L-3)

712 =

-2

d;L d, V

(L )(L) tZ (LT -') b lfL - 1f T 2)

C1

/-t-a

1here'ye

0/ VI'

"'SlfJ.!)

~
d/' VZ;

tJl1t/

T)

1T:~
I

71..'
.z.

FL _aT

V4ntl"/e~. Thus)

"C'
t
(L r-j b(FL -'trz) c: =

rr;.:

)A =-

fi Hl"l71s Y',!~,;'ed. lise

~ft'a,6/11~

""

(F) (L)

=3

=0

+ b - 1Jc. =0
.b +:J..c ':;0

7-12

NIJttJTO

...

()I<.

7. 10

.zt

-Iol/e;lVs 1h1l t

t:l. :: -

I; .b = ole:: 0

tI/I t/

1heY'e /:;"e.

17:=~
2.
d,
tJh Icn

fOr

til tnf'I1.5I(J/Jlpss

ObV/()VS/;

IS

7?3:

- J. -t

t(

IrC .::a

(~r )=")

-t./J -ifc :: 0

(.j;,r L)

/ -.b -+ 2.c

=lJ

("'yo T)

11:=
.3

.:

d, Vj1

~k

II)

S IhC(!;

I-V d

I~

a.

I"-

(Re!;//J"lds num bt!}")

ex-tressed

(J

sirJl1dtrtl

E 3.

dl ~pn~/~l1less PtlrqmebY'

AJould

(I)

rnOYe

Comm t)l11':1

be.

(Z)

As h,y
til? tI (Z)

AS

qre

cfJmfl1,sIOl1et

/Jllq

!t1Si.s

.fJgu/llalen t" .

?-/3

Ij

~f1C'erl1pd I

,=;s.

(J)

7. 1/ I
7.11
Under certain conditions, wind blowing past a rectan- .
gular speed limit sign can cause the sign to oscillate with a frequency w. (See Fig. P7.11 and Video VY.6.) Assume that w is
a function of the sign width, h, sign height, h, wind velocity, V,
air density, p, and an elastic constant, k, for the supporting pole.
The constant, k, has dimensions of FL. Develop a suitable set
of pi terms for this problem.

FIGURE P7.11

tv: r- I b:.L -4t=L

V== LT- f= r-L-'tr 7. .,k';FL
PY'611?1 1'nt. p/ 1I1eorem '-J = 3 pi hn?lj YeZUlyptJ/. Use
b.J ~ tin,!;; 11.5 repea.-t,Hfj INIYlable...s. Thu;~
tJ; ::- tv j, a. V f; C

(T -I) (L)tO. (L r-jh(rL "''fT~ c: Pi- "TtJ

a

(tor r)
(/:,y L)
(Joy T)

C=:.o
-t J, - i.fC 0

- I - j,

i"lC.

a: I

t t /-oIJIf}IJI..$ #fa

=0

j,:. -I) C:. 0 ) CI If a 1htre ~re.

wb

1Ti= V
C he("k

c/"YlfI/S/()I1.5:
fA) b

V-'::

T- 1) L) . . :. . L() TO

7T; - h j,Ow

v b/

(L) (L)(J. (LT-1)b (FL-'f

(! =0

J -t

,: 01<..

(L,J)

a. +b- c. =0
- .b "i"Zc.. =0

7- 1'f

r2-)(.=. pOLO TO
(~y F)
(~Y'

L)

(,(oJ" T)

7 1/

(tt!)l1t)

/=;r TT3:
1T3::

~ J/~' Vb f

(r-L)( L)Q.. { L7-0

h (

c:.

FL-'I

r ).) C = toL T
0

iJ

/-I-C!. = 0
l-t a...,. b - Jfc.. = a

-1 -r Zc.

:Ii

~/jf)Wj

1;J"i

173

=0

a -= - 3)

.b: -l) c:::- - I) ~J1A 1here (ore.

-k

= .b'V'1

Ch~CK r/;mel'l~PII.s ~ Slh..J ML T .s'l~klt1f I'

-4<

),3V'/~

HL'1. T -

(L')(LT-,)2(HL-3)

7-1S-

- fi1 ~ L ~ T :. Dk.

7.12-

I
1.12.
The flowrate, Q, of water in an open channel is assumed to be a function ofthe cross-sectional area of the channel,
A, the height of the roughness of the channel surface, c, the
acceleration of gravity, g, and the slope, So' of the hill on which
the channel sits. Put this relationship into dimensionless form.

(p::' L3 T- 1
FYO/YI

the ?'" 1he~ye WI

,4 tlnli

S- -"2:. '3 P/ ffrrns Y'e 0/J/~r". US~

9 as rffJ(Jul;'~ Vt(v/ab Je..s

11j = ([J ,44J 6

Thus)

(i ~ r-I)(I..") (L r-1.) "=- L() TO

I(.

E+Z4-tb=c
=D

- I - 2 J,

a. :' - 5"/'f
~

b:: - I/z. 1 a,,1 1Ite"'~ fo,re.

--=-.(/)......""",,==-

A5"/'fff

1-

Check
.: 01<

I -t2.&L-tb

1J,p f

a ':=

- 2..b
-

1/4,)

(toy

(rfr~ T)

b = (:)) Ii 11 ~

1'ltfre

f;,1I'e

1T.2-- - e
IJ

t>bv/~I4.5J:J
-SC)

Jj

r.A

d,me"s/t!JJ1/eS'J. Th( 17l1vd f,' ~m

dun tl1SJ~IIJ fSS. 7ft us)

7-/(II

Ij

L)

7.

/3

I.U
Because of surface tension, it is possible, with care,
to support an object heavier than water on the water surface as
shown in Fig. P7.!3. (See Video V1.S.) The maximum thickness, h, of a square of material that can be supported is assumed
to be a function of the length of the side of the square, e, the
density of the material, p, the acceleration of gravity, g, and the
surface tension of the liquid, 0'. Develop a suitable set of dimensionless parameters for this problem.
I'

{'

-I

~);fit~~8 i{Fm>4');~I~1

T
~=f(.J.)

-l=' L l='L ;=
Fy~rn the

t)

ffJ

p/

(lI1d

..,0-)

1)

()

(/')

d=

1=I--'t,2-

1he~Y'em)

Lr- 1

b-- B ::. Z fi

.f.fr/Y1J

Y'R11J1rnl...

(Is retea,6;~~ vl/f'iflbJe..s. Thus)

6;

1Ti -:: ),. .1 a.1-

(t.. )(L)~(l..T-~) b(FL- If

r2.)

C! :::
'-t-~-+,b-,+c..

c_'

rfJLD(-

=0

- 2.b +2.. c.. .:= ()

a=-')

e:&J,

j:.o)

(/1111

171tJrt"re

-It
flt=7

wAlch /5 ~j,JlJ~II.sJ!:1 cit in f,,~i!JIJ!1 s S .

/=by 7Tz....'

c:.

IJ

rr t d !

7T"J.- =

(FL-')(L) 4..( L T--~ b (FL-'fr 2.) Co =

/ -+ C

:=

-/ +tJ... -rb - 'Ie

_ 2.~ -r '2C

a:-z. )

j='tiO

0
=0

=0

l,-:-/

c.=-/ ) t/htl there{;r<.

rr
j.~t
If'!'J;'~

/vtt.. 7
0-

J, 2#f

-f:=

'

~'Is/e1l1
( fo1 7- "L.. )

= (L 7.)0. 1- ){ML- ~ )
Z

cf (t-f-it

7-17

.-:. M ~L 0 T

..

7.Jlf

7.J 4
As shown in Fig. P7.14 and Video V504, a jet of liquid directed against a block can tip over the block. Assume that
the velocity, V, needed to tip over the block is a function of the
fluid density, p, the diameter of the jet, D, the weight of the
block, 'lV, the width of the block, b, and the distance, d, between the jet and the bottom of the block. (a) Determine a set
of dimensionless parameters for this problem. Form the dimensionless parameters by inspection. (b) Use the momentum
equation to detennine an equation for V in terms of the other
variables. (c) Compare the results of parts (a) and (b).

V = -f

(t)

V; t.. ~-I f =-

r- L

(a)

j';S?eVr/DI1

US/IfJ

71.,....

h:,y 11,

Y.l

J~~

11".z-

=:

lor 17j

'-3 :

b,,"In

(tDI1Hlil/;'..1

-krrns
V)

b d: L

cJ -=

r ~tIJJY'ed .

(L 7-')(/...) ({ r:~~T~)

"," rot!'

=
b

1T~ tll1'{

D
tT) tire oJ:, JlI ~u.s 1':7 c/; men~/lJl1less .

{.hI t=;r Irnpend/n1 flPplnj aY~I(;1f'

L MIJ =e>
50

p,'

=f

cJ

rr,3::
til1lt

t:p,J

I1LT:

Vb

aha

D:: L

11i = V D f:G '~

Check

H,r

~) b; d )

-1f T -a.

1nt. ?/ 1htJ)rem

p;.1)f11

B/f

DJ

FIGURE P7.14

171(1,,.1:

t= cl

= t:tJ (-;.)

(I )

7- 18

7. I tf I

( 6PJ1 ~ )

f:y-IP""

C9

!f

u ;.;.

f
7h H~j
$;0

m",m~l1ftlm ~"~Jr/eya,t/~ t{51;'~ tJ,,~ CV

dA =-

sh(Jwlt

L F"

V2,A = F

I='1. {J.}

/rPTn

(;V2.A)(d) = ~ ({)
i114, t

V = V~ (j,)

2.f,4 d

" nil

,4 = . ,.,fir
. DZ

/A/11h

11= \/21v b
r

V 1?"f . 2.)

part Ca.)
... I re;;;-'

(') Front

{ 2. }

7Tf'd-D-

V~

Clll1

A
'1

(id) E.)
D

IN yo I

ifr 11

as
.3)

.t:f h//oltJs b'f

&JlI1flJr'Jn.J

E ,/s.

(2)

tfn,;;{ /.))

1VJtJ.t

f (~) ~ ) = (~)(-ff)'
So

1/t..,t

1 (~)

~)

/.s

7- 1'1

actua

":1 inrJetflf("J~nt

tJ

-i .

7. /s
7.15
A viscous fluid is poured onto a horizontal plate as
shown in Fig. P7. r5". Assume that the time, t, required for the
fluid to flow a certain distance, d, along the plate is a function
of the volume of fluid poured, , acceleration of gravity, g.
fluid density, P. and fluid viscosity. fL. Determine an appropriate
set of pi terms to describe this process. Form the pi terms by
inspection.
/

I---d--j

FIG U REP 7 1%S

;.= J...T- !;;: FL.- r2. !- ~ FL-2. r

lf

i:-= T
t=rpm -the

B:;

pt,' 7he"rem

/n.5f~dtt3;j / f;r

70

6, - 3 = 3 pi t.errns

(('~11i:4Iitll1.7 -t) :
II,

1T;=iv'J

rejVI"retJ..

(T)(I-T-7L)

CL ) ~.z.

7-20

==

pOLdr o

,',

~/:.

7. Ie,

7.It;

Assume that the drag, ID, on an aircraft

flying at supersonic speeds is a function of its
velocity, V, fluid density, p, speed of sound, c,
and a series oflengths, ell ... , ei , which describe
the geometry of the aircraft. Develop a set of pi
terms that could be used to investigate experimentally how the drag is affected by the various
factors listed. Form the pi terms by inspection.

oJ.:: f ('0 /.1

V::;L. 7-1

FL-If T 'Z

==

)1) ., " Y/., )

Co

== LT-'

("/--fL)-3 = /+i pi ffl"tns Y"f'J"/re~ where

IS the ntlmhtr of /en91h itrmJ (t'= ~ ; 3) etc. ).

r-rtJtn
L'

C)

the pi thetJI'etn)

Blj /J1Sfectl(;H) fer

1T. I -

Check. us/nj

7T; (Ct)J1fq/111)1~ otJ) .,(J

-=F
If
I V2..J,/, - (FI-- Tl.)t1.r-'j 2.fLj 2-

MLT:

Fbf ~

/i;r

rM/.-

(c~nl-(jin';'j

7Ti.
Cll1d

Mt..T

both
tI / /

(lYe

() the,.

VCo

these

Thus

!=~L 0 TO

_2.

3) ( LT- I ) z. (2) ~

t)/<..

c) .
Dr

~
C

abl/lows/'1 dllnens/on Jess.

ft'

.feyms c,tPl1 kI/~/iJ!J

7T.' =- t,'
t

til1d

::::

tefm5

J.L'

J/~

/~I1()/III;'-' 1he

1;

wheyt:.

7- 21

CI re

obJl,otl~ Iy dim ens 1011 Jess.

7, J7

7.11

When a fluid flows slowly past a vertical plate of

height h and width b (see Fig. P7 .17), pressure develops on the
face of the plate. Assume that the pressure, p, at the midpoint
of the plate is a function of plate height and width, the approach
velocity. V, and the fluid viscosity, /.L. Make use of dimensional
anaJysis to determine how the pressure, p, will change when the
fluid velocity, V, is doubled.

Plate Width

= Ii

1'= .f (~) b) tI))<--)

t=

~c2.

J..':: L

l!:: Lr- ~= /=C' T

I

b -= L

FrfJfJ? the pt' 1heOYfm 5- 3 .::. z. fi' +trl11J

8'1 1;"'pec,t:/~:/II.1 h,,.. m (dd?11 1-4,iuh, -;):

1Ji = ~-t. ~
V)A--

Check.

(FL- )(L)
.:..
Ct..
(rl--:Z r)

,I )

IA$/~.! fit f.., T :

1'-4.. _

fHL

_lr--a.)(L) -.:
(L 7-1 ) ( Mt.-',-')

V)<-- ff; r ~

(CtP,rltJ/'1I;'J

frJ-

=i

whIch JJ obvifJ('(sb

M"L()T

tJ

, CJK..

b) :

dlme~~~oll/tS.5.

Tn u~,

ti~ef({)
V;So
0)

Fr~m 13"1.

if ,f:,;I" WJ 1),a1: -kr A. ?J v(~ re&flefr;

and VI~t~5Ifr/ if 1At! v(eI(I+'1/~ Ii dou~/ed -t1te..
l...rlS5l1fe)
wal he dCtlb/fd.
tJ)

r:

7;3 1
7.1 ~
The pressure drop, Ap, along a straight
pipe of diameter D has been experimentally studied, and it is observed that for laminar flow of a
given fluid and pipe, the pressure drop varies directly with the distance, between pressure taps.
Assume that Ap is a function of D and e, the
velocity, V, and the fluid viscosity, fl.. Use dimensional analysis to deduce how the pressure
drop varies with pipe diameter.

e,

fJ I'

At=-

I=L-'J..

=-

f. (/)/ J) ~)t)

D-'

}-' L

Frt)m 1he p/ fhet)~pm

1-;

V.; LT- '

FL-'-r

s- 3 =.l pI.' 17rms ye$tlIYed.

Bt{ II1:5fec.l-u;H) -foy -n; (CtP)1.Jqil1lhj A.p):
J

7r= /l.f>J)
I
/' V

ChecK.

uSln~ ML T :

Af b
!'" Y

FDy

-n;

::!:

(I=L- )(L)
--.:
(FL- 2 T) (LT-')

. 11 6 LO TD

(I,/}L""7- 2)(L)

(CtPnltlil),n,')'

Oblli()usJlj dlmeY/51()J1less.

LJfb
~V

Thus;

=1(1. )

(I)

1Jte pY'()/'iem) LJ p oC 1
be t).f. the ~rl'Y1

shfrll1fJ1t af

rn us i

)'IV
I{

IS

c50me

1J14i

D
tons/:QJ1t.

-D'I 2.
a.

So

1..

4f D == k

for

.: 01<.

(Mt..-'r-')(LT-')

1Tz =

whfll'e

rOL~To

!lIVen lteloci~.
7-23

It

'thus JcJ/ow~ 1hot

7.11

I. [q
The viscosity, /-L, of a liquid can be measured by de. termining the time, t, it takes for a sphere of diameter, d, to
in a vertical cylinder of
settle slowly through a distance,
diameter, D, containing the liquid (see Fig. P7 .19). Assume that

/Cylinder

e,

= fee, d, D,

1ht f/

/-L, ~'Y)

, - 3::,

1heOYflf1)

i:

,-

Che,k.

{ ,) (f:t..- a) (L)

L1a d. - .
,)A.

MI-T: -t Ar d

USlhj

-!

( FL -2. T )

(T ) (N C 2T-2.~IL) ~

f;, r

11;.

(CSJI11rti/11;'j

7Ti ( tlPn hi11 IIi.J 1: ) :

1T: -

,>-<Gf'"

Sphere

where ~'Y is the difference in specific weights between the

sphere and the liquid. Use dimensional analysis to show how t
is related to /-L, and describe how such an apparatus might be
used to measure viscosity.

rYllfl1

\~~~

( "-1. L-'T- ' )

D).'
11'1.

=~

dlmf"si~I1J~5s

"bVIDUS).!1

(~fPn ft/ IJlIH .J

J.) :

1T.3-- t:i()6111~U6/~

Thus,

dlmtl1s/o,,/es.5.

-I::lJoa_- rf,(O
ft)
r
d.;r
d..

hied tjeemef,. ~

If.

-/:Llad.= C

J:s

e.,11 :, -/-aM:i )

~r

)A- == ~

!J /I

0..

-f

:::

{!,

Mt

~"s.f-a",.. + ~ 1" a f.1 ~ eJ.

3 e()'l1 e fr.!:J.

Tit ~sI .fr,.".

)A. = ~ Dr-/:
b'J ~a/,'b'aJ'f)')( w,1lt
~/Ul" ,/ ~iI~lJ)n Ih5eP5rh. {P, Th C, ~ h,w II fh( VISCOS,'-#, ~ I
D 1/1(r fl tI' CD
Ok-t. hL dt-/:e YlrJt /I'e '" ih Y'OtJj h 4 IYl eQs II. llem P4
~I- 1'1u.
-f.IMt! -t: Ii! t.pnjuncf,f)'x L<Jl7h. Et. (J) ,

Ilt.e e,1I,s.f.II/1-t (, talt

be

at.termlt1'(,p{

7- 24-

7.2.0

1.40

A cylinder with a diameter, D, floats upright in a liquid

as shown in Fig. P7.20. When the cylinder is displaced slightly
along its vertical axis it will oscillate about its equilibrium position with a frequency, w. Assume that this frequency is a function of the diameter, D, the mass of the cylinder, m, and the
specific weight, y, of the liquid. Determine, with the aid of
dimensional analysis, how the frequency is related to these variables. If the mass of the cylinder were increased, would the
frequency increase or decrease?

w::.T
Fr~'"

8'J

-1

/Cylinder
diameter

i'

D=L

1/1e p/ 1heD~~W1, 4 -3 =
I;' 'f'ec.;f-rD~tJ .

71:=
I
Check..
,: OJ(

S/~Ce-

where

-there

. ",,1, /

JJ

p/ -/-en"" ;~ P~IIDWS

W
-D ~::
J'"
Is

it.

~"s1-aHf .

1h14:t:

C
Thus)

tv= CJ)

vr

Fr~m p,i$ reSHli /f ~1/~klJ tnoi:. /f

tv w/Jl decrease.

7-2~

tn1

,j

incy-ease"

= f)

7.:lJ/f:

*7.21
The pressure drop, ap, over a certain length of horizontal pipe is assumed to be a function of the velocity, V, of the
fluid in the pipe, the pipe diameter, D, and the fluid density and
viscosity, p and p,. (a) Show that this flow can be described in dimensionless form as a "pressure coefficient," Cp = ap/(0.5 p Vl)
that depends on the Reynolds number, Re = p VD/ p,. (b) The following data were obtained in an experiment involving a fluid with
p = 2 slugs/ft3, P, = 2 X 1O- 3 1b s/ft2, and D = 0.1 ft. Plot a
dimensionless graph and use a power law equation to determine
the functional relationship between the pressure coefficient and
the Reynolds number.

V, ftls
------j------_._._.__ . _-_.
192
3
11
704
17
1088

1280

20

(c) What are the limitations on the applicability of your equation obtained in part (b)?

(a. )

I.Jp=

FY'1'1I

r +- (~

DJ

=:

Y=LT-

PL-1.

f; f< )
D=L

p/ theDre m J 5"- 3 ::

fh(

8~ ';,spec.. .hc if .fc>r 7T,.)

-rr.I =
Che (.k

U'SIII'j

-==

A. P

/,v:z.

11 LT ~'I.5.J-er11 :
Ap
ML-1r-Z.

(Hc3) (LT-j

IV,," ==

TT2
us,;"

fJ VD

=~

:.
-

(PL- lf ,2.)(LT-1){Lj

( FL.-Z.

T )

MLT S'lsiem :

I-VP::: (ML-a) (LT- (L).= H"L/)T~

I

,#--

Thus)

l-

Ok..

( /vi

L- '

7-

:. OJ::.

1
)

J1p

"

-IV
i..s

2.

aJit

o.G"" Ct:ln b~

AL

unk.hOUJH

inc.-Iude d

_ .1
aStV2. - 't'
Thw,S/
(,uhel"t. Cp
ntlt11 bey,

.{u/lfc.;hoi1 1 a ..{(J.Gl::or
111 Tr, (/1 deS/re,) $0

(~V.b)

~.

Lp - c)(R~)
,..; tnt. pre~sur.e ~eff,c.I;' t
(Co c>n !t.)

tll1d

Re 1lr-e.

Re~"d/J..s

7. 2 I

( CDn 'z. )

(b)

inl!. da.-/::a '7 J lie n )

fA $1';1

c;.

_ _.d~p---:----:-_
= 6,SfV'- - (6.5){2.
V'
.6. P

eli-II(

t ::

1;,r)

=-

/:.YJ:>

(~~)( ) r / (",
ok 3Y (D. -M:..i

(DD

1...>< 10-.1 I~'),..

e)ATa~U/4-k-~

/01" Cp

valtleJ

1J,e 4 .. t-a

tire

v, ftls

Ll p, psf

3
11
17
20

192
704
1090
1280

Show H

C/J!fP.

Re

be /,u; .

Re
300
1100
1700
2000

Cp
21.3
5.82
3.77
3.20

.....

25.0 -r---------~---__.

Cp = 638 Re- 1.00

20.0 f - - - - - ' \ - \ - - - - ' - - - - - - - -..:g 0. 15.0 +---~'-------------l
~ () 10.0 f----~
.........~~-.. -. .. - - - - - - - - - - 1
cQ)

;g
~

5.0 1 - - - - ~----=----iiOiiiiiii,;~~---....
0.0 +----,---...,.-----,.---...,.-----1

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Reynolds number, Re

{hlL

?() u.Jt V /t(w

Y'e

c~
(C)

BII.sep

"11

1he

1nL ern;/y./ca I
a pp/" c..

[1)

Re

Ust-d

y-e/ ... /-,~II.sh, i')

300

1h...

1'h~ rille" aa..f:a. ~

$. (j)..) WI)u./~ (!)"J'J b4!
411,{

Re If 1101"$

< Re. 5...

-me

,j

~3'8

tI~rJ46Jej

"I... ,.,,-

ND1:.e.: 41-thPI(tlh

/d,o '"Sh, f

h f.I {'II ~/Y

rA 11'i&.

200D

efut/~11 I71JfhC

he.. VI//,&I ""b/de

-fh/J rtJJ191 re1/,(!-h .s-hflu/I( /lot- I:u.. ex. t:/'"#..fJdlal:e'
loe,~"1f 1he rlll'lfe ()f d~ta used.

?-1.7

7.22
The height, h, that a liquid will rise in
a capillary tube is a function of the tube diameter,
D, the specific weight of the liquid, y, and the
surface tension, (J. Perform a dimensional analysis using both the FLT and MLT systems for
basic dimensions. Note: The results should obviously be the same regardless of the system of
dimensions used. If your analysis indicates otherwise, go back and check your work giving
particular attention to the required number of
reference dimensions.

Us/;"

P/... T ~fjstem :
-= L .D == L

~= PL- 3
CT= /=t-FrtJm The P": the()rem I 1./--2 = .z pL'tertnJ
8'1 InSfec..ttDII) for iTj (~ni4i/1liJ, -l) :

-i

11i=:f
/.5

OJ,V'Dt/S!y dt'/nfnS/onJess.

;r

( cDnt:olnln,

tlnd

rr) :
FL -/

{= ~ (a-a;.. )
USlfl'~ ULT ~'fJkm .-1,. L
D-' L

/.J/tJ,o~,), '!here

~= ML- 2 ;-2.

a.fftll Y'5

f() be

0-=

r-2.

dl;'fI1S/~~)

.3 reierel1((!..

tJJ1/Y

,t reierFJ1ce dlmeflslol1-5 dYe act",ol/!I Yt'$tlIYfd ( Land M T-z)

1-0 de5cr/~e 'the i/qnqbJes, 8,/ inspec.i't!)"n,l hr 77; Csfle 41"ye)

CU1C,(

~Y'

tt=:l.
I
.D

7Tz

(~ittIHI""
~=

0OJ)2.

d- (JJ1t1 (j) .'

=

/VI T - 2. _
(ML- Z T-z."j(L)

7-28

_
l

H DL ~ TD

7:2g

I
7.23
The speed of sound in a gas, c, is a function of the gas pressure, p, and density, p. Determine, with the aid of dimensional analysis,
how the velocity is related to the pressure and
density. Be careful when you decide on how many
reference dimensions are required.

(?;f)

c= f'

fJ:l: FL-'2.

/flf/J()tl9i1 1he~ ~'p'"r.;

to k

reference c/Jmfl1~II)IJS

(wjJlch would I~c!tcat~ thac rhl'r~ tlre ilo

011/'1

(LT- 1

re/erel1ce. d,rn.fI1SII)II.s

aciU4//'1 resulted since

t=

(rt.- )(LT

.'

~ '..0
1T. = ~

Che~k

U51J1J

_,/2-

(1-T

_I) 2 r~
F

(LT- 1 )2.(M/..ML-'7- 2

onJIj /

fL' term)

~= C
1>

CtJHstani.

c=

c=

where.

C, JS

a.

-2,1

-,)-~

L / ( L T d : riJL t) TO

PI..-'2.

N L T.'

where C J~

aYe

3 -2 = / Pl' term re~ulred.

==

-p

FJ...- 2 )

(/11&/

Thu~ fr~m 1Jte pl' 1Jzel)~m)

8'1 In~pecl::l{;11

foss/Me. pi I:eyrns);

Clff

CliI1S,j;qHi

(4= rC ) .

):

MDLtJT

, OJ<

7. 2. 4 H r

-'I-

I. 2.L/ The pressure rise, t1p = P2 - PI' across the abrupt

expansion of Fig. P7.24 through which a liquid is flowing can
be expressed as
/
PI

where A 1 and A2 are the upstream and downstream cross-sectional areas, respectively, p is the fluid density, and VI is the
upstream velocity. Some experimental data obtained with A2 =
3
1.25 ft2, VI = 5.00 ft/s. and using water with p = 1.94 slugs/ft
are given in the following table:
AI (ft 2 )

0.10

0.25

t1p (lb/ft 2 )

3.25

7.85

0.37
10.3

0.52

0.61

11.6

Vi ........

Area = Al

12.3

Area = A2

Plot the results of these tests using suitable dimensionless

parameters. With the aid of a standard curve fitting program
determine a general equation for t1p and use this equation to
predict t1p for water flowing through an abrupt expansion with
an area ratio A 1I A2 = 0.35 at a velocity VI = 3.75 ftl s.

tJf=

FL-

p;.~m iJ,e

A;L::: L

AJ == L1.

p"

f::'

1.

fJ1e~l'(tn)

s- 3 =

2.

AE _

ChecK

USJI1!j

MLT:
~

I~~

{;y 7T2- (tlllftli4lrlj A-,

M L-/ T-2.
tiff"

Az

tI~/;'j

-the daia.

J) 1-

M~L~TO

):

J.

1JI/el11

,+

~/I()JI/.5

tha.i

LlPR~2.

o.ofp7

0,",2

0.212

o.2J~

A,/Al.

O.ORO

O.2()o

().lq~

6.~lb O.4-F~

( r!41/ i)

V, -= L7- 1

-.

~;

I r,

"2.

.'

Fi..-2.
(FL-IfTl.)(Lr-,)l-

(1-11..-3 )(L r-

ffrmJ '("e~tI/'et1.

pi

B~ /,,~pec.tlbJl /;;r ~ (t:;n.fail1lhg fl f)

7r.=
I
Iv;:t

FL-'1

0.2.5'4-

~I<.

0.3 .
0.25

--i------~----I

.,- 0.2.

____

IV

0.1

--f-.-
~I-.-

..

7------------------------------- -

i:J... 0.15 .

0.05

.__ /

,-----

I--I-------~------- ------------L------------

'

o -f------!------!,f----+,----+-----I,
o
0.5
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.1
Pi2

The

(!urlle

7'V1J11

7)r~

dl't:ltvn

1"'" 111 e ~ ylt ph

.e~IiIt.I:I"1f

~ / J0 /,4/ ) 1. + I. 0 7 ( 4'z. )
fl-j ~ - - . {:4z.

7- 31

0, 0 103

7.2.5
7.2;-

A liquid flows with a velocity V through a hole in the side of a large tank. Assume that
V = f(h, g, p, 0")

-A =L

Fr~m 1/1e pt' the()/"em I

B'1 iYJS;eCt./~H

3.13

4.43

5.42

6.25

7.00

h (m)

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

Plot these data by using appropriate dimensionless variables. Could any of the original variables
have been omitted?

where h is the depth of fluid above the hole, g is

the acceleration of gravity, p the fluid density,
and 0" the surface tension. The following data
were obtained by changing h and measuring V,
with a fluid having a density = 103 kg/m3 and
surface tension = 0.074 N/m.

V= LT-'

V (m/s)

t=

;.; LT-2.

=2

p" .feJl'/'J'1S
lOr 7T; (~/,-t(Jlnl.l1j V):
S- 3

.Y- _

f"f'ifllY'fd.

/. r- I

77f = '{if
{t- T -~ 'I,. (L)
TT2. (eon /rJ;'lInfj t IIlfd rr) .'

/=r;r

/-3-1.2. ==

IT: :::z.

Check

1. 0 TO
1-

(Ft..- If r2.)(/.T-'1.)(L)

(/

tAStnj

0":: /="L- 1

FL-"'r'Z-

..:. rOL o TO

r-L-/

IML- 3j(LT-') (L J_2. ==

/l1"LD TO

M 7-2.

v
V3..A ..
;::;,,. fit.

data..

f#*z.lrr
Vl'fih
~

-v

3."3 J )(.104-

-the.

13.3 )(10 t'

2.'1.3 X 10 If

I. '1-1

/. If I

/. 'f I

S3.0

x 10;

I. ifl

J' 2. 'I x If)

'I'

/.Cf/

I
__ .- j

-: -j

..

:~~=J.:

I.P~--+-~~~~~~~~~-+~~~~~~~~~~

rjT

The 9rr~ph

~J~en:

411d

vtlnil6/es

+Able shDw- thaI: VIVjh

~ anti

rr

~,,/d hI/lie

I{J

l~clepfndfHi elf fJ#J.)./rr. Thus"

hfen ~mdft-c/.

7 2~ 1
7. 2 ~
The time, t, it takes to pour a certain volume of liquid from a cylindrical container depends on several factors,
including the viscosity of the liquid. (See Video V 1.1.) Assume that for very viscous liquids the time it takes to pour
out 2/3 of the initial volume depends on the initial liquid
depth,
the cylinder diameter, D, the liquid viscosity, J1.,
and the liquid specific weight, )'. The data shown in the following table were obtained in the laboratory. For these tests
= 45 mm, D = 67 mm, and), = 9.60 kN/m3 . (a) Perform
a dimensional analysis and based on the data given, determine if variables used for this problem appear to be correct.
Explain how you arrived at your answer. (b) If possible, determine an equation relating the pouring time and viscosity
for the cylinder and liquids used in these tests. If it is not
possible, indicate what additional information is needed.

e,

t(s)

II

17

39

61

107

IS

23

53

83

145

((1) ~ jA) ~)
w2
])=L
?-= FL r

J..=L
FYtJrn -the

8 0/

pt' meoYern

-/'0;- 7J;

Jh~Fec..--/-tt:;"/1)

77: =
/

Check

t- tr [)

(!=L-~

)A--

M LT

{,/SII1,j

5-3 == 2 p/ ffrms Y'efftl.,yed.

( CCJI1.J-t/;l1ln!J 1:)
(T)(FL- 3 )(L) . pOLoT

+;r-D

~ 'I ~1-e1l1 :
(T)( ML-2.

=-

Wh/ch

Is

C)

dt1.,~

h~m

(M

r-2)(L) _ Me. L TO
L-' /-1)
0

b v /o{.{ 5 ~ dlmeJ1 j/lJnless . Th"s)

t-tf D - cf (; )
)<-

For -th(!

r)

.J/v(n

.1--

75-

Eg. (/)

I.j.S-/TIl /iH

'7/fHhf1

(/ )

== o. Is, 72 ( a
e)115-kl 11+

(!()IIS I-oll-t ) .

IT-

10 1/005

the dt'l.:ta. 9 I v~ Y1

i:lr.D

?=
7- 33

7.2Co

J
?i77
Since ~

J~

? 70

871f

-e.~sen1:.IQ.IJ.!J

1ne eJt-peYJin en-ba. J da.,i-a..

a.. p pea y b be a6)Yrec.i:.

375

g 72

CtPns1::ant ~lIey 1he. Y'an~e ofthe VtlYla6/es 1/6f4 ~Y' the pYtJ/;/em

Lb) The

So

i: =
WI fiJ

NtJ-I:.~

.for
:L)B

-I:- I~

Tha:i

1.31. h

seuMds

f.<Jhen /--

JJ t'n

tJl1''f...J

tJ{ lV,s//Wt~

r~s.f-Yl~~d ~zud/~JI /j 0'111 1/a.I/d

~;0:::~. (, 7t,; [) = ~ 7/111-*1) and 6- ~ 9: /pt}4eN//fn 3 Uil

1ha.t

t>.f-

1J1e

f)US

J/JI'+U!J' /

I/o

iwme be,n.J pour@d.

7- 3 '-f

7,.;2.7

7.27

The pressure drop per unit length, Apr,

for the flow of blood through a horizontal small
diameter tube is a function of the volume rate of
flow, Q, the diameter, D, and the blood viscosity,
jl. For a series of tests in which d = 2 mm, and
jl = 0.004 N's/m 2 , the following data were obtained, where the Ap listed was measured over,
the length, e= 300 mm.

Ap (N/m 2)

Q (m 3 /s)
3.6 x 10- 6
4.9 X 10- 6
6.3 X 10- 6
7.9 X 10- 6
9.8 X 10- 6

1.1
1.5
1.9
2.4
3.0

X
X
X
X
X

104
104
104
104
104

Perform a dimensional analysis for this problem,

and make use of the data given to determine a
general relationship between Apr and Q (one that
is valid for other values of D, ~ and 11).

/' =- FL. -2.r

Fr()tn the ft' fhe"Yftn

/.f - 3 = / pi tfym

81f In;pec.tlon ~ ~ LlAo D' _

I
~ cP

res

lilyed.

(Fr 3) (L)

(PL-'Z r) ( L3 7-')

MLT:

.Ll~ Dif
~Q

(ML-1T-Z)(L)'f

::.
.' OJ<.

(M'- -lr-I)(Lsr-')

S/nce -there IS

wheve

= /,33 x
a J1 d fnere ft, re

U&ln,9

the. da.&

IH

L1i1 Dlf

/0

'fo." ~, 7

40. /

itO. If

'fo.7

-~
If)

.6p

"7.28
As shown in Fig. 2.26, Fig. P7.28, and Video \'2.7,
a rectangular barge floats in a stable configuration provided the
distance between the center of gravity, CG, of the object (boat
and load) and the center of buoyancy, C, is less than a certain
amount, H. If this distance is greater than H the boat will tip
over. Assume H is a function of the boat's width, b, length,
and draft, h. (a) Put this relationship into dimensionless form.
(b) The results of a set of experiments with a model barge with
a width of 1.0 m is shown in the table. Plot this data in dimensionless form and determine a power-law equation relating
the dimensionless parameters.

e,

e,m

h,m

H,m

2.0
4.0
2.0
4.0
2.0
4.0

0.10
0.10
0.20
0.20
0.35
0.35

0.833
0.833
0.417
0.417
0.238
0.238

iii FIGURE P7.28

ft= i(b;J-)~)
(r"l?1 the fL' 1h eoyrm) '-/-/
/ I? .$pe c. f,o n "

=~

p,'

krl71s rP~l4;ye,f. 91;1

1=~(i)4)

A/I

~.f. 1h~ p/

krms tjye obv/ousl!:! dJ mens/on/esS.

(/:,) /="0". the dL.J:.a fivel1 1-4bltl"ktl va/U(ls for H-/b) l1/b J ~t1~
a y~ ShbtJIlt btl ow. I
h/b
0.10
0.10
0.20
0.20
0.35
0.35

fib
2.0
4.0
2.0
4.0
2.0
4.0

H/b
0.833
0.833
0.417
0.417
0.238
0.238

,----------------~--------

..c

--

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

.{Ib
-

H/b = 0.0833 (h/br 1OO

"-

"

--

--

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

h/b

~------------------------

All

J~sf"cA,()'1I

61-

1He.H d"i-A. reI/eli 15 1H1l.-t

"~t iI-ep~nd fJ~ "l./b; (.f',,) 111-t "Sl1l?1f Ua luE'
Is obl-ttll:'~,( ICY' cI,'Flerf'''' t (/a {wtJ$ IJ I- .l.

H-/b d"e.s
Df. H-/b

Ii, . Thus,

41'1 d

.e$

4{)t1f

t;,~ plDt 01 ihe da.ttl.)

u,4,. .f/D YJ

1+

('-Pc.)- I."

h = 0.0933 1:

lAS

U1~

0...

pllwev- law-

7.2,Q
A fluid flows through the horizontal curved pipe of
Fig. P7."2.Q with a velocity V. The pressure drop, !1p, between
the entrance and the exit to the bend is thought to be a function
of the velocity, bend radius, R, pipe diameter, D, and fluid density, p. The data shown in the following table were obtained in
the laboratory. For these tests p = 2.0 slugs/ft3 , R = 0.5 ft,
and D = 0.1 ft. Perform a dimensional analysis and based on
the data given, determine if the variables used for this problem
appear to be correct. Explain how you arrived at your answer.
:;;::;ft2 )

v - >L---_I--.

I, ~:~ I ~:~ ! !:~ I ~:;

5 - 3 = 2. I"

130/ ItJ$;e~l1)

(C4'nt:III#lny

.(;;y

-u;

..6p _
USII1?

1::('1"/71 S

ret"'/r(#~;

tip) :

(Fl-

Z)

(~L -IfT1.) (LT-)

1Tj = ,,4 V 2.
C,heck..

FIG U REP 71. 2 ~

Prt9m 1Jte pi thepl'em)

~-,,--""'---

NI..T s'fs/-em .
~ f'

( M'- - I T -I. )
(1'11..-') (I.. T-tj

Hr 1Tz. (~n-~iH,il7 R

~/,

"
Z

PI1P /) )
D

1T;..=R
which

iJ

~bv;'o{,/f;,/~

ThtlS)

diM fI1SIOII/P.5,S_

/jQ -

;? j/ 2.

'f'

(-#)
r-

(I)

D _ (). /.11:: _ /

--s

;; t.

(j)

tv J'"'h-1 ~

~1?.s-l:-t1l1i .

CPH St:qH

~/eve~

/0 /J"WJ

Thu51

-IrzJ

/ 1:';- f,:; 1/() f().S 4 pi, -the

jJYD/,ltm tJlre

n~i

&f'f'ec.-F
I

7-37

J.

#1" the

C4? 1'1~ brJt i

'/he

C,rls&:tn#

7. 30

I
1.3 ()

The water flowrate, Q, in an open rectangular channel

can be measured by placing a plate across the channel as shown
in Fig. P7.30. This type of a device is called a weir. The height
of the water, H, above the weir crest is referred to as the head
and can be used to determine the flowrate through the channel.
Assume that Q is a function of the head, H, the channel width,
b, and the acceleration of gravity, g. Determine a suitable set of
dimensionless variables for this problem.

I-

-I

Weir plate

+(

Q ::
H; b) ~)
h:i L
d = i 7- 2
p/

the~yefYll

'1- 2

p/ +(ftnj
In 'spe d-/~/f .J:,y- 10 (t...~ntot'J11 n, 4'):

4J

'::: 2.

:=.

HSIz J IJz.
tr;z.

= -Af+

7- 38

ri'~UJypJ.

L3 T- 1

(L ) 5""/z. (L T-z)

712.. ( CAIt HI#/l19 /;)

T
H

1)2-

7.

3/

I
J.51

From theoretical considerations it is known that for

the weir described in Problem 7.30 the ftowrate, Q, must be
directly proportional to the channel width, b. In some laboratory
tests it was determined that if b = 3 ft and H = 4 in., then
Q = 1.96 ft 3 / s. Based on these limited data, determine a general
equation for the ftowrate over this type of weir.

7.30)

(j)

H5"/z..

where

J:.s

tt

J 'Iz.

(/)

- c (J;)
Th (,lSI -ft,y he dd4. 9' Ilf)1

CtPn s ftvtt f.

/. 91, if3

c
1h e

({J

Jen&Y'4 / egIi a:t:zPI1

== 6. 5"'1t b

Y&ft3

J.5

7.32

l
7.31
SAE 30 oil at 60 OF is pumped through a 3-ft-diameter pipeline at a rate of 6400 gal/min. A model of this pipeline
is to be designed using a 3-in.-diameter pipe and water at 60 OF
as the working fluid. To maintain Reynolds number similarity
between these two systems, what fluid velocity will be required
in the model?

Pol" Re~I'J~/ds num btl' s/m;/tlr/f!:J;I

VhH D.-m

:::

VD

Or
~-

(I)

and
I '-I. 3 I-t 3

+hen

Thus/

v=
ff-()m

\I.
m1

- 2.02

(sft) z.

ft
s

r. lJ )

= (1.2/
(

5
X- /0-

If. 5" x /0 - 3

{t; (3 ftl (2.02 t)

if.) ( ?z. ft)

7-t.io

oS

-z.

~.52 ;C/o

733

I
7.3 3
Glycerin at 20C flows with a velocity of 4 m/ s
through a 30-mm-diameter tube. A model of this system is to
be developed using standard air as the model fluid. The air velocity is to be 2 m/ s. What tube diameter is required for the
model if dynamic similarity is to be maintained between model
and prototype?

FOr d'lntlliJ/c.. sim i /tTr/fy / i'he Reyno/cis numblY' rnu.st. be

the

S tim e

aJ.1d prototype.. Th us J

(;,r mode I
v~

Dtm

~
So

Vb

thai

DhY\

-- V-

--

D -

CJ.

73IP ~/D

(I, '16 XI ()-!J'"-;. 2. ) (tf f1 )

( t. / 'I X /0" 3!l!1.
2.) (z ~-)
.s
s

.. 3
I"WJ

..

7-Lf!

O. 7 3 fe,

/'WI I'm

(O,/)3~/1f1)

7.3Lf

I
7.3 if
The drag characteristics of a torpedo are to be studied
in a water tunnel using a 1:5 scale model. The tunnel operates
with freshwater at 20 e, whereas the prototype torpedo is to
be used in seawater at 15.6 0c. To correctly simulate the behavior of the prototype moving with a velocity of 30 mis, what
velocity is required in the water tunnel?

FOr d'lnQ"',"6 s/m; /tlr/ ty I the Re'l,,~/tlJ number must be fhe.

SeNne hI'" m~r/e/ ClI1c1 prtJioiype. Thus J

'i!l

Vmr D":} _
~

1/

~=-V411D
/)?1

5 t'nce) ~
-V

(Warey @

~()oc ):::

V
/.

()Olf

;(./o-ID 11)12.6

(SeplVaier @ 15:boC ):: /./7~/()""6-111~

(r;6/e /.~)J lind

.D/])/M =5 I;t follows thai

_, ,.",,2.)
(
V::: /. 00 II- x. I/) ""5
M

(/.

17 X IIJ -6 ' ; 2. )

(7db/e B. 2) )

/2 Cf

7.35

I
7.J5
The design of a river model is to be based on Froude
number similarity. and a river depth of 3 m is to correspond
to a model depth of 50 mm. Under these conditions what is
the prototype velocity corresponding to a model velocity of
1.2 m/s?

Pi:;y.

I=;."ude

17/,(1n j,pr

V.;m

V!/WI ctw.

Wheve

s I'm ~ J~ Y'if!J )

V#- tJ..

. the fflAIC;

I~

v: I/f{
flirt d4H
Cll1d

w,'1h

V=

! :: j'WI

Vt

depth .

7h (.{ S

= ~(.
~) =
0. O.5()
Z 5
Mt

7-'13

1.30~

7.3(0

I
7.3 ~
For a certain fluid flow problem it is known that both
the Froude number and the Weber number are important dimensionless parameters. If the problem is to be studied by using
a 1: 15 scale model, detennine the required surface tension scale
if the density scale is equal to 1. The model and prototype operate in the same gravitational field.

t=br

dlfnqm/e- S;lru'/f/I";'+!J)

Vim

::"

VjJ-

V?rm ).,
ay,d

fm, V'; )~
0;",

To saflsly

F;.t:JlJ de

_
-V
V~

et..,d

f- V'-J
cr

HumhtY' .s/~/'Jlly/-J~

inere. -h,re !Dr Webev nlAmher

a;, :: ~ (~)~ &
()

Thus) w'rth JIWI

(J

/1. ~

I/I~

( w~Th

a= J~ ))

.5 '/ mJ'lt:? Y/-f!J

" ~(-r)f=~(;r

and

~ /f=

IJ

7. 37

I
7.37
The fluid dynamic characteristics of an airplane flying
at 240 mph at 10,000 ftare to be investigated with the aid of a
1:20 scale model. If the model tests are to be performed in a
wind tunnel using standard air, what is tht" required air velocity
in the wind tunnel? Is this a reaHstic vefocity?

For d ~J14m"~ sim; 14;i-lJ,I -the. ReYfJ()/d5 nUn? hiY' rn us.f ~ the.
SaMe.
#>Y' model tlnd pY'~ioi'J.pe. ThUS)

(/)

jJJ1Cf)

/-~ 3. 5'3Lf.x JO-

A = 3.711- x JD-7
""

),,/1,,"

'h,1I<

No

=1..0 ,+

3750

~
ftl.

Ib.s

ft~

follows

. /=

/, tsb x /0

I
s ut..s
h J

~ = 2, 3 r~)f) -3 slui'

+i'

1m

/r()m

-3

liZO)

(TaMe C.I)
(~kJe 1.7)

-thai

mph

If / s not 4

rea//stti, ve/()c/f::; - muc.h

7-'1s

fDa h/811 .

7.38

If an airplane travels at a speed of 1120

km/hr at an altitude of 15 km, what is the required speed at an altitude of~ km to satisfy Mach
number similarity? Assume the air properties correspond to those for the U.S. standard atmosphere.

( V)
Th e

~ fRfcl

J5"~'1

~f

SoufJd

~ ::

qHP{

It-/:

-ft,r

C 8 ~~

~lJn be CA/cedafe'" ~()m 1he

V-' ~ T

Rgtltl:'='!J#

(13 ~, /' Zo)

R:: z 86, '1 J /"*;, I<.

s" ~o

+ 273.16

J./&',7 k

(Table (,2)

23',21<.

(Iab/~ ( l )

8 ~~

(4'1.

a,

t.

3b.9,/ t:JC f ,;J.73,)~ I~'*1Wf oj I-,I",dt!.

=l/-r;-.11-0-)(-2.-g~-.ri-.d---)-(:;.-/,-,7-k-) =

/;-6."",
Ci 11 d

(I)

/ ~ ~"'" olh I-ude I

T= Thus)

(V)

I<.:j, ~())

til y.)

T= aHti

() f:

if

-Ie#- '/<

~ .h. I1YI

r------------------------C(j ~ =. . 1(/'tfo) (21,.1 ~J' ) (13&,21<) ::

J
1Il; ./<
()~.,.,

From 1' (J)

~.h~

308 ~
s

308=(
~ ) 1120

.2.'15"~
5

1170

~
hr

(I

{M( )
h ...

7.t;o

I
7.40

The lift and drag developed on a hydrofoil are to be detennined through wind tunnel
tests using standard air. If full scale tests are to
be run, what is the required wind tunnel velocity
corresponding to a hydrofoil velocity in seawater
of 15 mph? Assume Reynolds number similarity
is required.

For ?e'fn()/dJ number s;m "Jllr/f~

Vh)1 .i~

=-

J.

IAJhere

rt
7/

I~ Some cnoY'pcten'Sf,c, I eYJJth

of the

hfjdf'Dfoi /.

Thus)

~= -u"
V

m1

a Ilt/

tv

/"ht

..,e /11tn =I
-z4,

7:l Y

1.

),.",

(.,cull scale kst)

_ fl,5"7 x /0-If !j'1..)

(/, z' x

7-"17

10-5" .ft'&.)

.s

(/5 mph)

7.'1/
7.41
A 1/50 scale model is to be used in a towing tank
to study the water motion near the bottom of a shallow channel as a large barge passes over. (See Vidl'O V7.7.) Assume
that the model is operated in accordance with the Froude
number criteria for dynamic similitude. The prototype barge
moves at a typical speed of 15 knots. (a) At what speed (in
ftls) should the model be towed? (b) Near the bo.ttom of the
model channel a small particle is found to move 0.15 ft in
one second so that the fluid velocity at that point is approximately 0.15 ftls. Determine the velocity at the corresponding point in the prototype channel.

Ca)

(1)

:51 ~ C-e. f-rom

t;;~. (I)

V"" -V

S 0 ~a.-i:-

V=

V1~

-1

= V~O ~

'/sO (0.15 ~) =

/.

O~ V

7. 2

J
7.4'Z.

AI: 40 scale model of a ship is to be

tested in a towing tank. Determine the required
kinematic viscosity of the model fluid so that both
the Reynolds number and the Froude number are
the same for model and prototype. Assume the
prototype fluid to be seawater at 60 oF. Could any
of the liquids with viscosities given in Fig. B.2 in
Appendix B be used as the model fluid?

As

dISCIISS(?c/

/n Sec./;/()11 7. e. 3 if) rnQJ~ tal h both ReynoJd.J

nurn ber- 411d Fr""r/e number SlInllq n'7-;;

-V
].

: (AJ.) ~
3

) --;: ( /, /7
( -!..
Jro
If. 6 J.

lues tJf y

!VI).

The

aYe

a/I much

VIJ

/t1YfO'"

.>G

/c;thlll1

?-'fr

- if
JD

-" stWI z..)

x/I)

/Y11 ~
oS

I, Z't/lds tf It/t'n /It

Ine. re~ lJ t'rer) va/ue.
the

Fi9. B, 2

7. '-13

1. Lf.3

A solid block in the shape of a cube rests partially

submerged on the bottom of a river as shown in Fig. P7.43. The
drag, q]j, on the block depends on the river depth, d, the block
dimension, h, the stream velocity, V, the fluid density, p, and
the acceleration of gravity, g. (a) Perform a dimensional analysis for this problem. (b) The drag is to be determined from a
model study using a length scale of 1/5. What model velocity
should be used to predict the drag on the prototype located in
a river with a velocity of 9 ft/s? Water is to be used for the
model fluid. Determine the expected prototype drag in terms of
the model drag.

r1J =.f. ( d.) ~)

(a..)

V)

fJ

J)

i) == f d= L -l:: L
V= )..7- 1= t=L-lf r
/=1""111 the fi -fh-e~Y.flY1) ~-3 = 3 p/ 1-~"I?1~ r~1"I;p~,
1

'1-

()..

(b)

d"n.eI1$/~111J1 an4/151J

For-

#h.

d"",_

and

1 (~) ~)

~;m'l lari+!1 be f-w~ell tn "de I arrti

d
-Y1,Ak
- +.

Thus )

'lie/tis

VI'M

4", fA

WItH d""

prDf IJ -t:!:/ pe
::-

.JL
V8~

dMA. -/,."," - (
-d - X -5

v:1IfJ--

V-F Y7

7V

= Yfr9~

The fr'~dl~-I-JDn elua.-t1fPn J".$

Jj = ~m1
fV1. hl
!'WI V,,; h~

7- so

Jf. 02

-r:

1/;,1(

7. /1.11-

rtit)

7.44
The drag on a 2-m-diameter satellite
dish due to an 80 km/hr wind is to be determined
through a wind tunnel test using a geometrically
similar O.4-m-diameter model dish. Assume standard air for both model and prototype. (a) At
what air speed should the model test be run? (b)
With all similarity conditions satisfied, the measured drag on the model was determined to be
170 N. What is the predicted drag on the prototype dish?

E~. 7.19) Re'lJ1fJ/ris number

I=rtJhI

~ lJ....

v ....
whey!.

I.J

slm; 14r1Tfj

IS

Y'eglJiYfl'i. Thus,

VD

-z/

the dt'sh clJtlrneteY".

It

~//"WJ 1f14t

~:~.12.
V
7/ ~
1m

and

w/n, ~

/v = /
~".,., = ( ~.2. J.j IYYI )/~~
~-m)
=
( ~
h Y'
/WI

(g~ ~~

hI"

)2.
17D tV

(tVote Th_+ I!) :.,/j1Yr! Ii-, -IJ,ti.s pJ'tJb/eWl) 5/~(e I....fJm The. CJJtI(ltf,,,'yj
of Re'lI'1()Jds nwm My S/ffll/tll',.-ffj) v'll v,; = D; ID~ ThiS IS nrt

rrue

111

,ln~ra /. )

7-S/

7. '15"

I
7.45

The pressure drop between the entrance

and exit of a 150-mm-diameter 90 elbow,
through which ethyl alcohol at 20C is flowing,
is to be determined with a geometrically similar
model. The velocity of the alcohol is 5 m/s. The
model fluid is to be water at 20C, and the model
velocity is limited to 10 m/s. (8) What is the required diameter of the model elbow to maintain
dynamic similarity? (b) A measured pressure
drop of2.0 kPa in the model will correspond to
what prototype value?

Foy //()W In a. c/(Jsed C6ndtJ/f;

De,PtfldfHt pi

I-e,m

f (-i', ;

T-;r 1J,/,J fJIlY/-lcu/lJr Py()b/fn? the deppndent

7! )

(Eg. 7. 10)

vAYJahJe. I ~

pJl'~.sSfA~ c!r'~f) Jj1>J So -!hilt

Deoey, cleft t pi f~rWJ .:

1J.fJ

IV2.

,4/so, the. ~h(JY'(Jcifn~f;c, lel1f/h hV flaw through

c/ lame-H. v) 0 J So 1ha-/;
lJ.f _
IV:z. -

J.

The

a.

q{)D

e/b()w

IS

the

,oVD)
I~

D)

d'lMIIIlJIc.. :!J/~/"jarl+!1)

;'11H ~ j)~ =
~~

VAH

D""

=:

&

'i.P
v

(/;/;/e B. 2)I
(lib),- /. ~)/

:: If 9. i
( Con

1m IW1

Ii )

So

4Hd

thAt

same Reynolds number fer /nodel and pr~iol.fjpe.J

a J1cJ tv ,'tH jeomefr.h 'sl m; )4 y;-I:J (tv h IC ~ I mpllec, ThAt
fAM /Dtm = t / D) -t11e.,

(b) W,''/H

1ne

A,p1)M
(.)

1/1')'\

VMt2.

~
..0

y'"

7-53

76

I
7.4 ~

For a certain model study involving a

1: 5 'scale model it is known that Froude number
similarity must be maintained. The possibility of
cavitation is also to be investigated, and it is assumed that the cavitation number must be the
same for model and prototype. The prototype
fluid is water at 30C, and the model fluid is water
at 70 0c. If the prototype operates at an ambient
pressure of 101 kPa (abs), what is the required
ambient pressure for the model system?

for naurie. number ~/m;J(JI'I+'J)

V-*,

-:

VJfW\ "i~
$0 -hrAt

ViT

(WIt;.. j:'Mt)

V; V!;

OJ

I="tPr

C(l{//I-~f/~1I

n()mbpy slmtlay,fr:J )

(-p". - ?v- ttf'l = (1-;. - p~ )

-t(hI\ V""l.
It

.f.o J/ow-s ~t

(1'.". - tv-)Itt\

if V4.

&
~

2-

V.,..

J.

'""1. ll)
(-fr - P... L... =

afJfl m,k/J1~

use

~f

SD,2

-A Pet

(AJr.,. -,lJv

7- It- (tj.-fJ-)

(a/'o5)

7-51(-

(Z )

7.0/-7
7.47
As shown in Fig. P7.47, a thin, flat plate containing a
series of holes is to be placed in a pipe to filter out any particles in the liquid flowing through the pipe. There is some concern about the large pressure drop that may develop across the
plate, and it is proposed to study this problem with a geometrically similar model. The following data apply.

Prototype
d-hole diameter = 1.0 mm
D-pipe diameter = 50 mm
,u-viscosity = 0.002 N . s/m 2
p-density = 1000 kglm 3
V-velocity = 0.1 m1s to 2 m1s

Model

d=?

D = 10mm
,u = 0.002 N . s/m2
p = 1000 kg/m3

V=?

(a) Assuming that the pressure drop, Ap, depends on the variables listed above, use dimensional analysis to develop a suitable set of dimensionless parameters for this problem.
(b) Determine values for the model indicated in the list above
with a question mark. What will be the pressure drop scale,
APm/Ap?

fa)

Llp=/{d;D)t;f;V)
J.p=- p L-2. do:: L D=- L f<:: FC2.T
Fr~rJ1 the. pi theoJIPm, 6,- 3= 3 pi
dlinen.5li)l14/ ~1')41'f.si.s ';jltld.s

fJV:z.

(b)

FIGURE P7.47

+--e t-rnS

t= FL-'tT
Y'e~UI rrd;

'2.

V= L T-

tI ncJ

a..

= r~ (.!L
fX!
D) ~

Foy ~/~,I~Y;+!J)

cl"...

cI
D~:: 15
w in 1n ~ fA a,./:a

cJ ".,... :

0=
0

O. lOO""'hH

~ } J0 wS

::

~-

ThtA. i.

D.50Dlf fr~ ID.O~

7. 'IS ,
7.4 8
At a large fish hatchery the fish are reared in open,
water-filled tanks. Each tank is approximately square in
shape with curved comers, and the walls are smooth. To create motion in the tanks, water is supplied through a pipe at
the edge of the tank. The water is drained from the tank
through an opening at the center. (See Video V7.3.) A model
with a length scale of I: 13 is to be used to determine the
velocity, V, at various locations within the tank. Assume that
V = f (e, ej , p, j.L, g, Q) where eis some characteristic length
such as the tank width, j represents a series of other pertinent lengths, such as inlet pipe diameter, fluid depth, etc., p
is the fluid density, J.L is the fluid viscosity, g is the acceler-

pi thf'ore",
dl/neI151;P/14/ anll/';Jsi..J
Fr()h7

'f), e..

- ~

q
Thus

fj/~/d.s

Q z.
) }.:r:J )

1h~ ~irn;Jtlf,'f!1 r-egulrernellfs

)/.'/YYI :. ~.

J-m.
Clhd

7 - 3 ~ If

(1.1.:

V.12. _

ation' of gravity, and Q is the discharge through the tank.

(a) Determine a suitable set of dimensionless parameters for
this problem and the prediction equation for the velocity. If
water is to be used for the model, can all of the similarity
requirements be satisfied? Explain and support your answer
with the necessary calculations. (b) If the flowrate into the
full-sized tank is 250 gpm, determine the required value for
the model discharge assuming Froude number similarity.
What model depth will correspond to a depth of 32 in. in
the full-sized tank?

are

CD 2.

(J)'ht2.::.

1-; d-m J. :>J

"

pye dt C.ht)J, etu.~/;iC) H

'n2-

V;::.

I.J

V;111'\ oj 1M2.

QM-i
J:r()(n -fhe Jllst sirn//4ra-~ re2t1/remetit
(j)nn ==

-e

~ )~
ft??1)1M1 I-

017;"

~
J.

Ir~pt 1he cSec.,r1JJ1d SI'm',/4rl '-J-!1 Y-l''jtl l remeJ1.i With

0""
Cp

= (b
.J-

Fz.

5//?ce --these iwo yeg u l'remett b aY~ / 11 et)J1rJ/~ t I'tIoJ/~ws /n(i= 1he s;'m;/4f,'-!:J V-e~tllremell+S CtU1J1ot
b-e 5~'= 15h e'd. 1/()

(COI11: )
7-510

Ge (!)me t Y"J C.

SI

in / I (j rl f!t r-ez fA I YeJ

.1 ""'" :: !:.i.
I.~

j.'#H _

() I'"

SO

-fn~1:

).
,R.~
j..

-t;,f).-t

_.-L
J3

a/I /eY1;1hs sca.Je as 1Jte lel1f th S~tJ.Je

(d efth )17J(}del ::: (

=

IF )(depTh ~y.-b,-t!Jpe
(/~) (:12 in.) = 2 -b
I

7- 5 7

In.

Thus)

7.49
The pressure rise, Ap, across a blast wave, as shown
in Fig. P7.49 and Video V11.5, is assumed to be a function of
the amount of energy released in the explosion, E, the air density, p, the speed of sound, c, and the distance from the blast,
d. (a) Put this relationship in dimensionless fonn. (b) Consider
two blasts: the prototype blast with energy release E and a model
blast with 11l000th the energy release (Em = 0.001 E). At what
distance from the model blast will the pressure rise be the same
as that at a distance of 1 mile from the prototype blast?

/J

(a)

fj ==

P= .f ( E') f)

Fyt)/I1 the p/ theorem

a

Ii FIGURE P7.49

c)

d)

f:L-'I T ~

S - 3:: 2 PI

d /me"s/tJI'/4 I qnal'tSls !tIe Ids

..1P

= CP

jJc2..
(j,)

f ==

E';' F L

F L- 2.

f--d----!

iiI" ~/~aanry

E"...
~h)I C~ d;,
/4I/'fh

~::.! J

E
c.. "Z.d 3

f
c~ =- C I
1:

IE : : ~. I
0"., = (c,.
OtJ

cI ::

tfll1 d

d 11M

If

'=~ cl 3

J:::

;n,

E".,

(E)
/,c2.d 3

()t>

I )

(I ;tHi )

= 0. /OtJlYtZL,

Ju/'th 1'hi.5 ~/ml'J~rl'+~ re~/n'l"ernfl1t

p/ed/~fro'"

.I2Jua tliJ'i I~
.Ll -Pht1 =- Ap
fJC'"
f~ c,,:

-th~re

hre.
LJf~= L1

~.:: ~, 100 11111.:

?-S8

7.

So

7, !;-/)

The drag, qv, on a sphere located in a pipe through

which a fluid is flowing is to be determined experimentally (see
Fig. P7.50). Assume that the drag is a function of the sphere
diameter, d, the pipe diameter, D, the fluid velocity, V, and the
fluid density, p. (a) What dimensionless parameters would you
use for this problem? (b) Some experiments using water indicate that for d = 0.2 in., D = 0.5 in., and V = 2 ft/s, the drag
is 1.5 X 10- 3 lb. If possible, estimate the drag on a sphere
located in a 2-ft-diameter pipe through which water is flowing
with a velocity of 6 ft/s. The sphere diameter is such that geometric similarity is maintained. If it is not possible, explain
why not.

the fi fhfl)Yetn) 5"-~: 2

dll'n el1 ~;'tJl1d / 411 ~ / '1 " j (11 ~ / d,J

Wf)h1

--

-v
. Sphere

The s/;rn'/",./f.7

rf~"ll'emt'lI-1:

/J

d'm _ d

- f)-*1 - D
O. "2 I)",
(). 5"' /n.

d =

0,

e ~-I:.

-I./:

(I"e'jlllf('d dltfhleffr).

7 hus, the P f!'dlc.tle/n

7-S"f

G~

ft' ffrhJJ r"gu/ld'd, t/hd a.

,&

(j,)

7.

SI

7.51
Flow patterns that develop as winds blow past a
vehicle, such as a train, are often studied in low-speed environmental (meteorological) wind tunnels. (See Video
V7.S.) Typically, the air velocities in these tunnels are in the
range of 0.1 mls to 30 mls. Consider a cross wind blowing
past a train locomotive. Assume that the local wind velocity, Y, is a function of the approaching wind velocity (at
some distance from the locomotive), U, the locomotive
length,
height, h, and width, b, the air density, p, and the
air viscosity, J-L. (a) Establish the similarity requirements and
prediction equation for a model to be used in the wind
tunnel to study the air velocity, Y, around the locomotive.
(b) If the model is to be used for cross winds gusting to
U = 25 mis, explain why it is not practical to maintain
Reynolds number similarity for a typical length scale 1:50.

e,

(0..)

V -: .p (~ ,1.1 J,; b) ~ jJ-)

-It 1.
V==LT- 1 V= LT- 1 J.:' L J" -= L J, == L
f= FL T
From 1he. pi. tneoV'em 7 - 3 .:: '+ fl' -i-noms Y'egu'-y~tI. I
d /meYls/~yJa I aM a I ~ ~J:S ' !j' eIds

11
fV'

=' r-L-1. r

Q rt pC,

r-

A-

0/)

~ 4 ( ~ ) .t )
<:

T~ us The ~jl1l" 14y,:f'j reg UI Y'fm ~11.+.s aye.

;.;' _ j.
h~
.!
t:'tK 11M! Tl~:= t- h l/
TIWf -;,.,
--It,..
h
~jG==..,..====-)4
__

T~e. pred;".J-loJ.. ZJ)..~-/'Ii>~

V - VM\

1".5

V=-1Z.

( 1) 5/~ce

1he den,j~

ant< VljC"SI~

at- tHe Ci/'r f/OWIHfj 4rouI1d

The

1rg/,., Cind -the (Ur In 'hH Wlj1'd tunnel kJ~u/~ b< pYac.1-,"c.4 l1!t
-tn~ same (I'WJ~! )),*~p..)) /t +olloWJ +rom tn"e IIHi
5Jm/lt(Y/+; vezu/yemen:i.. CWn,cl-1 ,J --f1.u ~ey"oldj nurn},.er)

111 ~t

If
/Wt

nu~) w/-fh
V::- 2. S /1'n /s
Th/~
Ca J1

-ttA4of

/eJ1j1n Scale. of

1:50

C/;1(:/

w;1h

~ ::- (sO) (Zmf/s) = ~ Z~ ~/S

ye'SlJlrf'd mfJael t/e/~;-f!J ,,5

rnuch
be Ct. c h ~ ; v -e a' / h '171 e !AI ",i d

'1heve-hY(' ,"/l1ul111JtI""

+t90

e::(

::('-A ) U

Is ntrt PytAc..+/~/ Iv

Slfnl"/arl+Y. Th<

h 19 h .

hl9he.r lhal1
i:. I,.( 11;-1e. / Ci n d
/Yr1l1lrl';"/~ Re'tho/d..s

v~J&II;eel rn od(l./ v-e!oc'+Ij

I

1.5

7.52

I
1.5l

An orifice flowmeter uses a pressure drop measurement to determine the flow rate through a pipe. A particular orifice flowmeter, when tested in the laboratory, yielded a pressure
drop of 8 psi for a flow of 2.9 fe /s through a 6-in. pipe. For a
geometrically similar system using the same fluid with a 24-in.
pipe, what is the required flow if similarity between the two
systems is to be maintained? What is the corresponding pressure
drop?

cp = + ( 4p)

A-5sllm~
Wh rre.'

d) D) f;;')

Q'" /iDlUya,te.:' L~ r-') LJ p "'" pressure dr~?::: t= C 2)

d ~rl Ii (~ c/t'lfIhlef;,r-': L) D"", I'lpe c/,itlnetfr'= L )
!N .r/~/d df"~i-I:J:::: FL -'lr",,; I/Iul )AN +lwlO vis~sH!:J =- FL -2 T.
Ao

fr~f}1 1/Ie p/ the~re",,) ~ - 3 ::: 8 p/ -trttrlS re$uiyed

d;'mt'n5/~~lIj IIl1aJ'1~/.s f1it/JJ

t.2.

)lD

t (Pi

tlHa

tt

!Jl D't )

/)J)<2.

-p""",
d

.Ll f>.,...

D': !

-'"1

D-w. _
- D

~ P D'"t

?<Z
~t=- f)t)1{-!?)/~) AI..,
),1,..,,1.

),=)1.", I

tJ t

=/~

=(iff) ~ AI.. - ff;.fri,!si):

~ CJ~

/~ Dm,

o. 5'p~ psi

~ ~
;fA-.D

Q=(*"f~ j{)(?~
=(i)4J"" =- (If )(2. f .fP) =- p. tIt

7.53
During a storm, a snow drift is formed behind some
bushes as shown in Fig. P7.53 and Video \'9.4. Assume that
the height of the drift, h, is a function of the number of inches
of snow deposited by the storm, d, the height of the bush. H.
the width of the bush. b, the wind speed, V, the acceleration of
gravity, g, the air density, p. the specific weight of the snow,
'Ys' and the porosity of the bush, TJ. Note that porosity is defined
as percent open area of the bush. (a) Determine a suitable set
of dimensionless variables for this problem. (b) A storm with
30 mph winds deposits 16 in. of snow having a specific weight
of 5.0 Ib/ft3 A half-sized scale model bush is to be used to investigate the drifting behind the bush. If the air density is the
same for the model and the storm, determine the required specific weight of the model snow, the required wind speed for the
model, and the number of inches of model snow to be deposited.

:: +( d) H

-It -= L

d= L

ra)

t ==

/+~

4/so)

Vhh

Vd,,"~
So

'h1J

fAltr"

g~= ~

V11f =
a'ncl

d,1t"
Ji-1t'J'I

ri

FIGURE P7.S3

1=

=t.

V -' L T- 1

d=

L T-2.

rDL~TO

1'/ .J.trnu reZ~/;e~1

tlH&./

'jle'J.s

dna/'1siJ

~ = ~(1;)"~)

Dritt

.~!

h=L

FV'tJ/11 1h4! pi. 1'heare"",) Cf-3

a. dlme'hSltJnaf

3-) f) IS) 'Z )

ir".$~ FL- 3

FC'f-T "2.

&

bJ ~

Bush

9s / rJi,) '1)

V"g.H
#1tI4 / )J. :::1.'l-

t:{ut;!

= V(d)"'

(3(),-,..ph)

:=

J./.

;1.~pJ,

t
~

d~:(W)

({ ) (I ~ in.)

::

~. 00 ~n.

7. S ~

As iIlu strated in Video V7.2, model s are commonly

used to study the dispersion of a gaseous pollutant from an
exhaust stack located near a building complex. Similarity requirements for the pollutant source involve the following independent variables: the stack gas speed, V. the wind speed,
U, the density of the atmospheric air, p, the difference in
densities between the air and the stack gas, p - PJ' the acceleration of gravity, g, the kinematic viscosity of the stack
gas, II ... and the stack diameter, D. (a) Based on these variables, determine a suitable set of similarity requirements for
modeling the pollutant source. (b) For this type of model a
typical length scale might be 1:200. If the same fluids were
used in model and prototype, would the similarity requirements be satisfied? Explain and support your answer with
the necessary calculations.

(a.) 5/" Ce.

v=

L i-I

if ~

1.. , - 2.

EJ'; L T -I
~:!: 1'/'7 -I

;;=

FL -1f T

D= L)

f-f.s ::i F C'+T4

~ //t)UlJ. ~r~/7t the pi.

--thAi 7-3
Jf- j:>;' ffrrn; 4r~ Yi'p/,I/ypd.
CinA/1~/.s fjlf,ld...s
.:::!...) ~) 2:2.) Clnd ~
I
r
. L
~L. ~ j. 0. J I
I' .

/+

-theoytm

se t

r- pI
~ ~ II
I:)

Z7,m

(};) ~r

~rrn5.

I/",.

ret"': rt "'1'1'71.

'In~

511111/111'1 r!:l

D~ = V.D

Vitti 2

~M1"11

:::
-D",.,.,
D

rJ"'~

Z()O

10:>

and

V1rtt =- Ys 1ne

Un, _ -VS""

D/m
..

- -I/s

:=

retJIJll'emfl17::l
Z

=-

Y;:-DItIf

tfs

a..

~5j,;)t!
J.I

toOl/I

1_.

0::: :

0-$ ),. , _(I-A)

dD

~eC&>I1"

Zoo

dU':'fI1SIt)n~/

- I'

j/~/'/lIrl'-h:t

(see abt)ve)

ThJS re5t-t/J:: ~/7.f/I;;1-J W / 1h 1I11t -t In> m -j;, f. S ect:J;f,(

:fI till '!" y/f '1 re%
Ui re f'Yl erll:/ lind 1hfrej,ye. 17I~ j/hn,')lIr,'ft:J
re~ U I remen+S (!OJ1f/pC be 5~.f:./jj,e4 UHt/er 1h'f .s+A.fe4
&;n drf-Ion 5 ,

Iv'tJ.

7.:rt
7.55

The drag on a small, completely submerged solid body having a characteristic length
of 2.5 mm and moving with a velocity of 10 m/s
through water is to be determined with the aid
of a model. The length scale is to be 50, which
indicates that the model is to be larger than the
prototype. Investigate the possibility of using

either an un pressurized wind tunnel or a water

tunnel for this study. Determine the required velocity in both the wind and water tunnels, and
the relationship between the model drag and the
prototype drag for both systems. Would either
type of test facility be suitable for this study?

As

c/ehl"I'J.J.frll~rd IJIl Pg. 7./fl fo,y .f/~w (J rlJul1d /mmfrst"d b()cJ/~,

Re'Jn~/d.s numbty s/m; /"1"1 =4 /J f".fl tllY'e" J() ihd
~j.-,
-tiM!

-_ -v~
Y

~At'! = ~1
Y
7/ J._
./-esls IIYf YUh In unpr~.S'.slo,,/'t4 wlnt-1 -hlill1tl I 1kel1
~ (sfqildllJl'd (Jlr) .:: /. 'fb X. 16-f,-/WIYs I ~J1d 1J (~pttY'): /. /2 XIO-'l'fHl/s

J:f

fYlodel

So 1hlrl:

Vm. =

(/.I.,,~ X

VIWI:: ()

J~

l.

a!!. ) (/ ) /
(1.12;( ID-~ ~ .... l~ (IO
/()-!J

r.{ mode! fest-s t:(re

SIY1C.e

/1'101

~) = 2,1. I~ (+., wIHII 1,,..,/)

water t.unnel WIth. -14 =~ ihel'1

Irl

)(l() )(10 7)

Y'iIJ5~illlbJe J~

both

or 111 e. Wa fe r .ftt JlIl e/ Co u /d

?v/I;.

'1etPl11efl'lc' 411t{

d'll1l1lfJl~

dJ
V';R '-

~. 200

CAstS J

b~

~I/~U'.s

~ ~J. Jt1If2-

~:: ..L.J:..2. 1"~

rJJ

hi"

v,..."

(~~

e;1I1er 1he.

wSe d .
.s-;hllil/f/-f~1 /t

~"."

J..ff41.

2.13

0, Lf LUI-

w.. fe#' funnel)

Wmd

thllt

+ulInel

7. '5b The drag characteristics for a newly designed automobile having a maximum characteristic length of 20 ft are to be determined through
a model study. The characteristics at both low
speed (approximately 20 mph) and high speed (90
mph) are of interest. For a series of projected
model tests an unpressurized wind tunnel that will
accommodate a model with a maximum characteristic length of 4 ft is to be used. Determine the
range of air velocities that would be required for
the wind tunnel if Reynolds number similarity is
desired. Are the velocities suitable? Explain.

,Rel(IIt>ld~ lJumb.tr s;ml'/4f11!J;

!1" V

IIPI

~~ = J- V..R

)A~

V'/m
SlfUe.

=-7;t t

the. W1I1t1 ..fulllfel

aP!r(Jxirn~telt; -I1te
feciuce.; -f..o
tll1c{

#~

IRe

1,$

St1I?1t.

dll~

~
",.,

OJ

Uh/!,ftSSII}'I1ft/

~I'"

the

medel 1"l1d

1/1

r pr~Pfrh'e.s

p~/()f!lpe.

TI1/1SI

w//J be
'$. e/)

?llIe""

:: (20

It) J!

5" V

( tf -It)

Ttterefr;rf) al IoU) Sfted

/I""., :: S (ZtJ mph) =- /o~ mph
aHa af 11t9h 6,~ed

~ :: S (q~ IWIP),) :

00

fhg-f the

mode / vel!)c

in,

Y'~11ge

tfb()

/s

trrtp h
/Oornp;' fo 'f.>7J mph

1111,/1 vel()clfzt IH the WJ~tI 1-uJ1fJel e(f)/)1pr~ss~b/)'+!J ,,,f the

Qir W()u! tI . .6ft1r,t -to be~me 411 lin'(JY'k~t titclr;r/ 14JherftlS

,41 i/Je

Cbmpressllllllf,; l.r /Jot: /n7'p~yfy,l1t -fi,y 1fte pYbfoftjpe. nlt/S, ine

ht'ql?er l/e/~cii-!1 y;oe!tl1retl ~r 1ke ff1()tie/ wf)IIld /Jot be $UJ14j,/e.
"v~.

7. 57

I
7.5 7
If the un pressurized wind tunnel of
Problem 7. 5~ were replaced with a tunnel in
which the air can be pressurized isothermally to
8 atm (abs), what range of air velocities would
be required to maintain Reynolds number similarity for the same prototype velocities given in
Problem 7. 'S{,,? For the pressurized tunnel the
maximum characteristic model length that can be
accommodated is 2 ft, whereas the maximum
characteristic prototype length remains at 20 ft.

Re'fIJ(>Ic/s n IIm};!y SI'm; /IInfy .;

~ J":!. ::

11m

)A~

~ ::~
Ib1

t-E
~

&
.l.
~ j..,..

fnt'!

--;:::I't T

/=PI'" lin Ide,,} 9t:1s )

/1 )

I til'ld

.{;,y ;'s~thfrf)J41 t!.f)/npf"e5S/~H

:1=. =~11 S I:n i1 t

f'

~=J:..
fJ

tl'fYJ

L-

tt7'1 - ft'l?'1
( ass tJml;' 7 )J1YI -:::.; )
I)

.:f...J;.. V

~ - 1'1f'OI:4

'l,'6-mf!)~phfr'~ pr-e.sswY'<' (PY't'SStll"e at: tJ)""h PY'oto tljpq

and ~ Is !f?.5SUY'f t:>f ~jJf't'ss('d fli}- In the Wll1d -ftt11t1el.

where. p /.s
0{f'Y"Ilf-eS ) J

ror tm =af>

==

(.J...)(zo It) V=-

/11'1

Thus J 4t

/fJl.J

( z .ft)

'If

hlfjh

.sIted
~ ::. I, Z ~ (2~

CH1t1

/.2;-

mph)

= Z 6' /W1 ph

s?~ed

V"",:: /. "25"" (90/J11ph) ::- 112,5"tmph

There ~rel

1)1(.

dis mph ..fr:,

r'e~(/Irett tnfJdel ve/f)cl1:J rnl1ge /~

//2.5"trnph.

?s~

I
7. Sg

The drag characteristics of an airplane

are to be determined by model tests in a wind
tunnel operated at an absolute pressure of 1300
kPa. If the prototype is to cruise in standard air
at 385 km/hr, and the corresponding speed of the
model is not to differ by more than 20% from this
(so that compressibility effects may be ignored),
what range of length scales may be used if Reynolds number similarity is to be maintained? Assume the viscosity of air is unaffected by pressure,
and the temperature of the air in the tunnel is
equal to the temperature of the air in which the
airplane will fly.

slm; 1f/f'lf!1 )
~ Y:" ,R~ ~ I- v.1

l1/,fhJl1ty

So

,)1-i11

th,,1:

i,,"

):
fir

fin

Icle~J "as)

~ ~

1:.

(f)

~~~

? =;,e~

~-

5 ~ . (J)

t;y the

CttI1

IJnd w/1H

~s.f.tI/Ji femppnr/uYe.

w/fH

1m,

he 411'/#e 11 tI.s

);fIIf _ 1;)

- t..

dll~ '1 J ;;el1

J.4f4 -

al1d

:E.. = e,,,.s fa 11 t
f
-p _ -4-

or
(fntl

/-

(tv i1H )Atttt :::)A

f;o/~fa.)

V
k Pa. ) ~

T- O500
~ = (Ii: (). z) VI /7 .fr; /loliJ5. 7hfJi
j~

(/oJ-IGfl )

-1- - (/ 3()().k

fa. )

J
( / j; (), 2)

CJ, Ot,/f 7 to t). 0'17 I ,

7. SCf

I
1 Stf

Wind blowing past a flag causes it to "flutter in the

breeze." The frequency of this fluttering, w, is assumed to be
a function of the wind speed, V, the air density, p, the acceleration of gravity, g, the length of the flag, .e, and the "area density," PA' (with dimensions of ML -2) of the flag material. It is
desired to predict the flutter frequency of a large = 40 ft flag
in a V = 30 ft/s wind. To do this a model flag with = 4 ft
is to be tested in a wind tunnel. (a) Determine the required area
density of the model flag material if the large flag has PA =
0.006 slugs/ft2. (b) What wind tunnel velocity is required for
testing the model? (c) If the model flag flutters at 6 Hz, predict
the frequency for the large flag.

W= 7- 1

V= L7-1

1= MC 3 !=' /...T-1.

fA':: NL-2.

l;;'L

j:Y'~f)1 the. ?/ 1he~rem) ~-3 = 3 f/ +erl11s re$tIlYfJ.} t1l1d a.

d/ln e t1 ~/PII~/ tin ,,/ '1'IS tt I.e I"~

Vj

Slhl//Ilf'I1-Y

= cf (~

~~

~ .J/t'n

l
V8.R.

Vtrn
Vdr;r,)~

gl'm = d
\!",,::
(t)

W,1"h

fhe simi I~ r/1-!:I

e!tl.Q.':t:J~M

j5

fn~-/;

::

reI U remPt11=s s~.:t

= tu." V~

V-f
W - ViLv

jo

Vf

!~

V~
J-

~+I pi 7H('

pr"ecl,'c t./~i1

aht1

4!

(~ II,) = I. ~ 0
= r.!t:E
~o .f-.f
1

f-l)

I,

(Po

I
7. fDO
River models are used to study many different
types of flow situations. (See, for example, Video V7.6.) A
certain small river has an average width and depth of 60 ft
and 4 ft, respectively, and carries water at a flowrate of 700
ft3jS. A model is to be designed based on Froude number
similarity so that the discharge scale is 11250. At what depth
and flow rate would the model operate?

fi;y

P.rpud~

w herll 1.

IJ

n 1-1111 J,~ Y 5/;"'I'IlIrJf.!l

V/??1
= Vi). -,
Vj~ ~~
SOn1t c,naY/lc. t-en s' 1-, C 1('HJt;, )

mt.=. ().
ah to{

for-

model

/1117],

If f-t

the.

IJ0

().. prof:" -I:!f~ dep1lt t;f

e" rr-t's/o/1 d lit'!

I1I1K

dep1J1 (s

J.t'm ::: ((J.II 0) (If H)

== O.If-'f{).f-t

! ""' ;:: j

7. ,/

I
7. r..l
As winds blow past buildings, complex flow patterns can develop due to various factors such as flow separation and interactions between adjacent buildings. (See
Video V7.4.) Assume that the local gage pressure, p, at a
particular location on a building is a function of the air density, p, the wind speed, V, some characteristic length, and
all other pertinent lengths, i needed to characterize the
geometry of the building or building complex. (a) Determine a suitable set of dimensionless parameters that can be
used to study the pressure distribution. (b) An eight-story
building that is 100 ft tall is to be modeled in a wind tunnel. If a length scale of 1:300 is to be used, how tall should
the model building be? (c) How will a measured pressure in
the model be related to the corresponding prototype pressure? Assume the same air density in model and prototype.
Based on the assumed variables. does the model wind speed
have to be equal to the prototype wind speed? Explain.

e,

(a.J

1>= rL-
FY~fl1 -rj,~ P"

=F L-'fr

V -= L T - (
1 :.- L Y,,' :: 1
1]1eDref"YI/ s- 3= 2 -p,: kY"l71s ve~",,'red, Ql1d
dl n, -en SI;I'1IC./ Ci 11 4. J 1 S 1:S 'J J ~ I OJ
2.

c..

I'~Z = ~ (f: )
georne fy/c, 'S1'm,'l a rj'+j

j.~

ti,m

J.1)rt ..

T -

1
).,:

J- ~'hff
J.i

{"IIDWS ThAt 4/1 P(Y't/~fl4t lenfth~ aY( Scaled

le~ffh Sca/(. f.".,. / j., Thus, WITh j;ttl I;. = \/aoo

t"f-

l'mode.1

h-eicd\,t
-=
oJ

.ill.Ji::: O.3~3
'300

+t

f'Wt =f

( 1
-P~.lf~) f~

Wd1t 1Jr( ~e1: of. '1' ~e r1 Va r/a hieJ 1hfY(!' IS no ve8~;ref1l~t

foil" f'he V~JDC.I~ sca./t!; VlYI4jV) 5fJ fk~ rnod~\ WI~e.{ -speed.
dDe~ npt hail~ -to be .e~u~ ilt... tJu prI)-/:oi y pre. WU1~
opee&. No .

7- 70

7. ~2 j

7.62

A scale model is to be used in a towing

tank to determine the drag on the hull of a ship.
The model is operated in accordance with the
Froude number criteria for dynamic similitude.
The prototype ship is designed to cruise at 18
knots. At what velocity (in mls) should the model
be towed? Under these conditions what will be
the ratio of the prototype drag to the model dra~?
Assume the water in the towing tank to have the
same properties as those for the prototype and
that shear drag is negligible.

Foy FR.oude n tim blr- slm~ jar; +!;j )

Qnp(

IN ,Tn

w,th

Ym, =
V!hO\ ~".,

vF

~:Vfv--

Vi

?=-im,

Frowde

lIt1mber ~im i /4 f ,+,

ptJ :: ~I)M
fy'~J.~

J,j

~)-- /. s/ a!!.
s

I/ /~ ~lIdfs )1
(0, S/J.f.1{- ",,~t

tlltd

9tfPllleffli

SI ",dan

f'j I 1hel1

~ ~loJ:

-the dra.9.

~=.t.

otJ~

5Jiu:e.

I =/fWI

and

4:

(t)

fm,

V/Vmt::"

(fJ

V)/-f

M4 I

,t

= (J) ( 5"0)

M'1

7-7/

~JJ()/JJj thai

3
'"

/.

2 X 105'

7.64
Assume that the wall shear stress, 'Tw, created when a
fluid flows through a pipe (see Fig. P7.64a) depends on the pipe
diameter, D, the flowrate, Q, the fluid density, p, and the kinematic viscosity, v. Some model tests run in a laboratory using
water in a O.2-ft-diameter pipe yield the 'Tw vs. Q data shown in
Fig. 7.64b. Perform a dimensional analysis and use the model
data to predict the wall shear stress in a O.3-ft-diameter pipe
through which water flows at the rate of 1.5 fefs.

(al

'::: 0.7
J3 0.6
0.5

;,
,

----1-.-__._+._.__ -L_. __.

0.5

1.5

Flowrate. Q. ft\/s
(bl

LLu- -=
lw--=-

FL-'-

FY'{)f)1

1he

+(D

D= L
pi

ct c/, menS,bJ'l4 I

4>:::

-V)
,-'

tr. eOytM) 5- 3 2.
fUt allj'SI'..r

;cp~~
SI

cr ) f)

in // fI r,'+~
w:>~

==

fjl 'e' d..s

1 ( !J )

FIGURE P7.64

7. ~f)

7.65"
The pressure rise, f!.p, across a centrifugal pump of a
given shape (see Fig. P7.6Sa) can be expressed as
f!.p

= I(D,

8r-------------------------~
Model data

w, p, Q)

Wm = 40!l" rad/s

where D is the impeller diameter, w the angular velocity of the

impeller, p the fluid density, and Q the volume rate of flow
through the pump. A model pump having a diameter of 8 in. is
tested in the laboratory using water. When operated at an angular velocity of 407T rad/ s the model pressure rise as a function
of Q is shown in Fig. P7.6S'b. Use this curve to predict the
pressure rise across a geometrically similar pump (prototype)
for a prototype flowrate of 6 ft 3 /s. The prototype has a diameter
of 12 in. and operates at an angular velocity of 607T rad/s. The
prototype fluid is also water.

Dm

= 8 in.

6!---------~-------~=

O~----~----~~~~~----~
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Qm (ft 3 /s)
(b)

FIG U REP 7.65

Centrifugal pump

Jp = j ( D/~.) f.J

(0)

tJ t ~ f '-- 2.h-If)tn

D -' L

(",,).::: T

1=

-/

a)

FL-'tTl.

t:-he PI.: 1:hetJytlYl/ S-~: .2 Pi t!'rrns

t:ift~/'fsi5

&' e/ tis

LIe
Itt) 11>

ret II/yeti) 11114

t4

l-

Ye! VI r-emt'lt t
~~

;;;-3
'*"

Q'= L 3 T- J

I..J

cp

=:

tV

D3

a;ui jpy 1;,e dd ;,/iJev

tj),., =-

(folT tf') ( flit,):3 ( I.

( ~7T ~d) /2./n.
..5

Fr()1J1 tHe 1ntlJ,

(r;,.

P7.bS';)

LJp

.t1 /:m

.pP) _ I.

/'1 {!J

.5

:: .s:S'o ?.5l.: ~y til =/. / 'i ;tJ.

::

1-73

fit liS)

7.~ (P

I
7. " <c, Start with the two-dimensional continuity equation and the Navier-Stokes equations
(Eqs. 7.35, 7.36, and 7.37) and verify the nondimensional forms of these equations (Eqs. 7.38,
7.41, and 7.42).

Jt<

Jtr=o
PIj

J;( r

;0

(~-t U ~ .,. 7r ~)O, - ~ 1")A (~~ 1" ~ ;~ )

If)

(Jrr
+ t<
_ P~

~"

4s In(/ic.a/-PII

111

U- -r

fA 11= __

=~

(~-r JY} (e~. 7. 37)

0,( l. ~:; 1.)
,

-p "..; 1:.
1;,

V
X

-riA-

- , 0 II

Sec.ltoN 7.10 let

?i 14:. :JC

"""= ..!:!:..
.;.

viJ!:)
= - a~
d ':1
!1

(liS. ? 36)

_1:1

..J....L

v.J

C7"-=

t-~

1r((i1.sk~IYM.j./~'n..s t4h be mille as /c/JClJIs:

J(Vu.~) Jx'"
V Ju-iax. ~;(, /4.
d x. :: --;. J x'-tIr

Th e

/llit/,,'US

1f11,{

au. _
j'/ln ; /(11" &
)

J v- _ ~ J I/#-

;2 -.).

,4/so)

J "2 fA.

p,(2. -

I;<*"

~ .:

v d (0 U -It) ~It -: Y-X U.,. a;.. a~

12.

Clnc/ jim/iff r/~/

J 7- V- _
tJx2. -

J:: !..!!:. f!.

J'j.J. Jyf.

1/ J 2.v-
~L

27.(A. _

p;2. -

1/

0'1.", i'.

Ji J!j'loZ-

fEy 17te local acce/fy~-b~If.J

dUo
J rvu4') Jtl. = V Ju"
rJt::
Jt--f.. it
~ Jt+
til/it ~ /m ,'k,yo)'11

J U- _ V J

n -~

]/-J.

;-c~

0 1.1" _ 1:: lY v.

; ; - ~ o!J+

J Z U I~x1tZ-

7. ~ ~

I ( ~11 Z )
roY' -the. pY'e.ssure I-erm.s,)
ij::, _ ~ Pa f;J.. d.JG ~ ::
J.x. ~x.
aX.
t/hd s/m;/Ilr/y)

li:.:: A li:..jJ.
o!J

j.

d!J*

5Ub.'Jf,i-uf,il1 eJ/ 1h~ I/tlrI()~ ftrms J -(xpresspo/ In Hrms ill

tnt! dlln~I1.5;{)I?J-es.r vtJY'lobJe.s, Crill h< IIltlde I~t-~ the (!)Y'I'gJ;'ql
d, fleVfl1h4/ eglAa.t:I()AS (I S . 7. 3~~ 7.3~,; ~1'1'" 7. 37) -1-0
tjie/ tI Ef~. 7 38) 7 ~'J 1/(111{ 7. 'fo. To o/'.ftt"j the hh~ /
!orin for ES5. 7. 'fJ tll-ul 7. 'f2 dlV, de each krm

hy

IvYi.

7.'-7

I. Ie. 7
A viscous fluid is contained between wide, parallel
plates spaced a distance h apart as shown in Fig. P7.67. The
upper plate is fixed, and the bottom plate oscillates harmonically
with a velocity amplitude U and frequency w. The differential
equation for the velocity distribution between the plates is

au
au
p at = J.L ay2

--....11

where u is the velocity, t is time, and p and J.L are fluid density
and viscosity, respectively. Rewrite this equation in a suitable
nondimensional form using h, U, and was reference parameters.

) Fixed pi ate

I' l

II

= UCOS

u.
-V
I

Le i:

TJ'
v
Wou*
-

0-(;'*

~=
O!j

02U _
~t-

7-7~

WI

7. ~8
7. ~8

The deflection of the cantilever beam of

Fig. P7.bi is governed by the differential equation

d 2y
EI dx 2

P(x - C)

where E is the modulus of elasticity and I is the

moment of inertia of the beam cross section. The
boundary conditions are y = 0 at x = 0 and
dy / dx = 0 at x = O. (a) Rewrite the equation
and boundary conditions in dimensionless form
using the beam length, r~ as the reference length.
(b) Based on the results of part (aYwhaiire the
similarity requirements and the prediction equa':
rion for a model to predict deflections?
(

(,L

Le i.

J1- = 1;

Co( iii&{

rJz!:1

-d.x,

=
l..

;(.14 =

dt (J. b~ ) d )(. ~ _
d )(. .,.. -d;<. -

did
d~

and

FIGURE P7.1D8

.so 7"ha.i

)(.

J. dt1~
dt,JJr

E. (!li*) !.
'" =...L
dx
)..

J;e"* dx.l/-

(-i )

::

~
d)(,~

rJ'!f 'I-

dx" z.
hec.Dme..s

OV'

(.b )

re~ UI veme,.:tr
X,w. _

et Y'f.
~

J .... - )...

7-77

7. fo'f
7. fo9

A liquid is contained in a pipe that is

closed at one end as shown in Fig. P7."~ . Initially
the liquid is at rest, but if the end is suddenly
opened the liquid starts to move. Assume the
pressure PI remains constant. The differential
equation that describes the resulting motion of
the liquid is

where Uz is the velocity at any radial location, r,

and t is time. Rewrite this equation in dimensionless form using the liquid density, p, the viscosity, jl, and the pipe radius, R, as reference
parameters.

rlf =..t
R

t1-:

, ) tll1t1

initia!l~

_P_l_ _ _ _ _--1-_-----. End sed

auz = PI + (a 2uz + ! auz)

P at
e JL ar2 r ar

Le t

'
_

rLz

~vz

t
R
T

,/
V

1-1.- - - 1 - - - - 1 , 1

~*=
~
~
V

Whe~~

-?~me ~m'JI~lftt/1'J.S of the p4rtimekYS /)/-I QM~ R hal/ll1? ihe

dlmeI1SI()~ ~f t.lme) tJn~ V I~ J~mt Ct;mlJ/ntt/~~ cf the sqme
p4fllmeter.s hHtllht 1?,e d/rnfrlsl!;/LS t>f tt., tle/()c/7Tj. Let:
1: = /-,R?=. (pl.-If r"L) (L) ~
/"
FL-2. T

IS

alit!

JA.
V= ...~

fJ R.

-2 T
I=i.
F/..-'f r2.) (L)

~ L T-

W,1h these d/~ei1S;~l1less IIlJyltd,ies .a~: a(v~~ ~~:- V J~" (...!..):

Jt-l-

dt

at

1:

ff)!}!:.
) J~ "_
~,R. (12. ~t:1ft -

(e)~ dV;""
fJ

1<3 Jtf'

~ = ~ (V'Zi-tt-) or: v ~-I- fJ.): (~ )(!.) p~-Jt .:- A Jtfr+

ar
ar -to. dfJ}-- i- ( i<
f> ~ fo Jyo$.
('; ,. 0 Y' ""
a7tJi: _~ ~ (JVjI)k! = ~ d 21it~ /1) :: ~ JZ1Jj~
ayo
1',e2 ,It#- --r;;:-. J r
I'Rz ~ rj.2. (~
;o;e.3 () r1' z.
l.

The ()l"IflJ14J d,'.fkrfntlq/ e$tlflf:to'n

[; ~r:f.] ~;: =

:. +

ClJM

n~w b~ ex.p'l'tSSfd aoS

~ (f;e3)J(~';:: +?~)

7-78

7. 70
7.70

An incompressible fluid is contained between two infinite parallel plates as illustrated in

Fig. P7.70. Under the influence of a harmonically
varying pressure gradient in the x direction, the
fluid oscillates harmonically with a frequency w.
The differential equation describing the fluid motion is

au

p -

at

h
-f-

YL~u
x

a2u

x cos wt + f.l -ay2

FIGURE P7.70

where X is the amplitude of the pressure gradient.

Express this equation in non dimensional form using hand w as reference parameters.

~j(=

Let

ti-:. 4J i

dr

~: ~

(J.tu '" -I-~j.._,; 'C""'

t3t

&IA. _ ~

fA fA) ().:"'") J.!1" ~

;!:J -

dZt-<
Jj

l.

::

J :;-11-

t.U

~ -

c/l111

tu

,,+::: {~

~"" (w)
J t:1c

-I, tv ~ ~
djf.

"*)lit

d ( Pu
-'Ie.
; !J f.
a!:1~ J!:J.

UJ

Ct(11

~~

J!:1'*'

LL) = tU

0J~ 2.. {h

The OY'J9/f1lt! d,/nY.fJ1ttal eg IAlJ.tJtPH

[;-AtJj ~~: ~

J r It

(J) =-

UJ () Zu 1'.

1h4.i '

IttU'-~.f.

So

-::t:

dZu -11
b !J;' z.

naw b.e -e.x.pytssed

c:~s tt' + ~-i!] ~>.~z

a~

7.7/

7.7 I
A viscous fluid flows through a vertical. square channel as shown in Fig. P7.71. The velocity w can be expressed as

aplaz)

w = f(x, y. b, J.L. Y. V,

where J.L is the fluid viscosity, y the fluid specific weight, V the
mean velocity, and ap Iaz the pressure gradient in the z direction.
(a) Use dimensional analysis to find a suitable set of dimensionless variables and parameters for this problem. (b) The differential equation governing the fluid motion for this problem
is

I-b--I

(a-+-~
w
a2 w)
2
ax
ay
2

ap= -y+J.L
az

Write this equation in a suitable dimensionless form. and show

that the similarity requirements obtained from this analysis are
the same as those resulting from the dimensional analysis of
part (a).

(tL)

w=

w-= { (
LT-

H()t'Y1

;(=

J=- L

if. )

!i; JJ.;)<.1 0.1 V"

J<.)

b=' L

==

FIG U REP 7 . 71

cY

P1..-;. T

=PL-

1he p(.: 1hel)i'e~ ?-3 == S J'i i-f>rms ye~IJly.etL

tll1t1lf1s/~

tlnd

1 .?E...:.. c::- - 3
V-:'L-- I
Jt: - I L
A.

y/e/Pi..s
~

(I)

j/

(.b)

dw_
~X

~;<..

V
];

oX

So

V~1f
J: h<.+

d /dWi-) h(" _
Ot:l- (

~;< 1i:-

~~tv

5, hit 'IIIY Iy .-'

lhe.

x*= ~ ) (jJl.=

d(VW~)())t.Jj.=

JZW- .=

gXl-

r)

w~=

Let

JX
V

);; ~ = T...

&1'/'1);,,,) d;l{eyel1-6iJ;

Ul.
)c

hZ

-=

~2W-J/c.

J .'}f:. 2-

efud,oJl

can nov b~ -f'xjJressp,<

-J- + tW](~1'
h2.
~;<,JJ. 2-

qp = _

)tV Ji!:

(rbL. -r

I'V

( 2 W :lc -r
gx"'z.

7-80

as

~~)
g~*' 1.-

~"2~)
g~+2-

(2)

7.71

((1;/1't )

E1' (2)

/~titcRk

thai

kr+-=

== 'r

.if

j,

('/;*
/\

~)

cr j, 2.

)All)

.b.2. J P

~V

)
(.3)

d~~.s t1D~ all'eAr' i:v mtt.1-cM ih~

eJlldf~" "j,Ioo',l1erl b1 tltmfl1S'M~( tl"""{'1~Jj (E'j,. I)) 1t.<
If/ 1'h()1I! h

las I:.

1'hu,

r.e';WJ-C

PI

+fYI11S

1-Wo

/11

7 .t /)

(-1.rlz:
q)(~J/
11Iz.2.)
:50

ttl! d

the
Ii re

-/7ta.. f

-r

1h/~

Y~>u./f

~/'ml'/C{y/~
-the

.! ))

e.11J1

!4,z

b~ ~m blAe4 ftJ y/~/ tI

= ~ 2lf

~ V Jt:
II b.se
b~ w r/ 1feJ1 a.s

f1
?r/; ~ b"2... i l )
X
b) b.J ~ V ) ,.ft y ~t

-lite $time IJS

Y'eJtI;Yempl')-/s I~d,cq)-e~

sam e .

IS

( If)

</hllf- /11

/:;7

9 J3).

t.J.

7htl5~

(3) 4-M.P( (If)

7.72.
7.72

Flow from a Tank

Objective:

When the drain hole in the bottom of the tank shown in Fig. P7.72 is opened,
the liquid will drain out at a rate which is a function of many parameters. The purpose of
this experiment is to measure the liquid depth, h, as a function of time, t, for two geometrically similar tanks and to learn how dimensional analysis can be of use in situations such as
this.

Equipment:

Two geometrically similar cylindrical tanks; stop watch; thermometer; ruler.

Experimental Procedure:

Make appropriate measurements to show that the two tanks

are geometrically similar. That is, show that the large tank is twice the size of the small tank
(twice the height; twice the diameter; twice the hole diameter in the bottom). Fill the large
tank with cold water of a known temperature, T, and determine the water depth, h, in the
tank as a function of time, t, after the drain hole is opened. Thus, obtain h = h(t). Note that
t ranges from t = 0 when h = H (where H is the initial depth of the water), to t = tfinal then
the tank is completely drained (h = 0). Repeat the measurements using the small tank with
the same temperature water. To ensure geometric similarity, the initial water level in the small
tank must be one-half of what it was in the large tank. Repeat the experiment for each tank
with hot water. Thus you will have a total of four sets of h(t) data.

Calculations: Assume that the depth, h, of water in the tank is a function of its initial
depth, H, the diameter of the tank, D, the diameter of the drain hole in the bottom of the
tank, d, the time, t, after the drain is opened, the acceleration of gravity, g, and the fluid density, p, and viscosity, J.L. Develop a suitable set of dimensionless parameters for this problem
using H, g, and p as repeating variables. Use t as the dependent parameter. For each of the
four conditions tested, calculate the dimensionless time, tgl/2/Hl/2, as a function of the dimensionless depth, h/H.
Graph:

On a single graph, plot the depth, h, as ordinates and time, t, as abscissas for each
of the four sets of data.

Results: On another graph, plot the dimensionless water depth, h/H, as a function of dimensionless time, tg l / 2/H 1/ 2, for each of the four sets of data. Based on your results, comment on the importance of density and viscosity for your experiment and on the usefulness
of dimensional analysis.
To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click her~>
to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem.

Data:

r
H

L
iii! FIGURE P7.72

7-- 82-

7.72.

Solution for Problem 7.72: Flow from a Tank

H for big tank, in.

16.0

H for small tank, in.

8.0

h, in.

t, s

Big Tank with T

16.0
12.0
8.0
4.0
0.0

=57 deg C

Big Tank with T

16.0
12.0
8.0
4.0
0.0

=20 deg C

tg 1/2/H1/2

h/H

0.0
9.2
20.0
33.8
57.0

0.0
45.2
98.3
166.1
280.1

1.000
0.750
0.500
0.250
0.000

0.0
9.0
20.3
33.0
57.2

0.0
44.2
99.a
162.2
281.1

1.000
0.750
0.500
0.250
0.000

0.0
21.5
66.0
126.5
209.2
287.7

1.000
0.875
0.625
0.375
0.125
0.000

0.0
20.8
69.5
125.8
225.9
298.8

1.000
0.875
0.625
0.375
0.125
0.000

Small Tank with T

8.0
7.0
5.0
3.0
1.0
0.0

=57 deg C

Small Tank with T

8.0
7.0
5.0
3.0
1.0
0.0

= 20 deg C

0.0
3.1
9.5
18.2
30.1
41.4

0.0
3.0
10.0
18.1
32.5
43.0

7-83

~,,'t

Problem 7.22
Water depth, h, vs time, t

t:

..c:

18
16
14
12
10
8

-------~--~-==-----=~J

~ -~ ~--I

Big tank, T

=20 deg C

Small tank, T

=20 deg C

-------~:------~

2
0

--.-. Small tank, T = 57 deg C

Big tank, T = 57 deg C

+----~-..:----~~--_r--.---1

20

40

60

80

t, S

Problem 7.72
Dimensionless Depth, h/H,
vs
Dimensionless Time, t*(g/H)"O.5

1.20 - , - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - ,

1.00

:
I
------~-------------~~------I

--I

0.80
J:

:c

_I
I

0.60

0.40

0.20

----------'--

I
I

-l-----+--~,.,----+-----l

0.00 +----+-----1--__'*----1

300

100

t*(g/H)"O.5

?-9'1

400

Big tank, T = 57 deg C

Big tank, T = 20 deg C

- .. X

Small tank, T

= 57 deg C

Small tank, T = 20 deg C

7.73

Vortex Shedding from a Circular Cylinder

Objective:

Under certain conditions, the flow of fluid past a circular cylinder will produce a Karman vortex street behind the cylinder. As shown in Fig. P7.73, this vortex street
consists of a set of vortices (swirls) that are shed alternately from opposite sides of the cylinder and then swept downstream with the fluid. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the shedding frequency, w cycles (vortices) per second, of these vortices as a function
of the Reynolds number, Re, and to compare the measured results with published data.

Equipment:

Water channel with an adjustable flowrate; flow meter; set of four different
diameter cylinders; dye injection system; stopwatch.

Experimental Procedure:

Insert a cylinder of diameter D into the holder on the bottom of the water channel. Adjust the control valve and the downstream gate on the channel
to produce the desired flowrate, Q, and velocity, V. Make sure that the flow-straightening
screens (not shown in the figure) are in place to reduce unwanted turbulence in the flowing
water. Measure the width, b, of the channel and the depth, y, of the water in the channel so
that the water velocity in the channel, V = Q/(by), can be determined. Carefully adjust the
control valve on the dye injection system to inject a thin stream of dye slightly upstream of
the cylinder. By viewing down onto the top of the water channel, observe the vortex shedding and measure the time, t, that it takes for N vortices to be shed from the cylinder. For a
given velocity, repeat the experiment for different diameter cylinders. Repeat the experiment
using different velocities. Measure the water temperature so that the viscosity can be looked
up in Table B.l.

Calculations: For each of your data sets calculate the vortex shedding frequency,
w = Nit, which is expressed as vortices (or cycles) per second. Also calculate the dimensionless frequency called the Strouhl number, St = wDIV, and the Reynolds number,
Re = pVDI/-L.
Graph:

On a single graph, plot the vortex shedding frequency, w, as ordinates and the
water velocity, V, as abscissas for each of the four cylinders you tested. On another graph,
plot the Strouhl number as ordinates and the Reynolds number as abscissas for each of the
four sets of data.

11&

S/de

IIJeW

FIGURE P7.73

7.73

Results:

On your Strouhl number verses Reynolds number graph, plot the results taken
from the literature and shown in the following table.
St

Re

0
0.16
0.18
0.19
0.20
0.21
0.21
0.21

<50
100
150
200
300
400
600
800

Data:

To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click here
to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem.

Solution for Problem 7.73: Vortex Shedding from a Circular Cylinder

T, deg F
70

b, ft
0.50

Q, ft 3/s
0.036
0.036
0.036
0.036

y, ft
0.82
0.82
0.82
0.82

D,ft
0.0202
0.0314
0.0421
0.0518

N
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0

t, s
13.2
19.9
24.5
30.1

0.062
0.062
0.062
0.062

0.79
0.79
0.79
0.79

0.0202
0.0314
0.0421
0.0518

10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0

0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029

0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86

0.0202
0.0314
0.0421
0.0518

0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018

0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92

0.0202
0.0314
0.0421
0.0518

0.758
0.503
0.408
0.332

V, ftls
0.0878
0.0878
0.0878
0.0878

Re
169
263
352
433

8t
0.174
0.180
0.196
0.196

6.3
9.6
12.5
15.1

1.587
1.042
0.800
0.662

0.1570
0.1570
0.1570
0.1570

302
469
629
774

0.204
0.208
0.215
0.219

10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0

19.2
28.2
33.1
36.7

0.521
0.355
0.302
0.272

0.0674
0.0674
0.0674
0.0674

130
202
270
333

0.156
0.165
0.189
0.209

10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0

31.2
41.3
52.2
65.3

0.321
0.242
0.192
0.153

0.0391
0.0391
0.0391
0.0391

75
117
157
193

0.165
0.194
0.206
0.203

00,

cycles/s

= Nit
V =Q/(by)
00

8t

=ooDN and Re =DV/v, where

v = 1.052E-5 ft A 2/s

7-8'

Data from Literature

Re
8t
0.00
50
0.16
100
0.18
150
0.19
200
0.20
300
400
0.21
0.21
600
0.21
800

7.73

( C<Jn't)

Problem 7.73
Shedding Frequency, ro, vs Velocity, V

1.S

--r-------;-----~-----------,

1.6

1.4

.. -

..__._-----_. __._-.. _ - - - - - - _ . - - - - - - - - - - / -

1.2

--I

~ 1.0

----~~--___:;iI""""'-------J

u
~

O.S

+-~---------~-+--------;;;,;L------t-:...

0.6

+-------'-----/--~-___;;;;O..=-_::7'~---.~

0.4

- - - - - - - - - - - - - ----II

------lI

0.2

~~-=----

-+-0 =0.0202 ft
_ 0 =0.0314 ft
""""-0 = 0.0421 ft
___ 0 =0.0518 ft

.. ----.-------.. ---- ---- ------

0.0 - f - - - - - - ; - - - - - - i - - - - - - , - - - - - - j
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.00
0.05

V, ftls

Problem 7.73
Strouhl Number, St,
vs
Reynolds Number, Re

0.25

0.20

0.15

. _._.__._---_._---,---_._----------\I

0.10

I
---1

!
j

en

0.05

~-~-,--_4--~--~~

I
t

0.00
0

200

400

600
Re

7-87

SOO

Experimental

I, I

1_ Data from literature I

1000

!
I

7.7'/-

7.74

Head Loss across a Valve

Objective:

A valve in a pipeline like that shown in Fig. P7.74 acts like a variable resistor in an electrical circuit. The amount of resistance or head loss across a valve depends on
the amount that the valve is open. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the head
loss characteristics of a valve by measuring the pressure drop, 6.p, across the valve as a function of f1owrate, Q, and to learn how dimensional analysis can be of use in situations such
as this.

Equipment:

Air supply with flow meter; valve connected to a pipe; manometer connected
to a static pressure tap upstream of the valve; barometer; thermometer.

Experimental Procedure:

Measure the pipe diameter, D. Record the barometer reading, H.tm , in inches of mercury and the air temperature, T, so that the air density can be calculated by use of the perfect gas law. Completely close the valve and then open it N turns
from its closed position. Adjust the air supply to provide the desired f1owrate, Q, of air through
the valve. Record the manometer reading, h, so that the pressure drop, Ap, across the valve
can be determined. Repeat the measurements for various f1owrates. Repeat the experiment
for various valve settings, N, ranging from barely open to wide open.
For each data set calculate the average velocity in the pipe, V = Q/A, where
is the pipe area. Also calculate the pressure drop across the valve, 6.p = T'mh,
where T'm is the specific weight of the manometer fluid. For each data set also calculate the
loss coefficient, K L, where the head loss is given by hL = 6.p/y = KL V2/2g and T' is the
specific weight of the flowing air.

Calculations:

= 7TD 2/4

Graph: On a single graph, plot the pressure drop, 6.p, as ordinates and the f1owrate, Q,
as abscissas for each of the valve settings, N, tested.
Results: On another graph, plot the loss coefficient, K L , as a function of valve setting, N,
for all of the data sets.
Data:

To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click II/'re
to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem.

T
1
h

Water --""--',,

,-:--

Free jet

II FIGURE P7.74

Solution for Problem 7.74: Head Loss across a Valve

D, in.
0.81

Hatm , in. Hg
28.7

h, in.

Q, ft"3/s

0.235
0.195
0.169

0.479
0.386
0.341
0.289
0.214

V,ftis

KL

47.8
33.8
26.2

65.7
54.5
47.2

2
2
2

9.95
10.21
10.54

48.9
32.9
26.1
18.8
10.0

133.9
107.9
95.3
80.8
59.8

3
3
3
3
3

2.45
2.54
2.57
2.59
2.50

48.6
39.8
31.3
22.5
16.8
13.6
9.6
5.1

231.1
214.3
193.1
161.5
140.8
127.4
109.3
79.1

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

0.816
0.777
0.752
0.772
0.762
0.752
0.723
0.731

15.8
12.3
9.3
7.2
5.0
3.3

250.7
223.3
195.9
172.7
144.5
119.0

0.225
0.222
0.218
0.217
0.217
0.211

=4 Turns Open Data

0.827
0.767
0.691
0.578
0.504
0.456
0.391
0.283

9.35
7.65
6.01
4.32
3.24
2.62
1.85
0.98
N

Ib/ft"2

=3 Turns Open Data

9.40
6.33
5.01
3.62
1.92

~p,

=2 Turns Open Data

9.20
6.50
5.04

T, deg F
70

=5 Turns Open Data

0.897
0.799
0.701
0.618
0.517
0.426

3.03
2.37
1.79
1.39
0.97
0.64
6.p

=YH20 *h

=6.p/(pV2/2) where
V =Q/A =Q/(n*D2/4)
KL

and
p = Patm/RT where
Patm YHg*H atm

R
T
Thus, p

=847 Ib/ft"3*(28.7/12 ft) =20261b/ft"2

=1716 ft Ib/slug deg R

=70 + 460 = 530 deg R

=0.00223 slug/ft"3

5
5
5
5
5

Problem 7.74
Pressure Drop, ~p, vs Flowrate, Q

60
50
40

--+-N=2
___ N = 3

<

.c 30

--------~-

c:

<l

20

..

10 +-----__

-.-N = 4
--e-N=5

~--~~----~~~4----~

0
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Q, ft 3/s
A

Problem 7.74
Loss Coefficient, KL ,
vs
Number of Turns Open, N

,----------------.

12
10

----

8
...J

I--+-N=2

I.N=3
I&N=4

,_------1I

4
2
0

. 2

I---e-N=5

7.75
7.75

Calibration of a Rotameter

Objective: The flowrate, Q, through a rotameter can be determined from the scale reading, SR, which indicates the vertical position of the float within the tapered tube of the rotameter as shown in Fig. P7.7S. Clearly, for a given scale reading, the flowrate depends on
the density of the flowing fluid. The purpose of this experiment is to calibrate a rotameter
so that it can be used for both water and air.

Equipment:

Rotameter, air supply with a calibrated flow meter, water supply, weighing
scale, stop watch, thermometer, barometer.

Experimental Procedure:

Connect the rotameter to the water supply and adjust the

flowrate, Q, to the desired value. Record the scale reading, SR, on the rotameter and measure the flowrate by collecting a given weight, W, of water that passes through the rotameter in a given time, t. Repeat for several flow rates.
Connect the rotameter to the air supply and adjust the flowrate to the desired value as
indicated by the flow meter. Record the scale reading on the rotameter. Repeat for several
flowrates. Record the barometer reading, Halm, in inches of mercury and the air temperature,
T, so that the air density can be calculated by use of the perfect gas law.

Calculations: For the water portion of the experiment, use the weight, W, and time, t,
data to determine the volumetric flowrate, Q = Wht. The equilibrium position of the float
is a result of a balance between the fluid drag force on the float, the weight of the float, and
the buoyant force on the float. Thus, a typical dimensionless flowrate can be written as
Q/[ d(p/Vg(PI - p))l/2], where d is the diameter of the float, V is the volume of the float, g
is the acceleration of gravity, P is the fluid density, and PI is the float density. Determine this
dimensionless flowrate for each condition tested.
On a single graph, plot the flowrate, Q, as ordinates and scale reading, SR, as abscissas for both the water and air data.

Graph:

Results:

On another graph, plot the dimensionless flowrate as a function of scale reading

for both the water and air data. Note that the scale reading is a percent of full scale and,
hence, is a dimensionless quantity. Based on your results, comment on the usefulness of dimensional analysis.

Data:

To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click hue
to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem.

t
Scale
reading

Float

o
~

FiGURE P7.75

7.75 I

Solution for Problem 7.75: Calibration of a Rotameter

d, in.
1.40

V, in. A3
1.50

PI, slug/W3
15.1

Hatm , in.
29.05

T, deg F
78

Air Flow Data

SR
14.6
21.5
28.1
33.6
39.2
44.8
50.2
55.9
63.1
68.6
73.5
76.2

(Q/d)[p/(Vg(PrP ))]1/2
0.142
0.200
0.257
0.305
0.351
0.400
0.444
0.496
0.552
0.605
0.653
0.671

Q, W3/s
0.229
0.321
0.413
0.491
0.564
0.644
0.714
0.798
0.888
0.973
1.05
1.08

Water Flow Data

SR
13.1
18.5
24.2
28.2
37.1
45.7
52.6

W,lb
6.52
8.01
7.02
7.81
8.20
9.21
8.19

t, s
19.9
17.7
10.4
10.1
8.4
7.5
5.7

Q, W3/s
0.0053
0.0073
0.0108
0.0124
0.0156
0.0197
0.0230

(Q/d)[p/(Vg(Prp))]1/2
0.103
0.143
0.213
0.244
0.308
0.387
0.453

P =Patm/ RT where
Patm = YHg*H atm = 847Ib/W3*(29.05/12 ft) = 2050 IblftA2
R = 1716 ft Ib/slug deg R
T = 78 + 460 = 538 deg R
Thus, P =0.00222 slug/ft A3

7-'12

7. 75"

Problem 7.75
Flowrate, Q, vs Scale Reading, SR

.!!
M
<

I-+-Air

0.1

-=a

i--waterll

0.01

0.001
100

10
SR

Problem 7.75
Dimensionless Flowrate vs Scale Reading

!::!
~

rc

--..s
-

0.8

-r--~-----~---~--~'----i

0.7

-------------\

0.6

---JIP------ - ---~---1

0.5

,-~----~-----jI

Q.

--;---~--------I

Cl

> 0.4
:::::0.3

-I-~~__'_~~~C---~~_+_~~~-----:

"t:I

)
'~_W""------------'-'------~-_j

0.2
0.1
0.0

,i
'--~--------------~-i

~------

-t----,.-----..,----;-----t-----\

20

60

40
SR

1-93

80

100

-+-Air

--Water

a, I

I
8.1
Rainwater runoff from a parking lot flows through
a 3-ft-diameter pipe, completely filling it. Whether flow in
a pipe is laminar or turbulent depends on the value of the
Reynolds number. (See Video V8.1.) Would you expect the
flow to be laminar or turbulent? Support your answer with
appropriate calculations.

Re == ~ = ~D

If Re >t/-ooo fhe flow

is

iI/rbI/lenT, The

correspondinq velocify is

5 .fi~
Re 11 - ('1-000)( 1."J XIO- oS ) _ 0 0161 Ii
V- D 3 ft
-,
Mo.sf likely Ihe veloc/fy will be greQter Ihan this
oS

furbfJ/en! flruv.

t:8'J

8,3

8.3
The flow of water in a 3-mm-diameter pipe is to remain
laminar. Plot a graph of the maximum fiowrate allowed as a
function of temperature for 0 < T < 100C.

VD
- Q -For laminar flow Re:= -V ~ 2.100 J where V-7f
Thu.s} fhe maximum ~ is gil/en by
Re : : (fk)D = ifQ =2./00 or Q= ~/OO 71' 1/ /)
11

71'11 D

if

or
Q == 20/00 :(O,003m)p = 7!9S

f/

J.l.f1.

ll'D2

where 1/-=::~

Qlld

r;~

WHh valves of 1/ {rom TabJe B,z we Obtain

T, deg C

o
20
40
60
80
100

v, m /s
a, m /s
1.79E-06 8.86E-06
1.00E-06 4.9SE-06
6.S8E-07 3.26E-06
4.7SE-07 2.3SE-06
3.6SE-07 1.81E-06
2.90E-07 1.44E-06
2

Flowrate vs Temperature
1.E-OS - , - - - - , - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,

:::~~: +~-"'----"~-----------~---~--~--'~----~J

ci

4.E-06

M$1

-------

--- ---- -

------

-.--------.-.-.

2.E-06

---

--

--

O.E+OO
20

40

60

T, deg C

8-1

- -- -

-1
1

--

80

100

8.9

I
SA
Air at 100 of flows at standard atmospheric pressure in
a pipe at a rate of 0.08 Ibis. Determine the maximum diameter allowed if the flow is to be turbulent.

fY!inimllhl Re:::

or wHh

V = Ii)

7f

e~D

= Q

11' D2.

for tvrbvlent flow is

Re::

(1161 )D

fi"@
)l

Re :::/f000.

~p Q
rr'p D

;:::

::: '1-000

lienee}

Q-== lfO~O:J.i D

(I)

Given oQ::; O.OB~ J where O'::'}p and p:: fr

ThIJ,s,
.&
==
OJ!-. 7 x/Jflf fir.)
= 0 002.20 s/()q.s
p (/716s/IJ,.
H'ib )('l-to+ 100)'P,
.
ft.3
fiR
so fhat
_

Q-

.u3
::: /. /3 .JL

Jh

O. 08 S

(..32. 2fi)(000220S/UlJ,S)
. s~
ft:S

LJ
h Ji':= 3.'1# 1./0-7 Ib'S
(
nence
wif
fl20
see Table B~3)J rt. (I) 9ives
J

(O,OO2.20~) (/. 13 ~) D- qOOO 11' f'- - iJooo"" (3-<>'f'l XI 0- 7 '~t)

_

if

eQ

fi

If

2.27

8.5

8.5
Carbon dioxide at 20C and a pressure
of 550 kPa (abs) flows in a pipe at a rate of 0.04
N/s. Determine the maximum diameter allowed
if the flow is to be turbulent.

For turbulent flow J Re

or
_ Jfe Q D _ f.e(i _

= fJ~D > 'fOOO

where Q =: VII ::

Re - 1l}i D2. - 1l'fJ'D - ~ooo

Thvs, _ II- eQ
II
D - 11-00011'1'- J where ifG = 0.04-:s and j1. =/.'1Hencs J

D-

I
)
(0.0'1 JL
oS) ( 9.S/f..)
4000"" (J.Jf7 X10-5 !f;;f)
Lf.

= 0.0883 m

8-3

D2.V

X/O-

'fn~ (Table I.B)

e.6

8.6

It takes 20 seconds for 0.5 cubic inch of water to

flow through the 0.046-in. diameter tube of the capillary tube
viscometer shown in Videu V1.3 and Fig. PS.6. Is the flow
in the tube laminar or turbulent? Explain.

If Re = Y,9 < ')../00 the {fow /.$ /t~rnina~

.oS
where
'O,5/f'J.
/
(
12;f1./fl)3
20..$
V:: R :: 1//1:_
A
JI D2.
~i~JI,E. f4)'If

'f (

f+

or

V=I. 25 :s
{2Thvs wifh 11:::. /,1../ X lOS ~ (see Table I.s)
J

Re --

!1 ( iO:AU )
/,2.1 x/f.5 re

1.25

= 396 -< 2./00

oS

The flow is laminar.

8-'1-

FIGURE

P8.~

8.7

'1,.7
To cool a given room it is necessary to supply 5 fe /s
of air through an 8-in.-diameter pipe. Approximately how long
is the entrance length in this pipe?

V:: % =

(!IeffY

= 1'1.3 !f

Thus, wilh

/If.3~ -/{.
(~fJ.~tf) =6 OJ 700
Re ;;: 7VD ;;: 1.57x
I() .!j-

if (see 74Me I. 7)

t/=J. 57 XI 0-'1

> if 000

J.L

1/

Hence}

~ ~ '-A 'I Re Y6J

or

~ ~ 'fJI (6q 700)~(ft) ::: 18~ If ff

e-.5

f hI I

so me 1/0'1/ /s IJr /) en .

8,8

8. 8

The wall shear stress in a fully developed

flow portion of a 12-in.-diameter pipe carrying
water is 1.85 Ib/ft2. Determine the pressure gradient, ap/ax, where x is in the flow direction, if
the pipe is (a) horizontal, (b) vertical with flow
up, or (c) vertical with flow down.

-Ii

AfJ
sine == ')..r{
Thus) willi 7".: 7; at r:: -#: tlnd ~:: --f fA,s bec()mes
In genel"o/,

J/- 'IW
W == - D -

It'.
(J

Sih

f)

a) For a hori'ionla/ pipe ()~o

=_

b)

JfiW .. _ .II- (J,BS -#-2.) = _ Z o ~

D

1'X

I fl

'

For verlica! flow up

e::: qOO

'fj

tI- (1, 65

Ul.. __
dX

_}to

__

I It

jJ

6"

LL

16

- ~,7' 1/3 == -

69.

and
c) For verfiCt~! flow down e :::_qoD
ail.. __ Lf'lW + l'I == _ 'f a. as ~) + 62 tf JA. = 55
1X - D O l ff
. ff3

8-6

0
I

Ib

fi3

.&

fl3

8 ,9

8.9
The pressure drop needed to force water
through a horizontal l-in.-diameter pipe is 0.60
psi for every 12-ft length of pipe. Determine the
shear stress on the pipe wall. Determine the shear
stress at distances 0.3 and 0.5 in. away from the
pipe wall.

For

hori:zonta I pipe

Thus,

'( -

(O.6X/Jf~.pp) _
'J.(J').. If)

~rc- or

..!k.

- 3,6

'(=

-f ~
,.,

FfL

where r it

Hence]

/b
'w :: 3.6 (o,S)
7Z =- 0./5 W

'J-

and wifh

r=(o.s-O.3)in. =O.2in' J
'( == S.6 ( 9,~ ) :: 0.06

ft2.

Finally J w/fh r

8./1

=:

(O,E -O,S)'17.

::<

in.

r =- 0

KHI
Repeat Problem 8.9 if the pipe is on a 20 hill. Is the
flow up or down the hill? Explain.

. 2.;:

For a pipe ()/J a hilI

=
+ 0 sine J where e == zoo
/lsslJfJ'Je fhe flow /s uphd/ ; e= +20
Ih
-rL
~ LJ ~
. 31
'>- J.. (05 )[0.6 xllPI- rp.
lb ;u!7
I flUS,
I : : 2. L7 - j smf)j or Iw:: 2
/rfl
I~ If
-t2'fff3SIIJ J
Or

Ih
fw ::: - 0.29 H2o

Since we fnv.s1 have

?W >0) fhe flow IJ7vstnQt

be uphill.

Assume fhe flow is riownh,11: f:)= -Zo'

.JA
-rL
L [~
. ,7
r [0.11 XIII-If
FlJ.
I nils J ' { r::: 2.
: - i sJnf)j
or '(:: 2:
12. If
lienee, wilh

=1'1. 3 r ~

r =E
-

l#iJh r = (0.5 - 0.3) in. :: 0.2. in.)

(= /Jf.3 (~;) = 0,238

#i

=(0.5-0.S)i/J. ::0

'(

=0

6J

where r ~ ff . The

rjow is downhill

T,

fw = /~3(1;t) == 0,596 ~

Wilh

Ih

+t2,/ffj3 stn20

e,ll

8.11

Water flows in a constant diameter pipe

with the following conditions measured: At section (a) po = 32.4 psi and Za = 56.8 ft; at section
(b) Pb = 29.7 psi and Zb = 68.2 ft. Is the flow
from (a) to (b) or from (b) to (a)? Explain.

the {Jow is uphill. Thus)

or wilh JIg = ~ )
iJSSfJme

'L

Ib +:z - I'i> - Z
'1

4'

(b)
(a)

Ij- + i +~4 = 'I- t i +Zb +0.

.

(32.1 psi -2rt. 7psi)(;IfIff!:) +56 eff -682ft

6ZJf

or

hi =-5./7ff<o,

!A.

'.

which is impossible. ThllsJ fheflowjsdownhi/l,frorn(bHo(Q).

8-8

x. J:2

Water flows downhill through a 3-in.-diameter steel

pipe. The slope of the hill is such that for each mile (5280 ft)
of horizontal distance. the change in elevation is
ft. Determine the maximum value of
if the flow is to remain laminar and the pressure all along the pipe is constant.

az

az

or

.tlZ ~.J silJfJ ~ - (s~eoff))( (-I,f- K /()-s) :::: O. / ()2.

8-q

If

8. /.3

8. 13 Some fluids behave as a non-Newtonian

power-law fluid characterized by r = - C( dill
dr)", where n = 1, 3, 5, and so on, and C is a
constant. (If n = 1, the fluid is the customary
Newtonian fluid.) For flow in a round pipe of a
diameter D, integrate the force balance equation
(Eq. 8.3) to obtain the velocity profile

u(r)

-n

(n + 1)

a)
(12ee

1111 [ r(II"'1)

11

(D)lll-lI nJ
_

i.f == 2-l so thai with (=:;-c(1fr)n

Af=-2f(djflor #;:=-(/fp)* r-h
~

For any FlUid

or

we ob14in

-L

-s du :::!(-2ti)j r*dr
lL=-(2~1t(n~J)

which

iIJfe9rafes foqive

r(lW.) t-C, , where

0 is a conAanl.

.The fluid sficks to fhe pipe so thaf {). = 0 at r =: ~

Hence 1 from Eq. (I)

(Ll)1;

C, = 2C~

n ( D (n,t')
(ntJ)

so fhot

2" J

-L.

--'1- (- 2cL
Af
tJ. ;:: (n+J)

)n f- r ~ -f- (lL)
flWlJ
2.

.. NOTe: Since we tire considering onl,y oJd inleger valves lor

n we ct/IJ vse fhe felt;t ffJqt it"
(1Ir)n= - KJ where 1< > oJ TPe/J ~::- K~
sO fhal

<0.

8-10

(/)

8.IJf'"

8.14*

For the flow discussed in Problem 8.1S.

plot the dimensionless velocity profile u/V<, where
Vc is the centerline velocity (at r = 0), as a function of the dimensionless radial coordinate r I (D /
2), where D is the pipe diameter. Consider values
of n = 1, 3, 5, and 7.

From Problem 8./3,

Ii. (r)

Let

:=

-IL (

(n+1J

Ll{J

2 ic;

)h fr(lJril) + (JJ..)(CW)]
2.

Yc = (). (r=o) ,

Nofe: For ?-

==

or

u.

(21 Jii (~ J-n

(2)

c(M)n wdh djf <0 and!) on odd inleger

( >0 J we tnllsf

By dividing

Yc;:: (~~I)

(I)

(nil)

to hove
Vc >0 as if musT.

hove C~o. ThlJs, from q. (2.) J

~. (J) by 1.. (1.) we obiQin

[r](CW)

Vc = I - (~)

This resuH i.s ploHed below for n = J) 3J 5; t1nd~ wtfh

An EXCEL

pr0'll'am

0 ~ (~) ~ I.

was vsed 10 do the calev/41ion.r alkiploif/fl9.

r/(O/2)
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1

n= 1

n=3

n=5

n=7

uNc

uNc

uNc

uNc

1
0.998
0.990
0.978
0.960
0.938
0.910
0.878
0.840
0.798
0.750
0.698
0.640
0.578
0.510
0.438
0.360
0.278
0.190
0.097
0.000

1
0.982
0.954
0.920
0.883
0.843
0.799
0.753
0.705
0.655
0.603
0.549
0.494
0.437
0.378
0.319
0.257
0.195
0.131
0.066
0.000

1
0.973
0.937
0.897
0.855
0.811
0.764
0.716
0.667
0.616
0.565
0.512
0.458
0.404
0.348
0.292
0.235
0.177
0.119
0.060
0.000

1
0.967
0.928
0.886
0.841
0.795
0.747
0.699
0.649
0.599
0.547
0.495
0.442
0.389
0.335
0.280
0.225
0.170
0.113
0.057
0.000

( con 'f)
9-11

r/(D/2) vs uNc

1
0.8

-a 0.6

--n=1
---n=3
--n=5

0.4

---n = 7

1::

0.2

---

-~~----~------~~

+-----~------r-----~----_+----~

0.2

0.4

0.6

8-/2

0.8

f.IS

I
K J5
A fluid of density p = 1000 kglm 3 and viscosity
J.L = 0.30 N s/m 2 flows steadily down a vertical O.IO-mdiameter pipe and exits as a free jet from the lower end. Determine the maximum' pressure allowed in the pipe at a location 10m above the pipe exit if the flow is to be laminar.

Jom
O.lm

-Re ::: 2100

Th(}J'.;
2/00 :::

for maxilf/flm pres.rfJl'e.

epoVlJ

_ 1000~ Y (O,/I1})
030

#:!.

PJ~

or

V= 6.30lJ
Buf for Jam/par flowJ

V::

ThlJ~
6,30
So

(~e -!'J sine) /)2.

.3:z.,P J

f ::

(LlP -

t:::PIO::::

~I/O.j. {/()m)silJt-P()'))( ()'/m):J.

..32 (O.3() ~) C10m)
",

fhal

Af ~ - 3, 7, XI 0

where lJ eo/1m J ~/()IJI

Jf :::

If
11/'-

-.3 7. t

~-13

kfa,

4IJd

&:: -po'

JI

~1/olW.3

e./6
~.16
Water is pumped steadily from one large, open tank
to another at the same elevation as shown in Fig. PB.16. Determine the maximum power the pump can add to the water if
the flow is to remain laminar.

Length = 100 ft
Diameter = 0.1 ft

II FIGURE PS.16

8./7

I
8.17
Glycerin at 20C flows upward in a vertical 75-mm-diameter pipe with a centerline ve;
locity of 1.0 m/s. Determine the head loss and
pressure drop in a lO-m length of the pipe.

P=I2.60!i
tn 3
Il=/. 50 NS
r'
m'J..

For /qmillfJr Flow in fJ pipe,

V=- overQge velocify = f ~qX :: i{J~):: 0.5.1f
Thus

J =/Om

o '_ .e VD _ (J2607,?)(O.S1j) (0. 07 In) = 31.5 < 2100

ne -

I 50 Ns

m2.

The flow i.s /(Jlflil}tJr so ih4f

V=

32~1

ThlJ,s J
.ALl
r

(AfJ-K'I.sinB)J)Z

== 3.2 JI.!V

-I-

were

~i

e=no

PI = {J2. +AfJ

hL == 4f -1.
A

.: ......

ej) 2,

D-=O.07Sm

l!l.

L.<:::

;:.32 1.50'/ii2. lom),o,s.s) + ('I.8/~){/').60~)(!Otn)

(0.07.5m)2.
III

= 1.66 x/Os -J,'J..

/I/S(),
2.
t; +z, + ~ :::

N.5)(

\--

"F +Z2.

~2

f ;;

this 9 ille.s
05

1,.

/,61)(/0
= (9. 8111;)(1260

+hi..

or ~f::: /66

or wNh ~ -= ~ J

:a) -/0",

8-/5

3, 3 m

kPQ
22.-

"Z/;::J, and

8./8

I
8./8

A fluid flows through a horizontal O.l-in.-diameter

pipe. When the Reynolds number is 1500, the head loss over a
20-ft length of the pipe is 6.4 ft. Determine the fluid velocity.

hi. -_.l::C.:
f D 'J-, where since Re::: /500 <: ZlfJO fhe Flow
J

ioS

f;: 6~/Re =t'l//.5o o ;::;

ThV$

6, If fI :: 0,01/-2.7

or

V :::

8,19

/4111 ina,. ,

2,01

O,O~27

.so thai

;LO Ff

(0,/ //'}./4)

J:l
oS

I
X.J q
A viscous fluid flows in a 0.1 O-m-diameter pipe such
that its velocity measured 0.012 m away from the pipe wall is
0.9 m/ s. If the flow is laminar, detennine the centerline velocity
and the flowrate.

For /omif/or flow in a pipe

u(r) =

Vc[I-(--lJ J where

D=O./m aIJd IJ.:::O.8~

r ==

-rJ..
I ,,{lSI

2.

hi _ 1/

O.B S -

[1_ (2 (o.o3Sm))]

Vc -

so t/Jai
Q -= 11/'V :::

\.

O./Om

*D'J.

rO.5 'Ie)

or

II -

1m - O. O/2m == O.03Sm
~

I Sqf!L

Vc - "

fro. 1mi' (0.5)(1.89

g-/6

cd

1') ==

7. 'fZx 10-

.If.

8.20

I--I~-

Oil (specific weight = 8900 N/m\ viscosity = 0.10

Ns/m 2 ) flows through a horizontal 23-mm-diameter tube as
shown in Fig. P8.20. A differential U-tube manometer is used
to measure the pressure drop along the tube. Detrmine the range
of values for h for laminar flow.

8.2.0

tor

Iamii'J4r

flow

t~
h

flJe milJiI!JvlIJ

e.:f- 5 )./00
h is h::: 0 (no

the maximvm h is for Re::: ~/oo.

Hence,
v(oO').3m)
( a'lOONlm')
9.8/ IfJ /.s2.
2100 ::

HenC8J
A

Dr
A

P -:: It -f:J. -: :

fl :::

0.5/11

0.0305 0.0'-3 HI

30J -OD "y1m2-

From m4nomeler equal ions:

" of 0 (H of h) - S G ~Hzo h -

t H::: f:;. J or

Ap:: {J,-/2.::: (SG ~2.0 -r)h

Thvs
=
h

J.

3 OJ If. 00 N /m"

(7 (9 8ooN/m3) - 8900/1//11 3 )

Hence

o ~h ~ 0.50Q!YI

8-/7

-!

~.-Oi_1_ _ _ _f..L-23~jn_m__,. (2) ~""12

Re ~ 2./00; or

e: : r~. Thv~

where

- - 0.5 m

::: O.50qm

1/(11) and

8.2/

J
S.21
A fluid flows in a smooth pipe with a Reynolds number of 6000. By what percent would the head loss be reduced
if the flow could be maintained as laminar flow rather than the
expected turbulent flow?

For eilher laminar or furhu/eni flow

1;

hL ~ f D Z9 .- Thvs J w/lh Ihe same ~"/), 4nd 9

hL /(J1b

{I,m

"hL -IVI'b

+Ivrh

If the flow is laminar

If the flow is furbf)lenf with Re :::to()() (lAd "* :::(),
then fro", fhe ltlooJ)' charf (Fi,. 8,2()) ~vrb:: 0,035
Thvs

_ L /fJ'"

hl.-I

lJrh

::: O. 0101 ::. O. JI 16

0.035

The heqd/oss would be redvced Dy

(hLturh -hL/41l1 )/h/.tU,.~ == /-0.'186

If:!

O,S/If,

or

5/,11-70

8.22

I
SG

0.87_[1

el). :::==--='--'-

Oil of SG = 0.87 and a kinematic viscosity v = 2.2 x

JO - 4 m:! / s flows through the vertical pipe shown in Fig. PB.22.
at a rate of 4 X 10 - 4 m 3 / s. Determine the manometer reading.
S.22

--

h.

P. c::4 m

20 mm

FIGURE PS.22.

SG = 1.3

(I)

(2.)

From manomeTer consideralions

p, +ahI - %h + ~ h2. :: f2.

ThusJ

where ~:: SGtrlHJ.O:: 1.3(fl.811$)=12.7/f ~

and h =h- h:J.+jJ or h,.+h, :: hfi

I,-P,. = Ap ::;-'O(h 1 +h) +rm h :: (om- o)h - 01.

Combine Eqs.

(~) and (3) fg

qive

Lf3.7 ~ = (l2.7J1.-8.53)1$ h - (8.5.3 ~)(1-IIJ)

or

h::

18.5

(3)

8.23

SG = 0.87_[1

(2}.::=~_

8.23

Determine the manometer reading, h, for Problem 8.22

if the flow is up rather than down the pipe. Note: The manometer
reading will be reversed.

20 mm

ics4m

- r-

FIGURE PS.23

1h,

~Cr'
tQ

..

'SG = 1.3

2rm
(I)

(z)

considerafion.s
III - oh, -I- d;n h - rhz =- III J where Om == s~ ~,.o =/.3(p.er ~)=/2.71f ~

Fr()m /flan()mefer

and 172 =i+h-h, or h2-+ hi

=J+h

Th(Js,

(1,-1,.

-==

Af == ~(h2.+h,)- ~mh =

-(d;,,- a)h +d'i

(3)

Combine Ef(s. (2) and (3) if) 9ive

/I/.q

~ =-(J2.7'!-8.~3)~h +8.S.3~ (lfllJ)

or

{2.)e ' - -

h=-/8.5m

1
J
'S.5m

Nofe: Since h<o the man()llJeler is displaced

/n the direcTion 0flfXJS,-le Ihal sbowlI in fhe
ofl9inal ft'yvre.

8-20

-;:::=(I).

8.24
For Problem 8.22, what fiowrate (magnitude and direction) will cause h = O?

Prob. 8,22, AI=- (%-(f)h-(f'l

Thvs) with h =0) Af::: - (fi af}d
From

71' (-~J +rJ,)/)1f

/2.8 j/.i

Q=

=0
=

Note fhqf ~fJ :J:0J but Q=O .since Af+rJ:::o

8,25
8.25 The kinetic energy coefficient, a, is defined in Eq. 5.86. Show that its value for a powerlaw turbulent velocity profile (Eq. 8.31) is given
by a = (n + 1)3(2n + 1)3/[4n4(1l + 3)(2n + 3)].

From Err,S, 86)

_ eJAVu V3rJIJ

0( -

dll

where V== overtJ'je velot;ify, /} =7TR/

v- (n+l)(zn+/J
:l \/

Fi
;
I
8 if
U = Vc - ..t:..Jn
R rom xample .
Th vs wilh dl/ = 2. 71' r d,.
QlJd -

1/ [/

i-3d.
= : v/'

where
where y::: ~ ,

IX

2.n

JaJ,j/l =2 71'S~tr) -j ]"I'r dr = 271' R"V,/S[I - y]ydy

y~o

r=O

y=o

(0)

Let x::: J - Y so thai y = I-x and dy =-dX

J
Hence
1.3
0
~ J.::n
[1_y]=11y dy =-Jx~(J-X)dx =J(X
J

Yc

x~1

- n+-3 X

-X7f

(I)

+/

)dx

- 2n+3

X 2n+31
n

X=I

x=o
(2.)

(ntll (1.fJ+l'1

'l-n+' (n+3) (2I)f3)

8.26
~.Z6
As shown in Video V8.3 and Fig. P8.26, the velocity
profile for laminar flow in a pipe is quite different from that for
1.0l<r----_L
turbulent flow. With laminar flow the velocity profile is parabolic; with turbulent flow at Re = 10,000 the velocity profile
can be approximated by the power-law profile shown in the fig- .!..
ure. (a) For laminar flow, determine at what radialloaction you R
would place a Pitot tube if it is to measure the average velocity in the pipe. (b) Repeat part (a) for turbulent flow with
Re = 10,000.

Turbulent with Re = 10,000

.!!... = 11
Vc

- .!..1115
R

0.5

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ -1- _ _ _ _ _ _ _

0.5

1.0

/I

V;

FIG U REP 8.2.6

For lam/nor or furbv/enl (low

Q ~ fJV::: 1TR'J-V:: fUdl] =[U(~llrdr)

=27Tf urdr
r::O

a) LQtrJinor flow: R

7TR"V,. 271Vc, Jr[l-(i /}:lr

Thus) V==t\{

b)

==

='

2-

2.

==

271'\f~- ~]

2-

== 71'4 Yc

For U::: V::: ~ fhe ervttfiOI1 for

I - (~)"" or (f)"'" t Thus,!' "'Vr R

I

TlJrb {Jlen! fJow

7TR 1 V: 27TVc

-%
r;

O.707R

Vi

Sr[l-ftolr

==

9;ves

27TR2.'Vc J(.f)[J-(f)] 5d(f)

LeT y:= I - (f) .so -fha-f (f) :: /- y and d. (f) ;: - Jy

ThlJ's
>:=0
I
7T

R"" V '" 271 R2.Vc

(I-y) y I(s (-tiy)

_/

::: 21lR'"

y- [.5

V=

21!R2.\f

U:::

t.s

2.

v':: 1* the
or

.f(YIi- - yVs) 1)1

0

Vc '6 - It J = 271R Vc

if Vc hr
~ := #- '" [1- f

Or

:=

f '"

(').C)
7&

e'!vQfitJn fof'

O.7SO so

fh4"/

t'

~ 9ives
==

O.7S0

8.27

8,27
Water at 80 of flows in a 6-in.-diameter pipe with a
ftowrate of 2.0 cfs. What is the approximate velocity at a distance 2.0 in. away from the wall? Determine the centerline
velocity.

V=

II =

*(.f2.

PI

2.0"

VD

fO" ::; /0.2 s so fhaf Re::; r

-

::

(JO.2.{i)

(Aft)

if

9.2-6 )\/0-6

.J..

The flow is /()rbu/enf with ~::: (J - t )n) where n';; 8.3 (see

-E

=S.5/ X/rr

Fiy. S.I )

Thvs, (see Example B. If)

V
Vc

::=

:J.n'(n+l)('-fJtJ)

or _ IO.2~
Ve -

/llso)

O.BJt.2.

7-(8.3)':::: (8.3.1-/)(2X8.3+/) : O.8Jf2

ff
= /2./ :s

af r= 3ifJ.-2.0in. =/.Oil'),)

.L

-L
8.3

fi.(J-;~~~)=
.

u::::Vc(I-f)fI:/:2.1 s

J/.S#

8.28
8.26
During a heavy rainstonn, water from a parking lot
completely fills an 18-in.-diameter, smooth, concrete stonn
sewer. If the flowrate is 10 ft 3 /s, detennine the pressure drop
in a 100-ft horizontal section of the pipe. Repeat the problem if
there is a 2-ft change in elevation of the pipe per 100 ft of its
length.

(b) W/{h

f/fJW Vfh/I/ ~ - Z/ :

ff so fhat

jf :: (62ll-!t3)(t.H)( /tf.~~:'''1 +O. 266/~1.

(c)

:::

/'/3 psi

Wi-Ih flow downht11 .F2. - Z, :- 2ft s() fhQf

.lJ{J:;:: (62~ffo)(-1.fI) (II{.'J~?-)+ 0.266 *'=

:=: -

0.10/ psi

8.zq r
8.2 9

Carbon dioxide at a temperature of 0 C

and a pressure of 600 kPa (abs) flows through a
horizontal 40-mm-diameter pipe with an average
velocity of 2 m/s. Determine the friction factor
if the pressure drop is 235 N/m 2 per lO-m length
of pipe.

8.30

I
8.3:0
Water flows through a 6-in.-diameter horizontal pipe
at a rate of 2.0 cfs and a pressure drop of 4.2 psi per 100 ft of
pipe. Detennine the friction factor.

= 0.0300

8-2.5

8.31

I
-T

8.31
Air flows through the 0.108-in.-diameter, 24-in.-long
tube shown in Fig. P8.3J. Detennine the friction factor if the
flowrate is Q = 0.00191 cfs when h = 1.70 in. Compare your
results with the expression f = 64/Re. Is the flow laminar or
turbulent?

7,-

./"77;

(I)
Air

..LJ.

i'

\/,2

""...!.L + Z

2p

where

FIGURE

Water

I
I

_r---

L.L

.l..

0.108 in.

'Z,:: 2'2

fJ2. =: 0

~::O

and

V::: v.2. =

!i

O,OOlql
8

f ( 0'11

A =

oS

ff)2.

= 30.0

{i

Hence J Eq. OJ becomes

fJl = -fpV2(1 + f-Z-)

or
8. e'l=;. (0.002.38 S~~)

*-

[If f (-o.~o~~Jl30.0~)"

Also Re = .p!
or
R _ (~Ii) (30,0 y)
e -

1.57)(

IO~~ ~2.

Note~

47-e :::
1'1

6'1-

1720

:: 0.0372

(2)

(I)

f, = Oq~o h = (6 2 .1f.!ffi) (ft FI) =8. 8'1 ~

A~~

P8.~1

~2.
V2.
7'r~?
J2. + ~ + Z2. + f 75 2p
-

--I

24 in.

or

f =0.03 2.~

= /72-0< '2. 100.J -fhe fl()w is lamifJar

8.33 J

8...33
Detennine the thickness of the viscous sublayer in a
smooth 8-in.-diameter pipe if the Reynolds number is 25,000.

51/

O.s = U.
we obfain

IN

heref~2.. =- ('fMt)lf
e and

ea

fw =

Thvs,
.51/
.511D
5
6 = ""\ff' = 1Jr
V'8 V

and

u. 4 ==

yJ

r _

Va vD ) or

05 -

'>-

w::
I

D1
'I

f1.

Si~ce LlfJ == D "i"pV

I

SD
D

1tr

l1e Ye

From Fi9. 8. 20} for a smooth pipe with Re:: 2.5)( IO~ f == 0,02'1
Thus) from ,{.tl)

sf' (R.~-I) = O.OO2.Jf3 fI

2,5XIO'"

Vo.

O")./f

8-27

(I)

B.3#-

I
8.34

Water at 60 OF flows through a 6-in.-diameter pipe with an average velocity of 15 ft/s.

Approximately what is the height of the largest
roughness element allowed if this pipe is to be
classified as smooth?

5;

Lei h = rov9hness heiqhf. Thos} h =4 J where O:S:::

with u~ =( "; )~ and?;::: e . Since AI' -== f-! ieV:l. we obflJin
'>- - pfV2
--IT V
(w - 8
or U., -Va

%i

For a smoofh pipe wilh Re =

from h9' 8,2 0 f ::: 0.0125

ThV.5, U = (- O.; IZ5 (/s!j)

or
- . 5.fi.z,)
6' = .it. = .5 (/,2/X/O
oS
:s

o.sq,3

ift:::

{/s fj. ){j.:;~ = 6.19 x/Os we obtain

//J./X/O -

.s

='

-=

O. 593 ~
/'02x/ri~ ff

8-28

8.3.5

8.35
A 70-ft-long, 0.5-in.-diameter hose with a roughness
of e = 0.0009 ft is fastened to a water faucet where the pressure
is PI. Detennine P I if there is no nozzle attached and the average
velocity in the hose is 6 ft/ s. Neglect minor losses and elevation
changes.

D=0.5 in.

~~~:------~~~(~
(I)

. = 70ft

0)
0.000'1 If = 2.16 X/o-z.

(~fJ)

= 2.07 X/O we obfain

Hence} from

fJ, '"

f= 0.052.

Eft. (j)

(0.052) (;;'ff)
/2.

ff

{1.91f

~"1f ) (6#/' '" 3050 ~ ~ 21.2.ps;

8- 2. 'I

8.36

I
8.36

Repeat Problem 8.35if there is a nozzle

of diameter 0.25 in. attached to the end of the
hose.

Jff+* +II = Pr +fi +Z2. +(

Iii

: D=o.5 in.

a-+1.
(I)

=70 ff

~
(~)

D =: 0.').5 in .
.2.

where Z6h I V,=V;61f, fz=O

and V,. ::: Y!&
=V.I (.Q..)
-'6
f1 ) (z/"::: 2. '1-11
lil
D~
\~ s
.s

Thus,
It =(V/+{-t V:L)~ =-t p(v,.:/. +fl V'")
r
'Ih . o.oooqff
-2rrom Fi,- 8.20 WI D = (0.5 ft) =2.1& x/a
and

Vb

Re=-=
1/

(6 f1 )(0.s 0)
oS

-rr

/.2/ x10-

!F

=2.071</0

weobfaif)

(I)

(:::O.052

Hence) from '1. flJ

1', := i

(I.9'1

S~~$)2.'f fj-/ +(0.052) (~:) (6!1f)

=36 oq I$. '" 2.5.1.j}.

Note: To lI'Jainfain the same flowrale wdh fhe noy-zle aHocherJ QS compared
fo fhat wlthouj fhe nO"i2/e (see Probe 8.35) the pressure mvsf be
increased from 2/.2 psi 10 25.1ps,:

~-30

8.37 "J
iteration procedure to obtain f. Plot a graph of
the percent difference in f as given by this equation and the original Colebrook equation for Reynolds numbers in the range of validity of the above
equation, with e/D = 10- 4

8.37*

The following equation is sometimes used

in place of the Colebrook equation (Eq. 8.35):
1.325
= [In[(e/3.7D) + (5.74/Re o.9 )]F

for 10- 6 < e/ D < 10- 2 and 5000 < Re < 10+ 8
(Ref. 22, pg. 220). An advantage of this equation
is that given Re and e/ D, it does not require an

Lei ..of == fapp-f

fapp

fap,:- approximafe

where

reSfJ/f

ohI4/iJe.d

(rum

/.:3 25

..J..... = -2.0 log[~ +M.

1(f
3.7/)
Re1(f

Thvs with
J

fa

/.3'-5

[In(2, 10X/0 -t

pp

and

= -2.0 loq

For

these become

== IO-1f

=.

Sx/O ~

where

Fapp

[2.

.s.7~A )11

Reo ~

7()x/O-.s -I-

t:Vr]

(.1)

f
ca Icv Iate an"I p/1
07 IOOA::
ana f are obtained from qs. (I) and (2.)

Re

~ 10

J00 ( fqpp - {)

Proqram P8fI=.37 shown be/ok!

:'00
120
130
1i!-0
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
2i!-0
250

2-

Wq-s

used f()r

!he cQ/cu/afions.

cis
print "**************************************************"
print ,,** This program calculates the difference
**"
print "** between the friction factor given by the
**"
print "** Colebrook equation and that given by the
**11
print "** approximate formula provided. The Cole**"
print "** brook result is determined by an iterative **"
print "** routine.
**"
print "**************************************************"
rr = lE-i!Re = 2500
faprox
print " R e
f
f - faprox, %"
for i = 1 to 16
Re = Re*2
faprox = 1.325/(log(rr/3.7 +

8-3/

8.37 I (con't)
260 fp = faprox
270 goto 290
280 fp = f
290 f = 1/(-2.0*log(rr/3.7 + 2.51/(Re*fp~0.5))/log(10) )~2
300 if abs(l - f/fp) > 0.000001 then goto 280
310 diff = ((f - faprox)/f)*100
320 J,?rint using "#.###~~~~
#.###### #.######
+#.###~~~~II;Re,f,faprox,
diff
~30 next i
**************************************************
** This program calculates the difference
**
** between the friction factor given by the
**
** Colebrook equation and that given by the
**
The Cole**
** approximate formula provided.
** brook result is determined by an iterative **
** routine.
**
**************************************************
Re
f
faprox
f - faprox, %
5.000E+03
0.037505 0.037961
-1.216E+00
1.000E+0~
0.031037 0.031138
-3.233E-01
2.000E+0~
0.026101 0.02605~
+1.809E-01
~.OOOE+O~
0.022286 0.022196
+~.017E-01
8.000E+0~
0.019319 0.0192~1
+~.0~7E-01
1.600E+05
0.017026 0.016985
+2.397E-01
3.200E+05
0.015290 0.015295
-3.227E-02
6.~00E+05
0.01~032
0.01~077
-3.176E-01
1.280E+06
0.013179 0.0132~6
-5.091E-01
2.560E+06
0.0126~3
0.012713
-5.513E-01
5.120E+06
0.012332 0.012391
-~.7~8E-01
1.02~E+07
0.012162 0.01220~
-3.~99E-01
2.0~8E+07
0.012072 0.012100
-2.298E-01
~.096E+07
0.012027 0.0120~3
-1.362E-01
8.192E+07
0.012003 0.012012
-7.108E-02
1.638E+08
0.011992 0.011995
-2.875E-02

(f - fapprox)1f vs Re

0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0~
-0.2
><
0
Q. -0.4

r\

Co

III

'to'to-

-0.6
-O.S
-1
-1.2
-1.4
1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+06

Re

8-32.

...

j,;"

..-.

l-<

1.E+07

1.E+OS

1.E+09

8,38 T
6.38
Water flows at a rate of 10 gallons per minute in a
new horizontal O.75-in.-diameter galvanized iron pipe. Determine the pressure gradient, 6.p / e, along the pipe.

:=

/0

4
~
(JmJE..)
(7.
3/ in}) ( 19 /--"3) -::: 0.0223
mm 60S
/ fa I
172' /IJ.

Thvs
- Ji _

V-

0.02.2.3 s

II -

-r;:-H )2. -

:tI. (0.75
J{-

7.')..

It
.s

.tt
;s

Now, for a horizon/IAI pipe

Af::

f -t t pV2.

Re :: til::
-If

where si"ce

7.27J}

(~2.fl)
S f+

1.2/1.10--:s

::: 3. 76}( /0

and.
S::. ::: O.-Ooosft ::: O.Oog
D

e;-".s II)

if follolNS from Fi'l' e.20

fhal

f:: 0.037

ThvSJ
2-

E:;; 0.0.37 (J.'I'fs/f/9S Ifl.3) (7.27(I/s) :: 3 o.

1
(f!;?f fl) (2.)

II; ( I-N~
1{3 --'11'1 in.~)

= 0.2/1 psi/II

~-33

8.

if!

I
8.41
Air at standard temperature and pressure flows through
a l-in.-diameter galvanized iron pipe with an average velocity
of 8 ft/s. What length of pipe produces a head loss equivalent
to (a) a flanged 90 elbow, (b) a wide-open angle valve, or
(c) a sharp-edged entrance?

.L D
VD ( 8!sf )( I ~ H)
.3
where 'lid" ne:: --:n-:::
-"".f:f!
=
Lf.25x If)
y
I.S7XIO

t.e
::: -KLffD'
.

0.0005 (f
=(//12. H) :: O.~06

75
Thus

t.ef ::

.s

V= :!l~2 Thus,

hi =f-!s!i ' where

2.

8 {(Jm)Q.
hL- .".2.(q.g/~)D5
artWn

IUbil1tJ &~
or

Nofe: The

lhil'JillJU/fJ

hL= fl ~

(::r/= ~~~'-

h'J. ::O.082.6r;s
frt , UIhere hJ."'In,D,vIllJQ"'s
/tI3

or

Re:: y# = 1T~~

f)lso}

.I

10-' m.1/ s . In your solution obtain the friction

factor from the Colebrook formula.

Water at 40C flows through drawn tubings with diameters of 0.025, 0.050, or 0.075 m.
Plot the head loss in each meter length of pipe
for flow rates between 5 x 10- 4 m3 /s and 50 x

For

TnlJS WI1'1

(see Table 8./) we oblain f:: 0, 0'15 Fi 9 8.20)

kJ.. (/2- f-l) =1.85ZKi. or 0) 90' elbo'l} : k;. :: 0.3 or i~(J::: o.S56Fl
oO-S
(,
.
b) qlohe valve: K:: 2. or ie'l =3. 70 If
c) sharp en/ral)ce: KJ.::: 0,5 Of is'f,=o.q2.6If

8.4-211 18.42*

orwdhi=lm,

<J L

-L.

-B'::

",m ~ 1.5XIO- m
-6
I.S~ 10
) where D ~m

- Q

0.0015
co

f?e

(I)

1f(6.S8XIf)-7~) D
OCCbrS for @1II1i'J

Relhin =/Jllfx/o" ~.~~~If = /2/100

rfln98 01 pqrameler.s considered.
Hence, from Ef. (8.35)

or fie =1.9'1-x/06

(2.)

(3)

and D/lJllx. Thus,

The flow is

7urbv/cnt over the

J- == -2,0Ioq[.-f- + 2.. 5 /] or with .:: /.5 x/o-'m

Vf
,3.7D
fie 'ff
-L = -2 0

1ff
'
Thvs for

100 [If.o.sx/o-7 +
J

2.5 J 1

Re

vr]

~ .so x10-'1f-3 and w/lh D=: o. 0 2.5 rn

O. OSO m J or 0.075 m de fermine Re frofll 1. (3); f from '1' ('S'~
J

.5 xIO-~ ~ :s. Q

(fl.)

B-.3Lf

8,1f2"

j (conll)

and hI...

frOfh El(.O). These resvlls are calculafed and plotted

below. (h. -::hJ.. (QJ D), See Pro 9ram P8# '1-2 sh()lIIn be/ow.

100
110
120
130
1~0

150
160
170
180
200
210
220
230
2~0

250
260
270
280
285
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370

cIs
open "prn" for output as #1
print#l, "**********************************************"
print#l, "** This program calculates the head loss
**"
print#l, "** as a function of flowrate and pipe dia- **"
print#l, "** meter, using an iterative scheme to
**"
print#l, "** determine the friction factor from the **"
print#l, "** Colebrook foxTrlula.
**"
print#l, "**********************************************"
D = 0
for i = 1 to 3
D = D + 0.025
rr = 1.5E-6/D
print#l, " "
print#l, using "For D = #.###:!t m with e/D = #.##:!t~~~~l!;D,rr
print#l, " Q. m3/s
Re
f
hL. m"
Q = 0
for j = 1 to 10
f = 0.02
Q = Q + 5.0E-4
Re = 1.94E+6*Q/D
fp = f
f = 1/(-2.0*10g(rr/3.7+2.51/(Re*fp~0.5) )/log(10) )~2
if abs(l - f/fp) > 0.0001 then goto 310
h = 0.0826*f*Q~2/D~5
print#l, using II #.#:!t#~~~~
#.:!t##~~~~
#.#### #.##:!t~~~~II;Q,Re,f,h
next. J
next i

**********************************************
** This program calculates the head loss
**
** as a function of flowrate and pipe dia- **
** meter, using an iterative scheme to
**
** determine the friction factor from the **
** Colebrook formula.
**
**********************************************
For D = 0.0250 m with e/D = 6.000E-0:,
Q, m3/s
5.000E-04
1.000E-03
1.500E-03
2.000E-03
2.500E-03
3.000E-03
3.500E-03
4.000E-03
4.500E-03
5.000E-03

Re
3.880E+04
7.760E+0~

1.164E+05
1.552E+05
1.940E+05
2.328E+05
2.716E+05
3.104E+05
3.492E+05
3.880E+05

f
0.0223
0.0193
0.0178
0.0169
0.0162
0.0157
0.0153
0.0150
0.0147
0.0145

8-35

hL, m
4.718E-02
1.629E-01
3.384E-Ol
5.702E-01
8.563E-Ol
1.195E+00
1.586E+00
2.028E+OO
2.520E+00
3.062E+OO

8. ifZ"

= 0.0500 m with e/D = 3.000E-05

Q, m3/s
Re
f
hL. m
5.000E-0~
1.9~OE+0~
0.0261 1.727E-03
1.000E-03
3.880E+0~
0.0222
5.873E-03
1.500E-03
5.820E+0~
0.0203
1.208E-02
0.0191 2.021E-02
2.000E-03
7.760E+0~
2.500E-03
9.700E+0~
0.0183
3.017E-02
3.000E-03
1.16~E+05
0.0176
~.189E-02
3.500E-03 1.358E+05 0.0171
5.532E-02
~.000E-03
1.552E+05 0.0167
7.0~2E-02
~.500E-03
1.7~6E+05
0.0163
8.717E-02
5.000E-03
1.9~OE+05
0.0160 1.055E-01

For D

= 0.0750 m with e/D = 2.000E-05

f
hL. m
Q. m3/s
Re
0.0289
2.516E-0~
5.000E-0~
1.293E+0~
0.02~~
8.~83E-0~
1.000E-03
2.587E+0~
0.0222 1.738E-03
1.500E-03
3.880E+0~
2.000E-03
5.173E+0~
0.0208
2.897E-03
0.0198
~.313E-03
6.~67E+O~
2.500E-03
0.0191
5.975E-03
3.000E-03
7.760E+0~
9.053E+0~
0.0185
7.876E-03
3.500E-03
~.OOOE-03
1.035E+05 0.0180 1.001E-02
0.0176
1.237E-02
1.16~E+05
4:.500E-03
0.0172
1.~95E-02
5.000E-03
1. 293E+05

For D

PROBLEM PSIlI"f-2.

.J
1:

en

Ul

.J

oc(

III

D=O,0.50m

J:

o
D= 0.075 m
-1~__~____~______~__~____________________________~~

1 2 3

FLOW RATE.

No Ie fhe

sfl'on9

(M3/S)

dependence of hI. on D.

g-36

5
3
''10-

g,

if]

J
8.43
Air at standard temperature and pressure flows at a rate
of 7.0 cfs through a horizontal, galvanized iron duct that has a
rectangular cross-sectional shape of 12 in. by 6 in. Estimate the
pressure drop per 200 ft of duct.

For a horjzontq/ dvcf Af::: 'thL = f

or _ .

#3

V- (J~in.)(6in,)( I n~ 2.)

'fh
/If'fIl1,
WI D .= !td = #- (O.5f/1.)
P

?J

fi

-I.If.o

sand Re" -

(/)

Vf)h
T

= 0.66711

(2+/)fI

Thus,
.f:/.) I.
Re = (I'/-. 0 [O. 667ffJ. =
!)

oS

i "ipV2._where V=~

&.9SXIOif

/.57 XIO'f.p.2.
E.

Also J for 90 /I/QlJiled /ron E~ 0 .. 0005 fI) or 25h:::

From ~'9' 8.20 we ohtain f= 0.02.2.7
Thus) from q. (/) w,fh i =20()/fJ

AP = (0. 022.7)~:6~ f

(2..38XIO-.3

O,QOQStt

0.6671/

s~!!J) (III-. o!f) 2. ==

8-37

I.Sq

:: 0.000750

Ita

=0.0 I/O

pSI

8,JfJf
~.44
Water flows at a rate of 2.0 fels in an old, rusty 6-in.diameter pipe that has a relative roughness of 0.010. It is proposed that by inserting a smooth plastic liner with an inside diameter of 5 in. into the old pipe as shown in Fig. PS.44, the
pressure drop per mile can be reduced. Is it true that the lined
pipe can carry the required 2.0 ft 3/s at a lower pressure drop
than in the old pipe? Support your answer with appropriate calculations.

Old

New

ill FIGURE PS.44

yes", fhe /Jew 11;& n4S 41()wer At

8-38

8,Jf6
Flow reducer washer

8.:46

To conserve water and energy. a "flow

reducer" is installed in the shower head as shown
in Fig. P8A6. If the pressure at point (1) remains
constant and all losses except for that in the "flow
reducer" are neglected, determine the value of
the loss coefficient (based on the velocity in the
pipe) of the "flow reducer" if its presence is to
reduce the flow rate by a factor of 2. Neglect gravity.

50 holes of
diameter 0.05 in.

FIGURE P8.46

8-3q

8.lf7
SA7
Water flows at a rate of 0.040 m3 js in a 0.12-mdiameter pipe that contains a sudden contraction to a 0.06-mdiameter pipe. Determine the pressure drop across the contraction section. How much of this pressure difference is due to
losses and how much is due to kinetic energy changes?

D, =0.12m

~ ~* =;(00;;),,'I m

Thus) wifh

(0

~:lo
Vl
+ l/ \.{2.
J..
= !If + :lj- +%2. nL :;.'} wI/ere

and",3

:: 3.5'f-P-

v..

3
61=0,O'ff!!..
Sf

_
z, -~;..
"::t

=! =~O'f'T
f
O.o6m
If.

'(2.)

--

m3

D:z. = 0.06 f17

(

(
v,:z. +
LJJ +2j
z,

-t ==(~~)2.-( ~.~:: )2= 0.25 we Ob/flin

( )

= IJM~

from

Fie;. 8.30

KJ.= O. 'fO
Hence, from ~, 0)
{J,- (J:z =

or

-t f{KLIS."-+
.l

fJl-/~::: 3Q.7 X
/O

~'-- V, S] =f(999 ~)[o. '10 (11f.1 :f"+ (11f.Iq.l-(3.5'ff~

-3

fi2- + 93,OX/u- fii :: 133 kPQ

This represents a 3 q. 7 /rPo drop from losses Qnd a 93,0 kPa drojJ
rif)e fo on incretlse in kinelic ener9,.

8-'10

8. Jfq

8.4Q At time t = 0 the level of water in tank

A shown in Fig. P8AQ is 2 ft above that in tank
B. Plot the elevation of the water in tank A as a
function of time until the free surfaces in both
tanks are at the same elevation. Assume quasisteady conditions-that is. the steady pipe flow
equations are assumed valid at any time, even
though the flowrate does change (slowly) in time.
Neglect minor losses. Note: Verify and use the
fact that the flow is laminar.

t
2 ft at t
!

-3ft-

-::=:=::------ ----::::=::=

--:j:j:::::::---';;';;-::;::::-'~---25

0
ft-

~__
B ____~~~~c=====~

FIGURE P8.4Q

2~/- ho = 1f!: -i Ii = 3;'$1 V, or bl uS;/)9 Ef#!3)

-h0 = _(~)2.
32ft J dz/
D
'I D'J. at
Lef FE
so fhed ~ =
,

z,-iJ:-

' Dr)2 3 2jJi dF

2. r = - (D

r D'J.

__

"'-o.l-in.-diameter, gal. iron

Thus, Er.s, (J.) and (If) 9ive

2Z

i-3ft-

11- and q.

(fF

(con)/J
8-1.f{

(05)

bec()mes

~AL-~

or
Thvs

0(

dE + F== 0 J where ex. =

(ff

fdF

.r

()( F = -j dt

f/ence,

t. .

F =C e-(~)

or

0(

16 # I. (Dr
lD2.
D

In F =- t + C)

)2.

where C:::consTfJlJf

.
ho C -(tlo<) 'lh lh . .J. I _J-/T::: e
WI r. /, e Inn/tJ CO'KJI1/~n
z/ =ho when t =0 J or C ::: ~
Thu.sJ z I -.!:k
== l1.!.
e- O/tX)
2.
:2nof

TII

or

2/::::

IS} Z/ -

/Vole; As l:'-"OlJ J Zl-+~

if-[J+e-(i/o()]

For the cond/liof/.S 9iven} ho:: 2 ff tJnd

~)(ZSN)(~N )2.
5
== {62.'f~)(~r1r (WD = 2.801</0.s
/6(2.3/fX/0

Hence~
Z I -- J

+e -(;..flX/O:S)

This resu/f is ploNed

h Zt.tV ff and
were

r; ,..,. .s

be/ow. (Nofe: lim z, = Iff)

l"'Ob

0.5 +--+--------1f-------I---+--t----t---t-----r---t----.
O+---~--~~--_+--~--~--~--+_--~~

20qooo

40QOOO

60QOOO

t, sec

BOqOOO

1OOQOOO
J

8.50~

8.50* Repeat Problem 8.4Q if the pipe diameter is changed to 0.1 ft rather than 0.1 in. Note:
The flow may not be laminar for this case.

2 ft at t

l
O.l-ft-diameter, gal. iron

FIGURE P8.4Q
(I)

(2.)

(0. 25Lflj)2.

or Zt =(i+O.00382)fI

it)

2 32.:z. S.1.

::::

75

{f

0.005

o.lff

:; o. os

(see Table B.O

(con'/J
8-tf3

Hence,

vr
I

= -2.0

J09 [ 1.35xIO-3 T

_~

vYf

3.0'f-X}O

where V-v 11
.s

(5)

r. (ff)

for Z, $2(f)J siarfin9 wdh in/fiat

cOl1ri;lion Zt::: 2 ff 41 t::: o. Ohfa/n f {which is a {()ncl/oll of i
becavse V= - t'/oo ~ (Ef. (3)) ,:r Q runc hon () t ) from '1' (s).
ProqrQm P8NEO shown he/ow WQS /}Sed 10 oldfll" fhe results.

Solve

(t:e. ifJfe9rtlle)

100
110
120
130
1""0
150
160
170
200
210
220
230
2""0
250
260
270
280
300
310
330
3""0
350
360
380
385
390
""00
'*05
""10
""20

cls
open "prn" for output as #1
pr in t # 1, " * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * "
print#l, "** This program calculates the water depth **"
print#l, "** as a function of time.
The friction
**"
print#l, "** factor is obtained by itteration from
**"
print#l, "** the Colebrook formula.
**"
print#l, "***********************************************"
print#l, " "
t = 0
VP = 0
rr = 0.005
dz = 0.05
print#l, "
z, ft dz/dt, ft/s
f
t, sIt
for i = 1 to 20
z = 2 - (i-1)*dz
f = 0.02
dzdt = -7.98E-""*(z - 1)AO.5/f AO.5
V = -900*dzdt
Re = 8.26E+3*V
fp = f
A
f = 1/(-2.0*log(rr/3.7 + 2.51/(Re*fp O.5))/log(10) )A2
if abs(l - f/fp) > 0.001 then goto 3""0
if abs(l - VP/V) < 0.01 then goto ""00
VP = V
goto 300
t = t - dz/dzdt
zn = z - dz
print#l, using" #.#### +##.#####
#.#### +#.##AAAA";zn,dzdt,f,t.
next. i

8.so t I (con'l)
***********************************************
** This program calculates the water depth **
** as a function of time. The friction
**
** factor is obtained by itteration from
**
** the Colebrook formula.
**
***********************************************
'-' ,
ft
'"
1.9500
1.9000
1.8500
1.8000
1.7500
1.7000
1.6500
1. 6000
1. 5500
1.5000
1. 4500
1.4000
1.3500
1.3000
1. 2500
1.2000
1.1500
1.1000
1.0500
1.0000

dz/dt, ft/s
f
-0.00440 0.0329
-0.00429 0.0329
-0.00417 0.0330
-0.00405 0.0331
-0.00392 0.0332
-0.00379 0.0333
-0.00366 0.0334
-0.00352 0.0335
-0.00337
0.0336
-0.00322 0.0337
-0.00307 0.0339
-0.00290 0.0341
-0.00273 0.0343
-0.00254 0.0345
-0.00234, 0.0348
-0.00213
0.0352
-0.00189 0.0358
-0.00162 0.0365
-0.00130 0.0377
-0.00089 0.0402

t, s
+1.14E+01
+2.30E+01
+3.50E+01
+4.74E+01
+6.01E+01
+7.33E+01
+8.70E+01
+1.01E+02
+1.16E+02
+1.32E+02
+1.48E+02
+1.65E+02
+1.83E+02
+2.03E+02
+2.24,E+02
+2.4,8E+02
+2.74E+02
+3.05E+02
+3.44E+02
+4.00E+02

2.0
1.9
1.8
1.7

;:
~

1.6
1.5

1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0

100

200
t, sec

8-t;-5

---------

300

400

8.5/

8 .. 5/
As shown in Fig. P8.5/ , water flows from one tank
to another through a short pipe whose length is n times the
pipe diameter. Head losses occur in the pipe and at the entrance and exit. (See Video VS.4.) Determine the maximum
value of 11 if the major loss is to be no more than 10% of
the minor loss and the friction factor is 0.02.

FIGURE P8.51

If hLhJ4Jor
.= lo'ZhL..~
) then
mlfJor
10

2., - ' 1\ 1jv2.

1 v'" D

2: KL

or

1- _ KJ.
D - 10

KIJ. en 1rf'4nce + k:'L ex/I = O. e +I :: I. e

-rhvs wifh f:: 0.02 and 1: n /) r. {/J hecomes
where

=:

-nD
D

/.8
/0 (0,02..)

Of'

n - q
--

(I)

8.52

8.S 2. Gasoline flows in a smooth pipe of 40mm diameter at a rate of 0.001 m3/ s. If it were
possible to prevent turbulence from occurring,
what would be the ratio of the head loss for the
actual turbulent flow compared to that if it were
laminar flow?

Lei ( )/ denote fhe turbulent flo/IJ and { ~ the

- /, r
1. yt
Thv.5J hif - ft D:1-9 olld h/.J ::: ~ D 21
where V= I; _ 1/ _ Q _ O.OO/~3
m
VI: - VJ - 7f - 17'(
)2. = 0, 79{-:s

/lJ/fJlfJor flolll,
(I)

7j O.()lfm

f =6eo~ Qnd J1. =3./X/O- 1I ~~

Re = eVD = (680~)(O.796~)(o.O'fm) = 6. 98X/O'f

Fro", Table

I. 6

So

thaf

.3 / x/0-'1- !!.:!.
1112-

p.

ft::

lielJce} ,from h9. 8.20) for a smoolh pipe

0.0/92
while for lominar flow '1 = 4! ~ "6 '16~ ~ = 9.lb X / O- 1f
"e
8x/O
Thus) from Eft fl)
hl.t _
-

hLJ

ft

_
-

O.Olq:;.

9.1t XIO-

'I-

=2/.0

8.53

8.53

A 3-ft-diameter duct is used to carry

ventilating air into a vehicular tunnel at a rate of
9000 ft3/ min. Tests show that the pressure drop
is 1.5 in. of water per 1500 ft of duct. What is the
approximate size of the equivalent roughness of
the surface of the duct?

(/)

8.54-1
Natural gas (p = 0.0044 slugs/ft 3 and
v = 5.2 X 10- 5 ft2/s) is pumped through a horizontal 6-in.-diameter cast-iron pipe at a rate of
800 lb/hr. If the pressure at section (1) is 50 psi
(abs), determine the pressure at section (2) 8 mi

8.54

downstream if the flow is assumed incompressible. Is the incompressible assumption reasonable? Explain.

lr
11 +~ +~;::- '1+j+Z3. +fD~

where Z/~~Z and ~=-~

Ib
0 2:1.2 i.!L
'tQ==800 J!;r \3600s
LIIu:-)=O.Z2Z-- orQ=
'.s
;s ~
(32.2~)('f.'hlo-3.f!J!1)
2.

2.

/II.so}

Thvs V= !i.. ==
}

II

Wlfh

75:::
j)

7/2.

Re

c:

1.57 !f3 = 800 li

{f3
.1l(.k.-)2.
..s
~. ,,-if
lt l6 )
e'L~ = Vll D = (8.00$ )-~7f). = 7.69 x/o'l- and (Fr()/J'J Tahle 8, t)

o.oooasff

;:

1J -

TI

5.2X/O

.r-

(6/12ff)

'I'

-,:Qool7 weOl) tlln

f == o.o2lf5
oS

rJ...L
D V2. = 50 Ib - (O.02~5)
D 2 r
Ii?-

::: SOfJsi

qives (J

2.02psi
SOfJS;'

t'
r', I
"vs rro/)'J
t='!,(/./

..,-1..
I

(Smi)(S).8ofj,.) La,. IfXI0.3~)(8.00!:t)2

o.s ff
2. C
1f3
oS

-:;.q I ~ = (so -1...o2)psi or

Nole: pj-~
- I, -Since

fl3
=/,57s

= 0 .OLLOL1.
a
, . T.J

-A.;::- ~8. 0
Lf..O

psi

7. cL/lnoe in pressure.
n "/

==pRTJ w/fh T essenlia/ly co,;s/Q/Jf.J IJ small choIJge ill I

SIIJ4// ChIJb96 il) p. TiJtI.t Ihe /l')cfJlIJ,ore.ss//;/e 4.IsfJPJ,tiofJ is valid.

8.55 J

8.55*

Water flows in a 20-mm-diameter galvanized iron pipe with average velocities between
0.01 and 10.0 m/s. Plot the head loss per meter
of pipe length over this velocity range .

h f .l.D '),.9v~
z::

or

wilh i

hi ftt.:,.",) 2~~8/~
;=

I//s o} Re ::: X,f.:

r

=/m qnd [) == O.02. 0 m

hi = 2.SS f V2.

Of'

V (0._0:117;
/.I2X/0

*::

or

4L }

(I)

Re =1.79 x/Oil- V

(2.)

FOr this pipe)

O~':::"III = 7.5 )(/0- 3 (see Table 8. I )
fhe Colebrook /ortrJlJ/o hecomes (f{. 8. 3S)
2. ]
vr : : -2.0 9[,
i% + Revt

.J...

or

r
w:: -2.0 logJ!.03XIO
I

-3

$0

Ihat

2. 5 ]

+ Pte 1fT

Nole: II Re ~ 2100 the (low is lominqr qnd f::: ~

If I?e ~ '1000 Ihe flow is f{)rhlJlenl and f is ohftlined from $"r. t:J).
For 2/00< fie < 'fOoo rI;..s ngf clear which value of f 10 f)se, For
simplici& a.s.svllJe lamiIJtJr flow is tr)oiIJlainerl up fo Re ='10()().
From 0,](:J.)
V= I.7~oo
oS' == 0.22.3 ~ when /?e -:: '1000.
,)
x/a
Thil~ {or 0.0/ ~ V~ O.223~ obf4in flo a/ld

(.3)

()

r frollt tts.(1.)PlJdC'I)

and hL from 1'(/)' FOr O.~23< v~ /0-1 06111il) Re and f fro/l/ Ef.r. (2.) and ('I).
The lIalue.s of h. 4re CQ/c()/Qfed and plolled he/ow (see pro9l'fJ/YJ
P8#55).
100
110
120
130
14,0
150
160
170
200
210
220
230
300
310
320
330
34,0
350
360
4,00
4,10
4,20

cls
open "prn" for output as #1
print.# 1, II **************************** *********** ********* If
print#l, "** This program calculates the head loss in **"
print.#l, "** pipe as a function of velocity.
The
**"
print#l, "** friction factor is obtained by the Cole- **"
print#l, "** formula.
**"
print# 1, "********************************* *************:** ff
rr == 0.0075
V = 0.005
print#=l, If "
print#l, " VI m/s
Re
f
hL, m"
V == 2*V
Re = 1.79E+4,*V
f

= 64,/Re

if Re < 4,000 then goto 4,00

fp == f
f == 1/(-2.0*log(rr/3.7+2.51/(Re*fp~0.5) )/log(10) )A2
if abs(l - f/fp) > 0.0001 then goto 34,0
h == 2.55*f*V~2
#. ### A~.
#.###
print#l, using" ###.### #.###A~A~
if V < 10 then goto 300

(con'l)

~";

V, Re, f, h

************************************************
** This program calculates the head loss in **
** pipe as a function of velocity. The
**

**

**

friction factor is obtained by the Coleformula.

**

**

************************************************

1.E+OO

~~ill~!~II~~)lfIJII
/

1.E-01

'III~tml/~mll

.:.
.c

I)

I"

1.E-04 .4,::1"_L......I...J..~JJ.l.I-.....J......J....J...I...J..j.""'""+_................................."'"'i
0.01

0.1

V, m/s

8- SO

10

- - Turbulent flow
- - ~ Laminar flow

8.56

8.56

A fluid flows through a smooth horizontal 2-m-long tube of diameter 2 mm with an average velocity of 2.1 m/s. Determine the head
loss and the pressure drop if the fluid is (a) air,
(b) water, or (c) mercury.

R,;c

, where hi -: : {7i"1 J
or hi ==22S{ m

tt)

b)

l.6x/o-s

air
wafer

287 lQl11in.r
61/- 0.2.23
1{e=
6
1./210.'0- 3150 ..,turbfJlem
0.0'1-0'1-

c) mere-vry

8.57

1./05 )./0-

36,5"00

furbulent

0.021.0

ro

~.

Z, == &2 J and

~ =:-V2.
0)

602-

9.09

/2.0
q 800

B,9/X/o'"

'1:95

/33,000

6.58Xl05

8.57

Air at standard temperature and pressure flows through a horizontal 2 ft by 1.3 ft rectangular galvanized iron duct with a flowrate of
8.2 cfs. Determine the pressure drop in inches of
water per 200-ft length of duct.

Jr"

~ +1-1 +&,

_ (J~

~2.

T + ~I +Zz. ~ f

.l ~2
lJ

Z-1 ' where z/= z~ (lI1d ~ =~

Also D:;!M.. = ~(2f1)(1.3fl) =I. 576 ff

and)

V=

11
(J)

1f

z[:Zf/ +1.3f.1.]

8.20$
=3/511
(2f1)(1.3t/)
. S

Th tJsJ Ir1'. '" f ~ f pV', where {or 9o/r/Qniled iron Eo = 0.0005 {f (robleS. I)
Hence, -t..n '" f~~:O:/'
o. f)00317 and Reh~ '{.P,I
= (I.S7tffJ!:;:/J"'31600
'
,
/.S7X/O.$

'"

so from Fit). a:to, f=0,01-5

ThusJ ft -f:J.. ==lO.02.S

/
)(2.00
If , I (
-3 !J!s) I
11)2
. Jb
1.57&F1J2: 2.38X/O ~ ,3,/S.$
=O,037'ffP
or wdh fJ,-f:z. :::: ON;.o hJ

h=

f1-;ta
;,f)

.IJL

0,::':'1-/12.

==

6.00XIO-~ff = 0.00720/17.

f1~

~-51

of wafer

8.58

8.58
Air flows through a rectangular galvanized iron duct
of size 0.30 m by 0.15 m at a rate of 0.068 m3 /s. Determine
the head loss in 12 m of this duct.

h : : r1 r
L

Dh

Clnd

~(Q

where D.

2.7

m~

::=.!J

O.068-r
::: /5/1l1..
(0.3m)(O,15ni)
.
oS

7f
ond from Table a.1 J
i:. ::= o,lsx/o-.3m = 7.S x/o-~
Dh

0::

4(O.3m)(o./sln)

::=

2.[a.3m to.ISm]

r-

I//s

0.2 m

.
JIL
D = Vl>h.::: (I. 5I oS) (o.1.m)
oJ neh T
/.Jf6 X/O-.$".oe

::=

20700
J

.s

lienee.! from

0.21'11

Fi,. 8,~O

F=O,027

so fhat

hL : : (0.027)(12.111
.,
O.2m)
6.5 q

{/.5/f-i

= O./88m

2(q.a/~

8. S9

Air at standard conditions flows through

a horizontall ft by 1.5 ft rectangular wooden duct
at a rate of 5000 ft3/ min. Determine the head loss,
pressure drop, and power supplied by the fan to
overcome the flow resistance in 500 ft of the duct.

r
hL -f1.
Dh 2.9and

!tf1 _

fO(I.SrI) _
Dh == P - 2[1Ft t/.5ff] - /.2

II/so} neh::z
D

VDh
11

~ 0,0006 f-I
~
0.0018 ff
Dh

here V-.!i
- (5000fln)(-1!W-)
= 55.6 lisT
- II (J ff) (1.5 fI)

141

/.2.1-1

{l (I

ff

(/.2. f-I)
n
.5
= (5.6!j)
,.t.l~
=
7.2.5 X/O
1.57 x 10- .lj-

and

f,..,,'IIJ

Tt

v.

-r..4"~
8,/
'~O't7

to 0,,003 If. Use al') ''avera1c'J .::= 0.001 8 fI so -!hat

i
r
8"0 f
=0.0015 IIflIJ-SJ
Trom
rL''9"~
::: o.o'-zJ or
ff

EOO ff _, (5S.61Jf

h'i.= (0,022) ( /,2(f ) .2(3.2.2) = 'f~O

For this horitonial pipe IJ!- +!i +z,:: 11 +If +Z:;. f hL}
and V,;: v,. .
2

where :Z,;: 2:;.

Thus} fl-P:J.::: O'hL :::::(7. 65X/O-2.. tJp)(l/-'f()f/) == 33.7 ~~%.;: O.23'1-pS i

P =rQ hL ,: 6( (,,-f:t ) ,: (sooo !/:~~;~b) (33. 7 It> ) =(2810 ~1r55~ ~ j]
or
p =- s.// hI'

8-52

8.60

8. 60

When the valve is closed the pressure

throughout the horizontal pipe shown in Fig. P8.60
is 400 kPa, and the water level in the dosed surge
chamber is h = 0.4 m. If the valve is fully opened
and the pressure at point (1) remains 400 kPa,
determine the new level of the water in the surge
chamber. Assume the friction factor is f = 0.02
and the fittings are threaded fittings.

Closed
Angle
valve

5?

f,....-- Surge chamber

-.0.5 m T

! 1

~ Tee

0.02 m

~C:::r=:::::::::::=::::!~.J=======~====::{ (1)
(2)
C3) - - - 8 m' -t - - - I .
\VfH!\-'- 5 m - - f ,+

.I

FIGURE P8.60

'f+i+ z,::; 1!j-+1i +z.z+(fifZKL)i wherez,=Z:l.J

~
I.
V"
Thus) If = ~
f(flS +L ~)'1 wilh v:: ~ .
J

~::~':l:::'O

Wi.Jh

~:: 2 for 4n an9/e

valve ond

we obtain
'1-00

Jsjf.

==

9.80.1$

or

I
2 ('1.81!jsJ

K::: o. q

for The fee (see Table 8.2.)

[I +(O.02)(-(B+S)/TJ \ + 2.+0.91 V2.

j

O.021h -;

V== 6,88%

Tho.!) fJ.3 is de1ermined from

4s y;J
r
Jf+i'gv,~ +2,::: "'f
').1 +Z.3 +(f D +~ K):z.g
-I-

where 2,==Z.3 ond ~=O

f)Js o} ~ =V HenceJ

'1 == .t;

(J +fl + Kt.)j J where j,== em and K::o

Thus)
.! y-'J.
l
2(13 = II -(J +f D )21':: f,-{/+f"5)te V
O
== '-foo kP - (I +-(O~02.)(-a.~:m )~ (qqq~)
m (6. 89lJl/' = 'fO /rP-2.13X,cf.!\
m
-f

orfJ;a::: /e7 kp

Thus}
Q(1ri

LJ~ = '1-00 kRJ

,-.

;;.3 : : 187 /{pq

M:::: /J74.s.s of air ill surge chamber -::: f ;:: ~Ql)sfalJt,

where '= II (o.5m-h) ond fJ::: pl?~or p=if
Thus, wdh ( )c rienoli1J9 fhe closed valve condition)

Pc ~ ==fo"Va J or 41J(O.5 -0.'1-)

Or

"as
I-V

with the I/q/ve closed wheh h:::: Olf-m

wilh the valve open qnri h =:hD

==

n c

.....

O.5m

I'IJlr

~
(a)

RII~ /I(o.5-h,) IIssume ~ ~To

D
xk

where pc:::: 'foo/r~-ohc ='I ool<fJ4 -?9~(o.'f/IJ)

and (J,=:J87kPa-th o =- 187/{P4 -r;.eot/fh,= (lB7-9.sho)kPq
=39tkPQ
Th()sJ 0.1 (39t) ==(o.5-ho)(l87-9.8ho)J
or hD :::: 0.285 m
0.11(;::: (o,s-ho)lfJ J

g-53

8.61

8.61
What horsepower is added to water to pump it vertically through a 200-ft-long, I.O-in.-diameter drawn tubing at a
rate of 0.060 ft 3 / s if the pressures at the inlet and outlet are the
same?

('J.)

0)

8.62
8.62
Water flows from a lake as is shown in
Fig. P8. 62 at a rate of 4.0 cfs. Is the device inside
the building a pump or a turbine? Explain and
determine the horsepower of the device. Neglect
all minor losses and assume the friction factor is
0.025.

(Il

525 ft

8.63
8.63

525 ft

Repeat Problem 8.62. if the flowrate is

1.0 cfs.
495 ft

300-fi-long.
O.4-fl-diameter

8-55

8.6 If
8.64
At a ski resort water at 40 of is pumped through a
3-in.-diameter, 2000-ft-Iong steel pipe from a. pond at an elevation of 4286 ft to a snow-making machine at an elevation of
4623 ft at a rate of 0.26 ft 3 /s. If it is necessary to maintain a
pressure of 180 psi at the snow-making machine, detennine the
horsepower added to the water by the pump. Neglect minor
losses.

8-56

8,65 I

8.65

Water flows through the screen in the

pipe shown in Fig. P8.65 as indicated. Determine
the loss coefficient for the screen.

t1

-.-

6 in.

t
...l.--il-

~-S7

", "'SG

= 3.2

8,66
8.66
Water flows steadily through the 0.75-in. diameter
galvanized iron pipe system shown in Video VS.6 and Fig.
PS.66 at a rate of 0.020 cfs. Your boss suggests that friction
losses in the straight pipe sections are negligible compared
to losses in the threaded elbows and fittings of the system.
Do you agree or disagree with your boss? Support your answer with appropriate calculations.

6 in. length

elbows

4 in. length

Closed ball

J.

v2.

Major loss ~ { If q. where

j::(6+6+'t+j)in. ==/7//I.~ D:::O,7S/n.

an rJ.

V= ~:. 1f
Th{)sJ wi1h

0, 0.2
(0. 7S//;l.)

f-l

''f.1, :. 6,$'2 :s

H ( O.7S' r )
== 6,5)'--;s ~it
P
J. 2/ x. /0-.5

R =~

FIG U REP 8 .6~.

::: 3.37 X10'1- and

ooos ff = 8x/o-3 ( see ..,..

hI)
11' (
C".
8 )
(0.7,s;4)
fa Ie 8,1 we OD70ln see T'9. .'2.0
-rr
.1 JC' _
/7 ill. JC'
V'f :::; 0.038 .so fhai f D~? - 0.038 0.7.5/11. ~p = O.~61 J:j

t.
D::

0,

Al.so)

Minor loss

r:

V"

V2.
KJ..'! : : [2 (J .s), + 2 of 0,)05' ] Zj ::: 5,1.5' ~
o
/iee /
/
~. 2- ::0,6'f
90 elbow
rcdvcer
wHo'L A:1. ( !!'O/~)
V"

7f;

-rhvsJ from
major loss
mino!' loss

'(.s. (I)

fi

s,/s ~

=:"

(see

and (j.),. :

o. 861

(I)

O.iSln

h1'

8.26)

== 0./67 :: It,? %'

:J-f

Prob(),bly dl.saZ/'Be wll/J boss hec4v.re pipe frict/(J1l

17% of other losses.

8-58

/S

ab()!)!

(:l.)

8.67

I
X.C) 7
Because of a worn-out washer in a kitchen sink faucet.
water drips at a steady rate even through the faucet is "turned
off." Readings from a water meter of the type shown in Yidl'O
'S.7 indicate that during a one-week time period when the
homeowners were away. 200 gallons of water dripped from the
faucet. (a) If the pressure within the 0.50-in-diameter pipe is
50 psi. determine the loss coefficient for the leaky faucet. (b)
What length of the pipe would be needed to produce a head
loss equivalent to the leaky faucet?

(a)

f/ence;

)(IIf'fVIi:::
il/)
(50 ffi..
10."
62.'1 ~

or

K'L. :::

7. 01 x/O

(O,032.1fUl"

IC

2. (.32,2.

/t)-

(b)
(0, O.3:J. If

#-)ffl(W-li)

-5

I,l/XIO

S'

g-sq

;' //2 . : : 2-/()()

Sf)

the flow Is lam/liar

8.68 I
S.6X
Assume a car's exhaust system can be approximated
as 14 ft of 0.1 25-ft-diameter cast-iron pipe with the equivalent
of six 90 flanged elbows and a muffler. (See Vilko VB.S.) The
muffler acts as a resistor with a loss coefficient of KL = 8.5.
Determine the pressure at the beginning of the exhaust system
if the flowrate is 0.10 cfs, the temperature is 250 of, and the
exhaust has the same properties as air.

d'

0)

8-60

8.6Q

8.69
Air is to flow through a smooth horizontal rectangular duct at a rate of 100 m 3 /s with
a pressure drop of not more than 40 mm of water
per 50 m of duct. If the aspect ratio (width to
height) is 3 to 1, determine the size of the duct.

(I)

(2.)

(3)

(If)

Reh
Triol and error so/lJfi()n of Efts. (2.~ (3)) (If) for

/lss{)me f ~ 0,02
Reh:::

Sf)

fJ Re and V:
J

thai o. 01- ~ o. 017:J.h or h :::/. 03/IJ. ;:rom Ef. (:;~

=3.32 x/ot which fro/fJ h1' a2.o~ive.s F=O.009t :10.02
S

.3t:-;,q6

Assume f = 0.0096 which ,ives h = 0, 890m, Thll~ Reh :: 3. etr-xlr!

or f;:; 0,0093 r/ 0,009t
/lsslJme

0:;:

0,0093 ) or

h:::: O.8fPfm. 7IJIIS.) ReI..n = 3.87x/06 of f::: 0.009..3

J

which ofjrees ~Vllh fhe (JsslJmed va/uB.

Thus, Ihe dflci is

h:: 0.88'1 m /;,

8-61

3h::: 2. 5 m iIJ

s/j.e.

8,70

8.70
Repeat Problem 3.14- if all head losses are included.
The pipes are I-in. copper pipes with regular flanged fittings.
The faucets are globe valves.

Bill from 74h/e 8.1,

-5-::
fi

olJd .s ;"ce'

FIGURE P3.1"'"

.5x/o-'ff
-5
--:-:---:--- = 6.0 x/ 0

(JU)

R =.lJJL::: (ik. f.I) (2.0$ ) =/.,.38 X 105 if {olio ws from

e l'
/.2.1 x 10-5 IF"

hr. 8. 20 IhaT

f= 0.0/65
Helice.! from

y- {/)J

If:::

7f1.,. 6. ')../ (8/1-(0.0/0$) +11)1-1 = 83,9 II

11 : : (83 9 (-I) (t2.'f~)( Jlf'!!:'~ )=3~, -,.ri

Now; O.fsllnJe I, I'ema/IIS ihe S4me re14rdle.s-s
or

This is e.s.relrlra/f irlle if fhe Sf)I'I/Y line /e4dilJf IP

/01'98 compared 10 the fJj;es IIJ Ihe h{)lIce.

wh/c.h fallcel is ojJen.

the pifJes ;.s re/41iflefy

S.70

1(con/f)
(0) Open h4se/lJenf favcef:

v,:z.

Ij!- -I-;:j
AJ ::

(f".J

0J

~2.

.A:J

of

%, ::

if +~ +Z.3 +(f D t z: KJ.)zi

2-

).

v,:- ~ :: V Ie-::: 93.9ft i::: 511

.)

z:: K :: ~o'

KL fjlohe :::

sl'l1w

.J

(J0

(),3

+10

:;r

IJl1d

/0.3

V6/1/8

Thvs

V2.

83.9f/"

-sfl +( f

tZJ J-/o,3);.(31.25

Of'

2.

5730 = (60 f f /0. 3)V1

II/so

1):::

whel'e v~ 1j

OJ

-5

6.0 x 10

n
DV
"e::: T =

ana
(f,:fI) V

1 2/1./0-5 it

(I

3.

L
t. 89 xlD V wnere
v~:s

(2)

sl.

TrifJ/ IJlJd erl'or .so/t/tion: IIssume f:: IJ, OldS as be/()f!e.

Thvs from Ef, II)
j

V=

,..-----.5 730)
(60)(0.0/&S. +/0.3

= 22.

s!f

QIJJ

frolJ1 o.(~)
J

Re =6,8'1 x/rl (22.~) :: /..5.5 x/oS so fhqf from Fit;. fl. 20;
f:: o. aIDS, This afre8s with tlJ~ (J.r~vmed va/de ~
Hence V= 22. ~ {i
j

I/s 4bove (excepl /,elweel1 pOilJ7.s (I) IJlJd (If)J

(h) Open 2nd floo! fflvcel:

Zi' -f

(f' +L /0

r; '" f

and

KI. ::: ~/ee +~ 90'

+ ~ 91,;8

elboll/

'V'

1!

wheN Zi' '" If/II, 1 "/fI~ 1f '" 8 3 .9't

= 0.2 +0.3'" /0

~ /(},E

vallie

Heno eJ 19+({(i!) +/0.5)2(31..2.)

=83.9)

or

/f180==(2.29{t/o,s)V

where VNli

Fr()1J1 r. (3)j V::/Z()# ,so {~omE?(:;..) s

TlJVS.l (rom Fi'9, 8,2-0 w//h f:- b'() X/()-~ f= 0,d17o$

/JsstJI1ISf==O.O/7S.

Re -:: /1/7XjO-'.
whic;~ 41/'ees Wtlh

lIence.l

the

(JofS()lIIerJ

V=17. o!J.
8-63

ralfle.

2.

(i)

8.71

r--I'- - 1 8

in'-~'I(J)

A------------~.~.---Q

("+-----------..,.,.

8.71

Water at 40 of flows through the coils of

the heat exchanger as shown in Fig. P8.71 at a
rate of 0.9 gal/min. Determine the pressure drop
between the inlet and outlet of the horizontal
device.

Threaded 180 0
return bend

)
(

(2)

' " O.5-in. copper pipe (drawn tubing)

lienee) {rom Fif}.

8.;1.0

f= 0,0#/
fllld

from f (/)

It -flo = ( O.OJfl (

:;t.f/) +/0.5) (l ) {/.9~ .sir'P )(!.lf7!t /"

1"-

of

f, -f2. = 96.B~ = O.32SP$;

8-6'-1-

8.72

I
Threaded

elbow \

1"--30 ft

(2) '\

)h--.....,~--!

lot

ft
\3-in.-diameter,"
8.72
Water at 40 of is pumped from a lake as shown in Fig.
\7.(1}
-I
f = 0.02
Pump
PB.72.. What is the maximum flowrate possible without cavita- ~~=~
++b===
tion occurring?
- -- --:-::=:-::;.- ::;:::~--------:-:~:::::;

20 ft

FIGURE PS.72.

if +~2fZ = If
I

1.

y."~

~ -I- Z2 -I-(f-o +r; K)~? ' where

2.

-I-

2, ~OJ

Z~'" Illfl,

(I)

/J;:; 1'l.7~(abs) ~ =0) V2 =V CI/Jd fro/h fahle 8./ f3. =0.12./7 {ffilabs) =/7.52 ~
Thus} with the 9illen f=O.02 we obtai;' fromf{.(I)
J

.& ) I If in"!')
( /1f.7 in'-.
cI'f 1fi
62 ~ ./1L

JIL

- 17.52 pt2.

=-

loff

ffl

+(O.02( SOH)
+ I + 1.5 + o~e) V
A ff
2(32.2,tp,
2-

1'-

where we have (Jsed K;.::: 0, e for the enff'tfnceJ K;.:: /.5 for
(see 09.8,,.2- tlnd Tahle 8.2.)

S !

the 90' elbOW

Thus) V= 1,/-,116fj so -fhal Qc:llv=*(lifl)2.(JJf.If6~) ~ 0.7/0

8-65

if

Q,.,
0.010 cfs

8.73
Nozzle tip diameter,., 0.30 in.

8.73
The i-in.-diameter hose shown in Fig. PS. 73 can withstand a maximum pressure of 200 psi without rupturing. Determine the maximum length, e, allowed if the friction factor is
0.022 and the flowrate is 0.010 cfs. Neglect minor losses.

~ + ~2. +~I
_

:=

If +if +Z;. + rl ;

_.!!. _

fo - 0 J ~ - II, Thvs klilh

J

62.'1-14"3

1:::

0.01

(I)~I

L-j

LL_~=:[p~um./p

where

F+

f (~fI")

1=0.022

(2oolJi!-)(I'f'f~) +
or

Water

= 7. 33 s)

fIlJ'

;".~

D ,., 0.50.

10ft

FIGURE P8.73

~ ::oJ $;z.:: /off, f1t =:;'OfJjJSl:

_ g _ 0. 01#3 _
fJ.

~ - 112. - f{ ~ ft)~ - 20.'1-

oS

". (/J hecomes (vsin9 V=VJ)

f7.33Jj),- _

(2.0.lf.fj)').

2(3:1..2%) -

2(3.2.2~)

,*,/0f/+O.022( 0.5

(7.33 !})2..

2(.

rrfl

31.

,.Ii )
S:J.

1012. ff

q
Nozzle tip diameter = 0.30 in.

8.74
The hose shown in Fig. PS.73 will collapse if the pressure within it is lower than 10 psi below atmospheric pressure.
Determine the maximum length, L, allowed if the friction factor

is 0.015 aod the flowra!e is 0.010 cfs. Neglect miDorlosses.

-If + vL' +21 = if +i +Z.1 +{iii,

::z.

.:~

0 50 in

Water-

=.

where

1/

It

Pump
0:::

0,

Vi::

I;'

6i

0.01

(-1Of!.){tIflfj~) +(1 f{O.OI.5J( L )) (7.33 ~)2.

62. iJh
t
..rg FI 2. (32.2. :g)
l'k
S
J

TO

or

L = 8'1.0 fl

0.010 cfs

~.
4{r'
.

ne;," . L~~'

<

10ft

FIGURE P8.73
OJ :2, :: 311J

f1 _
Z2.:::: 0 J fJ~;::; -I01h!- J olJd ~ - If :;: 1l (o.s ~'). - 7.33 s - V
,.
If
n:FI
Thvs wilh r:: 0.0/s it. (I) becomes
'"I

3rf '"

(I)

(I)

8.7S
~\'75

The pump shown in Fig. PS.75 deli'Versa. hF.mi of 250 ft

to the water. Determine the power that the pump adds. to the water. The difference in elevation of the two ponds is 200 ft.

v
=

Pipe length 500 ft

Pipe diameter = 0.75 ft
Pipe roughne55 0

FIGURE P8.75

or

(667 f +/2.8) V
/llso Re== iV/J
J

).t

::3],1-0

= (1.9~~)V(O.7$tl)
2.3'1-X/()-s

I~~

or
, Re :::; 6.22 x/o'f V

(l)

and {rom Fi9- B.2tJ:

8-66

8,76
8.76
As shown in Video V8.6 and Fig. P8.76, water
"bubbles up" 3 in. above the exit of the vertical pipe attached
to three horizontal pipe segments. The total length of the
O.75-in.-diameter galvanized iron pipe between point (1) and
the exit is 21 inches. Determine the pressure needed at point
(1) to produce this flow.

~ +~2 +Z -h
~

2j

l:l

where 2, = 0 J
( I)

==

+ ~2. +Z2-

bIt

12. -::0)

FIG U REP B . 76

~j

~ ~o

Thlls)

!r :;: Z:z. +h~:z.

~ - f? Where V,::: ~ ~ V
Wilh no head loss from (3) to (2) and 12. :::f,g ::

-q: +1,3 '"

~:z.

Z ..

;::-0 lUll.

or ~ =:{~j(Z2. -Z3) =.y2(32.7.!t~) (

oblaill

;%:f.I) '" J{;OIg.

Thvs
ft (0.1S If
Re== Y.lJ.:= '9J2. = 'I,Ols _-rr -, = 2. 07 XIO'lJ

11

1/

and.

::::: 0.00005

ff

(~)fi

f ==

0,039

Also) hL =
Henc~

*'"

1.2./XIO 5 .s "

=0.008

:z.
1
V
f D -rj 1-

(see /o,h/e /0, I) J so fh4f (see F;9' F/.2lJ)

r: ~ ~

where l: KJ. :: 3 (I.s)

2-

0.1 (I) hecomes

2.

z.. +[ft +~ k.t] ~ ~

1.73

i1

where V,

0.75

"v

32..2.

tf

ihlls
I, ~ (62.'f~ )(I. 73 ft)
J

:=

108

. S

2-

~ ~ -/~ fI +[O.03 Q :;"II~./n.'

+'1:S-I] ~'l:OIY.X)
2
~

=::

1f-2- ~
8-67

0.7.50

ps/

52-

=(0.583 +1.I'I7)ff

8.71
X. i7
The pressure at section (2) shown in Fig. PS.77 is not
to fall below 60 psi when the flow rate from the tank varies from
o to 1.0 cfs and the branch line is shut off. Determine the minimum height, it, of the water tank under the assumption that (a) minor losses are negligible, (b) minor losses are not negligible.

FIGURE P8.77
All pipe is 6-in.-diameter plastic
(tID == 0). flanged fittings
/';

6 ft

l-:i~~ [b

e ~~::!:@iWW"i
.1,

900

90 elbows

.ift-t-f +~I == t+-ii +Z2. +(f-t t&K)j.

ond Z2,==o
/6 +h = I}

ThvsJ wilh

where It=:~

~:1 ~i~~

ft~

~=OJ z,=16f11hJ

V::~

+; +(fl +&I<t. )t;2 . !Vole: h. must he no less IhQn tnt/t wiTh

6ons;
rmIx I cls or
v- &- - I(-A - . , Ji.
LJ

=::

I J' Vj -

(J/Jd ~

rr~(1Im

in~
h == -1611 + (67?)(~f1i=)

lienee)

IJ..

62. 'fw:~
,,-

or

+(1 +fr

7[ -

oS

r~)"

h+6+60 0 +9( 0 )

7f

==

fJ..i

S. 00

.s

it

2-

+ Elf;.) (-'.09 oS)

2.(32.2 f,,)

h=/~2..5+(I+f(JS~~5+h)tLK)(o.'I-(}2.) fI) where h"'f/

With -! =0 (Jlld Re ==
(s.o9#)ff:/J) == 2.10X/O s we ohio/I)

YI- :::

f= 0.015.5
0)

(see

I.ZIXIO

oS

hl-- 8.20)

Ne9/ect minDr lo.sses ( K=:O):

From EfJI)
h=/Z2~&-( / +(O.OIG! (15:'~ +h)) (O.l}02)
or h = IJf3 ff

b) Inclvde m/nor losses:

If;. == Jf;.enlrtJlJce +/5 ~e/IJ(Jw + ~/ee

+/5 (0,3) + 0.2 =S. 2

(see TobIe 8:2.J q,s.rUfIIC f/1J1J9Cd

::: 0.5

fif/iIJ9 5 )

Thus} from Ef. (JJ

h :::122~5+(J +(0.0/55)( /~o:th) +s.2.) (0.'1-02.)

or

h = I#-6 ft

Note: For fhis cqse

minor losses ar~ no! VerI i"'floridlJl.

8-68

OJ

8,78

I
FIGURE PS.71

S.78
Repeat Problem 8.77 with the assumption that the
branch line is open so that half of the flow from the tank goes
into the branch, and half continues in the main line.

b) Inc/tide minor /().Sses :

1<;. q =: ~L emr4nce
,J
+ /.5 ~'l.i!ICJ(IW
Md
'& IV..Lo -::: f(;'l.fee::: 0,2
From f,t:;..)
IL_

= 0.5 t Is (0.3)

All pipe is 6-in.-diameter plastic

(flD =: 0). flanged fittings

=.s. 0 (see Table

8,2,'"

~~~)

(/SSV/He
",

t +h)+ 5. O)(O.tl-Ol) +(1800(0.01705) +0.2) (0./0/)

h:=12-2..5+(/ +(o.0Io5S)('600.5

or

h = 137ft
Nole : For fhis cqse milJor losses are nol veri imporfllnl.

8,79
3.43
A smooth plastic, lO-m-Iong garden hose with an in.
.
side diameter of 20 mm is used to drain a wading pool as is
Repeat Problem 3.43 If head losses are mcluded. shown in Fig. P3.43. If viscous effects are neglected, what is
the ftowrate from the pool?
0.2 m

0.23 m

&~ +1i
~ + Z'3- +(f J..D 4- &~II. ) :t
'1
where It 0=/,. #0.1 ~ =0, 22. =0 J ~ a 'f3th

f.t:.? + Jr
').1 +2

(I)

::::

dnd liz. V

lIS

ThIl$J

wifh

O. If3 IIJ

or

~.

oJ

V"

.,:5 ( I + f

2 (9.81

8. 'fJf =

Also

~tI,,1 ::: 0.9

:::

e. (/) beco/l11J.r
/0/11

o.02.m+ O. 8)

,..
(/,8 +500 f ) V
where
J

Re::: PY. ::: (o~ O~m) V

1,/:J.x/(j61

V~.p-

= 1.7Q

X/O/!-

(2.)

(3)

Trial and error so/vtion:

f} sSlJlhe

f : : o. 02.

8./f~

V --

or {rpm

r. (,.)

]~ - 0 811-6!!L
(1.8+500(0.02.))
-,
s

so from

r. (3) Re::: 1.7Q x/o' (0,8'1-6)

J

::: 1.5/ XjO 'l

Wilh this Ae valve and f:::o we obtain {rom the

Moody charI (Fi9. 8,:JO)) f;:: 0.02. 7 wh/ch is /Jot fhe
assumed 'la/vB. Tht/s fry 49aiIJ.
/lsSI/I8 {=-O.027 or fro", tts, (z)ana (3~
V= O.1Lf2. If 4nd Re:;: 1.33 x/o~ 71JtI~ {rpm
chari f::: 0.028 ::J: f). 0'). 7

lI.ssvme f:::
ond from

W~i(;A 9i t/es V~O,731 1JL) ((eo; /.3/ XI{JJ~

Mu()dy charf) f ~ 0, 028.1 f/;e t/s.flllYJed '14ft/f).

0.02.8

the

fhe h10()o/

Hence V:::O.731 'f ~nr1

hi
q ,I} V == 7j11' (O.OZOfh)2 (O.731 T)
-;::
J

t=:

8-70

-If f1I

2.30X 10

8.80
~.so
The exhaust from your car's engine flows through a
complex pipe system as shown in Fig. P8.80 and \ith~(j \ K5.
Assume that the pressure drop through this system is ApI when
the engine is idling at 1000 rpm at a stop sign. Estimate the
pressure drop (in terms of API) with the engine at 3000 rpm
, when you are driving on the highway. List all assumptions you Intake manifold
made to arrive at your answer.
II FIG U REP 8 . 8 0

For sfeady

and ~ c ~
-12- we o~-J4i/J

:E,::: Z.z
ilf =: It

~I;:;

Sf)

f1741 will, ~

== [

J..

V1

f D +,,] iI

0'4 : : 0 (f])J +J()"ijV2. = i f V (f 1 +K )

1.

J)

lIenee

A~()f)()

(2.)

{fowl

If t i!, +fi -4. '" ~ H2o t ~.

!lssvm8
Alld

Exhau

I/o Of)

/JsJ'pme

t BoDo ~0~0

f +I<L.)
:i. flo" V,D~ ( f,tJtJo 1 ~)
(

f31t1Q

-I-

eooo ::: ~(J(J()

anJ ~()()O::: f.]()"(1 ((:e. f ilJcJ~endelll of /(e )

1\, (
.f ~

rnvs

4b:" _( 'vj ... \""

Ll{JIOOO

~ooo j

Re

Buf V-=:: ~ where Qis a.r.rtll)1eri pl'OjJol'fi()lIdJ/ If) ef)?i/J~ r;;Pl.

T/JP,1 is

~O()o;:;.J ~otJt)

~fJOOO ~ (3)1... ~

~f/Of)O

Sf)

fhai

q
=

8-7/

8.8/

s.~ 1
Water flows from a large open tank, through a 50-ft-long,
O.lO-ft-diameter pipe and exits with a velocity of 5 ftls when the
water level in the tank is 10ft above the pipe exit. The sum of the
minor loss coefficients for the pipe system is 12. Determine the
new water level needed in the tank if the velocity is to remain
5 ftls when 20 ft of the pipe is removed (Le., when the length is
reduced to 30 ft). The minor loss coefficients remain the same.

(lJ
-u
-:;:

,
I

:J

V=Vz.
..... 1

,
h

LV2
(~

Of'

h::: 8.02-ff

8-71-

x.Sl
Water is to flow at a rate of 3.5 ft3/S in a horizontal
aluminum pipe (8 = 5 X 10-6 ft). The inlet and outlet pressures are 65 psi and 30 psi, respectively, and the pipe length is
500 ft. Determine the diameter of this water pipe.

I!L

~r.

r +L/ +iI ==

*'"

where
V=
Thv~

f.

/'-

-&
;

;.1~:a.+f1D ~

~/)~

:::{-t Ii

3,5

~::: Z:J. V, ::: ~ :: V

'1

+22 +

where D~(f, V~ fI/.s

Ih I
jn~
(6S - 30) 7i~ lllflf

6 ~ /1>

Or

2.

which simplifies to

D =/./38 {liS
AlsoJJ from Table 8,/ J

1fi ) _ f
-

1fS

OfL
J)

'1-.111 ) 2'Jif
2(32-.2)
(

-,
x/

(I)

.- ;:: -!D !..

(MfA

::;
e.,VD ;:: 1.9# (~)D ()r Re::: 3.70X/OS
Re -p
')... 3/f 't 10-'&
D
Tri4/ and erl'fJl'so/vfion : - IIAK/lQWns (~ j; Re r); 're9 v4Iio/)s ((/)J(~
J

(.J),.41Jt:A /)food,
Ch4rf (F;1~ 8.').0))

Assume

f -== 0.02 so from '1_ (I) D::: O.S'-o rf. TIll/sol frolf} Efs. (l)alJelliJ
Re ~ 7,// x/osand i ~ '1.1 x/P-~ so froll! 0,.8'],()J f: D. 012.8 r/;().02.

AssUl1}e

f .. 0.0/:2.8 whir;h 9iv()S

qnd

-t::: I,/x/(}-~

Q9rees
TlJv~

/)

=:0. If 71 II)

TI)(/~ from

w,-Ih the tJsslII1Jed

/) ~ 0.'1-71 f1

Ft'?

vallie.

Re ~ 7. 77X/O~

8.2-~ f:: 0.0128 1V1}J~h

8.83

8.&3

Water flows downward through a vertical smooth

pipe. When the flowrate is 0.5 ft 3 / s there is no change in pressure along the pipe. Determine the diameter of the pipe.

'1

r=

m
V

~ 1

(I)

( :J.)

(3)

Triol find er~/' so/ufioh : .3 UlJtlJlJWIJS (D~ Re

f) and 3 ef/(/41i()lJs
((~t3~ ~lJd

Fi9. 8.20)

(;:0.02. so from f(. (~ /)~o,/t'fl (llld frum

ftt.(3).) Re::: 3.18 x lOs. T/Jvs~ from Fii. 8,").0.1 f:::. O.O/If :I O. 02

Assume

Assume f:~ o. O//f .so fh4f D;: o./ssfl and !Ie :::3.1f2 XIO~
7hvs" from

Fi9' 8.~~

Assvmea Vo./1I8.
Thus D:: 0./55 fI
J

f-O.llf

which

cheo~.I

wilh fhe

8.8/f
8 .. 8'"
As shown in Fig. P8.8f, a standard household water meter is incorporated into a lawn irrigation system to
measure the volume of water applied to the lawn. Note that
these meters measure volume, not volume flowrate. (See
Video V8.7.) With an upstream pressure of PI = 50 psi the
meter registered that 120 ft3 of water was delivered to the
lawn during an "on" cycle. Estimate the upstream pressure,
PI' needed if it is desired to have 150 ft 3 delivered during
an "on" cycle. List any assumptions needed to arrive at youl
answer.

FIG U REP 8 .84

The ener9Y 9tJalion {Of' fhis flow i.!

~

~~lf+z,-[fJ+L~]~ ~*~~.Ll:l
where Z, =:: ~:J.

/hvs

from

f:L:;-o

,. (I)

1'1 frV,'- [ft

~ ~ ~ and

V2. =:

4; ~

2-

r ~ +(4&) -/]

Bof Q::: II, ~ :::

(I)

where VIS fh~ VO/1I1110 01 kldler so/II/od

dvrifl9 a/) '1ln" cycle and t is fhe /elJ9fh ollhe cyc/~.
J

9iven sysfem 2: k;. is indepenJofJl 01 Q. S'/JI,lt1l'ly./ fot'

Re pipe flow) f is ifJde{JendcnJ of Re ( or ~). Thv~
[f1 +Z kJ. of(! )2- /J is ~on.sf(J"IJ liJdependf}/J! uf Q.
Hence, from '1' (;')J if fhe len,fh of the cycle is cOlJsianf
Fof'

tl

l/Jif/9

{JI

t,ft = ~ pv,~t

It )17.011

2"

P'" ~:z.o

or

f,) :;; 1.6311;)

150

=:&

=[ v,),r.

l V,

)/;10

]~= r~E' ):2.;0 (.!flo t:: I. 5"63

\"

I UJ

/.SI3( sopsi) ~ 78./ fJSi

/1.0

8-7.5

8.85
X.SS
When water flows from the tank shown in Fig. P8.85,
the water depth in the tank as a function of time is as indicated.
Determine the cross-sectional area of the tank. The total length
of the 0.60-in.-diameter pipe is 20 ft, and the friction factor is
0.03. The loss coefficients are: 0.50 for the entrance, 1.5 for
each elbow. and 10 for the valve.

--Z-................-.......,............"....,.,

100

200
1.5

!Ii FiGURE

8-7t

PS.S5

300

8.96
KS6
Water flows through a 2-in.-diameter pipe with a velocity of 15 ftls as shown in Fig. PS.S6. The relative roughness
of the pipe is 0.004, and the loss coefficient for the exit is 1.0.
Determine the height, h, to which the water rises in the piezometer tube.

Open

I
h

15 ftls

(I)t-I.- - 8 f t - - - - i

OJ

h = /6.S If

FIGURE PS.S6

8.e7
H.H7
Water flows from a large tank that sits on frictionless ~ - wheels as shown in Fig. P8.87. The pipe has a diameter of 0.50
m and a roughness of 9.2 X 10-5 m. The loss coefficient for
the filter is 8; other minor losses are negligible. The tank and
the first 50-m section of the pipe are bolted to the last 75-m
section of the pipe which is clamped firmly to the floor. Determine the tension in the bolts.

I) - - -

1\1 FIGURE

P8.87

{OJ
~--.-----' (~

CfJntro/ YDJlltne

or
(I)

v-

/9,9
q f ~50f

-V
IIlso Re:: ~ :::
or

(2.)

Re == ~.~t x/os V
and

s::
D

rnvs

f \

9.2 XIO m ::: l.i/fXli'f

O.ShI

from

Ihe AI(jot1j cnarl:

~ *~J.Jlfxlril'
Re
(con 'f)

h
boH

8.87

I(c,on'tJ
T/'/0/4fJd error srJ/vliof) :

Assume f:: 0.0:;' ..l V::: s.2-?;- !E- Re := 2. ~X/06!:!!.. I::: 0, o/~ :I (),()2flSSPIlI9 f:: 0.01'f'-!!'!' V::.s: 60qL .!!:!- Rf) ~ 2.SX/O I (.1). {::: O. f)/~
7i7~

V== SIIO.fL

/I/so ~

f;

~z

+:i!.3

+i!;

where

Z ~::: ~~

1'.3_
'7
or

=:

'LJ-2.

-4

~~

-2. :=

V:z..:::'~ IJn~

f!; ~ Zz +~
f,.. ~ ()

Sf)

fl1al

-;: (f b. -I- k;)J[.1 ;-(0.0/.,. (?E!L)-I8)

/)

ll.

z,!

f). SAl

(S.6o.fl)2 == 1,/1l'J
2 (9.11i!!..)

{1== p,aox/o3#
Iii (/~./fII):;; I.se X/O.s-AI
AJi

TIJ v~ from Erp (0):

FboH -;: (iJ 113 +PA.l ~ 2=p.~x/o$f.):; (O.ShI) 2- +(9P9 tJ)1j-(o.,smll-S'.IIJ11-J 1.
::

3./(JXIO~N + 6,ISX/O.Jjr/

8-79

,r2.

8.88

8.88

Water flows through two sections of the

vertical pipe shown in Fig. P8.8 B . The bellows
connection cannot support any force in the vertical direction. The O.4-ft-diameter pipe weighs
0.2 lb/ft and the friction factor is assumed to be
0.02. At what velocity will the force, F, required
to hold the pipe be zero?

Pipe weighs

0.20 Ib/tt

D = 0.40 ft

FIGURE PS.BS

From Ihe m'OmenTum e9uafion appn'ed 10 fhe

con/rol volume indicofed

I, II, - ~:l0 -

~i,!ce
Thvs .;:; WH~o+WPif' = '0 ill, + I (:t=)
J 1/
AI
II,
Wpipe

=rh (V,. - ~) : : 0

or~ == 0/ + (O.20 lt)P :: 0/ +1.59 i where

~ ( 0.Jffl)2

I!'j

VI:: Vl
f)

NiA

1// n )

1"'//

,t;/soJ

4t- +g2 HI 't + .r:;1 U;J. +f /; li

=

\1 = l{ ~ V,
ThlJs)

f)

TI

where 12::0,

2, = 0, (Jnd 2,-:::J
= };tZ +fl..LfV~
Q

2.

D 2..

or when comhined wifh the ()br;Ve force DC/lance resvll

11 : : oj+f-t ip V2. = 0'1 +1.591
i

TL I
IfJOiIS,

fDVV2.

-Tii

==/.59

or

v--

_I 2D(/.S9) -

Nofe: Til is answer is indepenrJelll

8-80

pf

2(O.JI.)(/.S9) ==5.7'3

(1.9'1)(0.02.)

of the pipe /enqth J 1.

fioS

8.8q

\7(1)
t ------:-:--:-----

60-mm-diameter,
30-m-long pipe;
I..
f=/ 0.016 _ _ _rJ~

8.Sg

The pump shown in Fig. PS.89 adds 25 kW to the

water and causes a flowrate of 0.04 m3 /s. Determine the flow- 40-mm-diameter
no~zle
~.
rate expected if the pump is removed from the system. Assume
/
f = 0.016 for either case and neglect minor losses.
----~===========:t,~ " " - L - - _ . - - l

J .-

(2.)

Pump

FIGURE P8.S9

8-81

8.90

8.90

A certain process requires 2.3 cfs of water

to be delivered at a pressure of 30 psi. This water
comes from a large diameter supply main in which
the pressure remains at 60 psi. If the galvanized
iron pipe connecting the two locations is 200 ft
long and contains six threaded 90 elbows, determine the pipe diameter. Elevation differences
are negligible.

+ 29v.'"
+

o::z

~I

~2.

V'"
.
+~+l:t +(fD+r~)~ J where~==30fJs, J I, ~ 60 fJ si,
~=O It == V= !l.::
2.3 fJ ::: ~ i wifh DNff
J It'"
f j . ! r D'"
D2. S J

b.

.fZ/:: ;

= 7.

2.

If

Thvs,

l1-f2. ::: (f~ +L")fp V2-

orr60 -30) ~ (PI-If #i)=(ff{( 2~Oft) + 6(I.S) +0.5) (~lIf-1jf(t.)(1.9'f~)

where we hove used
2: f( :: 6 KelhtJw +"elllrlJhce = 6 (I.s) -1-0.5

Thus,

Jl.tJ, Lf :: (J + /~Ol)

A/so,

iff

(I)

_ VlJ _ ('i!) D :: 2.9..3!f ~

D
.5' I
Re - y - 11
1.2IXIO-!;tpD' or Ile :: 2.Jf1.X/O IS

and from TahIr: 8.1

e
o.ooo.sN

75 ==
Finol/y) from

Fi9' 8.7-0'

Trial and error so/vfion of

Eqs. (I ~ (:J.); (JJ, and ('I) for
fJ DI ! J and Re.

D
Normally if is e4siesf fo 9uess a va/V6 off, cQ/cv/afe ~ efc, In this cose
(becoIJSe of minor losse), Eq,{/) is no! eosy to IJse in fhis fashion, TIlus) Qsstme
DJ calcfJlafe r (Ef{. (/))J lie (", (2.)) J ond f (f. (.1)). Look up f;1) Fi7~ 8.20
(cr (~)) IJlJd c()",pare wifh fhal fro", Eft (I),
/issII",e D=o./ffi. T/;/IS, f=O.00557, Re:6.05XlosJ f;;:o.oo/:l.S
or from Fi9' 8.:Z 0 f:: 0.021 -:f: 0.00557
Assume D=O.5f-l j f=o.OSSIJ

Re =II;8/f/<IO:

Assume D:: D. 'is ff.J F:: 0.02 -s'3 J fie:: $,38"'0$J

.g-:::O.OO/orf=O.0203O.OSSI
-DE

= 0.0011/ or f == 0.02.05 :to.Ol/l-.3

Re =,s..sox '0: !-::: D. 0 0//'1-0/'" f=O.0205t:O.OlQ7

INfer e/J ofJ9h trifJ/5 ()hloifJ D= O. If'/-2 fi
Nofe ; If H9. 8.20 (Ef - ('I)) ;0$ replaced hJ1he Colehrook erll4lio/J
fhis prOblem cOllld be solved efJ.II'Ij will; a cfIJ'J,PtJler..
/J~siJme

D= O.llifff;

f::: O. 0197 J

8.Q'

The turbine shown in Fig. P8,QI develops 400 kW. Determine the ftowrate if (a) head
losses are negligible or (b) head loss due to friction in the pipe is considered. Assume f = 0.02.
Note: There may be more than one solution or
there may be no solution to this problem.

120 m of 0.30-m-diameter
cast iron pipe

FIGURE P8.'U

'J!-+J fZ, ::: iff ri +Z2- +ft; -l-~

ThusI ,
z=

Z 2. ::: 0

Z, - 2j

Thu,s,

''7'

lr

XI

where

(/)

""

hr

L:=

oo x/o

N.m

-:s

~om=2(9.81:;") +

.52..0

or

52.0

(q.80 x/rr P.3)!j(Jm/ ~

rQ

\/2.

V2

z,c20tnJ

"]..9- +{ D 2.9- +1-.

,,.,.

a)#eq/ecf head losses (f==o):

_ vl + l.

I,;:~ =0;

where

,,3
Y2.

\I

-392v,.+/020=

;: T

(2.)

De/ermine Ihe roofs of fh,-s cuble erVfJ lion. Lei v,.3-392~ f/O')..O=F

kIanf F:::0. Note Ihol ~ = 3V/'-392 so fhaf ~ :::0 aI ~;: r//.'1l}A/so} F::: 1020 when ~ =0 J F::; ~ 007 wheh V,.::: -II. J and
r = - /9t7 whe/) ~::: I/.Jf. IJs ~- ()b J r
F
lis ~ - - 00; F - -ctJ. This liJformaliof)
Indicales Ihere 4re IUlo posilive real rools
(.see Ihe fi9ure). The nefolive rool hlJs no
physical meQlJifJ9' So/ulion of '1' (1-) 9ives
-1967 .--Vi = 2. 6s ~ Or ~::: 18.3 ~ Thlls, Q -:: 1i:J. liz. := (J tnt V;.
-0().

or

Q= 2.08!f or Q=/~Jf~

b) Inclvde heQd loss (f ;:0.02): From E'(. II) V =

o~o", =(lfO.o2/:/~om )(JJ.J)~)
Vl + 52.0 m
n~

0.3 m

2 (q, 81-$.)

-O.398~ +1.03'1=0

'h,t2 = ~ (.~)2.= ~ (~.~m)

::::.//./~

V~

Lei G= ~

-O.3?B'Vz +1. 03/f j

de1ermiIJ8

v,. fhot 9ives 6=0. lis above) G-ooa,s v,.-tooj ~~ ::::3~2..-0.3?8=O

for Vi =:J:. O. 36Jfj G=/. 03'1- for v,. :::0) an d G:: 1.13 for ~.::' - O.36oS'
I

of V,,== +0,36'1: Thus, fhe qr4fJh Df G

looks QS shown, A cuhic e'lIJClfiol} has al most
two min. or max. IJs ,shown, there is no pos/live
real roof, The Flow clJlJn'" occtJr (mvsf have P<'f(}{)~W)

G=O.Q37

-0.361f

8.92. I
K.n

A fan is to produce a constant air speed of 40 m/s

throughout the pipe loop shown in Fig. PS.92. The 3-m-diameter pipes are smooth. and each of the four 90-degree elbows
has a loss coefficient of 0.30. Determine the power that the fan
adds to the air.

-- --

(;1:
f--

.. /

20 m

i'"

v= 40 mls

I~

D=3m-

10 m

~J
~I

(1).::{21

--

_\(Fan

'i'-

ii2 FIGURE P 8.92

:.-

8.9.3 ,
KL
KL

g.~3

elbow

exit

=.0

= 1.5

.V

Water is circulated from a large tank, through a filter,

and back to the tank as shown in Fig. PS.93. The power added
to the water by the pump is 200 ftlb/s. Determine the ftowrate
through the filter.

~2.

V2

1- + +# +h If ~ +41 +( f l +f 1V.,.)1j
2.

p '"

Z;

(I)

Zz.

where

,,-:::fJ,.

~ =- ~ =-0"

AJsoJ ~::: r() hp

Dr

f1.:1!

200 ,s:

h -

and Z,:: 23-

p - 62.,~ ((O.lfO"2)V

ThusJ 0,T (I)

'1-08
V

or

1/-08

- V

becfltnts

( 200 ff

0,111

I.
))
V
f +,0.8+05(1.)
-I- /2 +6 +/ 2(32.2~}

'

13./.3

V ~ (f +0.01365)

1:: e

VD =-

-p

(2)

1.1",,5wrv!1){O./If)
2 a~ x/o&

Iifll."is.

or Re::: B290V

Tri.1 and error so/vl/o/J:

flssum~ r::: 0.0'1. From ,. (2) J V::: 6.26 # ; from Ft. (3~
Re :: 5. '2. 0 x/0 ~. Thv~ from Fi~. e. 20.1 f:::: O. 039 =I: 0.0/1
/Jssllme (::: O,o3Q J or

V:: 6. 2 9.if.

IJnd

Re ::: S.21 X/O~ and f -: : O.O:Jf

(Check)

Tf,v~ Q:::/I V::: "'(O.lf/l(6.29~) = o.O.y.9~-!f3

(3)

8.94

Water is to be moved from a large, closed tank in

which the air pressure is 20 psi into a large, open tank through
2000 ft of smooth pipe at the rate of 3 ft 3 Is. The fluid level in
the open tank is 150 ft below that in the closed tank. Determine
the required diameter of the pipe. Neglect minor losses. .
(IJ

T
1501+
~

(2.)

1=2000H

(I)

(2.)

_ P(~)D _
-

1.9~ (3.82)

2.3'tIO- s

/)

or Re

==

3./~'JIO~

Trial lind error solufio!) :

IIssume f=O.02 S~ from Ey. (1.)" /):; O.S'fo II lind from ".(3)
Re =:..87X/O S , Thv~ fr(J/II F". 8.UJ(w/lh -i-.=:o) f::o.ol.3 :;0.02.
!JssulIJe f =:0.0/3 wh/cA 'lives lJ ~ O. 'f9.5 II J f(e:: 6.. 1fQ
Assume f

Thvs

:O.OI2.S,

~o D=O. ~91f-lJ

D ::: O. '1-9/ (I

g-86

lOs

QlJd f::o.ol2..5

He ~6Jf~,(/OsJ f ~ O.O/'-S (checJu)

8.,95

8..95

Rainwater flows through the galvanized

iron downspout shown in Fig. P8.'15 at a rate of
0.006 m3 /s. Determine the size of the downspout
cross section if it is a rectangle with an aspect
ratio of 1.7 to 1 and it is completely filled with
water. Neglect the velocity of the water in the
gutter at the free surface and the head loss associated with the elbow.

70 mm

T~. ~.
Ifm

LI"li'~l\W#Hi$l'W""''> ~
\.

3m---l1

8.Q6

*1
8.96

Repeat Problem 8.QS

spout is circular.

if the down-

(2.)

(3)

(5)

(6)

f=

-2.0

JO'J[."tX/~-6+ 3.6

W J

(7)

O-9D]

Solve rs. (t) and (7) iferqlive/y. S fflrl "11Th Q.ss/Jhlod vfllues
D;;: 0./ J f= 0.02. From El(. (I) o61qill Q /Jew D valve WI/h Mis
new D cQ/cvlole 0 /Jew f vqlve from fro (7). Re,PfJ4t suc.h CQ/cp/otirls
0

unfit the

nih lind

IJ_/.s f I/IJ/ves

J < 0.001
) 1- i!L
fn- I

s4iisr, The CfJIJV8ry8nce

and II - ~

~I

8-88

}<O,OOI

crderiQn

Pro9ram P8# 96 .BIJS show/) below kills used 10 solve

ro5. (6) QlJd (7) 405 indictied above 10 9/~ve D=o. OJf~Sflla/lJ

f=
100
110
120
130
1l0
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280

0.02.78

cIs
print "*****************************************************"
print "** This program determines the friction factor, f, **"
print "** and the diameter, D, solving iteratively
**"
print "** Colebrook's equat.ion
**"
print "*****************************************************II
print
f=0.D2
d=O.l
dp=d
fp=f
d=( (f+0.1429*dp)/195600)-0.2
f=1/(-2.0*log(0.OOOOl05!d+O.000368*d/fp~.5)/log(10))-2

if abs(l-f/fp)O.OOl or abs(l-d/dp)O.OOl then goto 210

print.
print uSlng "The friction factor is f = +#.####----";f
print. uSlng "
The diameter is D = +#.####----";d

****************************************************~

**

This program determines the friction factor, f, **

** and the dia~meter, D, solving iteratively
**
** Colebrook's equation
**
*****************************************************
The friction factor is f = +2.7842E-02
The diameter is D = +4.l518E-02

g,q 7

8.97
Air, assumed incompressible, flows through the two
pipes shown in Fig. P8.97. Determine the flowrate if minor
losses are neglected and the friction factor in each pipe is 0.015.
Determine the flowrate if the 0.5-in.-diameter pipe were replaced by a l-in.-diameter pipe. Comment on the assumption
of incompressibility.

p = 0.5 psi

~FI.
(0)

1 in.

t
20 ft

0.50 in.

(2.)

(.!)

'II
.1.__t 20 ft- ~,

FIGURE P8.97

{?a ~ fJ.j_ ::

lJo

l'i

/~. 7p.Ji . ;:: 0.967

(0.5 f/1f.7)PSI
3-QO

The floJV is neflr/j JiJcompressi!JJe.

8,178

*1

T\iD

p = 0.5 psi

= 150F

*8.98
Repeat Problem 8.97 if the pipes are galvanized iron
and the friction factors are not known a priori.

(0)

1 in.

0.50 in.

(I)

(2.)

(.l)

I..--_ t 201:._........-..1-20
t
\lJ
It-- J.
~

FIGURE P8.Qg

(2.)

(3)
(If)

(s)

and
and

ReI == ~DI
1/

11 == ..l! =

fo

Hence} Re
1

ano

Re2. == ~ V~ J where fr()m 'able

8,3
1(.4
7 ~
'1.181./0 {fl. = 2.00X/O .I-L['.12.

O.0020q ~

== (O,2.sV,J
I

(-k fl.) =/O/f V,

.s

S
For lurhulenf Flow '(.

=2 08 ~

8.35

(7)

vrI =-2.0 Jog [ .3~

9iV~s

i-

2 5/ ]
R~yr

(8)

comhinifJ9 fs. ('1-) fhrough (8) we obtajn

I [
-3
W,I ==-2.0/09
I, 62xl0 +

w: =-2.0 Jog[-3
3,2.lf.x/o

and,

2. OOX /0-11-]

o == V2. Vf H)
nez 2 .OOx/oif f:J:

By

.s

ffS

',1111</02.]

V2.1{f;

I 1-1 X 10.

'4 W;

(c,onJl)

(q)

(1 0)

B.98

(conI!.)

fhe

Solve E"q,s.(.3)) (9)J Qnd (jo) {or

If D, == D2 then
J

Re =Re2 =

~~~

V:z. D:J. =
1/

Thlls, Ef. (I) hecomes

::

-t; == i2. == 0.006

-& since

V:t (7i:ft~

2.00)(/0-"']
..s

h.J and Ih. (see below).

unknf)w/Js ~J

qnd

= '1-16 ~

tPo =ie ~~ [~(el;:~) +IJ

or

(o.s1::,.)(JJflf ~ ) :: i (0.00209

f; ) \{:l. [f2. (1

0
;:)

+ I]

Hence
6, eq x 109 = ~~ [ '180 -& +1]
l

Also) frohl El(. (8)

.-L =-2.0 lo~ ~.62x/0-3 +
vr;.
L
Solve '(s.

Nole:

(II)

(II)

w:

6,03)(/0-

V:t

(/2)

ond (/7-) for &. tJnd ~ (see he/f)w)

S/nce {J:::: pRT

il fo/lolAls +hal

.fi._(,ln)_hJi.
1'
fo - ( A) -]10 73 If we (J.S.SVtrJe 7; =70 (/'prohfJbly
will nf)f he
RTo
buf rt should be Q reasof)oble apprOXillJaTi()n) fhen
~.!I
:;:
\ 0

IJt- = (0.5Ilf.tllf.7
7 fJ~i
psi

:::: OJI67

, ()

Pro9rIJIiJ P8# qg .shaWl) be/ow

'lidoS

The flow is neqrly incompressible.

used fo Dbl';1J the f()//f)lIIiIJ9

resfJ/ls :
0)

W,-Ih fhe fwo different diall1efer pifJes ; Q:::

b) With
100
110
120
130
140
170
180
190
200
210
220

fhe sill'lle pipe:

0, 07~6

.f

Q=: 0.339 #3

cls
print 11 ********** ****************** ********************* *** * f1
print "** This program determines the frict.ion factors,
**"
print "** f1 and f2, and the velocity V, solving
**f1
print "** iteratively Colebrook's equation
**"
print "*****************************************************"
print
f1=0.002
f2=0.002
f1p=f1
f2p=f2

230
240
245
250
260
265
270
275
280
290
300
380
385
390
400
420
430
445
450
470
480
490
500

v=(68900/(15*fl+480*f2+1))~0.5

fl=1/(-2.0*log(O.00162+0.0241/(v*flp-.5) )/log(10))-2
f2=1/(-2.0*log(0.00324+0.0121/(v*f2p-.5) )/log(10) )-2
if abs(l-fl/flpl)O.OOl or abs(1-f2/f2p0.OOl then goto 210
print
print "For the CB2'.e of unequal diameter pipes: II
print. using "Tbe friction factors are fl = +#.####'~'-I!;f1
print using"
and f2 = +#.####----If;f2
print. using"
The velocity is V = +#.lHt##--- ft/S";V
Q = 3.14159*(0.5/12)-2*v/4
print using"
The flowrate is Q = +#.####---- ft3/slf;Q
print
print.
print "For the case of equal diameter pipes:"
f2=0.002
f2p=f2
v= (689001 (480*f2+1) ) -0.5
f2=1/(-2.0*log(0.00162+0.00603/(v*f2p-0.5) )/log(10) )-2
if abs(1-f2/f2pO.001 then goto 420
print using" The friction factor is f2 = +#.####----";f2
print using"
The velocity 1S V - +#.####---" ft/s";v
Q=3.14159*(1/12)-2*v/4
The flowrate is Q = +#.###---- ft3/s";Q
print using If

k****************************************************
This program determines the friction factors.
**
** f1 and f2. and the velocity V, solving
**
** iteratively Colebrook!s equation
**
*****************************************************
;j:*

For the case of unequal diameter pipes:

+4.2508E-02
The friction factors are f1
and f2 = +4.4593E-02
The velocity is V = +5.4682E+01 ft/s
The flowrate is Q = +7.4561E-02 ft3/s
For the case of equal diameter pipes:
The friction factor is f2 = +3.5069E-02
The velocity is V = +6.2160E+01 ft/s
The flowrate is

+3. 390E-Ol ft.3/s

9.100

Elevation

15 m

_~(A>

Diameter of each pipe

----;!--~-

0.10 m

1..0.0..._

8.100
With the valve closed, water flows from tank A to
tank B as shown in Fig. P8.100. What is the flowrate into tank
B when the valve is opened to allow water to flow into tank C
also? Neglect all minor losses and assume that the friction factor is 0.02 for all pipes.

(/)

FIGURE P8.100

Q, == C2 +Q3 where QI' = 11 V:. == f 4~~'

ThvsJ since /)J:: /)2:: /).3 iI fo/lows fhol

i::

~2Jl

~ == l{ + ~

(I)

Also, for flvid flowin9 from II loB,

&.
+Yl
+:!i +Ze tf,I 1L;!L.2
~
21 +z~ =&
I' 21
D, + t2 j.
D,.

2.,

v:

'J.~ J

where Tn
LJ,q: y~
A78 == 0,

~ == ~ =0) ZA ::/5 ~2.rJnd Ze==O'

Thus) zA = ,,1L.:iL
+t:t !.~.2.
or
I D, ~,
D:t 2j ~
15m ==
. (0,02)
[(801'h)~3.+(ifO/1})~2]
(0.1/11) (2)(1.8/ $.)

OJ

Hence,
J8,Jf == \,12- + 0,5 ~2. J

l'l

(.3)

SiIYJ'/rJl'/y J lor fluid {/owin9 from IJ fo C,

tfJ/J +~ +Z.
T
21 /i

:::

f&.
+z.c +.!
}IL.:J. + h li2. where LlLJ ::AJC:::(),
r +~
2?
I D, 2.1
3 /).3 ~1 J
Vb yc

~r VccO 219 =/.5m, IJnd Zc= 0

J
j ~2.
b ~2.
ThIJS, :Z/J == ~ + ~ '"9

i1 b

, r s (J J ( )
r I
r 12. V: _ b vI
By comptJrth9
k.r . J., ana ~ we Tina
T2 D; 1:j - .3 D3 29
or since &=~ and 4.::: D~ J
~ 142. =~ }6.2
Thvs) ~o ~2.= 7..5~.2 or ~ ==1.369 ~
Solve 9s. (IJJ (3); IJnd (S) for 11 J ~ find II.J
J

From fl' OJ and (s);

fB.if

~ ==

I, 3t9 ~ + ~ == 2,369 v.s. and from Ef . (3)

=(2.369~)'). +().5 (1.369'4)2

and ~ =2.1-9 f + /. 67&

~~

<V2. ::: 1i.2

Vz

==

*"

or

'V.J = I. t7t

= If. 00 ~
3

(0, 1mi' (2.2.9.p) ::: 0.0/80 ':

'!-

~ =1.319(l.t71f)

=2. 7- 9 11-

(~)

(sJ

8.101

-I

Elevation = 15 m

F-'~d (A)

Diameter of each pipe = 0.10 m

Elevations = 0

,'::A

*8.101
Repeat Problem 8.100 if the friction factors are not
known, but the pipes are steel pipes.

' - - ---:-

LBO c-++-"\" m+;:'~

CS)

40

ee)

-J/)

E=75=m::;:;;(3~)~~"f'Y>l-:~.:::"'1_~C
FIGURE P8.100

Q/ = Q2. +Q3 where Q/ ::;At'l{' :: f4~Vt /::~J./3

Thus, silJce D,:: D2 :: D.3 if fo/lows fhot
I

ro

~=~f~

Ais 0) for

fluid fJowin9 from It to B

t ~/I = '1 t
+28 t

\?i:: '4 =0

where IA ::14 :: 0,

2 11 ::::/Sml a!)d.&o:::O

Thvs} Z/I :: r;
J

/5", =

t! i + (;I. t ~i
J

J.

D'

I.

~ -I- -& f

I 2,

:2

J.

li
1-1 } or

(2.)

[f,f~.~:nw+M~::)'6]2(q.~/~)

or
0.368 == ~ ~2 + 0.5 f:J. ~2.

(3)

SinJl/fJr/y, for flvid flowing from 1110 C

ik v,..,z
_ tPc_ + ~2.+ =z r la .M: + r iJ~:l
L
?1' +~ +Z/i - T
2.1 ~c 4- TJ D,'" ~ D; '2-1') wnere
~ =Vc ::: oJ ~A= IS 111) lI!)d Zc==(}
IL
f, 11. ~2. r J~ Y.j2
I nus J ZIJ = I D iii + TJ 7i :z.!
I ~
:3,
Z
J

By cu"'parill9 EfS'
or since D2 D~
II::

fz i ~ = &

(2) afJd (If) we find

(111::fJc::

f2 J2. Vzl.::: -& i~ \&2. Thlls} "f()~ V/" ::: 75 ~ ~z or ~ = I. 3&9(

J::

-2.. oJo 9[! + 2..SI]

3.7

Re

:: O. OJ.f.-S /1')hJ so fhol for each pipeJ

VlJ
II/so} Re = V or for i::~2}3

Re. = V~'Di =
l

tI

7S

~. (O,/m) = 8.93X/O"" 'i'

/.12 x/o-I>f

(con't)

vr

('1-)

-! i

35
From q,8./
{,.
J

0,

t) \~3
~

where from TolJle

= o.o~.s mill = 11:5 XIO~

'00111111

(S)

8.1

(6)

.I

Solve 6
~J

e'll/(JtiolJs

& &
I

for b

~ J ~J ~.

From '(. (s))

~ =' 0.73 0(-

rs, O)J (,g) J (&) /6),(7)) (Jnd (8) for

(J/)KIJoMlIJS;

Ir/a/

(7)(~

olJd

error so/pi/on

tiS

fo//pw.s:

t; t- ~,which when combined "lith

EC(. (J) g/ves

~ = [I to. 730(~)-'i] ~

Thlls by com bini/}! rts

t;;r

0.368

or

(q)

(3)

='f~ [I +O.730(

-f [I

2.-

and (q) we obfqin

to.S

0.368

~ +0.730(4; Y']2.+ 0.5 f2-

fI/s~ from '1'

fz ] v,,2
]

(10)

(I)J
(II)

So/vfion method !o)GlJess valves of "J fl.; and & (1I9ooJ siQrfiIJ9
valve IS fne /Q/'7e Re valvB fDr i:::9.sx/o-, or "=-&=-=o.OI7~
h) Ca/clJ/ale ~) ~J alJd Va fro/IJ ys. ('I); (/0)1 dl/d (1)/ c) Ct,jc(}/4fe
F2 J qnd~ frmEts. (6~ (7~ (8) j d) Compare the new ~. IV/lh fhe
pre vious ones j e) If IIPi 9t1oc/ elloVfA tl9reellleflfJ refJeal wt"-Ih the

t, J

new ~. as fhe 9()ess~

Program P8#/OI .shown below

Wf}-S

used ..fo ca/c()/aie the fO//OIViIJrI

resulfs:

QJ::

m3

0.03.3/ S

Q2:::

13

0.0193 T

l(j:::

m3

O.0/38T

8./01
100
110
120
130
1l;0

150
160
170
200
210
220
230
2/,00
250
260
270
300
305
310
320
330
3/,00
350
360
370
380
390
/,000
410
iJ20

II

(conJi)

cls
open "prn" for output as #1
print fI************************************************"
print "** This program calculates the flowrates in **"
print "** the three pipes using the Colebrook form- **"
print 11** ula to determine the friction factors.
**"
print H** An i terat.ion scheme is used.
**"
print "****** *********************** ***** ******** ****** II
dim f(3), fp(3). V(3). VP(3). Re(3)
for i = 1 to 3
f(i) = 0.017
VP(i) = 0
next i
rr = /,o.5E-/,o
print II II
print "pipe no.
Re
f
V. m/s
Q. m3/s"
del=O
V(2)=(0.368/(f(1)*(1+0.730*(f(2)/f(3) ) ft O.5) ft 2+0.5*f(2)) ) O.5
V(1)=(1+0.730*(f(2)/f(3) ) O.5)*V(2)
V(3)=V(1)-V(2)
for i = 1 to 3
fp(i)=f(i)
Re(i)=8.93E+/,o*V(i)
if Re(i)(2100 then goto /,000
f(i)=1/(-2.0*log(rr/3.7+2.51/(Re(i)*fp(i) ft O.5) )/log(10) )ft2
if abs(l-fp(i)/f(i) )0.001 then goto 3/,00
go to /,010
f(i)=6/,o/Re(i)
del=del+abs(l-VP(i)/V(i))
next i
if del<O.OOl then goto 600
for i = 1 to 3
VP(i)=V(i)
next. i
goto 300
for i = 1 to 3
ft

ft

500
510
520
530
540
600
610 Q=(3.14159*0.1~2/4)*V(i)
620 print using" ##
#.##ftftftft
630 next. i

#.####

##.###

#.##~ftft~";i.Re(i),f(i)~

(V( i) ,Q

************************************************
** This program calculat.es the flowrates il"} **
** the three pipes using the Colebrook form- **
** ula to determine the friction factors.
**
** An iteration scheme is used.
**
************************************************
pipe no.
1
2

Re
3.76E+05
2.19E+05
1.57E+05

0.0176
0.018/,0
0.0190

V, m/s
/,0.211
2./,051
1. 760

Q, m3/s
3.31E-02
1. 93E-02
1.38E-02

8.102
8.102. The three water-filled tanks shown in Fig.
P8.102 are connected by pipes as indicated. If
minor losses are neglected, determine the flowrate in each pipe.

f =
FIGURE P8.102

Assume fhe fluid flow.s from IJ 10 Band /110 c. TIJl/sJ

or f (o./m)" ~ ::: f(O.OBhJ/v,. +*(O.0811ii'~
Thus, ~ = O,6Jf ~ rO.6~ ~

()I:

0.08 m
400 m
0.020

Q,. +Q3
(I)

For fluid flowiIJ9 from /I foB with fA: /,8 ~O and ~ ~ ~ :::-0)
Z = Z + t i, .:it + ~ .&. Yl'
/I
8
I DI 2.1
2. D~ '1
or

60 m - 2 0 111 = (0.. 0105)

Hence

V/2.

(200/1))
O,/m

2(fl.8J.ff's)

+(

)(200h) )

V/

o,oem Z(q.811f,J

0.02J)

LfO =/,529 ~2. + 2.55 ~2.

Simdqr/y, for fluid f/owinfJ from II fa C .wilh fJA ::fc =0
Z1J =2 C +~k.it
+ f3 b.
YJ.'I D, 2.,
D3 ,.,
or

'-

am)

/f.0()

IIJ)

(2.)

C/lJcI

~::: ~ ~OJ

V;

60", :: (0, 01.5)(-2 o

V,
+(0.020)( o.oem
( Il!.)
2. 9. 810$2.
O,lm 2.(fl.B/~')

Hence
60 =- /,,529 V/ + 5.10 ~2
Solve Ers. (/)J(z)lond(.3)
J

(3)

for 11,) ~14I1dl(g. Fromfs.(J)and(3):

60= 1..5'29 (o.tJTi(v,. + ~/ +.5./0 ~:ZJ or 95.8 = (V~ +l4l + B./If ~2.

Su6lr(Jcf '1' (2.) from Ef. (3)

60-'1-0

= .s,/0~:Z + 2.55 \,42 or ~

=12 ~'- - 7.8'1- I

(If)

(5)

Thvs from I(s. (If) fJnd (s): 8,//f 1/./ +(j2. vi _7.ei +'V.3 )2.- 95.8 :::- 0
J

This

C4fJ

be sillJplified fo

I
~
I
2 ~ l' .2. ~ -7. 81f

rearrange

10 qive ~ If -

-I/./Jf ~

2-

Square both sirles and

/9,63 ~2 + Q2. 5 =0 which C4n he solved

:= 103.6

by fhe qlltJdr4/ic formfJla fo give

~2.= Iq.63:JI9,~":'-tf(q2..5)' ;: /1.77 or
or ~

== 2.BO.!f

7.86

Thvs ~::3.4l3f

(6)

8./02'

(con'i)

Nofe: The value ~=9.'f3: is not a solufion af

E,(s. (I), (2.), (lnd (3).

the orifjino/ e'lufJlions

Wah this' valve fhe rl9hf hand siJe of EfJ6)

is neqaliv8 (i.e, /0.3.6 - II./If ~3.:; 103.6- //.IIf (3.11-3)2. = - 2.'1;5), lis
seen from the lefl hand side of E".(6)J -fhi.s etlAIl"; be. This ex/ro
root WQS inTroduced by squariIJ9 Eq. (i),

Thus} ~= fJ3~=f(O.oBm)'"(2.fJO!f)
lJ/so from Eq, (.3) ~

;:;0,0IJfI.;-3

6o=I,S:J.9V/'+S.JO(2.8 0 )" or ~.::: 3,62f}

1l
2.
",3
or Q/:: AI ~ = ;yo (O.JOm) (.3.62 f) = O.02.B'f-:s

olJd from '1' (0:

3.62:: 0.6'/- ~ +0.6'1(2.80)
W

or Vt. =2.86f

Q2. =fiz ~ ::::.1J (0.08m/ (~,86 ~)

=O.0/'1-3.!J

8./03
K.IIJ3
Water is pumped from a lake, into a large pressurized tank, and out through two pipes as shown in Fig. PS.I03.
The pump head is hp = 45 + 27.5Q - 54Q2, where hp is in
feet and Q (the total flowrate through the pump) is in fe/so Minor losses and gravity are negligible, and the friction factor in
each pipe is 0.02. Determine the flowrates through each of the ,
pipes, QI' and Q2'

Free jets

= 5 in.

f----1200 It - - - - I . j (2.)

II FIGURE P8.103

(I)

/ +0.02. (1ooH/(6112.1-I))

= O. 703 'vi

---:'---:ll~/-'-----:~)

/ +0.02 (/2fJO rT/ (SII1. If)

T/]vsJ
Q:z.

- - ==

Az.:::
Vi

r'"
_,., LL nD!":)
I.f:z. - v. TU u uri .s 6

J./. -'-

{naT

II, V,
(12#) ""
(fl of c(:z. ::: Q, +O. '1-11 f1 ::: /, '1-11 fYl

({ I

Q=

A/.t0 wi-lh no

If

ff,fnt
(0. 703V,)
6

of

/O.r.t8s

(rr;m Ihe lake 10 the f41J~

S~ 11141 wf!h Ie ::l) al/d

fi +hp = It +ir
f?

(a)

h, =::

('1-)

hfJ,..,
:: JZ[/+l]
I /)J

W/JldJ

CAli

'"

<'

w/I/J -4 (I) ff) five

De r;()/'IIb//lerJ

WlW6

Y. ~ ::"~

l, ::
I

.1Z
'"

(~

,,.11)

"'..5. o91/i

hp::: 'l-S J-2.7.S' -S'f~:z. so fhal Elf (f:) ber;ollle.r

'$'~ +:1.7. ( /.IfN~/) - ~If. (I. 'PI (t, / = :r;:.~([! .fQ. 02. llj ]
and

or

I~

/31r.r/-~(}.9QI -~Sr:O wht'clJ /;4,S the so/v/;'61l

1:>/
'-r,

I/-o.9.t

ii'l().f)"+'f(~)('3,j
(/3 J)

0 76

3 S

II Iso

t2.. :::

O.'MJ Cl

::: O,'HJ((),7P31j3) :::: 0.37.2. !J3

8-100

II I

\ or

br.

,J.' ,/.

O.7V '(). W{I/r;II

'tiS IJO

phYJ"/&4/ II1 Caf}iIJf)

BJOIf

J
X.IO-l
A 2-in.-diameter orifice plate is inserted in a 3-in.diameter pipe. If the water flowrate through the pipe is 0.90 cfs,
determine the pressure difference indicated by a manometer
attached to the flow meter.

Q _

to' -

~-IOJ

.-.(

1L _ 2. in.

~=3jn.

=ltf.26

1..1.
d==2in.
IT

Ji3

_ 2

D - 3 in. -"3 J

fJ 0--lld
If
V~1l~ = O.7-!f
If D
f (f,. rf)~

= 2.'1Sx/o6

v ,

Ii
~

Q:: O. 70 s

and

8./0S

8.105
Air to ventilate an underground mine flows through
a large 2-m-diameter pipe. A crude flowrate meter is constructed
by placing a sheet metal" washer" between two sections of the
pipe. Estimate the flowrate if the hole in the sheet metal has a
diameter of 1.6 m and the pressure difference across the sheet
metal is 8.0 mm of water.

or
Q == 29.5 Co

0)

DV

=
Ais OJ Re : : -:;;"

and d

~; -D =

(2m)

---=-----";"----=----rv

/./fb X /O- S 1!L.s

1.. 6m

2.0 hi.

or

(2.)

:::0.8

and errol' so/tJlion:

Assume G,;::: 0.6/ so fhQf

Trial

m
v- 7fQ -- IlJao-:s
( . )2.
3

Ll

nence

JI.

Froth q'(~)J

2.01l'J.

from Eq.O), Q :::29.5 (0.61):: /8.0..!p-

::. 5 ..73 ./!1..

oS

Re -:: 1.37 x/Os (5. 73) ::' Z 85 x/OS

This Re and @ 9ive Co::: 0,6/ (see Fi1. 8.'1-.1) wh/ch "1rees
w/fh fhe ps.!vmed valve.
m3

ThfJS; Q-:: /8.0 r

!

8-102

9./06

T
8.106
Gasoline flows through a 35-mm-diameter pipe at a
rate of 0.0032 m 3 /s. Detennine the pressure drop across a flow
nozzle placed in the line if the nozzle diameter is 20 mm.

-cn nn
Ll /2(-p,-f>l)'
p(J-~"')

1.'1
' -

,were

t:J~.d.D = 35mm
20 mm

t"

= 057/

IJn = lld
Jf

-From To ble /. 6 \0.:: 680 ~

and }l =3./ x/0'1- ~':'
m
3
ThuS Re : : ejD where V=~ == O,00321F = 3.33 111
fh f
~D .ff (O,o3smt
s
so OR = (68of!&)(3.33f)(o.03 5 m) = 2.56 x/Os
e
3.1 x IO-1f'!!.-:f
m
1

lien eel from Fi9- 8.4.3 J

Froth E'{. (J)
O. 0032
or

;,if

~ =(O.986).1j (o.02.0m)" (.690""-1

11 -fJ,- =

8./07

en == OJI86

'''-

3.2'fX/O.g.'1. =

8.107

32JfkPa

Air at 200 of and 60 psia flows in a 4in.-diameter pipe at a rate ofO.S21b/s. Determine
the pressure at the 2-in-diameter throat of a Venturi meter placed in the pipe.

8-/ 0 3

-fo) If)

J -0.57/

(I)

8. /OPJ

..! h:: 7.3 mm H,.o

8.108

A 50-mm-diameter nozzle is installed at

the end of a 80-mm-diameter pipe through which
air flows. A manometer attached to the static
pressure tap just upstream from the nozzle indicates a pressure of 7.3 mm of water. Determine
the ftowrate.

J::

C.

2. (PI-e;).L

11

pO _~If)

n nn

50mm

Wnere ~ = 80mm = 0.:625

an

1,-/2 == 0H oh =(q800~ )(7.3XIO- 3m) ==7/.5J:{,"

Thus, with lin;:: If d~"

Q=C. 1l (O. 050ml" ~ (7/.5~)
n

(/IZ3~)(J-0.62.SII)

If

or
3
Q:: 0.0230 en IJssiJ/1'Je Cn =0.97 so that Q= O.0223J}
and V=JL = O.0223-f-3 :: 'f.'1'f/ll
fD'" 1J(O,o8m)'"
oS
or

Re :: JLQ = (If.lI/f oS )(O.o8m)

!.lft x10-.5 !:~

'Y

Cn = 0.963

:/:0.97

:;

~,Jf3Xlo'l Wilh fhe Re and a we oblain

\"'

(fhe ass{)med value) (See Flq.8.Jf3)

3
0.963 So fhai Q = 0.0230 (0.963):; O.022/.if

Thus J assume en::

J
JlL3
ana V= 0.02.2/ = If: 'fO J!l
$

f(O.OBml
S
I./'th Re == (Jf.Jfo~)(0.oBm2
~
b1 ' C.
C'LneCK'- Cn . WI
/.~6xJO-.s.!3
= 2./fIX/O we 0 10111 n -;::: 0.963
from Fi9- 8.11-3 (checks)
TL
~
m3
I nUs,
l\';;:: O. 02. 2/ T
L

8-10'1-

8./09

....
.."rQ/r
: --1h =3.lff .

8.109

A 2.S-in.-diameter nozzle meter is installed in a

3.8-in.-diameter pipe that carries water at 160 of. If the inverted
air-water U-tube manometer used to measure the pressure difference across the meter indicates a reading of 3.1 ft, determine
the flowrate.

Q=Cnlln

2({1-PtJ.)

C
,rom

8.J:

e{l - ~'1)

7:ll
IQole

VIf.

() !

where ~=Ji
D

P=I.896

slv9:!,
fl3

(I) \...

- ..} D=3.Bm.

= 2.5(n,
3.8 m,

d=2 5J'n

~f'

=0.658

-& Jb's

JjI-=8. 32X / O -fP. sofha

(I)

Re:= VD = (J.eQ641) v(flfI)

8.32 x/o-

ft-

Jti!

Re :: 7. 2.2x10 ~ V where V. . 1i
f)/SOI wilh (} =:: 1f D2 V 1. (JJ bec()mes (usi"9 {1-(J:;.:;: 0' h):
.1l(~ fI)2. V= C .1l(3:.ff)~[ 2 (32.2.~)(1.8q6 ;f)(3.lf-l) J~
or

If

or

/2

If

0$

/2

(1.8Q6

o$il105) (1-O.658/f)

V::. 6.78 en

(3)

Trial and error solo/ion ().Sif}9 Fi9' 8,/f3 for en -:: Gil (Re ~:::a6s8) ;
lissome
=0.Q9 From 1,(3) V= 6.78 (0.99):: 6.11ij
I

en

From Ef(. (2) Re;: 7.?..2.XIOII-(6.7/~) = 'f.8/f"t/o s which from

F'9. 8. tt7 9ives
=- 0.99 (checks wifh fI.uumed vqllJe)

en

Thf)~J

(2.)

V=6.71# Ql1d Q=~llVr:::f(~"lft)2(6.7/If):: O.5281j-3

8-/ 05

8,110

J
8.110

Water flows through the Venturi meter

shown in Fig. P8.110. The specific gravity of the
manometer fluid is 1.52. Determine the flowrate.

*.r
6

(2.)! .

(I)
e

1~_:2

'\

In.

1---------1/

in.

~tm

'SO = 1.52

FIGURE P8.110

h ~ == JL == 63 in.in, -- 0. 5
Q::: Cv IIT Z({1-"fo.)
p(J-(3'1-) , were \" D
Also,
f' +'II = f~ +h'(l-h) +~(SG)h or f,-I2.:= o(SG-J)h = P9 (SG-I)h
Hence

/) - G II

L\' -

/2 eg (S6-nh

p(J- ~If)

or

[ 2(3:;..2fA)(J'E2-J)(lifl)]~
Q= Cv l(~f.ll
If /2.
[
(1- 0.5 11 )
Thus,
Q= 0, I/qB Cv
Assume Cv ';:. 0,91 so tha+

Hencs

1i.~

~H7~

J@

V;;:"2.
IfD

:::;

1l (6 )1.
'I- jiH

:::; 0.596

li
oS

so

Q;:. 0.1198 (O.98)=O.1J71j3

thaI

Re = 'tQ == (O.5q6!f)(~FI)
:::; 2.'1-6 X/O'ls
'Y
1.2/XIO #From Fi9' 8.'15 cd this Re Cv~O.96 :/=0.98.1 fhe assumed value.
J

HehceJ ass ume Cv = 0.96 J

or

Q'" O. /I fl8 (0.96) '" 0.11 s1f3 and

V=':('1)'"

0.586

If 1'1.

(
There {o,.e Re -- 0.5S6
nJ -- 2 . Lf2.XIOIf so
/. 2J x 10-.
Cv ~ 0.96 Checks 'IIdh l).r-svlfJed valve.
J

Hence)

::

Q::: 0, I IS 3

8-/06

Inr.rI hrom R'9, 8 ' s

J

B.II/

3 ~
*6 'tPl .1,----_---.J/
;0

(l,)

')

~,." ~

X. j II
If the fluid flowing in Problem 8.110 were air, what
would the flowrate be? Would compressibility effects be important? Explain.

1. ~_:2 in. ~ tm

'sa

= 1.52

FIGURE P8.110

or

Q:= 5. elf Cv
As-s(}me Cv =0.96,
Hence.
D _

FIe - -

1:1

or Q= .s. 61 'S so thai V=!fD2

('.9- )

(l8.6o$) p.fl
-'l-Rl
I,S7x/O :s

VlJ -

.fl.'!

fl3

S.61

f (f,.Jfl
oS

fi.

-= 28,6 s

Firom r/f]r
fh
SA'S is qive.s

- CJ
it
-7,1/ X/O

C\l~O.975 or Q=5.8Jf(O.97S)== .5.69!!.3

Nofe: Wah v =

"* = :/1-)".
'I1'-

"'

29.0

Re = 29.0(1)
= 9 2IfX/O""
/,57)(/0-'1
"

f/-

we oh14in

T/J/)SJ from Flo.

8.''5 c.v~ O.97SJ
7
which 49rees wdh /he Qss()/lled

valve.

g-/07

(:2.)

8./12

8.112
Water flows through the orifice meter shown in
Fig. P8.112 at a rate of 0.10 cfs. If d = 0.1 ft. determine the
value of h.

e=*

II/so, -lL _ 0.10#3 _

it
V- .g/)2. - 14 (Ii. Hi - /f. 58.s
==

Y!2 == (Jf.58fJ)(k~t)
s
/.2.lx/f

1/

FIGURE PS.1l2

Q='CoA.y ~t':p{ J where

Re

='

so

~/; =0.6, f1t -/~ 4h =e~;'

(f)

thor

= 6.3/ XIO~ Hence) from Fi.9.8Jfl) Co::::O.6/6

Therefore} from E1. {/J!

(0. Iff?"

O.IO.[j-3 =(0.616)

2 P(32.21iJ h or

pu- 0.6/1-)

h ==5.. 771;
TJ

9,/13
8.113
Water flows through the orifice meter shown in
Fig. P8.112 at a rate of 0.10 cfs. If h = 3.8 ft. determine the
value of d.

r L1
Q== V()11o

e(J - (J~)

2{-(J,-(Jz.)

and, V= Si... =
.:JlD2.
~

a tl
r:&

were \:' 15

= _d_
.
I~ ft

It''h =: f'J h

fJl f:J., - 0 .

O.IO~
= ~.58 It R :: ~::: ('!.ssY ~(Aff)
(.!. f~)2.
e "..
I 21 XI 0 ..s1L

1l

I~ ~

Trial and error sO/lJfion: From Ef O) I

x.
o..s
,if == c.0 11.
(d ff)'2.f 2 e(32 .zYa)(3.BfI 2. or QOOB/If=
If
f ( /- ~If)
. {

)J

(j)

== 6.3/ X10'f

d2.. ) Whe1'e d~ NI

J _ ~'f

Ct.)

/Jssvme ~= O.6} or d= I~~ =: ~ (0.6)== 0, I off. rhv~ from rt.(:t-)

Co = 0,79. !loweverJ (rom Fi9,8.91 for fhis He and ~J Co=O.6IS rFO.7S9
Assume ~ =0, 65, or d == -h (0.65) = 0, J08 (-I. From ". (;.) Co = 0.6 33.
Fro", F;,- e.III J Co = 0.618 :# 0.633.
.
A,ssume ~ =0.67) or d== 12. (o.67) ::: 0.112 fl. From f' (,,) Co = 0, SBo
From Fi9' 8.'fl J Co .::0,6/9 :;:0.S90 ThlJs, d~ 0,109 (1
8-108

e.II'I-

K 114
Water flows through the OIifice meter shown in
Fig. PS.1 12 such that h = 1.6 ft with d = 1.5 in. Detennine the
flowrate.

Ll
Q =c.ono

2 (f1-(h.)
p(J-~'1)

were

h =1.6 (f

FIGURE PS.1l2

d
}oth
p;: 15d = 2./.5ill.
in. :;:; 0.75 an /1-1:1.-::
0

;:

e1h

Thvs,
it.
~
=c 1l(1,5 )2.[ 2 e(32.2~){J.6H)]
Q o I/- IT ff
f ( /- 0.711")
or
Q=O./S/ CO
Also Re::: ~

. 1Z.
= 1,'J.IX/fT
V(7i.f1)
;:: 1.3BJ<IOIf VJ ~he/'e V=!-/J2.;;;: /f5.Bt:'l
,
'V
fL2
-:
'Y
s
Trial olld error so/uri on;
IIssvme Co =O.6j or from ".(OJ ~ =- 0.151 (0.6)::: 0.0906 j3
Hence from Eft. (2.), V= '15.8(0.0906)::: Jf.15 and Re =5, 73X /Olf
From Fi9. e,If I wifh this He and ~) Co;;;: 0,62 :F 0,6 (the qssvmed Vt,J/ue)
J

lissome Co= 0,62 or

or V=if.29!j and

Q=-O./51(o.6J.)::. 0.09361j3,

Re -:::,s.92X/rI, !Tom Fi9'

()ssflmed VtI/lJe.

lienee,

r;.:: 0,0936 fJ!

s

8-IOQ

Th/lS V:::~S.B (0.0936)

8.'1-/ J Co =O.62; Me

(I)

(2.)

8. lIS
S.I 15
The scale reading on the rotameter shown in Fig.
P8.115 and Video VS.6 (also see Fig. 8.46) is directly proportional to the volumetric flowrate. With a scale reading of 2.6
the water bubbles up approximately 3 in. How far will it bubble up if the scale reading is 5.0?

t
~

I!:L
+Z -tYL7.- h : :
jt
I 2{f
rl
where

I, ::I,. ~IJ J

(0

FIGURE PS.115

1J2.~.J.Z +~
z. 2.?

Z, ::: OJ ~ ~()~. s() thai

w/lh no /o.r.res

(hI. ~(J~

It/2.

"j

::=

For

the f'Of4meter r ::: KI(SR

Zz

KtSR

/)

~::-ft~T

Al-(z!-)

,.

Jil/iJiA~

(s.o/-

(2.&)7-

==

so

th4 i whell

c()lfJ/;i/J~J w/IA Elf. (/~

K2.(l./~'- _ .l

,l<2.(SB)2. :::

By

reat.iilkl (,fAd

J{ is a CQIJ.S141J1.

Thv.r
J

WhC/'9 SR ~sca/e

or

1; (~,)

- (r;. fI)

11J6S8 fWfJ e(I'/4ti()ll~

-f--

(r;.ff)

or f;

== O.92s"

8-110

If = //'/117.

8.116 I

8.116

Friction Factor for Laminar and Transitional Pipe Flow

Theoretically, the friction factor, f, for laminar pipe flow is given by

where the Reynolds number, Re = pVDIIL, is based on the average velocity, V,
within the pipe and the pipe diameter, D. Also, the flow is normally laminar for Re < 2100.
The purpose of this experiment is to use the device shown in Fig. PS.116 to investigate these
two properties.

Objective:

f = 641 Re,

Equipment:

Small diameter metal tubes (pipes), air supply with flow regulator, rotameter flow meter, manometer.

Experimental Procedure: Attach a tube of length L and diameter D to the plenum. Adjust the flow regulator to obtain the desired flowrate as measured by the rotameter. Record
the manometer reading, h, so that the pressure difference between the plenum (tank) and the
free jet at the end of the tube can be determined. Repeat for several different flowrates and
tube diameters. Record the barometer reading, H bar, in inches of mercury and the air temperature, T, so that the air density can be calculated by use of the perfect gas law.
Calculations: For each of the data sets determine the pressure difference, Ap = 'Ymh,
between the plenum pressure and the free jet pressure. Here "'1m is the specific weight of
the manometer fluid. Use the energy equation, Eq. 5.84, to determine the friction factor, f
Assume the loss coefficient for the pipe entrance is KL = 0.8. Also calculate the Reynolds
number, Re, for each data set.
Graph:

On a log-log graph, plot the experimentally determined friction factor,/' as ordinates and the Reynolds number, Re, as abscissas.

Results:

On the same graph, plot the theoretical friction factor for laminar flow,

f = 64/Re, as a function of the Reynolds number. Based on the experimental data, determine
the maximum value of the Reynolds number for which the flow in these pipes is laminar.

Data:

To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and elide hen'
to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem.

II FIGURE PS.116

e-/II

8./16

I (CDIJ'f)
Solution for Problem 8.116: Friction Factor for Laminar and Transitional Pipe Flow

L, in.
24

Hatm , in. Hg
28.9

T, deg F
73

h, in.

a, ml/min

a, cfs

v, fps

Re

0.003887
0.003652
0.003534
0.003328
0.003033
0.002945
0.002863
0.002709
0.002651
0.002179
0.001708
0.001060
0.000648

61.11
57.40
55.55
52.31
47.68
46.29
45.00
42.59
41.66
34.26
26.85
16.67
10.18

3202
3008
2911
2741
2499
2426
2358
2232
2183
1795
1407
873
534

0.0341
0.0349
0.0345
0.0344
0.0349
0.0339
0.0325
0.0322
0.0307
0.0338
0.0461
0.0758
0.1194

0.000330
0.000280
0.000250
0.000186
0.000130
0.000097

28.58
24.24
21.69
16.08
11.28
8.42

638
541
484
359
252
188

0.1007
0.1134
0.1311
0.1785
0.2348
0.3256

0.000545
0.000401
0.000312
0.000191
0.000112

25.17
18.50
14.42
8.84
5.17

770
566
441
270
158

0.0838
0.1140
0.1431
0.2270
0.3893

=0.108 in. Data

7.5
6.75
6.26
5.54
4.66
4.29
3.92
3.48
3.21
2.34
1.86
1.11
0.63

6600
6200
6000
5650
5150
5000
4860
4600
4500
3700
2900
1800
1100

100
2100

0.6400
0.0305

=0.046 in. Data

9.52
7.68
7.08
5.26
3.39
2.61

Theoretical
f
Re

560
475
425
315
221
165

=0.063 in. Data

4.58
3.32
2.51
1.48
0.86

925
680
530
325
190

P = Patm /RT where

=YH20*H atm =847 Ib/ftJl3*(28.9/12 ft) = 2040 Ib/ftJl2

=1716 ft Ib/slug deg R
=73 + 460 =533 deg R

Patm

R
T

=
=

Thus, P 0.00223 slug/ftJl3 and Y

Also, ).l 3.83E-7 Ib s/ft Jl 2
Theoretical for laminar flow: f

/!p/y

=p*g =0.0718 Ib/ftJl3

=64/Re =64/(pDV/).l)

=(fUD + KL + 1)(VJl 2/2g) where KL = entrance loss coefficient =0.8 and V =a/(nDJl2/4)

~-//2-

8.//6

Problem 8.116
Friction Factor, f, vs Reynolds Number, Re

1.00

~:-=:- -=~i:-:==

f!

i : :~

-+---~~-~~:
. . --.-~.-~--'-----'-----lI

0.10
- -.-----.--

.------.. - ..
-

--

------~---'b.-"-----

--------~:r-

.. ---------------.;......-~-

.. - .. --------,--~--'--'

-------~------_r_~--+--i---""'---.

:'
I
,
-- --------4------+--'--+--\-------"~__.;-~->___+-+--+--+

=0.108 in.

Experimental, D

Experimental, D = 0.046 in.

Experimental, D = 0.063 in.

--Theoretical, laminar

0.01

-l-----------'--"-r------~---~""___1

100

10,000

1,000

Re

8-/1.3

8,117

8.117

Calibration of an Orifice Meter and a Venturi Meter

Objective:

Because of various real-world, nonideal conditions, neither orifice meters nor

Venturi meters operate exactly as predicted by a simple theoretical analysis. The purpose of
this experiment is to use the device shown in Fig. P8.117 to calibrate an orifice meter and a
Venturi meter.

Equipment:

Water tank with sight gage, pump, Venturi meter, orifice meter, manometers.

Experimental Procedure:

Determine the pipe diameter, D, and the throat diameter, d,

for the flow meters. Note that each meter has the same values of D and d. Make sure that the
tubes connecting the manometers to the flow meters do not contain any unwanted air bubbles.
This can be verified by noting that the manometer readings, hy, and ho, are zero when the system is full of water and the flowrate, Q, is zero. Tum on the pump and adjust the valve to
give the desired flowrate. Record the time, t, it takes for a given volume, V, of water to be
pumped from the tank. The volume can be determined from using the sight gage on the tank.
At this flowrate record the manometer readings. Repeat for several different flowrates.

Calculations: For each data set determine the volumetric flowrate, Q = VIt, and the pressure differences across each meter, IIp = 'Ymh, where "1m is the specific weight of the manometer fluid. Use the flow meter equations (see Section 8.6.1) to determine the orifice discharge
coefficient, Co, and the Venturi discharge coefficient, Cy, for these meters.
Graph:

On a log-log graph, plot flowrate, Q, as ordinates and pressure difference, IIp, as

abscissas.

Result:

On the same graph, plot the ideal flowrate,

pressure difference.

Qideal

(see Eq. 8.37), as a function of

Data:

To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click here
to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem .

.. FIGURE P8.117

8-/ltf

8.//7

T(con)" )

Solution for Problem 8.117: Calibration of an Orifice Meter and a Venturi Meter
d, in.
0.625

0, in.
1.025

V, gallons

t, s
27.0
13.2
34.2
16.6
12.0
11.7
15.4
25.1
20.4
17.3
15.7

ho, in.
9.3
37.1
5.5
23.9
43.2
51.3
27.9
10.1
14.7
21.4
26.7

hVI in.
3.8
14.5
1.9
10.1
18.1
21.7
11.2
4.2
6.2
8.7
11.2

2.00
L1PoI Ib/W2 L1PvI Ib/ft"2
48.4
19.8
192.9
75.4
28.6
9.9
124.3
52.5
224.6
94.1
266.8
112.8
145.1
58.2
52.5
21.8
76.4
32.2
111.3
45.2
138.8
58.2

A, ft /s
0.0099
0.0203
0.0078
0.0161
0.0223
0.0229
0.0174
0.0107
0.0131
0.0155
0.0170

Average discharge coefficient:

a = V gal/t s x (231

Co
0.611
0.626
0.627
0.620
0.638
0.600
0.618
0.631
0.643
0.629
0.620

Cv
0.956
1.001
1.067
0.953
0.985
0.923
0.976
0.978
0.990
0.986
0.957

0.624
orifice

0.979
venturi

Ideal
C=1
L1P, Ib/ftA2

in."3/gal)x(1 ft"3/1728 in."3)

L1P = YH2o*h = 62.4 Ib/ftA3 *h ft

Ov =A2/[1 - (A2/A 1)"2]"0.5*C v*(2*g*L1p)YH2o)"0.5
and
0 0 =A2/[1 - (A2/A1 )"2]"0.5*C o*(2*g*L1PoIYH20)"0.5
where
A1 = 1t 0"2/4 = 1t (1.025/12 ft)"2/4 = 0.00573 ft"2
and
A2 = 1t d"2/4 = 1t (0.625/12 ft)"2/4 = 0.00213 ftA2

Problem 8.117
Flow Rate, Q, vs Pressure Difference,

i i i....,.

J :

~p

:'

i ::
i

iii!
i

I '. i I

0.001 +-_--'-_..!...i---L:.....I-~'. !. .:

: Iii
I:

i i!

!---'----.!..--'---'-...........-.W....{

'-tl

1000

100

10
~PI

Ib/ftA2

8-/IS

Experimental, orifice
Experimental, venturi
Theory, C

=1

18.0
75.5
11.2
47.7
91.4
96.1
55.5
20.9
31.6
44.0
53.4

8.//8

8.118

Flow from a Tank through a Pipe System

Objective:

The rate of flow of water from a tank is a function of the pipe system used
to drain the tank. The purpose of this experiment is to use a pipe system as shown in
Fig. P8.118 to investigate the importance of major and minor head losses in a typical pipe
flow situation.

Equipment:

Water tank; various lengths of galvanized iron pipe; various threaded pipe
fittings (valves, elbows, etc.); pipe wrenches; stop watch; thermometer.

Experimental Procedure: Use the pipe segments and pipe fittings to construct a suitable pipeline through which the tank water may flow into a floor drain. Measure the pipe diameter, D, and the various pipe lengths and note the various valves and fittings used. Measure the elevation difference, H, between the bottom of the tank and the outlet of the pipe.
Also determine the cross-sectional area of the tank, A tank Fill the tank with water and record
the water temperature, T. With the pipeline valve wide open, measure the water depth, h, in
the tank as a function of time, t, as the tank drains.
Calculations: Calculate the experimentally determined flowrate, Qex' from the tank as
Qex = -AU!nk dh/dt, where the time rate of change of water depth, dh/dt, is obtained from
the slope of the h versus t graph. Select a typical water depth, hI> for this calculation.
Graph:

Plot the water depth, h, in the tank as ordinates and time, t, as abscissas.

Results: For the pipe system used in this experiment, use the energy equation to calculate
the theoretical flowrate, Qth, based on three different assumptions. Use the same typical water
depth, hI> for the theoretical calculations as was used in determining Qex. First, calculate Qth
under the assumption that aJ1losses are negligible. Second, calculate Qth if only major losses
(pipe friction) are important. Third, calculate Qth if both major and minor losses are important.
Data:

To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and clu:k hen'
to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem.

Floor

.. FIGURE P8.118

8-1/6

Solution for Problem 8.118: Flow from a Tank Through a Pipe System

The pipe is galvanized iron with threaded fittings.

The system contains:
one sharp edged entrance
one fully open globe valve
two 45-deg elbows
four 90-deg elbows

D, in.
0.595

A tank , ft"2
0.654

h, ft
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40

t, s
0
13
26
40
54
67
81

H,ft
1.00

Total pipe length, in.

135

T, deg F
71

Experimental: Q ex = -(dh/dt)*Atank = -(0.0074 ftls)*(0.654 ft"2) = 0.00484 ft"3/s

Theoretical with no losses: Qth = V 2*A2, where when h = 0.90 ft
V 2 = (2g*(h + H))"0.5 = (2*32.2*(0.9 +1.0))"0.5 = 11.06 ftls
and with A2 = rcD"2/4 = rc*(0.595/12 ft)"2/4 = 0.00193 ft"2
Qth = 0.00193 ft"2*(11.06 ftls) = 0.0213 ft"3/s
Theoretical with major losses: Qth = V 2*A2, where the energy equation gives
h + H = V//2g(1 + fLID), where again use h = 0.90 ft and f is a function of Re and ID
Thus, with h = 0.90 ft,
1.9 = (V//64.4)*(1 + f*135/0.595), or
122.4 =V/*(1 + 227f)
Re = V2D/v = V2*(0.595/12 ft)/(1.04E-5 ft"2/s) = 4768*V2
and
ID =0.0005 ftI(0.595/12 ft) = 0.0101
Trial and error solution: Guess f, solve for V 2, calculate Re, obtain new f from Moody chart
The solution is: f

=0.041, V 2 = 3.44 ftls, Re = 16,430

Qth = 0.00193 ft"2*(3.44 ftls) = 0.00664 ft"3/s

Theoretical with major and minor losses: The energy equation gives
h + H = (1 + fLID +L.KdV//2g
where L.KL = 0.5 + 10 + 2*0.4 + 4*1.5 = 17.3

Thus, with h 0.9 ft

1.9 = (V//64.4)*(17.3 + f*135/0.595), or
122.4 = V/*(17.3 + 227f)
Trial and error solution gives: f

=0.42, V2 = 2.14 ftls, Re =10,200

Q th = 0.00193 ft"2*(2.14 ftls) = 0.00413 ft"3/s

(con J-/)
8-117

~-------------------------------------------------

Problem 8.118
Water Depth, h, vs Time,

1.2
1.0

-6c-----+----~----_r___----~-1

0.8

~ 0.6

-------~~~~----1

.c:

0.4

I i .

h = -q.0074t if 0.9965!
0.2

0.0
0

20

40

60

t, S

8-//8

80

100

Experimental I I
I-Linear h vs t II
I

8.//9

8.119

Flow of Water Pumped from a Tank and

through a Pipe System

Objective:

The rate of flow of water pumped from a tank is a function of the pump properties and of the pipe system used. The purpose of this experiment is to use a pump and pipe
system as shown schematically in Fig. PB.119 to investigate the rate at which the water is
pumped from the tank.

Equipment:

Water tank; centrifugal pump; various lengths of galvanized iron pipe; various
threaded pipe fittings (valves, elbows, unions, etc.); pipe wrenches; stop watch; thermometer.

Experimental Procedure: Use the pipe segments and pipe fittings to construct a suitable pipeline through which the tank water may be pumped into a sink. Measure the pipe diameter, D, and the various pipe lengths and note the various valves and fittings used. Measure the elevation difference, H, between the bottom of the tank and the outlet of the pipe.
Also determine the cross-sectional area of the tank, Atank Fill the tank with water and record
the water temperature, T. With the pipeline valves wide open, measure the water depth, h, in
the tank as a function of time, t, as water is pumped from the tank.
Calculations: Calculate the experimentally determined flowrate, Qex' from the tank as
Qex = -A tank dhldt, where the time rate of change of water depth, dhldt, is obtained from
the slope of the h versus t graph.
Graph:

Plot the water depth, h, in the tank as ordinates and time, t, as abscissas.

Results: For the pipe system used in this experiment, use the energy equation to calculate the pump head, hp, needed to in order to produce a given flowrate, Q. For these calculations include all major and minor losses in the pipe system. Plot the system curve (i.e.,
pump head as ordinates and flowrate as abscissas) based on the results of these calculations.
On the same graph, plot the pump curve (i.e., hp as a function of Q) as supplied by the pump
manufacturer. For the pump used this curve is given by
hp

= -2.44

X 105 Q2

+ 51.0 Q -

12.5

where Q is in fe Is and hp is in ft. From the intersection of the system curve and the pump
curve, determine the theoretical flowrate that the pump should provide for the pipe system
used.

Data:

To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and dick here
to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem .

FIGURE PB.119

Solution for Problem 8.119: Flowrate of Water Pumped from a Tank and Through a Pipe System

The pipe is galvanized iron with threaded fittings.

The system contains:
one sharp entrance
eight 90-deg elbows
two 45-deg elbows
two globe valves
one union

0, in.
0.625

A tank , ft"2
0.647

H,ft
3.50

Total pipe length, in. T, deg F

62
242
Pump equation
hp, ft
12.50
12.31
11.63
10.46
8.80
6.66
4.02
0.90

t, s
h, in.
25
0
7.6
24
16.1
23
25.2
22
32.3
21
40.8
20
48.9
19
57.7
18
65.7
17
74.9
16
82.7
15
Experimental:
Qex -Atank*(dh/dt) where from the graph, dh/dt

Q, ft"3/s
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007

V,ft/s
0.00
0.47
0.94
1.41
1.88
2.35
2.81
3.28

System equation
Re
f

o
2070
4140
6210
8281
10351
12421
14491

=-0.1204 in.ls

Thus,
Qex = -(0.647 ft"2)*( -0.1204/12 ft/s) = 0.00669 ft"3/s
Theoretical:
The energy equation gives
h +hp - hL = H +V2/2g, where
2
hL = (fLlO + LKd*V2/2g = (f"(242 in.lO.625 in.) + 0.5 + 8*1.5 + 2*0.4 + 2*10 + 0.08)*V /2g
2
= (387*f + 33.4)*V2/(2*32.2) = (6.01*f + 0.519)*V

Thus, with h 18 in. 1.5 ft,

2
2
hp H - h + hL + V 2/2g 3.5 - 1.5 + (6.01*f + 0.519)*V + V /(64.4)

or
2
hp = 2.0 + ( 6.01*f + 0.535)*V
But V Q/A Q/(rc0 2/4) Q/(rc*(0.625/12 ft)"2/4) 469*Q
Thus, the system equation is
hp = 2.0 + ( 6.01 *f + 0.535)*(469*Q)2 = 2.0 + (1.32E+6*f + 1.18E+5)*Q2

Also, obtain f from the Moody chart with

Re VO/v V*(0.625/12 ft)/(1.18E-5 ft"2/s) 4414*V
c/O = 0.0005 ft/(0.625/12 ft) = 0.0096
From the graph, the pump and system equations intersect at Qth = 0.0051 ft"3/s

( ('0,,'1)

8-120

hp, ft

2
0.0309
0.0490
0.0470
0.0450
0.0430
0.0425
0.0420

2.16
2.73
3.62
4.84
6.37
8.27
10.50

8./19

Problem 8.119
Water Depth, h, vs Time, t
30
25
20

15

Experimental

-Linear h vs t

10
h=-O.1204tf+-24.9 ;
5
0
40

20

60

t,

80

100

Problem 8.119
Pump Head, hp, vs Flowrate, Q

L'!

'

8 +--l--~I--i'-+-+~.f-.----'Il-+--\.-+--+-crr-+--'---+
I

\. i ' /

-+- Pump curve

-+- System curve

..Jf'
I

I !

_\l

"'1

o +---J.--'--i--'--~---r_,..J,J_-,--r--'--........- f
1.

0.000

0.002

0.004

0.006

Q, ftJ\3/s

8 -/"-1

0.008

a, }20

8.120

Pressure Distribution in the Entrance Region of a Pipe

Objective:

The pressure distribution in the entrance region of a pipe is different than that
in the fully developed portion of the pipe. The purpose of this experiment is to use an apparatus, as shown in Fig. P8.l20, to detennine the pressure distribution and the head loss in
the pipe entrance region.

Equipment:

Air supply with flow meter, pipe with static pressure taps, manometer, ruler,
barometer, thennometer.

Experimental Procedure: Measure the diameter, D, and length, L, of the pipe and the
distance, x, from the pipe inlet to the various static pressure taps. Adjust the flowrate, Q, to
the desired value. Record the manometer readings, h, at the various distances from the pipe
entrance. Record the barometer reading, HbaI> in inches of mercury and the air temperature,
T, so that the air density can be calculated by use of the perfect gas law.
Calculations: Detennine the average velocity, V = Q/A, in the pipe and the pressure
P = 'Ym h at the various locations, x, along the pipe. Here 'Ym is the specific weight of the
manometer fluid.
Graph:

Plot the pressure, p, within the pipe as ordinates and the axial location, x, as

abscissas.

RESULT: Use the graph to detennine the entrance length, Le , for the pipe. This can be
done by noting the approximate location at which the pressure distribution becomes linear
with distance along the pipe (i.e., where dp/dx becomes constant). Use the experimental data
to detennine the friction factor for fully developed flow in this pipe. Also detennine the entrance loss coefficient, KLent
Data:

To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click here
to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem.

iIii FIGURE P8.120

~-I2.2.

Solution for Problem 8.120: Pressure Distribution in the Entrance Region of a Pipe

0, in.

L, in.

Q, ft"3/s

H atm , in. Hg

0.74

50

0.481

29.7

x, in.
0
1
2
4
6
10
15
20
30
40
50

h, in.
9.98
7.21
6.61
6.19
5.82
5.15
4.23
3.64
2.28
1.09
0

T, deg F
75

p, Ib/ft"2
51.9
37.5
34.4
32.2
30.3
26.8
22.0
18.9
11.9
5.7
0.0

P = Patm/ RT where
Patm = YHg*H atm = 847Ib/ft"3*(29.7/12 ft) = 2096Ib/ft"2
R = 1716 ft Ib/slug deg R
T = 75 + 460 = 535 deg R
Thus, P = 0.00228 slug/ft"3

v = Q/A =(0.481

ft"3/s)/(n*(O.74/12 ft)1\2/4) = 161 ftls

p = YH2o*h
From the graph, the p vs x results are linear after (approximately) x

=15 in.

Thus, Le

=15 in.

For the fully developed flow portion, dp/dx = -fpVI\2/20 and from the graph dp/dx = -0.635 (Ib/ft1\2)/in.
Thus,
f = 0.635 (I b/ft1\2)/in. *2*0. 74 in./(0.00228 slugs/ft1\3*(161 ftls)1\2) = 0.0159
From the entrance to the exit of the pipe Pent = (KL + fUO)pVI\2/2
Thus,

KL = 2Pent/(pVI\2) -fUO= 2*51.9Ib/ft1\2/(O.00228 slugs/ft1\3*(161 ftls)1\2) - 0.0159*50in./0.74 in.

=0.'682

Results: Le

= 15 in.; f =0.0159, and KL = 0.682.

~-1').3

Problem 8.120
Pressure, p, vs Axial Location, x

60
50

-j~------:-----~-------1

40

<

. c 30 --+c.

20

10
0
0

20

40
x, in.

L~

__

8-/1-'1-

60

Experimental

t:.

fully developed flow

Linear (fully developed
flow)

8.I2.J

I
8.121

Power Loss in a Coiled Pipe

Objective:

The amount of power, P, dissipated in a pipe depends on the head loss, hL'
and the flowrate, Q. The purpose of this experiment is to use an apparatus as shown in
Fig. PS.12l to determine the power loss in a coiled pipe and to determine how the coiling
of the pipe affects the power loss.

Equipment:

Air supply with a flow meter; flexible pipe that can be used either as a
straight pipe or formed into a coil; manometer; barometer; thermometer.

Experimental Procedure: Straighten the pipe and fasten it to the air supply exit. Measure the diameter, D, and length, L, of the pipe. Adjust the flowrate, Q, to the desired value
and determine the manometer reading, h. Repeat the measurements for various flowrates.
Form the pipe into a coil of diameter d and repeat the flowrate-pressure measurements. Record
the barometer reading, H bar , in inches of mercury and the air temperature, T, so that the air
density can be calculated by use of the perfect gas law.
Calculations: Use the manometer data to determine the pressure drop, IIp = "Imh,
and head loss, hL = IIp/y, as a function of flowrate, Q, for both the straight and coiled
pipes. Here "1m is the specific weight of the manometer fluid and "I is the specific weight of
the flowing air. Also calculate the power loss, P = "I QhL' for both the straight and coiled
pipes.
Graph:

Plot head loss, hL' as ordinates and flowrate, Q, as abscissas.

Results:

On a log-log graph, plot the power loss, P, as a function of flowrate for both the
straight and coiled pipes. Determine the best-fit straight lines through the data.

Data:

To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click /rae
to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem.

1
h
k
- Manometer

- T

Air supply

1m

'I

...."

'

~)Ol ed pipe

--

Free jet

FIGURE PS.121

8-/25

Solution for Problem 8.121: Power Loss in a Coiled Pipe

D, in.
1.44

L,ft
18

h, in.

Q, ft"3/s

Hatm , in. Hg
29.9

T, deg F
80

~p,

Ib/ft"2

hL' ft

P, hp

Straight Pipe Data (d = infinity)

10
1.19
8
1.06
6
0.913
4
0.731
2
0.505

52.0
41.6
31.2
20.8
10.4

709
568
426
284
142

0.1125
0.0802
0.0518
0.0276
0.0095

Coiled Pipe Data (d = 8 in.)

10
0.835
8
0.745
6
0.641
0.517
4
2
0.357

52.0
41.6
31.2
20.8
10.4

709
568
426
284
142

0.0789
0.0563
0.0364
0.0196
0.0068

~p = YH20h where YH20 = 62.4 Ib/ft"3

hL =

~p/y

where Y =gp

P = Patm/RT where
Palm = YHg'"H atm = 847Ib/ft"3'"(29.9/12 ft) = 2110 Ib/ft"2
R = 1716 ft Ib/slug deg R
T = 80 +460 =540 deg R
Thus, P = 0.00228 slug/ft"3 and Y = 0.0733 Ib/ft"3

P = (yQhJft Ib/s'"(1 hp/550 ft IbIs)

e-I2.6

8.11-/

Problem 8.121
Head Loss, h L vs Flowrate, Q

800
700
600
500
~ 400
.s::.
300
200
100

,,

1/

~Straight

/ /
-/

pipe

_Coiled pipe

rf ('

0.5

1.5

1
A

Q, ft 3/s

Problem 8.121
Power, P, vs Flowrate, Q
1.000 -,.------~-----...,

Straight Pipe

Coiled Pipe

0.100 +------>;Q;;----t1--------;
(coiled)

c..

.r:.

0:

P = 0.0679Q2.87
(straight)

0.010 +-----,...--1---------;

0.001

+-------+------.. . .

0.1

10
A

Q, ft 3/s

~-/27

Power (Straight
Pipe)

- - - Power (Coiled
Pipe)

q,/
p

-0.25 pU2

9.1

Assume that water flowing past the equilateral triangular bar shown in Fig. P9.1 produces
the pressure distributions indicated. Determine
the lift and drag on the bar and the corresponding
lift and drag coefficients (based on frontal area).
Neglect shear forces.

= 5 ft/s

= 0.5

pU2

b = length =

4- ft

FIGURE P9.1

olJ = {fJ cose dll + f ~ sin e JII, where ~ == 0

Thu.s,
rIY= {fJ ~os e dll +J f cose dA +Sf cos e J/I
I

::: 2

or

JfJ

2.

cos

60 dll

.3

- fJ dll == 2 (o.S~lI:z.) cos 600 iIJ

3
-(-0.25 f {j'-) i b

pU" ib
.so fhat JJ= O.S (I.f/I} .s~~.s )(5 ~+ /"(o.lft)(LfftJ
otJ=

0,5

Becavse of syrnmefry of fhe object} ;t::: ~

A/so} from El(. {/J

C - ~ - ~sfY1b = ;,00
D - i p7J'-A - f pY2.Jb
and .since ;t::: 0

cIC"L = -f pTlIJ

=-

(I)

== 9.70

/b

9.2

f' =

9.2

Fluid flows past the two-dimensional bar shown in Fig.

P9.2. The pressures on the ends of the bar are as shown, and
the average shear stress on the top and bottom of the bar is Tavg.
Assume that the drag due to pressure is equal to the drag due
to viscous effects. (a) Determine Tav a in terms of the dynamic
pressure, pU 2 /2. (b) Determine the d~ag coefficient for this object.

a)

elf:;:: {ric/ion

p= +pu2
~I

..

Width = b

drfA1 = 2 7;'19 (/oh b)

I.

-0.2(+pU 2)

-- ;/
r avg

r avg

1011

.,

== 20 hb ~1I1

anrt

cJ,. =pf'e.$.Svre Jr41:::: -I: p yz.( hh) -(--I; pU'"(O.2)) (hh) :: 1.2 (1. py2..)(bh)
TlJv~ if
20

4 ~ ~f

hh faV!

= 1.2

fhsA
I
y1
(bh) ' P

or

tv, : : 0.06 (fp7J~)

h) t#= 4 +4 ~ C ~ pu2.lJ:: C tp1J2. bh
ll

Thvs

ll

2,0/76
or

fall,

+/.2

20 (0.06) (fpU

ThvSj
eLl::::

2. if 0

(ipy2) (bh)
)

+1.2(ifU~)

=CD dpU" hh
-eel)

(-feV:I.)

9..3'"

9.3*
The pressure distribution on the 1-mdiameter circular disk Fig. P9.3 is given in the
table below. Determine the drag on the disk.

Cll L(2.)

......

\~

~-

FIGURE P9.3
D

of} ==

r::::r

f frill - f f
I

rilJ =

2.

J
f (271' r dr) -11 : D2. si/Jce dlt:: 27Trdr
r=o
J

ThlJS J
0.5 m
of) == 271' { f r dr - (-Sif,.)fOmJ.)

0 .5

:=

fr

kN/m

0.05

O.")../tf

0./0

0.'106

0.15

0.558

0.20
0.25

0.62-0

0.30
0.35

0.71/
0.662-

O.JfO
O.S

O.S6~

0.50

0.000

/lSln9

dr

oJ-

3.93 kN

where rLjAJ ~
r.-v In
/11}
fOUowiIJ9 In/of/ranJ:
0

Evu/lJale fhe /nle9ral numerically tlsiR9 the

By

Z7TS f

0 .. 333
pr09rlJH1

4.34
4.28
4.06
3.72
3.10
2.78
2.37
1.89
1.41
0.74
0.0
0.5

0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50

O.6QS

fhe

p (kN/m2)

r (m)

SIMPSON. OilS we ohlain

~*************************************************

** This program performs numerical integration

**

S{Jr dt' = O.2LJ/

0

t"

over a set a set of an odd number of equally **

** spaced point.s using Simpson s Rule
:t::t
**************************************************
f

Enter number of data points: 12

Enter data points (X . y)
? O.OO.O.OOCI
,. . 0.4-5.0.333
'; 0.05.0.:14

r)

0.50.0.000

? 0.10.0.4-0E
'?

O.15~O_55P

? O.20.0.62C
? 0.25,0.695

O.30~O.711

O~35.0.662

~I

O.4:0.D.564

The approximate value of the integral

q-3

15:

+2.4-083E-Ol

9.11-

I
br:Widfh

9.4

The pressure distribution on a cylinder is approximated

by the two straight line segments shown in Fig. P9.4. Determine
the drag coefficient for the cylinder. Neglect shear forces.

f--

_pu 2

8cO

\:

I
I
I

I
\ I

______ '\1

Sf- cos() (brJJe

fJ ::: -f U"if
1f

1f'

cosf) df)~

-pU 2.(J C(Js(jd9::: ~pV2.sine I

::
7Th

1V'2

and.
~

f)::()

e r=: f)

V 2.

{ fJ CQS() tie =TPV'f [I -Ie] c()sede:: i-fV2.[siIl 9

0 0

(JJ

-*

~
(cos9 f9sin8)}

=t pU2.[I-~ (f) -(-1;)] :: t('u~[ ~ -2]

Th/l~ fr()111

tb=2br

Frs. (I), (2), IJlld

Ii c()s8 de

(J)

Thus)

Sf

e deg

180 '
I
I
I

fJ :: - PyZ for of ~9~" find

fJ =: -#:(,172.[1-#9] f(JrO~8~ f (,:e. fJ::: 1fU2. if
1T

90

"I
\
I
,I

.".

,fJ-fpC()S8dlJ:: fpcosB (brd9) =2.

where

<\

8 'I!: 2,,,,,

eJr

=2

(3)

hr [if u2.{fr -2) +p U ] =ipv'('-;,hr)

Z

()

so thai

9-If

0
(.1)

Linear distribution

9.5
Repeat Problem 9.1 if the object is a cone (made by
rotating the equilateral triangle about the horizontal axis through
its tip) rather than a triangular bar.

u = 5 ft/s
0.1 ft
p= 0.5 pU2

b = length

By symmelry the fifl

IS 2ero.

FIGURE

= 2 ft

P9.1

Thvs; tf. ::0 and CL ::0

X :::O.11iJ

A/so ,jJ = r/{ron+ + 'tear where

4ronf :: SfJ

fJ/

and

dll and dlJ;::; ~rrrdx

fJ ==o.sf U2. ( J -lOX)

Thv-S.J wilh

i.e.

C()So

==

o,spU2.

xc:O

fli :: 0

we hove

x~~/

4ronl '"
or

0/

~J

cole) dx =27rCOSR.60'(0.5 pT72.)f(X-IO)t)dx

0.5 PU2. (J-/OX) 271(X

X=O

0,'

~ronf '" 27r(0.S/(o.spU")[ 4 ~xsl,o" 4runf ='0.00130q eU"

2

Also)
4ear':::: _(o.1.SpTJ2.)

.so thaI

(0.1)' =0,00/96

eU2

o:9=4ronl +tiJ,.c4r -::: (0.00130'1 -1-0.00/9/) p7J2.=O.00327 f7J2.

-so w/fh

p =/,9'1

s;;rs

and U:: 5

tx9::= 0,00327 (/,?/fJ(5)'- :: 0./s9 II;

9-5

Q.6

I
9.(;
A 17-ft-long kayak moves with a speed of 5 ftl s (see
Video V9.2). Would a boundary layer type flow be developed
along the sides of the boat? Explain.

Re

Pf-

SO

w/.Jh

Re-

wdh 1:::/7ff Ql1d

5

1/= j.Z/x 10-

1f2

TJ::
we

5!1

and 00'F w4fer

halle

(J7ff)(Sfj.) - 7.02Xj06

- I.Z/x/o5

if -

Since Re ~ }OOO is offen assumed +0 be the lower Jim/I

for bOlJndary layer fype flow J if is clear thai a b()undary
loyer wov/d develop l1/on9 the sides of the kayak. ~.

9.7

9,7
Typical values of the Reynolds number for various animals moving through air or water are listed below. For which
cases is inertia of the fluid important? For which cases do viscous effects dominate? For which cases would the flow be laminar; turbulent? Explain.

Animal
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

large whale
flying duck
large dragonfly
invertebrate larva
bacterium

Speed

Re

10 mls
20 mls

300.000.000
300.000
30.000
0.3
0.00003

7 mls
1 mmls
0.01 mmls

IlJerlia important if Re ~ / (i.e whale, d{}ck dra9()nfl;)

I

VisctJl4 effecTs arJlfJin41e if Re~1 (l.e larva I haefer/vliI)

BOlJnrilJfl), layer flow becomes

lurhllleni

for

Re

()/J

-Ibe

order of lOS' 10 /o~ (t',e, whale ana psrh4ps Ihe dlJ&~)

The flow w()u/d be /amilJQr for fhe dr4?OllfifJ /1J1'1I1J, 4nd
haGTer/llh1 anJ perhQp5 Me duck.

9-7

'l. 9

I
9.9

Approximately how fast can the wind

blow past a O.25-in.-diameter twig if viscous effects are to be of importance throughout the entire flow field (i.e., Re < 1)? Explain. Repeat for
a O.004-in.-diameter hair and a 6-ft-diameter
smokestack.

UD </ or 7J
Re:=7

<

if viscous e ffecfs are

fhrouqhoul fhe flow.

If
For sfandard air 1/ -= /. 5 7 x/o- 1-2

Thu-s}

U<

-If

1.57XIO

object

where D l.s fhe diamefer in feef.

DJ ff

yll
J S

fwi']

2,OBXI02.

7, S'I- X/0.3

hair

3.331-10'"

O.if7/

smokesfack

2.62. x/os

9-e

fo be ImporlQnf

9./0

I
9.10

A viscous fluid flows past a flat plate such

that the boundary layer thickness at a distance
1.3 m from the leading edge is 12 mm. Determine
the boundary layer thickness at distances of 0.20,
2.0. and 20 m from the leading edge. Assume
laminar flow.

For laminor flow 0::: c1(i J where C i.s Q cOllslQn7.

Thus)
- L _ 12XI0.3m
where X~m J o~tn
C - ...Iv' - {i:3m = 0.0105 or 6 = 0.0105
rX

x) m

'1,//

rx

1.3m

6J

6) mm

0.2.

0.00'-170

If. 70

2.0

O.OI'fB

/'f. 8

20.0

O.OJf70

Jf7.0

9 .17
If the upstream velocity of the flow in
Problem 9.10 is U = 1.5 mis, determine the kinematic viscosity of the fluid .

For /tlmifJfJr flow

Thus,
1/ =

.
m
6 = sVT ) or
3

'2.

(I.5-r)(J2 Xlo-m)
2-5 (/,3m)

j/

-6m2-

.6SX/0

TJJ2.
= :;.s X

9./2

I
9.12
Water flows past a flat plate with an upstream velocity
of U = 0.02 m/ s. Determine the water velocity a distance of
J0 mm from the plate at distances of x = J.5 m and x = 15 m
from the leading edge.

the
U = u f r,,)
From

BJasivs sO/III/on For bovndary laygr

17 =

yllx

Vq/ves of f(J7) are "iI/en in

I.

Ux

(O.02./f) (J5m)
= J./2.x/tJA ~

crifical Rexcr = 5)(/0

X,: /. 5 m

5
J

andy::

n -(lox 0-.3

'f, -

'/

/'n

TabJ~ 9.1.

==

is Jess fhan fhe

the boundarv/ Jailer
{/Pli/ is labJilJar.
F

2..68 x/O

if fol//ws thai

3
/ox/0- m We obfain:

O. 02 ~
(J./2X/f 6..!!l!) (I.s m)

- IOql
-.

oS

Linear /nferpo/afion from Tahle q,/ 9ives:

= 0.26'1-7

-I-

(O.3Q38 - O.2.6'1?l
(J.2 -0.8)
(/.Oq/ -0.8) :::: O.3EQ

lIence,
U, == [j ('(il)

SihJilarly ot
J

=(O.oZ1f) (0.3 5 9);:;

Xl. :::

-3)

T!z ::llox/O rn

0.00718.t;
3

15m and y:: /ox/f m we ohfain:

.JJ1.

0.02,..s

(I.I2.Xlo-6:J!f) (Js/h)
s

= 0.3'15

L/I)etlr ;nferpo/afi()n {rohl Table 9.1 q/ves :

f 1=

0.0

(0./328 -0.0)
(0.8 -O,)

(0.3'1.5 - 0.0)

lienee,
tlz ~

on a flal plate}

where YI J fhe simi/drily variable) I'~

SInce Rex = ~

/II

flOk!

u frlJ2,)

=(0.02~)(0.II'fS)=

O,002.2Q.tp

'1-/0

-= 0,

/IJfS

9. /3"

"'9,13
A Pitot tube connected to a water-filled U-tube manometer is used to measure the total pressure within a boundary
layer. Based on the data given in the table below, determine the
boundary layer thickness, 8, the displacement thickness, 8*, and
the momentum thickness, 8.

eflJaliofJ) ~/Ih

From fhe Bernoulli

fa if' .c::<

PH,20

H follow.s thai

PI + -t fQ,r v,2. == 12 + i eq,-,. ~'J.J where

V, -= {j, I ~ ~ 0 J fl,::: 0 and '2.::: 'tNJ.o h
Thus}

U =

I
2

~zoh =

I.
II
2l9BOO pjJ)h m

/.23~

Pair

or

11L

/26.2. Vh

tJ..=

where h-m} tJ~s

y (mm)

h (mm)

2.1
4.3
6.4

10.6
21.1
25.6
32.5
36.9
39.4

10.7
15.0
19.3
23.6
26.8
29.3
32.7

40.5
41.0
41.0
41.0

For Y> 26.8 mf11 we see that h = '11.0/11111

Thvs U = /~ 6.Z/(O.OJfI/ =
J

For y::: 23.6mm J

or

V;;;

6~

Thvs J

The

25.55.p.

U::: /2-6.2 /(O.OJl.05)

== 25. '1-0 .p-

25,.1/<)
2.5 ..5.5

= O. 99If

23.6

mm

displacemeni fhickness J

l =S(1-11- )dy

6~ is

oD

~
=
U

/='

o
/2. 6. 21/h
25 . .5.5

0,0268

or Since

= '1-. 9~''i(
,n

IhIS. hecome.s

In

{(I-'f.9!fl/h)dy
y=o

Numerical infeqrafion of fhe tabulafed dafa qJves

(See nex+ PtJge.)

9-1/

6-- ~/8X/O-3 m

IJ/so} the momenlvm

f!J

is

fhicknes.s) (iJJ
aOU8m

= V(J - -V-) Iy '" 4i. 9/f ~ 1(h (J -1f-.9'f fh) dy .

o

y~o

Nt/merical infe~rlJlion of the fabulafed JatfA gives @:::

Use proqrafYI T!(IIPEIOlio

Ym
J

2.23xI0-

;rde9rqle the Infe9rands fo611/afed be/olJl:

1h (/-If,9ifYii')

( 1- 'f.?'ffh)
I

0.1f9/
0.282
0.210
Q./Oq

0.0506

0
0.002.1

0.00'1-3

0.006'10.0107
0.0/50
O.OIQ,3
0.0236
0.02.68

0.02.93
0.0327

O. O~/O
0.0335
0.01Q7
0.0098/
0. 0 0386
0.001/8

0,0511

O.OI9Jf
0.0058'1

0
0

0
0

****************************************************~

** This program performs numerical integration

**
** over a set of points using the Trapezoidal Rule **
*****************************************************
Enter number of data points: 9
Enter data points (X , y)
? 0,1

? 040021,0.4:91
? 0.00f,j,3,O.282
'? 0.0064:-.0.210
? 0.0107,0.109

'? 0.0150,0.0511,
? 0.0193,0.019f,j,
? 0.0236,0.00584:? 0.0268,0
The approximate value of the integral

Th"s~

0.0268

S(/-Jf.9Jftfh)dy==o.OOlfI8

(con't)
'1-12

l" c
'"

+f,j,.1777E-03

****************************************************~:

** This program performs numerical integration

**
** over a set of points using the Trapezoidal Rule **
*****************************************************
Enter number of data points: 9
Enter data points (X , y)
? 0,0
'? 0.0021,0.0506
? 0.0043,0.0410
? 0.0064,0.0335
? 0.0107,0.0197
? 0.0150,0.00981
? 0.0193,0.00386
? 0.0236,0.00118
0.0268,0

"

The approximate value of the integral is: +4.5206E-04

0.0'-'

Thv.s
or

S
Vh (J-q..qJf-Yh),y = ~.51.X/o"fI.
o
-3
= Jf.9~ x ~,S2 '1.10-
=2..23
x/O In

~-I3

9.14
Because of the velocity deficit, U - /l,
in the boundary layer, the streamlines for flow
past a flat plate are not exactly parallel to the
plate. This deviation can be determined by use
of the displacement thickness, 15*. For air blowing
past the flat plate shown in Fig. P9.14, plot the
streamline A-B that passes through the edge of
the boundary layer (y = 15 8 at x = C) at point B.
That is. plot y = y(x) for streamline A-B. Assume laminar boundary layer flow.

Rej:::: T::::
U
.
5 mee

Streamline A-B

u=

--

1 m/s

-+-

A
-

-----" Edge of bOlJndary layer

f = 4

/_

m------H.!

FIGURE P9.14

= 2.7Jf X /0 s <.::

(If) ( Jf In)
/.Jft X/O-OS..f!!J-

5 X 10 5

fh e bounat/ry
J

layer .flow remain.5 laminar alonq fhe enlire p'lafe. flelJce,

6=

sj ~.

or

68 ;5 [

u'm~o;-1')(tf"')] ~ O.0382-m

The flowrQle aJrried hy fhe acfual Dovndtlry

loyer is by de{'l/dion ef/val 10 thaf carried by
a vniffJrm velOCity w/lh Me plare d/sp/qced.
by an aRlotJnf 6~ Since there is no flow
fhrouf/h the plate or sfreamline II-B J

i ,----""

-1--(I)

QA :::QB or UYI/::= (68 -6;) U

where 6'= 1. 721
or(.
[ (/.'l-6XJ(r.5:fflj{lfm)]~ 0 0
8=/72.1
IT
J=' J315m
J

1';;

Thus,
y,q == 68

dB

-= O. 03B2-m -

O.O/315m :: 0.025/ m

S[":
Y)~
Y-~7
_ L~

lienee, for ooy x-lOCI/lion A

QA == Q or [/>A::: U(y -6 )
or y :::: IA + 6.J= ~ t 1.72/ /

v:

;;:. O.OUI

mt

-0.04

[(/.~x/o

-:s) X m

~"""r~-r-r""""7/'r'7""':)r-r-Tj"7")/"rrr

= 0.025/

/.If

0.035
E

]i

_5m'J..

1.7').1

: sfream//ne

+ 6.58 X/031x' m

where X""m

_._-,
------.---.--1

--------1

--.---------~

--~----

o~o~;

~ o~o~~
=~-=~-------- --:-----=-~-==~-~-===~=
~
O. 01
---------- - ----- -----{I
---------------~-----------~----------------~---.

0.005

- l

Or--------r~------~------~------~

x, m

9-/Jf

9.15
Air enters a square duct through a I-ft
opening as is shown in Fig. P9.15. Because the
boundary layer displacement thickness increases
in the direction of flow, it is necessary to increase
the cross-sectional size of the duct if a constant
U = :2 ftls velocity is to be maintained outside
the boundary layer. Plot a graph ofthe duct size.
d, as a function of x for 0 :s x :s 10 ft if U is to
remain constant. Assume laminar flow.

FIGURE P9.15

For incompressihle flow Q0 == (}(x) where Qo::: flolVrafe info !he dud n3
:::: (JAo ::: (2. fJ) ( J f/1) ::: 2 -:s
and
Q(x):: [J/II where fJ:: (d - 2. 6')2. /s Ihe effective areq of Ihe
dlJ~f (1J//owiIJIj for fhe decrefl.sed f/owrale if) fhe
bOllndary layer).

Thus,
Qo :::: U(d -26)2 or d = / fI f
where

f1/X'

6' = /. 721V-1!-

Hence, from

d=

= I. 71.1

[r.

2t5*)

(0

J
~
~1;.'" )X
-'1.f:J..l.

1.57

0:

0.0/52

fX {~ where xNf/

Ef. (I)

/ + 0.030'1

rx ff

For example) d:: / IIIJI x:::O ond d::: l.oQ6 fl of x ~ /0 ff.

d vs x

1.10
1.08
1.06

---.--------.~~-

~ 1.04

't:J

1.02
1.00
0.98

-I

---;---------r-------,----,------j

-1-,

6
x, ft

9-/S

10

9.16

I
9.6
A smooth fiat plate of length e = 6 m and width b =
4 m is placed in water with an upstream velocity of U = 0.5
m/s. Detennine the boundary layer thickness and the wall shear
stress at the center and the trailing edge of the plate. Assume a
laminar boundary layer.
2.

6::: 5/1/TJX

==-5 (/./2.x/o-t) X

-,

== 7.8 x/o-

0.5 oS

and

fi)"J?

O./2Lf.

N
m'2.

Thvs J af X=3m

here

=6 m

X~m

6=7,lf8X/(j.31(3::: D.O/30m
">- _
'IV' -

while of X

Vx m

_ 0 07/6 J!.
f3' '
In'-

0,/,.1/

o= 7,118 X/031(6'
0./2'1-

O 0183 m
N

?w:: 16' = 0.0506 m"

'1-16

where x~m

(999.15,;3) (1.12. XIO- 3 !!.;f,.)

X

fw =0.332 U ~v-ef =0.332. (o,s1}-)Y2.

- rx

9./7
9.17

An atmospheric boundary layer is formed

when the wind blows over the earth's surface.
Typically, such velocity profiles can be written as
a power law: u = ay", where the constants a and
n depend on the roughness of the terrain. As is
indicated in Fig. P9.17, typical values are 11 =
0.40 for urban areas, n = 0.28 for woodland or
suburban areas, and n = 0.16 for flat open country (Ref. 23). (a) If the velocity is 20 ftls at the
bottom of the sail on your boat (y = 4 ft), what
is the velocity at the top of the mast (y = 30 ft)?
(b) If the average velocity is 10 mph on the tenth
floor of an urban building, what is the average
velocity on the sixtieth floor?

( '"n) U -- C yO./6

Th vs}

tJ2.
U,

(b)

o.~

lJ. = C Y

ThlJs

FIGURE P9.17

h e 'IS a cons/tin
J
f
were
O 6
J
ff

(V)

=r ~

or Uz.;:

where C is

;; =

>.

t1

(30 If )0.16
lIff

== 27.6

1i
S1

consTanf

(Y; )0. tlo

~

20 S

Or U2. = lomph

q-/7

60 )o.l!== 2.0.s mfJh

/0

9.18
A 30-story office building (each story is 12 ft tall) is
.built in a suburban industrial park. Plot the dynamic pressure,
2
pu /2, as a function of elevation if the wind blows at hurricane
strength (75 mph) at the top of the building. Use the atmospheric
boundary layer infonnation of Problem 9.11.

From F/q. P 9./7 fhe houndary layer ve10cdy prof/Ie is (Jlven by

0.28
C O. '2.9 h
U
Y ) Or u.:: Y J were C is a consf4nf.
/'V

Thus) .JL
()./
or

::::(L)0.26
X

028

U= /JO(3rO) . fj.

where y ~ ff
a

Hence}

t pu~.= i(2.38X,03~4)f,o( ~~or;r

or

Th/.s

/.5

X= 301..12

=360ff

o o
n o

,,--7J~~-T-'i""7--;~rr'7-"

0.5 6

-t. f u'J.= /'1: tf (k) fr:L

where Y'" If

plolfed in the fi9l1re below.

400~----------~------------~-----------,

350
3 0 0 - ------~--- --------------- --- ----250 --------------------

=~ 200
>-

150
100

-------------------"-~-~------

50

-------------

~~-------------------- - - - - - -

o +-~~--------~------------r_----------~
o

10

,/-18

15

9.19
The typical shape of small cumulous
clouds is as indicated in Fig . P9.19. Based on
boundary layer ideas, explain why it is clear that
the wind is blowing from right to left as indicated.

FIGURE P9./9

lis indicafed in

h~. P9./7) beCIJilSe

of the afmosphmc bOtJndary

layer the velocily of fne wind 'IM.rally increases wiM ajf;/pde. ThlAf,
fhe fop porlioM of a cloud fravels Fosfer Ihun ifs base - Ihe cloi/ds
fend fo "lip " fOlllard fhe direclion of the wind. Tha! is J Ihe wind
is from ri9M fo leff.

9.2.0

I
9.20

Show that by writing the velocity in terms

of the similarity variable '7 and the function f(,})
the momentum equation for boundary layer flow
on a flat plate (Eq. 9.9) can be written as the
ordinary differential equation given by Eq. 9.14.

The 90verninq

e'lvtJl/ot}s

tin d

dl/. +- U
-0
IX
~y -

CI/'Ie

(I)

#- + v ~ = r 41t

COIJsirler

and;; =
Thvs J JJ7

/).=

(2)

r; f(n) and

(lxi'-y

v=(%:%)~(1 r'-f)

--% .1. II
rx = -2., ~
fV- yx =- 2. X

,so

fhaJ

JJ'l

where (

/= 1"

(2.1)

1fiJ'-k

ond Ty = rJi X :z

(.1)

"

~= !x (Uf') =utf = U~X =-i-i!f'l

~

and

(If)

.;,

If ::; (r;})2it (17 f '- f) = (fJJ~ (" f" i- fl - f')f9- =(ff )'-'1 f"Yf x-~
fr :: i Jf 1'/ {'I
(5)
~y

-rh{)~

by tJsi/J9 1s. ('I-)tJIJd (s) we see fhai .Er rl) is .sqj;Slied fol'

any funcfion (tif).

II/so, ~ = 1#and

.k

#- =In (ur') [Yf li] :: (rJ'/) ~ f"

a'"U = ('.1.)Js. .Lf.1 =( U3)~

vx
~y
~x

1"y2

Thus) by

lISiIJ9

Efs.

(2./)) (t))

(6)

fill ry
u/ ::: J.t:.
fill
1/X

(7)

fJlJd (7) w/lh r. (2.) we ohltli/)

(U f') (~- J? {") +( 1f)Y,. (1t f '- f) (!i)~ [" =

vll f'"

which simplifies 10 :
2. fill -

ff"=o

From El(. (2.1) the bovndary conditiofl.S at

u.:: 0 = U fco)

y=O (i.e. 1=0) beC()me

aIJd V =0 =(!!f)~ (0 (to) - fro))

That is J fro):::o and f'roJlllo

Similarly J usI y -II' 0() (l.e"

1,(2..1)

f- /

as

l? -.. otJ)

".-.00.

we re'lvlre

1).'-'

u.

r/Jv~ from

9.21

"I

9.21*

Integrate the Blasius equation (Eq. 9.14)

numerically to determine the boundary layer profile for laminar flow past a flat plate. Compare
your results with those of Table 9.1.

Solve the fo/lowin9 third ()rder differenfiaJ ef/llafion by a

nvmerical in fe9fafion feGhniqve:
III

Z f +ff

1/

with boundary condil/oHS

f:: f'=o at '1=0 and f'-I as 7'/- 00
(( )/:
Wrile this third order ef/IJtJfion (/.f 3 lIi'sf order e'ltlalio/lS (,l/Jd /J.se
a RVfJ94 - kuffa IIU/fl81','C4/ techniqfJe TO i/Jf~rale fhem. 7h1/~ /e f
>1 == f J X ~ f I::. Y.z J ~ I ::: f ": ~ dlUI }) / = {"/::: - t f{'/:: -i ~ 13
Thai is:
-::0

In )

}j=~

X./::

ond

~/=_}jY3h

These can De tlfJl'roximqted q.s

A)j = ~ AI?

.A~ = ~ Ai? J find A)j :: (- J1 Y.J/2.)Ar;

start wilh Yt ~ y,.=O af 1;::0. ;?sstlllle ~ == c af i; =() (w/;el'e C is
s()me 9ivell cIJI)J'rtJllf) IJlJd',hfe!r*le ff) J;:: IX) II by yt.:: X (0) +2; AXLJI;
J

;;

If Y2 (00) :f / (t:e j f't()()) of I) tlt.(jlJ.jt the /la/tie 01 c (t:o; f'lo)) a/Jd

fry Q9a/n. Tile IwofJlJifJl bOllllldl')' Jl4/ve jJ/'IJb/e/fJ (~;e) f(o)=:rro)~ 0
and f 't) == I) is sp/ved by l/er41/()/J fiG IJIJ //I/iial Jla/()e problem

r,:e)

fto) =: ('to):/J) fto) ~ c).

Pro9ram P8#J.' show/J below was vsed for fhe c4/c()/atiI}As. rAe
f/n4/vallle 01 C :: 0.332 and f/Je Jle/()c/"fy 'prollie J U -:: V f'r}J),
rJ9ree very well w/lh fhe sfQfJJfJrJ valves ~;velJ in Tab /e 9.1
lOO
110
120
130
14:0
150
160
170

cls
open "prn ll for output as #1
print "*** ******* ****** ******* *** ****,..******* ******** *****"
print H** This program integrates the boundary layer
**"
print "** equation (Blasius equation) for a flat. plat.e **"
print "** using a Eunga-Kutta type routine.
The user **"
print "** must specify an initial value of f'! (0) :=;,0
**"
print "** the boundary condition 'at infinity' (f!! '= **"

9. 21 41 (con't)
180
190
200
210
300
310
320
330
335
336
340
350
360
370
380
385
390
395
400
410
420
430
435
440
445
450
460

print "** 1) 1S satisfied.

**"
print "***************************************************"
print " "
print If "
print "Input a value for f" (0)"
input c
print "Input stepsize and number of stepslf
input dx, n
print "Input how often to print output (number of steps)"
input. nn
print"
eta
f
f!
f! '"
yl = 0
y2 = 0
y3 = c
x = 0
m = 0
for 1 = 1 to n
m = m +1
x = x + dx
yl = yl + y2*dx
y2 = y2 + y3*dx
y3 = y3 - (y1*y3/2)*dx
if m ( nn goto 450
print using" ##.#### +#.##~~~~ +#.##~~~~ +#.##~~~~";x,yl,y2,y3
m = 0
next. i
got.o 210
t**************************************************
This program integrates the boundary layer
**
** equation (Blasius equation) for a flat plate **
** using a Runga-Kutta type routine.
The user *)f'
** must specify an initial value of f" (0) so
**
** the boundary condition 'at infinity' (f' I '= **
** 1) is satisfied.
**
***************************************************

**

=~pu~ a value for f"

(0)
? 0.332
Input stepsize and number of steps
? 0.01 700
Input how often to print output (number of steps)
? 50
f' ,
f'
f
eta
O. :,000 +4.07E-02 +1.66E-01 +3.31E-Ol
1. 0000 +1. 64E-Ol +3.30E-Ol +3.23E-Ol
1.5000 +3.68E-01 +4.87E-01 +3.03E-01
e~
2.0000 +6.47E-Ol +6.30E-Ol +2.67E-01
2.5000 +9.93E-01 +7.52E-01 +2.17E-01
~ r3.0000 +1.39E+00 +8.47E-Ol +1.61E-01
6~
3.5000 +1. 83E+OO +9.14E-01 +1.07E-01
4.0000 +2.30E+00 +9.56E-Ol +6.38E-02
Lfr4.5000 +2.79E+00 +9.80E-Ol +3.36E-02
5.0000 +3.28E+00 +9.92E-Ol +1.56E-02
2.
5.5000 +3.78E+00 +9.97E-01 +6.41E-03
6.0000 +4.28E+00 +9.99E-01 +2.32E-03
6.5001 +4.78E+00 +1.00E+00 +7.36E-04
o
7.0001 +5.28E+00 +1.00E+00 +2.06E-04

ov.

.7

0.5

If'

9.22
An airplane flies at a speed of 400 mph at an altitude
of 10,000 ft. If the boundary layers on the wing surfaces behave as those on a flat plate, estimate the extent of laminar
boundary layer flow along the wing. Assume a transitional
Reynolds number of Rexcr = 5 x lOs. If the airplane maintains
its 400-mph speed but descends to sea level elevation, will the
portion of the wing covered by a laminar boundary layer
increase or decrease compared with its value at 10,000 ft?
Explain.

h
U=/fOO
h( Ihr )(S2BOff) =587.i
ReXcr = UXcr
11 ,were
mp 3600.5
mi
Ib .s
-1
'5
T
II
p - 3.S3#-XIO -w:(Jf} d f rom I aD e C. I) 11 - f -3 .l~
/,7S6'X/O

lienee) wifh

RexC,. = 5X/O

ft3

= 2.01 X/O- 1j-2.

S
}

X ':: 1/ Rexcr _ (2.0/ x/oJ/. fj2.) (S x IDS)

:: 0./71 If
cr
V
587 i!
s

IN sea- level:
(b)

ReXcr ==

Xcr

VlI

Hence,

where

and

1/ == 1.57 x /0" 1'/2.

== 'fOO mph (

J hr

3600S

) (5 2 9,0
ml

Hl
5
- 11 Rear _ (1,57 X/0 -::s )(5 xJO ) _ 0 I

Xcr -

ft) :: 587 i
S

-J/.

Tr

587

ft

-:s

'lJ'[

fl

,..::1....

===

The laminar boundary layer occtJPt"es the ft'rsf o.13Jfff of Ihe

winq at seQ Jeve I and (from par! (a) rrbove) fhe f/rsf O. 171 if
af an alfilude of / ~ 000 ff. This is dve mainly f" fhe lower dellsilt
( iarger kinematic. viscosi1 y ). The d),!7amic visco.sifies are approximaiely
fhe same.

9,2/f I
9.24
A laminar boundary layer velocity profile is approximated by u/U = [2 - (y/o)](y/o) for y:s; 0, and u = U for
y > o. (a) Show that this profile satisfies the appropriate boundary conditions. (b) Use the momentum integral equation to determine the boundary layer thickness, 0 = o(x).

ra)

t::: 9 (1)
#:1

TlJvs

==

2Y _12. where Y:: yld

-=

-#-/ = 2 - j

as if mllst J

y~J

y=O

/1 /J1 wI.

4.$

rr = U[ f -~]

A/so,

J,

-:; / 01' IJ -:: lJ ()

so 1114t a1J~ 77[f y~J

I y:::J

r] ~O

(b) From the momon/vI' infer;rlAl (j1fJafiof),

I

o=

2-i~,P)(, where c, ~ (, (l-fo)JY and c~ ~

1r)
1:: 0

T/;t/s)

c, '" ((:lY-Y') (J-zY+Y'")JY

o

--I-S-I-/--#:3
~

and
CL

=:

=~
/-5'

(2 -2yj

Ire 0

so -fhat

J=

fie f/c S;

= !(2Y-Sy1+ lfy 3 -Y'l)dY

~2.) 1/ X '"' / 3O;X

r:s- 7l
w/fh Rex::::

<5 _ -{.30
-X - VRex

1ff

S.'hP

1/ f/.e)(

9-2'1-

9. z-s
9.25

A laminar boundary layer velocity profile is approximated by the two straight-line segments indicated in Fig. P9.25. Use the momentum integral equation to determine the boundary
layer thickness, t5 = t5(x), and wall shear stress,
T" = T,,(X). Compare these results with those in
Table 9.2.

/1

71

012

/l

[7
0

I
I

I
I

2U
3

FIGURE P9.25

Compare these results To fhose in Table q.2..

,U

9,261t

ylb

9.26*

An assumed dimensionless laminar

boundary layer profile for flow past a flat plate is
given in the table below. Use the momentum integral equation to determine b = b(x). Compare
your result with the exact Blasius solution result
(see Table 9.2).

From
f

the

momentum infe 9/'al

2.
1/X
J
ve, '
Cz.

eqllof/on

where C = 1#3-}
d
~ dt

and I
C, -:: S9( }-~)dY with
o

1=0

1f ::~(Y)and y=f

The I/Q/oe of Cz. ClJn he appr(Jximafed tiS C2. ~

and Ihe

VQ/IJe

of ~

C(JII

ulU

0.080
0.16
0.24
0.32
0.40
0.48
0.56
0.64
0.72
0.80
0.88
0.96
1.00

0.133
0.265
0.394
0.517
0.630
0.729
0.811
0.876
0.923
0.956
0.976
0.988
1.000

A(~)
A

(f)

0./.13

-= 0.080::; I. 66
:t- cO

be oblo/ned from IJPhJ81'1&a1

infe9r41ion (pro9rtlfn Tf(flPElO])

Y
o
0.8
0./6
O.ZIf
0.32O.IfO

O.Jf8

0.56
o.61f
0.7,.

().eo
0.88
0.91
/ .00

,#(1-9)
o

fI.s ilJdictried helow;

0.115
0./'.5

0.2.39

C, -=

0.2.50
0,233

0.07/
O. 0If2
0.02.3
0.0/2-

so thaf

(f.66) J1: - 5 03 (11 X)1:

6 =[- 21/X
U (0./31)
-.
u

0./98
0./53

O.joq

J~(J-VJdY ~ 0,/3/
I

or

x<5 -_ -V 5.03
Re;<

eV}.

were Rex::: p

Nole: The Blasius sollliion h.s ~ nol s .03

1~***************************************************

** This program performs numerical integration

**
** over a set of points using the Trapezoidal Rule **
*****************************************************
Enter number of data points: 1'-1,
Enter dat.a points (X , y)
? 0.56,0.153
? 0.00,0.000
? 0.6'-1,,0.109
? 0.08,0.115
? 0.72,0.071
'? 0.16,0.195
? 0.80,0.0'-1,2
? 0.2'-1,,0.239
? 0.88,0.023
? 0.32,0.250
? 0.96,0.012
0.40,0.233
?
?
? 1.00,0.000
0.'-1,8,0.198
The approximate value of the integral is: +1.3096E-Ol

9.27*

9.2.7* For a fluid of specific gravity SG = 0.86

flowing past a flat plate with an upstream velocity
of U = 5 mis, the wall shear stress on a flat plate
was determined to be as indicated in the table
below. Use the momentum integral equation to
determine the boundary layer momentum thickness, 8 = 8(x). Assume 8 = 0 at the leading
edge, x = O.

S /nce 7W = f TJ:l. ~ ;t fol1owtS that d@ =

e?WU

)(

which can be irdeqrorec1 fo give (t}s//Jq @=O af x =0)

X
x
(j) '"

~~2 Iw dx =(o.e6)(1O~~)(5P-)'2. ~ Iw dx

or
(j)

-==

-5 (

if. 65 x10

J fw dx

where

(f),.., m J x ~ rn J

and fw..v ;,;.

(I)

For 0 ~ x 6 2.0 m, iIJfe9r4fe E'{. (I) fo defermine @os a {()ncl/on

of x. To do soJ we need fhe va ItJe of 7,; af x=: 0) whic;h is !Jof 9itlell
in the fable. Theorel/cally J fw ~ 40 aT the /eadif)}. For our pvr,os8~
based On the exfrapolaTed curve be/olllJ assume ~ =: 22 -ffi at X:: 0
'tw VS X

x (m)

25

0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8

20

'"E 15

i 10

Or---~----~----~--~I
0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

2.0

2.0

x,m

Pr09r4rn P91127 showl1below was {}Sed for fhe calcvlafio/Js.

(con'l)

13.4
9.25
7.68
6.51
5.89
6.57
6.75
6.23
5.92
5.26

9.27,1. I
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
3 20
330
400
410

(con 't)

cls
open "prn" for output as #1
print# 1, "******** * * ******************** ********************
print#l, "** This program calculates the momentum
**"
print#l, "** boundary layer thickness as a function of
**"
print#l, "** x from the given wall shear streSfj distri- **"
print.#l. n** but.ion.
**n
print#l, H**************************************************"
dim t.au (11)
tau(1)=22.0 : tau(2l=13.4 : tau(3)=9.25 : tau(4)=7.68
tau(S'=6.51 : tau(6)=5.89 : tau(7)=6.57 : tau(S)=6.75
tau(9)=6.23 : tau(10)=5.92 : tau(11)=5.26
print#l. " If
print#l, 11
x, m
momentum thickness, m"
for l = 1 to 11
x = 0.2*(i-1)
if l = 1 then goto 400
intgrl = 0
for j = 1 to i-I
intgrl = intgrl + 0.5*0.2*(tau(j+1) + tau(j
next. j
theta = 4.65E-5*intgrl
print#l, using" ##.###
#.*##~~~A";x.t.heta
next l
tf

~*************************************************

**
**
**

This program calculates the momentum

**
boundary layer thickness as a function of
**
x from the given wall shear stress distri- **
** bution.
**
**************************************************
x. m
0.000
0.200
0.400
0.600
0.800
1. 000
1.200
1.400
1.600
1.800
2.000

momentum thickness, m
O.OOOE+OO
1.646E-04
2.699E-04
3.487E-04
4.146E-04
4.723E-04
5.302E-04
5.922E-04
6.525E-04
7.090E-04
7.610E-04

0.0008

~I

0.0006

E
~

0.0004
0.0002
0
0.0

1.0

0.5

x,m

1.5

2.0
I

I
I

~------------------------------------------------------------I

'1-28

9.Z8
9.28
The square flat plate shown in Fig. P9.28a is cut into
four equal-sized prices and arranged as shown in Fig. P9.28b.
Determine the ratio of the drag on the original plate [case (a)]
to the drag on the plates in the configuration shown in (b).
Assume laminar boundary flow. Explain your answer physically.

...!!..

T
e

1
1
- - - - - - - 1.. T

~e/4'
1

.. FIGURE P9.28

By comparinq 'ts . CO and (:J.) we see fhaf

4a =
In

2. 0

4h

cose (b) fhe bOIJndary ItJyer on fhe reor plale i.s fhicAel' Iholl on
fhe fronl plate. lIellce fhe shear sfre.tS is /e.ss I)" fhe r{](Jf pfafe fhall
if is on fhal p/afe In confl9vrafion (a)) 9,vin, /es.s dray for c4!e (b)
fhan for cqse CO)J eve" fholJ9h the fola/ areas are the Sqme.

9.ZQ

9.29

A plate is oriented parallel to the free

stream as is indicated in Fig. 9.2.9. If the boundary
layer flow is laminar, determine the ratio of the
drag for case (aHa that for case(bl. Explain your
answer physically.

PLATE

(a)

I(b)

FIGURE P9.29

For case (a):

JCI.

_..L T/2.C
2- P
Df

<Vfa -

c.'Df -- V1.329
- 1.3)..8
Ret
Yu J,'

/I

were

Y-hvs J

'1a =feU" ~('fJ')

For case (6)

t PU"CDf /I

4,,:=

where

PI

an

IJ

02-

==

Lf"

V
:=

2.56

pU% y:v;%

c.... = (ffijJJ
U(tflJ

(I)

and ,4:'f12

UT

Thus,
oUfb

11

== ...L a U2.
2.\

1.32.eW ('fill.)

y4{fi

:,t

= ...L
(2 56 OU~ 1fV f)~)
2..
\
~

(2.)

From E~s. (J) and (2.) we see thai

4a
cftfb

Z
=

The shear sfress decrease.s wdh disfance from thrl /eadifl9

erlfje

of fhe plafe (i.e.} fhe fhickenifl9 of the bOlJnriary/tJ!er). ThIJS.I eve/J Ihofl9h
fhe plate !Area /J the same for case (aJ or (b) J the QVfJra9fJ shear
,stress (and the drat;) is 9realer for ca.se (a),

fl. 30

I
9.30

If the drag on one side of a flat plate

parallel to the upstream flow is S) when the upstream velocity is U, what will the drag be when
the upstream velocity is 2U; or U/2? Assume
laminar flow.

C ::: 1,328
Vf

and

9-31

J~i

9.3/

9.31

Air flows past a parabolic-shaped flat plate oriented

parallel to the free stream shown in Fig. P9.31. Integrate the
wall shear stress over the plate to determine the friction drag
on one side of the plate. Assume laminar flow.

Treat each .strip of thickness dy and /e/J9lh i=i(y) liS a SRJf/I/I

f/Q/ plate wilh rlr49 dtb where for lal1linllr flow
,,jj= CD, tpU JA with rill ~ I tly olla CD1 "
2

Thlls

0/ t eU I rly =

/.32 B

db", V

O.66-!t-

1r::::: 3..i
ff'f' U

1.328

ret!

1/h

rt tiy

But 1:::: If _y2 so fh41

+2-

,/) :::: JrrlrB Jr0.66'1- ~p' U VJf-y~ dy

=:

3/2

/Vole: The un/Is ()/J the inTftJftI/

are HlIa (i.e. 2 rtd: L ~/.a)

9-32

9.32

I
9.32

It is often assumed that "sharp objects

can cut through the air better than blunt ones."
Based on this assumption, the drag on the object
shown in Fig. P9.32 should be less when the wind
blows from right to left than when it blows from
left to right. Experiments show that the opposite
is true. Explain.

'.

U'?

FIGURE P9.32.

!l si9IJiliconf porfion of fhe drq9 on an ohject cqn he from

fhe relaliflely low pressure developed in Ihe wake re9ion hehind Ihe
objecf. By maxin9 fhe obJeci sfrean,!;/Jed (i. e./ (luI#! fro/)} left fo
ri9ht) nol rl9hf 10 Iell /f) Ille ahove !J9f)re) botJndary loyer separation
/s avoided I.IlJd (J relafively fhill woke lVill; I()w drtJ9 is O/)"/tlifled.
Whefher fhe front of fhe obJec1 is ~h41'j) or ''/;/u"r does noll.llfecf
the cOl)lr/{;(}/iofJ to fhe dra9 frulIJ the frunf pal'7 of Ihe body -of
/eqsf not CIS mvclJ CI fhe widfh of fhe wake affecfs fhe dr4g.
/I

'1-33

9,33
9.33
Two small holes are drilled opposite each other in a
circular cylinder as shown in Fig. P9.33. Thus, when air flows
past the cylinder, air wil1 circulate through the interior of the
cylinder at a rate of Q = K (Pi - P2). where the constant K depends on the geometry of the passage connecting the two holes.
It is assumed that the flow around the cylinder is not affected
by either the presence of the two holes or the small flow rate
through the passage. Let Qo denote the flowrate when = o.
Plot a graph of Q/Qo as a function of for 0 s; s; TT/2 if (a)
the flow is inviscid, and (b) if the boundary layer on the cylinder is turbulent (see Fig. 9.17c for pressure data).

...

-~

....~---

...... ~...... ~-.~...........................~.,.

(0)

-'

;?'

",'"

~,.,

(0)

... ...,... .......

FIGURE P9.33

For invi.rciJ {Jow :

fJ-lJf)
C ::: r T'
== / - 'I-.si!) 2.(}
'f
tpu"

ThtJs) Q -= K (II - f:J. ) ::: K[r" -fo) -(f,- -fo) ]

=K[ -tpU'-( I-Jfsl,,2.(}) - t.(JU2.(J-tf.sin'J.(e+1r))]

nul si,/O e sirl" (f) +71')
Hence J Q:: 0 fir if/viscid flow " /Vote! !his is 10 he eXfecred
becafAre

01 the .rYlI/mell'l~/

pl'8.sS fJrB

(6) For a ftJrbtllenT hotlndary

dislr/blllioll.

layer =

Q ::: K ((1, -(12) ::: K[( P, -Po) - (/2. - fo) ] ::: t pllzK [ef , - c,:z.]
where efl is for ()

CllJd

c,:J.

is fol' 18o-e dey,

Ohta,n ~ 141a fr()m [;1- 9.17

Noi e; C :;; / fur ().:: () 4/Jd C, z~,1f fur B::: / It) Ie!

f
TfuI.r Q0
,so fhaf
J

.R::
Qo

== Q

I ::; if 717.K[ / - (-0, t,t)]

e~o

teu'k[cp,-ce:a.] _
I. If (1: pTf'''K)

CPI -Cf2.

The resvlls are f4/;vlaled

:: /. If ( l!J1-K)

I,If
4J'1d

(c ()n'-I)

;Ioiletl be;PW.

(con If)

9,3,3

e,deg

180 - e, deg

cp1

c p2

0/0 0

0
15
30
45
60
75
90

180
165
150
135
120
105
90

1.00
0.70
0.00
-0.90
-1.70
-2.10
-1.90

-0.40
-0.40
-0.42
-0.43
-0.45
-1.30
-1.90

1.00
0.79
0.30
-0.34
-0.89
-0.57
0.00

0/0 0 vs 8

1.0
0.8

0.6

_____ 1

0.4

a
a

0.2
0.0

--~--------.---~--~~.-:-~~~-~-

-0.2----------~~~----:-~~-~-

-0.4

--~.

---------------

- 0 . 6 - . ------ ----~--------~~-0.8

-------,-------------

-1.0 + - - - - - - , - - - - - - - r - - - - - j - - - - - - r - - - - - . - - - - - i
90
30
45
60
75
o
15
8, deg

9- 3S

9.3'1-

9.34
Water flows past a triangular flat plate oriented parallel to the free stream as shown in Fig. P9.34. Integrate the wall
shear stress over the plate to determine the friction drag on one
side of the plate. Assume laminar boundary layer flow.

U =0.2 m/s
--....

.b ~ {7W dl/ where Iw::: 0.332. V

Thvs
' " '" 10 33

till

(2)

f f

(2)

IY

dA
x=o

rf.f}x

y=o

f D'~'YiX

x=o

:: 0.332

ftf.

x==o.S y=O,s-x

XeO

=0.332. U /7- P"f;;-

FIGURE P9.34

.2//4. Ve,u.~ {

=0.332 7l~Vpp

34

l.Om

dx
O,S

7l4.VfjA (2.J[o.~('-)xt - ix~i

o

= O. 66'f(O.2l})3/,.

999!,Ml.fU/o3 ~.;) [Vo.S - y. (0.5)3;" ]

or

JJ == 0, 02.96 N

')-36

9,35
9..35
A three-bladed helicopter blade rotates at 200 rpm. If
each blade is 12 ft long and 1.5 ft wide, estimate the torque
needed to overcome the friction on the blades if they act as flat
plates.

Let dill = fOrYIlJe {rom fhe dr49 on area elemenf dll

or
2

dlll= (4op +cbbcilom ) Y==z(tPU CDf dll) y

where
[J = ty

4/Jd fof'

1.328

!/~

CDr =

laminar floW *

with ReD = UJ

Rei

.,lI

Thvs)
M = Dy2
d,,;
\
or WI'fh

1.329

(llL~
11

U=Q)Y

el/Y/:::

1.~2e

l~

p tJ)~"3. J ..k~ V ~~ Ys.~ tiy

=(1.326)(2

or

Y1 dy = 1.328 PU~l~ 11 ~ Y dr

3
,h(.200 rc..v )( Imifl)(2.lI'rad)l(~ 5F/)-!'(1 S7Xlo1il.)i. ~ J
,38XIO- ~
~~ 'L\
min 60.s
I rev ~ .
,
.s 1'"'11
5~
2.

d/YJ = O.OJ25 Y

dy fflb

where Y fI
N

Thus) fhe net f()r9ve for the fhree hlades

!YJ = 3 Sd/J'J == 3 (0.0 /2E

).f y-t dy

== 3(0.012.5 )(

-f ) (12.)~

or

M=

6'1-.1 1f,IIJ

Nofe: The forf{ve covld be greate,. ,'f Ihe bOfJi'Jdal'y layer is fvrhlJ/enl.

* III fhe
and.

lip y ==,~ fl so fhaf TJ ==

Re

JEt

=t ~:op )(2-11 f!tv)(J2 fl)~

r.eV

(J)

2.5/

1)

tnln

- 25/ -s ) (1.11)
6 ,L' h
1
JL
JL
~tip - /,57X/O-'I- f: l.
=2.'I-OX/O , 'Alnlc is 9re aTer rnan rne
oS

ori/ical valve. Thl/~ the bOlJndIJry is t(Jrbf}/ent al the lip and laminar at
the huh. FbrsiIiJP//t:.Ity ass()me a laminar b()undary layer fhr()v,h()v1.
9-37

9. .36

I
9.36
A ceiling fan consists of five blades of 0.80-m length
and 0.1 O-m width which rotate at 100 rpm. Estimate the torque
needed to overcome the friction on the blades if they act as flat
plates.

Lei dllJ = 1orq{)e fromfhe drfJ9

dA of fhe hlade

01}

elemenf

dA

+
_ J.. 2.
)
2
d/IJ - (oV.top 4oHom) Y - (2. pUC/)1 d~ Y
where {} =tily and tJJ=/oo..!).. ( liYlilJ)( 2-'!trod)
mm 60S
I rev
or _

or(j.}::: 10, '17

E -J
,,~ U
... ..... dy

IP
(

::J.

dF

-flO

.1

Ji =O,lm
T

0'
'J

L== 0.8m

The fr/()ximvPJ R~ will ()cc()r at t:inf OJ where y:;: L ();

Re

U R. = wLR

==

:1/
ThlJs ,

1/

= (10.'1-7 CfL)(O.8m) (a.lm)

1.1}6 xI 0-.5 .Di!

1/

= S.7~X/OJI.

oS

af a/I poinfs on fhe blade Rex < Rexcr =

C = 1.329 = 1. 3 )'sW

fhe f/uw is JlJlfJil1or.

SXIO Clnd

if ui

Df
~ ReJ, I
so fhrrl from Elf. CI)

d/YJ =

r;2

'HfJ!'W (i dy) y

== 1.32.8

d/Yl::: /.328 f!JJ~ Yvi' y"% dy

= /.31.8

or

(1.Z3~) (10.'1-7 o/l~-g

3~

f U 2 Vll t ydy ,hv/ Wit/; Tf::t(Jy

,

s
,'.,{x/o- .()( O./IIIt"

/4Jy

d/l1 =0,0669 Y dy N'm J where YAJ'"

ThtJs the nef fOfYjve O/) the four hlades is
2.

0.8

M= 5 d#J
or

s
0.0669 Y ~oy S
y=O

== 5

o.aM

/'1:::; 0,0 Jf38 N'/IJ

9-38

( 2) y k-l
2-

5 (0.06t9) "7

9.37

9.37
As shown in Video V9.2 and Fig. P9.37a, a kayak
is a relatively streamlined object. As a first approximation
in calculating the drag on a kayak, assume that the kayak
acts as if it were a smooth flat plate 17 ft long and 2 ft wide.
Determine the drag as a function of speed and compare your
results with the measured values given in Fig. P9.37b. Comment on reasons why the two sets of values may differ.

fled plate cIf~ fpU'-CD,II where

For

JJ ::

/711(2 ff) ::: 3/f ff:;' tlnd IJ1 is a {tinct/of) of

Thvs

Re

J::;-

J7 N TJ it
I. 2/Xlo5 ft ~

:e
Consider I ~ rJ!E

(I)

Ret:::

11J

= /JI-())( /0 6 7J

8ft

(2-)

or /,ifOX/O ~Re.J ~/.12xJ07

From Fi9' 9,/5 we see thaf in this ReJ rtJ"ge fhe houndary layer
flow i.s in fhe fransitional r0/19c. Thlls from To.h/e 1.3
GDI :; O.lf.5.5/(/09 Rel)2.&8 - /700/Rel
By cOlnbt'nin, Ef(s. (0.1 (2); anti(3);
J) :::: -! ( I. q'fs.J.~9f )*U 'J.CDf (3'1-f/J.)
or
J

rIJ= 33.0 V" [0.",.5"5/(101 (1.'10I./iU)'~1700/(/.'fOX/o617)J

The reslJll.r from fhi,s erilarion tire ploffed he 10 w,
7l, ff/s rf}J Ib
8~----~----~----~----_.

61------+-----~-----+---+--j

dvalves

rYIf>Q5

~
Ib

I
2
.3
if
S

o.oQe6

.3.L/-3

41---------+------r----~~--~

..---.- theory
(E . ('I)

2~----+-----~~--_+~~~

4
Kayak speed U. ftfs

FIG U REP 9 .37

O,/fIO

o.9oq
1.58
2.'1-2-

'I-.sq
,5,90

(3)

(II)

9.38

I
9.38
A sphere of diameter D and density Ps falls at a steady
rate through a liquid of density p and viscosity J.L. If the Reynolds number, Re = pDU / J.L, is less than 1, show that the viscosity can be determined from J.L = gD2(ps - p)/18 U.

"'- diameTer D

For .steady flow

or of) + FE == W

E F; ::0
where

and

Ii:: bVOytJRt force = f~ 11 = f1( f )77'( ~ t

W :: wei,hf = Ps g V ::: flJ (4) Tf(~
IJ == drtJ7 ::: CD f f '% D2) or siIJce
rf} = 37l'Dll,P

Thvs}
31l'DfJl-" +

f9(.j-)1!(-B:)3 = fs9(l)7T(~)3

which

be reorf'IJngecJ fo ,ive

CC/II

g D2.(e.s-p)
IBTl

tu

Re< I

9. 3 q

9.39
Determine the drag on a small circular
disk of 0.01 ft diameter moving 0.01 ftls through
oil with a specific gravity of 0.87 and a viscosity
10,000 times that of water. The disk is oriented
normal to the upstream velocity. By what percent
is the drag reduced if the disk is oriented parallel
to the flow?

e~ (o.e7)(J.9~-.~~)::

o/}= CD ~ pU:J/1 J where

p=IO')tHz,O::: Il1(z.311XIO s

and
Thvs

ne

so

::

UD:: eIli)

11

/'688

~~

1:;~)-:::o.:z.3~

0.23/f-w:

is valid.
FOr fhe df.sx normal fo fhe flow)
2~: = 2.O.~ -.# = 2~300
so thai frolll ~Itl)
7.2./ XIO
/} = 28,300(t )(1. t8B S~} )(O,Olfj)'- f (O.OlfJ)2. ~ I. sax/o-If Ib

r;:::

If Ihe disk i.s PQraJ/e/ fo the flow, ~::: 1~~6 so thai

JJ"OI'1IIQ/

9. Jf()

c.

( 13,6)

Dpar41/81 = 7[; = 0.667

CD"or/YIQ/
( 2iiel/)

33.3

7. reduction

,
9.40

For small Reynolds number flows the drag coefficient

of an object is given by a constant divided by the Reynolds
number (see Table 9.4). Thus, as the Reynolds number tends to
zero, the drag coefficient becomes infinitely large. Does this
mean that for small velocities (hence, small Reynolds numbers)
the drag is very large? Explain.

or

For a 9iven ohjecf CD ~ ~e (where the 1/4/118 C depends

on the shape of the ()bject) provided Re ~ I, TIllIS" (loS
J

Re -

ca.

OJ- CD -

lIowev(J~
~

..L

= CD 2. pU /I ;: (e!D.) ~ eU II"'" C/
TIJqt iS as lJ--';; (t:e. Re-O)I Ihen 0#- U
TAvs dfJes C/)
l')Je4A fhaT ~-o f No.
2.

rU

It;

O.&88,#!fp)(O.Oll)(o,OJf-lJ _ 7."'/ I -If/

Ih's
.~ x 0

tho! the low Re d41Q of TaMe ?,1f

~
pqral/el ;;::.

(I)

-Ot)

9-'11

f'r

9. 'l-f
9.41
Compare the rise velocity of an i-in.diameter air bubble in water to the fall velocity
of an Hn.-diameter water drop in air. Assume
each to behave as a solid sphere.

(a) air bubble in wafer: For sfeady rise

L:r;

D== O./25in.

diQ.
r;

or

Fe =

W +tb' } where ct=JrQ9 = CD {pif2.f

W= we'jhf ~ ~ir -V Oaifl ~71' (

:=;

~J

Fa == buoyanf

force

CJ p

Hence J
or

U=

i17' (Jt )3 == CD f

D3

fY2.

=/

D2. or U

) where CD -= C/) (Re) and Re:::

0.669

_rr-'
yeD

From Fig.

g)3

~o !fJl(T)
if f()//o'Us fhal W<'< F8

dN;LO -V

However} since rair.eC.<. ~,.O

or

F8 =d7

J):1.

(0115)

or

-Tc H-5tJ~
U
Re = I,l/XIO
-:t-

9,ll :

I/- D g
3 CD

4 (!2!.f)f1 (31,
3 CD

u.v/)

(J)

= 861 U

(2.)

v:

Tria I and error solufion for

fI.s.svm~ CD
U {r()tn E'{. (OJ Re from Ef. {:J.)j check CD
from Elf, (3).1 the 9raph,

Re

IIS.sUII/8

Assume

obtai!)
(3)

Cb = 1--.-. Y;O.66,1---fI- Re =576 - - ClJ =0.5:1: J

CD:fJ,S--U-=O/I/ftl -- Re :: '615 - CD = 0,5 (checks)
Thv$J U= O.9-6

.g.

(b) wafer drop in air: Since ~il' (fH:I.() ) F8 <:<: W

Thus J W=~ J or 4. 0 !If-(l}? = cD u2.fIJ2.

_/4

orU

D olt.o I
S feD

fUso}

Re =

"11

J.

/I (~R)(6Z,'/-") ]~ /9,1 Jj.

3(2.38)(IO-3~~j} )CD
~

'17..

(Jf)

VC;

0 /').5

UD =

te

2.

f!)

1.5 7xlO

'flf

= 66.3 U

all'

(5)

Trial and error solution of '1s. (If), (&)) and 9raph 13) :
Il.s.sume CD:: O.s ---. U -= 27. f) fj - Re ::: /790 - CD:::; 0, if "1= o,s
Assume C/):: O,tf - U::: 30.2
Re =2000- C/)::: OJ,l (checks)

P. -

Th

Nofe; Becavse of fhe 9raph (Fij. Po 2.1) the

tiS J
answers are nof ()ccvrafe to fhree sI91J1//canl N9l1res

[J = 30,2 ff
.s

9.42.
A 38.1-mm-diameter, O.024S-N table tennis ball is released from the bottom of a swimming pool. With what velocity
does it rise to the surface? Assume it has reached its terminal
velocity.

tU dia, D=-,
For sfeady rise 21&=0

tFB

or

~W

Fa = W+,/J) where /J -:; drag =CD i fu2.f D2.

VI

=:

water
f'jf

TJ1

weigh! =- O. 02't5 N

:::: bl/oyanf force = oJ{-

38./mm

='t if371 (~ )2

or
CD y2 = o~ 1/-.55 J where U~ ~

(J)

A/so, Re = f{P
or

Re --

U(O.038Im)

J./2X/o- 6J1J.!
..s

Fino//y, from

3,1./-0 x/O

{l

'(/ J

where

rn

~-:s

(2.)

Fi~. '1.21; Gill "--v--

(3)

Re
Trial tlnd error so/ufion : /I.s.sume CD j obiain TJ from Ef. 0)) Re from
E'l~(J.) j check C/) from 1' tJ) the 9r4ph.,
J

A.ssf)m~ CD =0.5 -.-. U = O.Q599 Il.s.sume

CD =OJ; -

ThlJs, V =

U=

I. 06

---..

Re

= 3.2JfX/O'"-

Cl)

=O,If '* 0,5

Re::: 3.62.1./ ol.f-.-. CD =0. ~ (checks)

1.06.p

Nofe : 8eco/J.se of the qraph (Fig, 9.2.1) the answer,s are nof
accllrate fo three sI9ni{icanf fi9lJres.

9.44
A hot air" balloon roughly spherical in
shape has a volume of 70,000 ft3 and a weight of
500 Ib (including passengers, basket, balloon fabric. etc.). If the outside air temperature is 80 of
and the temperature within the balloon is 165 of,
estimate the rate at which it will rise under steady
state conditions if the atmospheric pressure is 14.7
psi.

For .sfeady rise ~ F;

where

or

=0)

Fs ;:: W+ /!
volIJme 11

o!) ::: drag ::: CD t. f U : D2.

~ :: 6110yanl force == 0'
and.

W= lofal welJhf =.500 Ih + O;n .y

!Vow

D=

-13RT

0= p~ :::
and

0; =

.1i:.

In

R"Tin

")2-

Jb ) {

I'f,7-w. I). In
= 0,002-29 slllfM
{!715 s ,,; . )('16oteo)OR
fI.:I
(0.00229 .stjf)(32~2~.)::: O. 0736
Jb
2.
Ii
== (11f. 7 7ii?-){t2.%) (32.2 .s~) _ L
Ib
- 0.0036 N.i

(1715~!;~R)('f.60+/65)'R

/'Iole: Since

Thus wifh 11::: 7xIO'lfl3: ~~f)3

, or D=

51.1

i~ lJeal'/}, Me same

ft we obtaIn

JJ = CD iro. 002- 29) U2. (51., )'1.

;:: 2.36 CtJ rJ2. /b) where U~.g.
Ills 0)
W;:: Soo Ib +(0,0636 PJ..i)(
7~ 000 fi3)
ano
rr-

fJlso J Re ...
or

Re :::

ond

51./

!II-

+ 2.36 Co TJ

ff U '

QJ

::: 9952/1>

Tht/sJ Fa::: W+rf} 9ive.s

2-

2.

or CD TJ ::: Blf.7

.'

(J)

.s

=3.2.SX/O U
J,S7X/O ~
, I~ ~
from [;7- 9.21 CD~
-~.fi!"

(:;.)

(3)

Re

i.

Tr;al 4nd error solufion: IIssv!1J8 CDj ohrQ/t}

lJ.s..stJme

CD::: 0 .5 -+

ill~

o()fsir/e.

~;:::(O.(J736f!P)(7o"OOOff.3) =SIS2Ib
5/52 /b ::: 1'-952 Ih

fhe ba//oon i.s

open at the hoftoll1 J fhe

pres.spre within fhe Da//ODn

(/ from
OJ) Re from Ef{.t:J.);
check C/) from ,.(3)J the qraph.
U::: 13.0 #- ~ Re :::1.J..23 x/o 6 ---. Cb ::: o.2.;t O~S

lJ.sst/me CD =0.2.'1-' V ::/8.8 ft

Assume CD:: D.30~ U::::/6.8. ~

Re = 6.11

X/06 -

Re ;5.'16 x/06 ~

CD :=0.30:/=

O.2~

~ :: 0.30 (checks)

9. If5

9.45
A 500-N cube of specific gravity SG = 1.8 falls
through water at a constant speed U. Determine U if the
cube faBs (a) as oriented in Fig. P9.45a, (b) as oriented in
Fig. P9.45b.

(a)

(b)

teD

FIG U REP 9.45

For steaay fa II) : F;;; ma:::O

or

W == oI! +Fa, where W::: wel9hf :::500 N

(I)

Fa::

buoyanl force::: 0 D3
of}::: f f UCD A -:; dr4fj

Qfld

But

W~ 0; D3::;

SG

0D ,

.3

or 500 N ::: I. fI ('I, eox 10 -j.) D

ThvsJ D == 0.30.5 m Sf) that from ~. {/J

.5ooN:: i(qqq~)UCD (O.305m)% +('l80 X/0 3!3) (o,305m)3
or
U :z. CD ::: '1-.78 where V,.. l}(a) for case fa) CD::: 0.80
Hence.l

(see

F/". q.2Cf)

U:: ( ~:;~ )1/,. ~ 2.Jfif if-

(b) For case (b) CD:::: /.0

Hence)

U:::

'1-.78
( 1.0.5

)"2. ~

WI

2.137"

Q-'f5

9.46
The 5 X 10-6 kg dandelion seed shown in Fig. P9.46
settles through the air with a constant speed of 0.15 m/s. Determine the drag coefficient for this object.

FIGURE P9.46

For sfeady faJ/if19 41 tl cQl/stani .fl'eed,

rfj c VI or

/IJ?-::

C/) i p7J2.IJ

ThIJs;

sx/O-6kj (Q.II-fi) ~~ ({)(1.23i1a)(O.lst)1. f(O,OlflJl)2.

9,Jl7

9.41
A 22 in. by 34 in. speed limit sign is supported on
a 3-in. wide, 5-ft-Iong pole. Estimate the bending moment
in the pole at ground level when a 30-mph wind blows
against the sign. (See Video V9.6.) List any assumptions
used in your calculations.

For e9va//br/tltfJ I LJ IY/q

(YJB

2.,.5'

fl a9f'

of

I---l-.....

::: 0 or

(s + H)ff

4)

where

4 .: dra1 on the pole and d& :: dray on 1Hf sir/?

From Fic/.

9.28

wifli ilD.: 0,/ for the si7rJ

(/)

3S1
i!,p~ D

CDs::: /, q

From ~7' 9./9 if the po.rf aots as tf srvare rod

....., 1-1
with s hal'p cornel'S cnp == 2.2. Th/J~ wilh 17== 3 0nJl'h ;:: 'f'f tt
t:l ::

-J-DT!:z.C
~

'j)

17 tn.

,,==...L
'0 001-3~ ,/vf;!..) (tf'fii)2(19) (~).. (9Jf)ff2.) -22 III
s I'1s
2. \
f{3
..r'
/ ~ -- . I/O
I

and

~f =1: W2.C/)P lip =' i(o.oo:m ;'1;-) ('f'ff1. t(2..2.) ( ~ (S)ft) " 6.3'f/l,
-rhtJs; from Eq.,(;) ~

MB :::; ~.sff

(b.31f/b) +(s+!J)ff{22,716):::: /62

9-'1-7

ff-Ib

9.48

Determine the moment needed at the

base of ZO-m-tall, 0.12-m-diameter flag pole to
keep it in place in a 20 m/s wind.

FOr ervi/i Driom I

Jj=c.

Since

I>

thai

Thus,

i y2.iD
P UD
Re =-:r::=

fYJ =

l,jJ

(2.0'1- )(0.12 m)
-5

/.lf6 X IO

2.

!}

.s

==!.6'fx/0

CD == /.2

&0=

/.2

(f )(I.~ ~3)(ZO'f)2.(2()11I)(O.I2.IIJ):;; 70aN

Hence J from r (/)

M:;;

(I)

where

~ ( 70 8N)::: ?,080;Vi?}
2.

9,1ft(

I
~}.49
Repeat Problem 9.48 if a 2-m by 2.5-m flag is attached
to the top of the pole. See Fig. 9.30 for drag coefficient data
for flags.

=4tbi

For eqtJi/ibritJm, /YJ

+(1, - ~ )~2.
where ~ = 2 0 m) 12.. = 2.5 mJ (Inri D2 ::: 2m.
From the so/v-lion +0 Problelh q, Jf8 ) ~I ~::

IJ/so}

/}2.., =CD

t pTJ 12. D2
2.

.:.11
9.30 WllfJ

) where from FIg.

we obfoin ClJ = 0,08.

(I)

(2.)

n12. == T2.5 :;:

2-

Thus}

082 == o.o8(1)(I.1-3~)(20':)~(2IEhJ)(21T1) = 98,'111

By combinifJ9 '1s . (/), (2.)) and (3) we ohfain
/'1:: 7,080 /V.", +(20m - 1m) (98,';' N) = B)qSO N'm

/.2S'

9,SO
9.50
During a flood, a 30-ft-talJ, lS-ft-wide tree is uprooted, swept downstream, and lodged against a bridge pillar
as shown in Fig. P9.S0 and Vjdl~O V7.(j. Estimate the force that
the tree puts on the bridge pillar. Assume the tree is half submerged and the river is flowing at 8 ft/s. See Fig. 9.30 for drag
coefficient data.
'1'

8 !tis

.--+-

.. FIGURE P9.50

Force of free on bridge ::: dr(J1 on free c r/J: c" fell'lJ

whe re lJ== 8 H&/lS,Sl)me fhe free is .rha;ed as a/} e//ifue anti -t I~ /n fhe 1114/91',
7htJsJ
A :;; (dJ (30 It) (/ S fl) :: /771-12.
FrDfJ1 Ft9' 9,3(} tis the wind pas I a free ;f)cr~a.re~ I/Jc clrllf ctJe!l;c/~/J1
decre.'IIsBS (fhe leaves "(Did /;P,(;X
1I.r.rv",e //;e.rafJJe Inif)! l1o//BIJ.r III

).

wafet

411d

(/.re

c;::; 0.1..0,

7h{).JJ
h
rx9'::: o,,,o(f)(/,9~.!;')(eP/ (!77f1:L)

9-0

-::: 2Z00//;

9.s/

9.51

If for a given vehicle it takes ZO hp to

overcome aerodynamic drag while being driven
at 65 mph, estimate the horsepower required at
"15 mph.

9-SI

9..52.

9.52 Two bicycle racers ride 30 km/hr through

still air. By what percentage is the power required
to overcome aerodynamic drag for the second
cyclist reduced if she drafts closely behind the first
cyclist rather than riding alongside her? Neglect
any forces other than aerodynamic drag. (See Fig.
9.30).

~D

==

power when nof dl'offing

==

Volta :: U CDJ/IJ f py"A = q,ND ipV~

dnd

Po

dl'oflilJfj :: CD -ipu A

= power when

From Fi9' 9. 30
Thus,

CD

WI)

== 0,88

Q/Jd

q,D== 0,50

0.88 -O,5Q.
0,88

= 0,'1.3)",) i.e',) a

1,L3,27, decrease

9.S'f

I
9.54
On a day without any wind, your car consumes x gallons of gasoline when you drive at a constant speed, U, from
point A to point B and back to point A. Assume that you repeat
the journey, driving at the same speed, on another day when
there is a steady wind blowing from B to A. Would you expect
your fuel consumption to be less than, equal to, or greater than
x gallons for this windy round-trip? Support your answer with
appropriate analysis.

1rlp wHh fhe lafrJer pOW81' lOST aV8 f() qerodYI)/Jmic drdf willllJ'e fhe
mO.It 94.f. L ef ( ), mean
winJu tlnti ( )2. mean //wine/II,

np

No wino!:
4 :: c/) -t pu"'l; fof' ~ofh 11.-. B

0)

41ld

B~II

).

Thtl~

-;; ~ p()wer ::: 1J~ :;: 1:p7l}[)/l

(2)

Wind

(7Jw -'=

,j~ ::: CIJ f

wilJd speed;

ttl f7lwfll

/)2. == Col) 1. P(ll"'~J2.fi

TlJIJ.s

as.sV/IIe ~<:7J):

for /1-+8

B~II

fDt'

11 ~ tp(U+1lw) 7Jcj)1I
I

:: i

fot' I}~B

(J (rJ-7Jwt

7J ~ IJ for 8-,./1
ner'lf f).sed ::: ~( where ,,::: filJ/B III 1Q froll/ /I~ B PI' !~Il
Thvs
E, == 2- (te 7J3c/JIJ)i
J

(Jfld

2. ==

..1..
2

f (77-171) 2. UC/) Il t

.L

-I- 1.

p( TJ -Uw)2. UCb/l rI
::

t. e.

mf)/,fi fvel needeJ whelJ Windy

q-53

/ + (71w /7J)

:z. <: I

9..5.5
9.55
A 2S-ton (SO,OOO-lb) truck coasts down a steep 7%
mountain grade without brakes, as shown in Fig. P9.SS. The
truck's ultimate steady-state speed, V, is determined by a balance between weight, rolling resistance, and aerodynamic drag.
Assume that the rolling resistance for a truck on concrete is 1.2 %
of the weight and the drag coefficient is 0.96 for a truck without an air deflector, but 0.70 if it has an air deflector (see Fig.
P9.S6 and Video VIJ.S). Determine V for these two situations.

v
--TrUCk width

For cOlJs/ant .rp~eJJ

&

FIGURE P9.55

Fx : mtlx ::: 0

!)

Of'

Wsie::: a9 -/- F
where (J == Qrc fan (i/o) :::

'I.

~00 fA (sin 'f.oode,) =t

or
3 'f9a 16

(aJ

1.

= O,/~3 UcJ)

(0.001-38

c/j:::

O,7() J

:./;~ ) lJ'-C/) (/2 N1%fl) +0. 0/2 (5'~ 000 /b)

+600 Ii

1 r C/) ::. 0.9 t fhen II =/If!-

(b) If

) tiJ= t f 712. c/) /I

J/.. 00 tie,

Thvs
0,

then U:::

= 10 ft

/70 ji

=:-

qi//meA

= /lbPlpn

9. .56
9.56
As shown in Video V9.S and Fig. P9.56, the aerodynamic drag on a truck can be reduced by the use of appropriate air deflectors. A reduction in drag coefficient from
CD = 0.96 to CD = 0.70 corresponds to a reduction of how
many horsepoer needed at a highway speed of 65 mph?

(a) CD

=0.70

(b) CD

-p ::: poWer

==

gO'

FIGURE P9.56

where

2-

rIJ == f p U CD A
Th us) tJ. P ;;: reJl1cliolJ if) power
==1b-~
::: t p7J 3 A[CDb

W;I h 71::: 65' mph :::

C~a]

95 . 3 .ft;sJ

b'P ;::. i (O,00238!.}:J-!.) (9S.3.fi)3(JOff)(Jlf/) [0.96 -0.70]

;::. 32;; 100

( i-ohb) : : .58. if hp
oS'

9-S5

=0.96

9.57
9.57
The structure shown in Fig. P9.57 consists of three;
cylindrical support posts to which an elliptical flat-plate sign is
attached. Estimate the drag on the structure when a 50 mph
wind blows against it.

where If we a..r.r(/llJe the s;911 is (Jf) el/~eJ

/l:: f

9.0 0 1-12.:: 0, aft (;0511) ::: /2.,0 Ifl. /lAd

IJ'J. ~

IIJ

(;off) (5f1) ~ 39.3 fl2.

At.;:

0.6 ff (15ft):::

l(f(lsfI)

== IS; off)"

From Fif. fl, z? J f()r tI Ihin disc ~/::: /,/

For -fhe cylindricaJ po.ri obl4/n Cb fr()m Fif - 9.'J-/ Cis ~ (7J :::S()IHIA::: 7.3.3.f!.)

Re ~ ~ ::
2.

l'

13.3

~!OI6~)
1p.

== 2.8X/().S' - - + C

/)~

/,S7X/() i'

::: 0.6

S inl/lar/YJ

Re3 ::;: .3 7x/O.5s~ C.o.J ~ 0. s

1

{(elf =:Jf.7X/o -

Cb~

ThvsJ from f. (/):

rff =i-(O.O()2.33 ~:f.t

::=

=: ().'J-S

(73.3P.tf!./ (39.3 ft) +O. Irp.ol-!j +O.S(!1. ff2)+o.2-S (lsf:,l2)]

3 7~ /iJ

9-56

9.SY
As shown in Video V9.5 and Fig. P9.S9, a vertical
wind tunnel can be used for skydiving practice. Estimate the
vertical wind speed needed if a ISO-lb person is to be able to
"float" motionless when the person (a) curls up as in a crouching position or (b) lies flat. See Fig. 9.30 for appropriate drag
coefficient data.

For eC((J///hritJm cond/Ii of},s

W=rIJ = CD t f TJ2.A
fls.sume

FIG U REP 9.59

w tv

W::: /60 Ih and C/)/}:: q fl:/. (see Fi'9. 9.30)

ThlJ,s}
/601b == (f)(O.00238S1pS) U'l-(9f1'-) where U.....
or
ff)( S28of+
Iml )(36 0 0..$)
U-(
- 122 5
I hn
:::83.2",1'h

fj

Nofe : If fhe skydiver /~flr/erJ lip il1fo a haIr, fhen Call?:.

(see

Fi9 .9.30) and

(J=

/s8mph

9-S7

2.,slf

9. 6 o'It

9.60*

The helium-filled balloon shown in Fig.

P9.60 is to be used as a wind speed indicator. The
specific weight of the helium is y = 0.01lIb/ft3 ,
the weight of the balloon material is 0.20 lb, and
the weight of the anchoring cable is negligible.
Plot a graph of f) as a function of U for 1 sUs
50 mph. Would this be an effective device over
the range of U indicated? Explain.

FIGURE P9.60

For- fhe balloon fo remain stationary

2: Fx ~ 0 and 2: Fy = 0
rb
Thlls) IJ = T cos e or T == c()..s e

W + T silJ e +k1Je
which comhine 10 qiV8

I4nrJ.

Fa .: : W t

c!J

~e

==

. I/J.
= IenSlon

CQ

ble

ftJ178 + ~e

Sui W.= 0,2 /6 )

and

pJP

==

(I)

F8 =eq"V =(7. 6 x/ti2.~) (-f H)3:::: o.32o'llb

ONe V = (0.0 II ~) 'i:{l (1: H)3:: 0.01,16/ /6

ThLJs) f/I (I) becomes

o.320'l1i; = 0,2 /b

or
of! fan

+,j} f4/JB + O.oi.jt/ II:,

e :: O. 07l(-3 /6

(2)

(I/-)

100
110
120
130
1'"'0
150
160
170

cis
open "prn" for output as #1
print#l, "***************************************************"
print#l, "** This program calculates the angle of the
**"
print#l, "** cable as a function of the veloci t.y of the
**"
print#l, "** air.
Values of the drag coefficient are
**"
print#l, "** obtained from Fig. 9.23 as a function of
**"
print#l, "** Reynolds number.
**'1

(con'!:.)
Q-S8

(con 'I;)

9.60'
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310

printfl:l, "***************************************************"
printfl:l, " II
pi = 4*atn(1)
printfl:l,"
U, mph
CD
theta, deg"
for i = 1 to 10
print " "
input "For a velocity of (in mph) U=",U
Re = 1.27E4*(88*U/60)
print using "the Reynolds number is Re=#.###~~~'-II;Re
input "Enter the drag coefficient:
CD=".CD
theta = (atn(19.9/(CD*(88*U/60)~2)))*180/pi
print using "For U = fl:fl:#.#fl: mph theta = ##.###fl: deg";U,theta
print#l, using II ####.# ##.###
#fl:#.##fl:";U,CD,theta
next i
, ***************************************************
** This program calculates the angle of the
**
** cable as a function of the velocity of the
**
** air. Values of the drag coefficient are
**
** obtained from Fig. 9.23 as a function of
**
** Reynolds number.
**
***************************************************

theta, deg
CD
U. mph
87.524
0.400
1.0
79.707
2.0
0.420
0.540
34.421
5.0
10.0
0.550
9.548
7.102
15.0
0.330
20.0
0.100
13.022
25.0
0.080
10.482
6.516
30.0
0.090
2.759
40.0
0.120
50.0
0.160
1.325
I --------------------------------------------------,

e vs U

I i!

90

1\

80

70

60+--\~--~~------+-------~------~------~

~ 50+--4-\----~------+_------~------~------~
! 40+---\~--~------_+------_4--------~----~
30+---~\--~-------+------~--------~----~
20~-~\~--~----~--~--~

./

""--

10+-------~----~~--~~_4--------~----~

./

"""'-I---

O~--~----~--~~==~==~
o

10

30

20

40

U,mph

50

lNofe :oBe:cause of the sudden

chon98 in C/) when Ihe

boundar! layer DecrJfII9S

furhu/slll (at ahout /S mph),
the e vs U eUl've i.s hi9hly
non - linear. 1/J loe" for So/l#
valves of e there is more fhfJA
one po-ss/bie va/fie 01 Y. If
would /Jot wo"k well rJ,f a INiAd
speeJ indica/of'

q-sq

,n Ih;s f'4IJfR.

9.61
A 2-in.-diameter cork sphere (specific weight = 13
Ib/ft 3 ) is attached to the bottom of a river with a thin cable, as
is illustrated in Fig. P9.61. If the sphere has a drag coefficient
of 0.5, determine the river velocity. Both the drag on the cable
and its weight are negligible.

9.61

60

r: Fx =

or

t.#-::: TC(Js6o'

(I)

and

ZFy::: 0 or Fa - W= Tslnl o'

(1.)

Since

'60

11 ::Vo/Vl1Js fJf cork== -!llr3

= /71'( Ji fl)3:;

2.1-2 t/o-.1 f+

4.10 V - :fJl'lt. V :: 7 si/l bil

(62../f -13)#" (j..'l-2 x/oTlJvs~

T:::

0./3

,-

if f()llows frf)/II Ff. (2.) thai

or

JfI'

t:: . , -

si",rI

aIh

From '1' (I) I ~::: CD feu%1J : ; 7 c()Sto() where

Thvs

1/

D ~

U=[ 2. T (;(J.s6~ ] =[
CD

e7r r

fJ

:2 (O.l3sIIJ)(;t7S6o ]
0.5 (1,'I1f ~:) 1f( ;tft)'I.

Q-60

k
2_

/I'lI!1Tr

ft

- 2 .S.5-:s

9.12.
9.62
Two smooth spheres are attached to a thin rod that is
free to rotate in the horizontal plane about point 0 as shown in
Fig. P9.62. The rod is held stationary until the air speed reaches
50 ftjs. Which direction will the rod rotate (clockwise or counterclockwise) when the holding force is released? Explain your
answer.

Lef 4 and

.. /O.7-ft diameter

del/ote fhe dra9

forces on fhe fell and ri9h f
~pher8.s respeclively. If 4 >~
fhe rod will To/ale covllier CIDG~t;ise.
_
I
7Js

:r~

4. - ;J. f

UD.

#OIi0

O.0023S

e.. ;:=
1..#

Re:::

and.
De

!Tj

=::

D UDR

l-

CJ)L

D8p.
.....tJ

__

Fif-

11

C/)L --

4 >4

fii

"1 ~

,.;!

B.21 Or 8.25 J

2.

v/..

1$

0.002-38 -!fp(SO~) (O.7f./)

alld ~R::: 0.5

CDR Lf DR
==
.1l 1\2

Since

3.1'1-1./0

=0.06

(17/..

Sf)

thai
(J)

sllJ ~(50#)(I,Sf/)

3.7'1'/./0

fJ'

Thv~ frrJlII

:z

wlJere CL) =:: CJ) (Re J.

IJA.
=:: CbJ. IIJ.
CDt(

;(

~ and a&J? ~ CJ)R t 71 IIR

2.

1u

=:/1.771./0

.5
::; 2,23X 10

for smooth spheres

$0

thai

Eq.f/) 'lives

2.

0.5 (O.7{~)
O.06(J.5f1)1 == /.81

Ihe r()d will rotafe counter clockwise.

/lole; II11hOUfh Ihe rip,1 sphere /s S llJaller fhan Ihe Ielf, If has
more dra'j hSCfJlI..re il n4S a It/lYe rJr41 coefficielJf (/al1li/JfJr
boundary layer, wiJe waKe). The /4r,9 sphere has a smaller
drtJ1 coefficient (lurbulenl bounJ4ry layer J narl'pw waf.e).

9-61

Q.63

I
9.63

A radio antenna on a car consists of a

circular cylinder t in. in diameter and 4 ft long.
Determine the bending moment at the base of
the antenna if the car is driven 55 mph through
still air.

FOr e9ut//nrivm J g /YJ():: 0 J or fYIo = lrlJ

,dia- D
V=5 S mph
- - ff

==80.7 -

ltd}
1

2.=2ff

oS

where of) = CD fpV2.f1

(J)
.
Re -- Jll.
- (80,7#)-I/o VB
- ,I 07 X/0'1)
5 /l7ce
.y ft'-ft -

c:;,slRx

:sit follows from Fi9. q. 2/ fhol C~ ~ I. 3

lienee 01} = /..3 (t )(0.002.38 =!.~~5 ) (BO. 71j)'J. (if (1) ( ~ fI)

/Yl()

/,57 x 10

Thus) Mo = (2 fI) (0.8'10) = /.68 Ff Jb

9. 65

Estimate the wind force on your hand

when you hold it out of your car window while
driving 55 mph. Repeat your calculations if you
were to hold your hand out of the window of an
airplane flying 550 mph.

b= CDterf2./I

where

U=(ssmph)(

Ii

~~m;h)

Ass/)f/)c your hand 1'.5 'fin_ by bill, i/) si~e

a t~in disc wifh CD ~ 1.1 (see Pi-g.9.zq).

80.7!t

dnd acl.s like

Thvs)
rIJ=(J,J)(~)(O,00238)(eo.7fj)').(11f1)(&N) == /, 1f2 Ih
If your hand is norma} 10 the fhe lif! force is zero.

For U =550 mph == e07 Y (i,e') a /0 fold increase in rJ) fhe

2
draq will increase by (J factor of 100 (i.e~ 08- U )J or JJ= /'f2/b

Note: We have assumed fh4t CL) is not a funcl/on of v. That /sJ

if is /Jof a fvn&lion of either Re:::: ~ or /Y/fJ -::

*" .

9-62

?, 66 It I

9.66* Let 0>0 be the power required to fly a

particular airplane at 500 mph at sea-level conditions. Plot a graph of the ratio 0>/0>0' where 0> is
the power required at a speed of U, for 500 mph
=:; U =:; 3000 mph at altitudes of sea level, 10,000
ft, 20,000 ft, and 30,000 ft. Assume that the drag
- coefficient for the aircraft behaves similarly to
that of the sharp-pointed ogive indicated in Fig.

9.2f.

-p == Urb ::; CD i

pV fJ

'P

t eV3C

ro

2. 00

Do

fhaf -::;:}:;::; ..L eJ1!C A -

.sO

(88 ft )

Nodw1 Yo =(s 00 mph) (6()m~h) = 733~

an
/Ylo =
where C k RTi so fhat Co -::

or

=1
Ii.

J&. = 1//7
7 33 ~
11

M =
1'lfJo
Co

Hence J from Fi9.

eno = 0,2

9,ZtfJ

so

fils 0,

or

Ma =

e
(-JL)
PoC
Va

fhal ". (f)

(I)

D
Do

/1. If (17/6/it '~~R ) ('1-60+ 5'1) oR

hecOf!J8.5

(- U
733

where
Q -

-p _
-6 C V.3 h
if )3 or 70
- 5,33 x/o r D were
ffS.
U,., Ii and
CD =Cb(fYla) from h~. 9.2'1- CDI Fe~ s;:r(3J

e CD

1> _

% - (0.002 38 sllJ~)(O.2)
M-

"-/
= / / /71f

== 0 656

.s

U
Vf.JI. (1716~J~~t/l) (Jf6() t T) 'R'
U

where TJN fj and T'" 'F

,; 2 Lf 00 ('1-60 +T)

Thos J for fhe givel) a/fi1ude obfain Tand p in Table C.I. Se lee f
bOO mph ~ U~ 3,()()O mph (i.e~ 73.3!f ~ U:: 'I-~oo 1j )J determine /!Ja
from '1,,('1) J C[) from Ef(J3J (the graph)) and ~ frblll Eq. (~J. The
reslI/fs are ploHeri be/olll.
0)

WI

IN /~OO() ffJ p::: 1.76 x/o- 3

Thus, i:,::; 9,98 x/o9 Cb V3
(J

Tt

T=

:2 3. Lj.

"F

Ma= 10eo
3
b) 11-1 2~oooflJ P=/.27 x/o- S/7!- 7= -/2.3 'F
J

Thvs

:e

-9

~ :: 6.77 X /0

Nf _
I'IQ -

Cb

{:l.)

U
IOIf()

9-63

(If)

9.66 4

(conll)

and

3~OOO ff
Thus ~:::

c) IN

M-

I'-I(J.-

Proqratn P91166
WQS f4keIJ fro",
100
110
120
130
ll,o.O

150
160
170
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
300
310
320
330
3l,o.O
350
360
370
380
390
~oo

410
~20

430
440
450
460
465
470
l,o.80
l,o.90

e~ 8.9/

x/o-If.

sf:-

T =- tf7.8 fir

'I,7S X/O- 9CD y3

q'ls

s/70Wh

belolV Wqs flsed for the CQ/cfJ/4Iiol)s. Cb vs (;14 rit/fa

Fi9J ? 2'1-.

cIs
open "prn" for output as #1
dim M(17), C(17), A(3), AA(3)
print#l, "*************************************************"
print.#l, "** This program calculates the power rat.io
**"
print#l, "** at different altitudes of flight for
**"
print#l, "** flight speeds from 500 to 3000 mph.
**"
print#l, "*************************************************"
C(1)=0.19 : C(2)=0.23 : C(3)=0.l,o.2 : C(l,o.)=0.55 : C(5)=0.52
C(6)=0.49 : C(7)=0.46 ! C(8)=0.43 : C(9)=0.40 : C(10)=0.38
C(11)=0.37 : C(12)=0.36 : C(13)=0.35 : C(ll,o.)=0.35
C(15)=0.34 : C(16)=0.34 : C(17)=0.34
A(1)=1080 : A(2)=10l,o.O : A(3)=995
AA(1)=9.38E-9 : AA(2)=6.77E-9 : AA(3)=4.75E-9
for i = 1 to 17
M(i) = 0.25*(i+l)
next i
for i = 1 to 3
z = 10000*i
print#l, " "
print#l, using "For an altitude of z = ######. ftl!;z
print.#l. " U, mph
Ma
CD
P/Po"
U = 0
for j = 1 to 6
B = 0
U = U + 500/60*88
Ma = U/A(i)
for k = 1 to 17
if B = 1 then goto 450
if Ma > M(k) then goto l,o.50
CD = C(k-1) + (C(k) -C(k-l) )*(Ma - M(k-l))/(M(k) - M(k-l))
B

next k
ratio = AA(i)*CD*U 3
UM = U*60/88
print#l, using" #####.#
next. j
next i
ft

#.####

#.####

(con II;)
9-6'1

#.###ft"ftft!l;UM,Ma,CD,ratio

?# 6 6 4~

(con'-lJ
~~~*********************************************~

**

**

This program calculates the power ratio

at different altitudes of flight for
flight speeds from 500 to 3000 mph.

**

**

**
**
*************************************************
For an altitude of z =
10000 ft
U, mph
Ma
CD
PIPo
500.0 0.6790 0.2186 8.088E-Ol
1000.0 1.3580 0.5370 1.589E+Ol
1500.0 2.0370 0./,r556 /,r.550E+Ol
2000.0
2.7160 0.3827
9.061E+Ol
2500.0 3.3951 0.35/,r2 1. 638E+02
3000.0 /,r.07/,rl 0.3/,r00 2.717E+02
For an altitude of z =
20000 ft
U, mph
Ma
CD
PIPo
500.0 0.7051 0.2228
5.9/,r9E-Ol
1000.0 1./,rl03 0.5308 1. 13/,rE+Ol
1500.0 2.115/,r 0./,r/,r62 3.216E+Ol
2000.0 2.8205 0.3772 6./,r/,r5E+Ol
2500.0 3.5256 0.3500 1.168E+02
3000.0 /,r.2308
0.3/,r00 1.961E+02
For an altitude of z =
30000 ft
U, mph
Ma
PIPo
CD
500.0 0.7370 0.2279 /,r.270E-Ol
1000.0 1./,r7/,r0 0.5231 7.839E+00
1500.0 2.2111 0./,r3/,r7
2.198E+Ol
2000.0 2.9/,r81 0.3721 /,r./,r61E+Ol
2500.0 3.6851 0.3500 8.196E+Ol
3000.0 /,r./,r221 0.3/,r00 1.376E+02

100

- - z =10,000 ft

a..
it

- - - z = 20,000 ft
- - - - - z =30,000 ft

f------

100

---~,--

10000

1000

U, mph

9-65

9,~7

1).67
A 0.50-m-diameter meteor streaks through the earth's
atmosphere with a speed of 1800 mls at an altitude of
20,000 m where the air density is 9 X 10- 2 kg/m 3 and the speed
of sound is 300 m/s. The specific gravity of the meteor is 7.65.
Use the data in Fig. 9.24 to determine the rate at which the meteor is decelerating.

z:: r::: ma

or

tb= mq

TIJvs,

1: pref) f 1/- == fm .; 1/(.g)3 fA

where
If. (/) 3 [
l!. 1 'I- (0.5111)3
m ~ Pm -:3 11 ~) ::: 7,65 (1 000 /113) J r 71 --r ==
IIlso
U
/fIa ::: C" =
j

9-66

Phi ~ SG PN~o
I.

0/ ~9

9.68
9.68
A 30-ft-tall tower is constructed of equal I-ft segments
as is indicated in Fig. P9.68. Each of the four sides is similar.
Estimate the drag on the tower when a 75-mph wind blows
against it.

flss llme no inferference be/ween

4~===~~
....
....

fu

the

fronf and back portions of the lower.

A/so, neq/Bd fhe cJrfHI on the sider of

2 in.

FIGURE P9.68

(I)

L
t

Thus) from

r.. (t)

,j} = 30(l. (O.OO2.3FJ s~~s )(110 ~l)[(J.q8)(2.)(I ff)(-kH)+(18)(kH)(

t

et~~8V2 rt)
(1.82.) (z){/f/)(k H) +(1. rO(J. f+)( 8 t8/~812 r+)J

or
,j} = BSq Ib

9-67

9.69
9.()9
A 2-in.-diameter sphere weighing 0.141b is suspended
by the jet of air shown in Fig. P9.69 and Vidl:o V3.1. The drag
coefficient for the sphere is 0.5. Determine the reading on the
pressure gage if friction and gravity effects can be neglected for
the flow between the pressure gage and the nozzle exit.

Area = 0.3 ft2

t
Air
Area = 0.6 ft2

9-68

Q.70
9.70
The United Nations Building in New York is approximately 87.5-m wide and I 54-m tall. (a) Determine the drag on
this building if the drag coefficient is 1.3 and the wind speed is
a uniform 20 m/s. (b) Repeat your calculations if the velocity
profile against the building is a typical profile for an urban area
(see Problem 9.17) and the wind speed halfway up the building
is 20 m/s.

(C/)

of) == CD f f v'lJ ==

/.3 (i

T
h

)(1.23 ~)(2of t(15'1m)(87.SIfJ)

or

JJ ==

/1,3/ x /0

N=

'1-.3/ MN

h==l.5ifm

(b)

For ~n vrDQ/J areo, U;::. C yo.1.}

Thv.s J wdh u =2.0 lJ- af y -:: -b: : 77fJJ

we obfain
C

= :,.11-

== 3.52.

or

f).

== 3.52

The 10141 drtl9 is

yO.4

wilh U 1} J Y'" In
IV

y= /s'!-

cb = deD =,fCD ip u. dlJ = -freD {(3.s2.

2

yO.If/- (87.5) dy

y::o

or

15~

.() =f(J.23) (1.3) (3. Sz/(87. S)

Thvs)

/,8dy = 967C~

rf} == 'f. /7 MN

9-61

) (f5'1r=

'/;/7

~/06 N

9.72
When the 0.9-lb box kite shown in Fig. P9.72 is flown
in a 20 ft/s wind, the tension in the string, which is at a 30 angle relative to the ground. is 3.0 lb. (a) Determine the lift and
drag coefficients for the kite based on the frontal area of 6.0 ft2.
(b) If the wind speed increased to 30 ft/s. would the kite rise
or fall? That is, would the 30 angle shown in the figure increase or decrease? Assume the lift and drag coefficients remain the same. Support your answer with appropriate calculations.

u = 20 ftls

/r':31b

(a)

z:: Fx

::: If) Ox =: 0

0'"

FIGURE P9.72

~::: Tcos30fJ
:::(316JC()s30o :::: 2.IOI/;

Thfl.fJ

e/) ==

tiJ
t('U2-A

-r=3Ih W= o.911J

of'
e/):::

O,i)/(J

/llso;

zry =mtly=:O
!hils;

C.l. ==ff TJ'''I1 =~

or
2Jfo/6

or

G. :: 0.8'1-0

0)
(2.)

9-70

9.73

9.73
A regulation football is 6.78 in. in diameter and
weighs 0.91 lb. If its drag coefficient is CD = 0.2, detennine
its deceleration if it has a speed of 20 ftls at the top of its
trajectory.

0.0238 Ii>
0,0283 S/fJr;s

::: O.Sil-1

ff

~
oS

9-71

fl. 7'19.74
Explain how the drag on a given smokestack could be
the same in a 2 mph wind as in a 4 mph wind. Assume the values of p and J..L are the same for each case.

/)= CD

LeI (

f U'J./J :::: CD pU 1l'Dt

)1 denofe conJilions

with lJ= Jl}-

with U= 2. !p7/;lIs with p, =f:l 1 fo hove /J;::: ciA We hove

' u,2 rrDLA=V[)z2f2.
r
J
U1.2. lTDLIJ or CDJl1 ~:::CD:;. Uz2CD/2ft
and ( )1.
J

Thai i.sJ
CD1 :::: LfC/)2

where CD, and C/)2- ore fvncfions of Re == ~D tJs shown

in Fi9vre 9,21 (a),
and ~ = Uz if foJ/oU/s fhat

Since 11 =uRei = 0,5 Re 2.

From F;~, 9,1-1 tq) we cqn deTermine

CD
a value of Re2 such fhat Re, -: : 0. S Rez
and CD1 =- Lf CD:;. j hence the drd9s

are e'ltJo/ eve"fhou9h the velocHies

are /JIJerlla J. This occurs beCOIJ.J'8
of fhe s()dden drop in ClJ as the
bo()ndafY Jqyer Decomes tlJf1hu/(}n1.

q-72

J.

CD2,.== 0. 25

____ 1__ _

9.77
Radius

= 0.845

in.

9.77

A strong wind can blow a golf ball off the tee by

pivoting it about point I as shown in Fig. P9.77. Determine the
wind speed necessary to do this.

- - Weight = 0.0992 Ib

When the ball is ahout 10 be blown

from Ihe fee fhe free bOdy dia9rtlm
is 4S showlI. flence.; hy .full/min, IfJD/lJ8111s
ObO()1 (I):
[J ~ ~ 0 or Wi == tJ r
vs)
(0. O'!f/2 /6) ( o. 2. oin.) = IJ (0.821 i".)

Tn

or

08= o. 0292/iJ

where

/Ie ~ fflf21Tr2

-ri.
IfIUS)

D.B2/ in.
.

Il

O. O'}.'I-~/O;:

CD 1...1.
(}fS)
2. (0.00138 If'

or

C/) U2. =: 130S where

1

V%r1.89SIIJ)
In i{!;.

2-

n'
x,:::O.lOln.

~T1

u- P.

(I)

For a sphere4- C/) ==~(Re) (see

Re == ~
p -

r=O.8IfsilJ.

[;'9- 9./..5) where

(2.)

(O.00233S'''9S/FlJJU(2.(().8~5)Il2.r.l)
3.1f7X/0 7 00',slfl3.)

01'

Re ~ 9tt rJ.; where V~!!-

(.1)

Trial and erN!' s()/fliion:

IlSSf)hJ e C/) =: O. If oS 0 Intll frf)/IJ 1- (/)J lJ::: S l
fro/l} o.{,1)
Re::: 9bl (~7./)
1
J

-::!

/!)

and

s. S 2 X/O . TAvs fro/J?

Try 41(J//;.
J

Fl9' 9.],5, Cj; -;: O. 2.5 :f (), ~Il

!Js.su/lJe Cb =: 0.1.2 so fh4t V::: 77,() #- tllJti Re:: 7,1f'rX/O~
T/JlIs.; Fro/IJ r;,. 9.~5J Cb -;:: 0.22 ChecKs.
lienee;

U;:;

77,tJ

#-

9.78

9.78

An airplane tows a banner that is b =

0.8 m tall and e= 25 m long at a speed of 150
km/hr. If the drag coefficient based on the area
bEis Co = 0.06, estimate the power required to
tow the banner. Compare the drag force on the
banner with that on a rigid nat plate of the same
size. Which has the larger drag force and why'!

P = rbV where oft= CD fy'J/I w/I/; f}::: bi.

Thus wilh CD=O.06tJnd lJ:::~.50~)( 3}0'::.5)( 'f~O: ):::~1.7.p
J

fhis 9ive.s
-p = (0,06) ( )(1, 2.3 ~)('fl. 7.!fl

(O.Bm)(-;.Sm) ;: 5

3, S

xl 0.3

W :: S 3,5 k W

For a r'9id fla-l plate

P = rlJ7J = 2 CD 1fV~bi

(fhe f4c1or of fwo is needed hectlf)Se

the

drQ9 coefficjenf is bClSed QIJ file dra1 QIl ()ne

iI,'fh Re/J ~

Wj

side ()f
V},

-u':=

.e"

FI9J 9./s a

va/tie

('l-1.7,f-)(25hJ)
UI'

-$

k-rD X/O

of

m
oS

Ihe pIa If) )

= 7, /~X/O 1

CD:::: o.O();).s

IJ.f'

We ()oraln

rrom

for a smooTh pia/e.

Th()s)
'P ==

2- (0.002.5)( J..) (1.231;) (If!. 7-lJ!-i( o. 8m )(2-.5",) = -.lft x IO.3W :: /f. f~ AW

For +he flal p/4le cQ.!'e the d1'4! is re/alillefJ sll/al/ becfJlJSe /1 IS
doe elJf"f'e~ 10 sheqr(viscotJ,s) forces. /)V{) 10 fhe I'/flvller/1J9 of 1);61
banner, (/ 900d porl/o!} of /4 JrtJ1 (4!}ril;elJce power) is (J reS'()/1 01
preS-SlIf'8 forces . II /'.t /lui (/s slreomh"ned tiS a 1'I"tiel /hI pIale.
h

9-7'1-

9.7Q

I
9.19

By appropriate streamlining the drag coefficient for an

airplane is reduced by 12% while the frontal area remains the
same. For the same power output, by what percentage is the
flight speed increased?

p :;: g TJ

I;ere rfJ ::: CD

Lei (

)0 denole the

Thvs J

w/lh

eDt)

r;:: 11

feo Tl;;2.flo Yo

3.3
Tfo.C
ao == u.s c[)~

...

==

f f 7Jit

ori,inlJ I conlijllrtlfion t:fnJ (

CDs i

)05

the slream/ied one.

we ohfa/n

f!s (!./I1.s Us or w/-/IJ t90 ~lJs ) po -:: f~

ThllsJ

[c.]~
T::::
cl>P. =[
Vo
Ds
C

tl

Do

C.

iJo

-O,/2CD(')

J3=I,
k

0'135

h speed Increqse
Note: 'P~ U3Cl> .so/hal JfJ==3V2.GbJU.fU3JCj). Thvs w/IJJ
JfJ=O this give.s t5U = - f Jet) =- -0;2 = -+0.01/- == 4-%
t:e'J a '1-.35

TJ

9.80

CD

I
9.BO
The dirigible Akron had a length of 239
m and a maximum diameter of 40.2 m. Estimate
the power required at its maximum speed of 135
km/hr if the drag coefficient based on frontal area
is 0.060.

P:;alJU J where ob'=Cf)teU'll

Thus) with [J:::(/3.5~)( 31 oh;s)( ',Okhlm) = 37.5.lfP = CD -tpU 3 f}

=(0.o60)(i)(J.2.3 !;;-3) (37.S!p)3Cf) (lfo.2tn/- == 2.'1- 7 X/06

or

= 2.1- 7 x 10

AW (/.3/f.~)= 3310 hp

9-7S

k~:2.

9.8/ I
9.81

Estimate the power needed to overcome the aerodynamic drag of a person who runs at a rate of 100 yds in lOs in
still air. Repeat the calculations if the race is run into a 20-mph
headwind; a 20-mph tailwind. Explain.

9-76

Q.83

I
A fishnet consists of 0.10-in.-diameter
9.83
strings tied into squares 4 in. per side. Estimate
the force needed to tow a 15 ft by 30 ft section
of this net through seawater at 5 ft/s.

o.lo-in.-dia. cylinder
ifin.

Jfin/.V
~/

/
/'.

I U~ecfjon 1/ / / /
The net cQn be freafed as one lon9
.... 1-~--.!'-/~--t---t---1~
0,/0 -/n. -diameTer .circular cylinder wlfh

ell = C; f [JUl./} J where U::: 5 #-

. Each

I fl' .sectirJn

Qr Ihe net

conTains 6 feel {}f sfri171 (donoi C()IJnt fhe edges fwice). ThPJ.; f/;e
fola/ sfri/Jy lell,lh ;0$ 0fJlioximalely 1 =(6 ff2o) (/5 f-l)(30f/) = 2700 Ii
f)lso, since p= /,99 s~ and 1/:::: /.26 x/o-.s ~2. (see Table 1,5)

Re::::
0:::

Vb

rs

q,;. fI)
1,26 x10-.5 1J!
1J)(

= 33/0

ThlJs}

/J==(I,I)(1)(1.99%'1S)(sfj/{~ft)(2700ft):::: 6/61b

9-77

u
9.84

An iceberg floats with approximately,

of its volume in the air as is shown in Fig. P9.84.
IT the-wInd velocity is U and the water is stationary, estimate the speed at which the wind forces
the iceberg through the water.

7 volume in air

11

---.~--------~-FIGURE P9.84

Lei ( ~ denofe fhe portion of the /cebel"fJ in fhe air

dnd ( )w Ihal porlio/) in Me w4ler.
Thv.s} ~:::
and Vw::= f V J where 11:: vo Itlme 0 f fhe ice ber9

t-v

For sfeady mofion)

4::: 08w

where
and

wlln

4 -= ~q i ~(U - rh')2.Aa
A _

GVw-

.1. 0

11 Z Ll

'Dw2. \W Vb

nw

i1 :: speed ot fhe iceber9

(I)

9-78

9.85

I
9$5
A Piper Cub airplane has a gross weight
of 1750 Ib, a cruising speed of 115 mph, and a
wing area of 179 ft2. Determine the lift coefficient
of this airplane for these conditions.

'1.86 )
A light aircraft with a wing area of200 ft 2 and a weight
of 2000 Ib has a lift coefficient of 0040 and a drag coefficient
of 0.05. Determine the power required to maintain level flight.

9.86

t~ W=2 0 00/b == ~ ifU~1l

For eqlJi/;hrium
or

2000 / b

.sIll

2-

= (0.'100) f. (0.00 23 8 -;/f) U (zoo ff')

Hence)

TJ = 1'IS !i
Also; p::: power =: It Tl) where
rIJ= e/) i:pV'-;; =(O,OS)i(O,00238E~)(/'1$fil(2.oofl2)~ 250/1;
/Vofe; Thi.s valve of rb C()vld he ohlailJed frfJm
~ == ~ := f!:. :: (),1f() :: 8 fJr d9 ~ ~ : : ?:..,ooo//; ~ :;.50 II;
/IV

(7./

c{)

o.oS.J

ThvsJ
h ) ::
P ~ 250/lJ (1'1-5 JJ
s )::: 3.b3 x/O /f .!.:Ul.
~ ( sso/ {(.J1J
-:r

9-79

65.9

hp

9,17
9.87
As shown in Video V9.9 and Fig. P9.87, a spoiler
is used on race cars to produce a negative lift, thereby giving a better tractive force. The lift coefficient for the airfoil
shown is CL = 1.1 and the coefficient of friction between
the wheels and the pavement is 0.6. At a speed of 200 mph,
by how much would use of the spoiler increase the maximum tractive force that could be generated between the
wheels and ground? Assume the air speed past the spoiler
equals the car speed and that the airfoil acts directly over
the drive wheels.

Tracfive force

Fz ~ Ji ~

where j1. ~ coef{j'c,ieni rI {net/on

Thf)~)

= spoiler length = 4 ft

JW
w::

O. 6

fl A~ =ft i!.; where

LlF;. ,".r fhe

increase in fracl/ve force d{)e fo the rdowlJwardJ //I'f.
Hence will; lJ:::; 200 hJnh:: 293 fils
.Af; :::;
)

,-

t= ipU 2 CL IJ = i(o.OO').3e SK-)(2Q31j/(;'/){J.5ff)(lfffJ-:= 67/b;

and
~

S ::=

0,6 (67~/b)-:: ,!-os /6

9-30

9.98
9.88
The wings of old airplanes are often strengthened by
the use of wires that provided cross-bracing as shown in
Fig. P9.88.1f the drag coefficient for the wings was 0.020 (based
on the planform area). determine the ratio of the drag from the
wire bracing to that from the wings.

Speed: 70 mph
Wing area: 148 ft 2
Wire: length = 160 ft
diameter = 0.05 in .

FIG U R E P9.88

so -Ih'rf

andsillce

Re -- Jl!2
1/ --

88# )(
-,om'"
--n:f.I

(7olYlph) (
I. ~7 x IO-JI. J:L2.

0.0.5

:::: 2720.

oS

From Fi9'

9.21 }

w/lh Re =: 271-0 we obTain

Hence)

clJwire
rx9lJ1ifJ9

(1.0)(0. 667f-lZ.)
(0.02) (IJf8 f/2.) :: 0.225

9-e/

or 22.570

9.89

I
9.81)
The jet engines on a Boeing 757 must develop a certain amount of power to propel the airplane through the air with
a speed of 570 mph at a cruising altitude of 35,000 ft. By what
percent must the power be increased if the same airplane were
to maintain its 570 mph flight speed at sea level?

-fJ:::: p()wer :::,fJ7J

ir 1]3Cb 1/

Lef ( )0 and ( )3$ den()le cOllrl/II()M af .seo, lei/el

Tnvs z?;:: 77;. .sf) fh41

&llJri

3.s;()()() ftrCfJflC!illof)

7j

-11.s- 16
~s
~
~

13s-

::::

..L

71.

c/)t)lio
df.;s ~ C.o.s./~~
2.

po

~\M

Sf)

or

__ 0.00238

w,Yh r()

~
~
~

0.0007.38

stqf

II A:, ~/lJ.5 411d

c/Jo

~~3') J

Vq/vOs from iaiJ/e cJ,

=8, 22

= 32'1.. tI-f

.I'D

h~~M

f/;ell

9.90

9.90
A wing generates a lift 5 when moving through sealevel air with a velocity U. How fast must the wing move
through the air at an altitude of 35,000 ft with the same lift
coefficient if it is to generate the same lift?

~
/IJIJ )Ji
- ~2.38)(/0-3:7I!
~eQ leve/- 7. 38 X/O"" 1/* q level

l{oofl

= .J. 80

r{eQ level

9.9/*

When air flows past the airfoil shown

in Fig. P9.91 the velocity just outside the boundary layer, U, is as indicated. Estimate the lift coefficient for these conditions.

f--

r0.8

If shear forces are negligible

~=

Jf cos e dlJ

FIGURE P9.9/

where fhe + siqn is used on

IIlso,

fhe lower surface j - sI9n on upper surf(lce.

fJ = 1'0 +ipV2.- -feu.'-

consfcmf aim().spheric

Since

preSSllre

the
~

doe.s not

c.onlrib"fe fo the liFt, we sei f. ~O

Thvs J fJ = fpy2.[J - (~tJ So fh4t

f.

-Ie -7.ZZz:z=-

J~a

f#f(,u [I-(tt] cos8dR

1

1.=

1.0

x
c

However, dll~ j Js where j: will9 leI/II/II

or cose dll:= cose ids = i rk

dA

~. '(~

Hence I

=-fpu

j[t -(~):L]idx +ffV2.f[I-(~)2-J 1 dX

upper
or

t :: f

f rl"l

lower

f[(%)2

- (%)~ ]dx

upper

lower

II/so; since G;. = f f' ~2A = i

if fo/lows thaf
I

CL

= j[ (-fff'
.!.::O

upper

-(-~)2fOlller

] d(i-)

e~2tC

wnere

Thi.s

C: chord

len9th

Infe9ral is obfained by nVQJcriCQ/

infeqrafio/J of fhe d4ta 9ir1en in fheh9vre.

The fo//OW/tJ9 f4h/e of Jaf4 is oJ/a/ncd ;

(con')
9-H'f

9.9/

"1

(conli)

-cx

[(~~:per - (~)~wer J

0.05

0.65
0.52
0.'1/

0./0
0./5

0.30

0.36
0.32
O. '2.q

0.35

0.2'/-

O.lfo
0.Jl.5

0.'2.0

0.20
0.2.5

D.SO
0 . .55
0.60

0.6..5
0.70

O.7E

0./8
D.17

O./S
O./~

0,12.
0.1/
O.Oq
0. 0 7

0.80
0.85
0.90
0/1.5

0.01

/.00

0.05

0.03

By lJ,sinJ the pro9ram TRAP~OI wHh the ahove valves of Ihe

infcqrIJluJ we ohf4in
*****************************************************
** This program performs numerical integration
**
** over a set of points using the Trapezoidal Rule **
*****************************************************
Enter number of data points: 21
Enter data points (X , Yl
? 0,0
? 0.55,0.15
? 0.05,0.65
? 0.60,0.11,t.
? 0.10,0.52
? 0.65,0.12
7 0.15,0.lxl
'? 0.70,0.11
'? 0.20,0.36
? 0.75,0.09
? 0.25,0.32
? 0.80,0.07
? 0.30,0.29
? 0.85,0.05
? 0.35,0.2lx
?
0.90,0.03
? 0.I,t.O,0.20
? 0.95,0.01
? 0.1,t.5,0.18
? 1.00,0
? 0.50,0.17
The approximate value of the integral is: +2.0550E-Ol

Thus)

~:::: 0.206

9.93

9.93

A Boeing 747 aircraft weighing 580,000

lb when loaded with fuel and 100 passengers takes
off with an airspeed of 140 mph. With the same
configuration (i.e., angle of attack, flap settings,
etc.) what is its takeoff speed if it is loaded with
372 passengers. Assume each passenger with luggage weighs 200 lb.

(I)

"::: CL ifV~A -::: W

Lei ( )'00 denofe conditions wifh /00 pdsset/ljers
ond ( )372 wilh 372 pqs.renrer.s. ThuS; w,lh ~/OO'" ~37.2 J
~oo ;:: 11372. J (}nd 800:::: ('37.2 Ef (I) 91ves

For

sfeady fli9ht

til 0 0

;/.37.2

Th/)~J

9,91f

U;:o
-2.-

~7:Z

or

u u700 ~r58~ooo580,
+(372
==

~12:: /'f6 mph

9.94

Show that for unpowered night (for which

the lift, drag, and weight forces are in equilibrium) the glide slope angle,
is given hy
tanH = CnIC t .

e,

FOr steady
L Fx

vn~wered

v~

fh9hf

=0 9lve.s

b= Wsil}8

== 0

t : : W&Dsf)

Te

tllld

Fy

91i1es

ThlJ s }

b_ W sinG

y-

-100) (2.00)J

000

'.312.

_.J.
()
1 (JIJ
J

Wt Os e -

Cb

fan e = Ct.

9-86

Ib

Ib]~

III TJ

J WI

'100-

JlfOlfl/J1J

9. q 5 J

If the lift coefficient for a Boeing 777 aircraft is 15

times greater than its drag coefficient, can it glide from an altitude of 30,000 ft to an airport 80 mi away if it loses power
from its engines? Explain. (See Problem 9.94.)

9.'J5

From Proble In 9, q if J
Hence,
I
or d=if;S)</05{1
/5

/5

~ooorl
d

= 8S.21J7/

lienee; the plane can q/ide 80m,:

9.96

9.96
On its final approach to the airport an
airplane flies on a flight path that is 3.00 relative
to the horizontal. What lift-to-drag ratio is needed
if the airplane is to land with its engines idled

back to zero power? (See Problem 9.94.)

e=

y-.pr

-.;:::!J

/??~1~-;~J

From Prohlem 9.9 if J

fan

~ _

CD
C'-

c'9
-==/,/
CD

9-87

9.97

9.97
A sail plane with a lift-to-drag ratio of 25 flies with
a speed of 50 mph. It maintains or increases its altitude by flying
in thennals, columns of vertically rising air produced by buoyancy effects of nonunifonnly heated air. What vertical air speed
is needed if the sail plane is to maintain a constant altitude?

WJ1h no vertical air h/ol;on Ihe sailp/ane w!.IJ/d

91ide wilh a slope Qn9/e OJ where since L F =0
tIf = 1.11 sine (Jnd t = Wcos{;. Helice) .!It::: 1I/si,,()
~

or since cIJ-::: ffV C/) /I

t = 1: PY

and

Cl II if follow.s

Ihat tan B=

Wc~B

==

tane

-*.

Therefore in sf/I/
4ir the s4i/p/one w()vld 10os8 alfilllrJe ctf a role ()f Usin()) where

fan) ( g~) : : fan' 1.sj:=2,29 ~ lienee, an upward wind 0 f(so "'ph) sin 2.29"
=: 2,00 mph wI/I a/low hori2 o
nlo/ fl'9hl.

() ==

9-ea

9Jl&

I
9.98
Over the years there has been a dramatic increase in
the flight speed (U) and altitude (h), weight ('W), and wing
loading ('WI A = weight divided by wing area) of aircraft. Use
the data given in the table below to determine the lift coeffiv
__
cient for each of the aircraft listed.
Aircraft
Year 'W,lb
U, mph 'WIA, lblit 2 h, ft
..................................................................................................................................................................
Wright Ayer
Douglas DC-3
Douglas DC-6
Boeing 747

Ct. ::: .j f 7J'-,tJ

Tnt/oS

Wri9hf F7yer

1903
1935
1947
1970

750
25,000
105,000
800,000

35
180
315
570

1. f u2j}

e s/V1.$/{f3
J

3Jl

-.3

1.5
25.0
72.0
150.0

- p77 L

'" ffls

0
10,000
15,000
30,000

(.W)

rr

w}IJ.

/61(12-

ct..

X/o

SZ3

~.s

o.--&o

DC-.3

I. 7t 'tJO- 3

2t/f.

2. S". 0

O.'ff)9

DC-6

/,sox/o

'It2-

72-, ()

O. f.SI

77

8.9/x/o-

83t

ISO

OJI-J2

2.

9-e9

9,99

9.99
The landing speed of an airplane such as the Space
Shuttle is dependent on the air density. (See Video V9.1.)
By what percent must the landing speed be increased on a
day when the temperature is 110 deg F compared to a day
when it is 50 deg F? Assume the atmospheric pressure remains constant.

('1-60 +/10)

(~60 +0)

== 1.//76

'ThlJS)

IT110.,

== VI, // 76

lloo :. 1,0572 77;0~

9-Qo

or a 5.727. IlJcre4Se

9,/00

J
'.100

Commercial airliners normally cruise at relatively

high altitudes (30,000 to 35,000 ft). Discuss how flying at this
high altitude (rather than 10,000 ft, for example) can save fuel
costs.

FOr /eve I Fli9ht W:::aircrafl wei'lht = ~::: ~ 1pu'"jJ

T/;/JsJ for given ~ C; J tI/ld f} Ihe dYIJ41J1/C pressure
is COllst ani /ndependenf of a/h'fvde. Thalls
.1. V 2)
- .L 7/2.)
or lJ
- (-J14t1t1~)~ U
2.. P 10., 0001; - 2 e 4~OfJ() ff J
:3~fJOO - f.3rJ,;OODj I~OOO
J

Hence ~o~ OO() > q" O()O

li/so,} s/I)ce flJe drill ;'S
.I

,/)

'"

=C/).J:pll2.I/)

.3";,OOD

.1 0" "(JI

:a-

t# ~c/) -fpV /I II

=C/JfplJ'II)

I~QIO

slIJce

f()//()JII..$

fhal

tpT{:fJI(J =f:e~(}tJl
-;

Hence fhe o/rcrarl can fly fosler af hif};f) a/l/ltJr/ed wllh file
.same (JlJlotJlJf of dr49 ( 4~,oll ~~"()o)
J

::

9-9/

9.102

9.102. Repeated controversy regarding the

ability of a baseball to curve appeared in the literature for years. According to a test (Life, July
27, 1953) a baseball (assume the diameter is 2.9
in. and weight 5.25 oz) spinning 1400 rpm while
traveling 43 mph was observed to follow a path
with an 800-ft horizontal radius of curvature.
Based on the data of Fig. 9.39 do you agree with
this test result? Explain.

For steady IJ')olion a/oIJ! Ihe curved

path ZJ F,. = m Or
or.2.

= m J{ ::: # where V={lf3mphJ( :os~:h)=63.1~

Thu~ ( ~62S Ib)(6 3.1 ~),. _
~-

1(::: 800

f-l

(32.2 iO(800 f+)

BUT)

- 0.0507 lb

~ = CL -J: fy2.fJ = ~ Py2.fD2.

or
_ 9t
_
e (o.OSo71J,)
L
C - 7l'pTli!.D2- - 1l'(O.OO2.38-?'fI)(6.3.I{fi"( #(1/- =0.:2.33

(I)

From h.,. ?39 wHh

D
PL2. 7J

If

= (1

rev)( Jmin )(2.11 rad)(2-.9 U)

-;;o.s Jrev n
2.. (63 . Ii} ) .

OOMfii

CL ~ O.OB which is less Ihal) IhB

:;

0.28/ We ohft:lin

t; =0.23.3

in

,,_ (I).

lienee (J smorJlh sphere would not curve QS mvch

perhaps a rotJ9h ball (i.e 'J (J/le w/fh seams) wov/d#

9-92

(IS

indicated, but

'I, /0.3

9.103

Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate

Objective:

A boundary layer is formed on a flat plate when air blows past the plate. The
thickness, 8, of the boundary layer increases with distance, x, from the leading edge of the
plate. The purpose of this experiment is to use an apparatus, as shown in Fig. P9.l 03, to measure the boundary layer thickness.

Equipment:

Wind tunnel; flat plate; boundary layer mouse consisting of ten Pitot tubes
positioned at various heights, y, above the flat plate; inclined multiple manometer; measuring calipers; barometer, thermometer.

Experimental Procedure: Position the tips of the Pitot tubes of the boundary layer
mouse a known distance, x, downstream from the leading edge of the plate. Use calipers to
determine the distance, y, between each Pitot tube and the plate. Fasten the tubing from each
Pi tot tube to the inclined multiple manometer and determine the angle of inclination, e, of
the manometer board. Adjust the wind tunnel speed, U, to the desired value and record the
manometer readings, L. Move the boundary layer mouse to a new distance, x, downstream
from the leading edge of the plate and repeat the measurements. Record the barometer reading, Hbar, in inches of mercury and the air temperature, T, so that the air density can be calculated by use of the perfect gas law.
Calculations: For each distance, x, from the leading edge, use the manometer data to determine the air speed, u, as a function of distance, y, above the plate (see Eq. 3.13). That is,
obtain u = u(y) at various x locations. Note that both the wind tunnel test section and the
open end of the manometer tubes are at atmospheric pressure.
Graph: Plot speed, u, as ordinates and distance from the plate, y, as abscissas for each
location, x, tested.
Results: Use the u = u(y) results to determine the approximate boundary layer thickness
as a function of distance, 8 = 8(x). Plot a graph of boundary layer thickness as a function
of distance from the leading edge. Note that the air flow within the wind tunnel is quite turbulent so that the measured boundary layer thickness is not expected to match the theoretical laminar boundary layer thickness given by the Blassius solution (see Eq. 9.15).
Data:

To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click hen'
to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem.

Boundary layer mouse

/Pitot tubes

-.::::Flat plate

Water-E........~

9-9.3

FIGURE P9.103

Solution for Problem 9.103: Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate

8, deg
25

Halm , in. Hg
29.09

T, deg F
80

y, in.

L, in.

u, ftls

Data for x = 7.75 in.

0.020
0.20
0.035
0.35
0.044
0.48
0.060
0.70
0.096
0.95
0.110
1.06
1.21
0.138
0.178
1.44
0.230
1.70
1.85
0.270

19.9
26.3
30.8
37.2
43.4
45.8
48.9
53.4
58.0
60.5

Data for x
0.020
0.035
0.044
0.060
0.096
0.110
0.138
0.178
0.230
0.270

0.15
0.35
0.45
0.71
1.20
1.30
1.56
1.77
1.95
2.00

17.2
26.3
29.8
37.5
48.7
50.7
55.6
59.2
62.1
62.9

19.9
28.8
31.5
37.5
44.0
45.8
50.7
55.2
59.0
61.0

Data for x = 1.75 in.

0.020
0.20
0.035
0.50
0.044
0.68
0.060
0.90
0.096
1.51
0.110
1.70
0.138
1.90
0.178
1.95
0.230
2.00
0.270
2.00

19.9
31.5
36.7
42.2
54.7
58.0
61.3
62.1
62.9
62.9

Data for x
0.020
0.035
0.044
0.060
0.096
0.110
0.138
0.178
0.230
0.270

YH20, Ib/ft"3
62.4

=5.75 in.
0.20
0.42
0.50
0.71
0.98
1.06
1.30
1.54
1.76
1.88

L, in.

y, in.

=3.75 in.

2
pu /2 = YH20 *L sin8
where
p = Palm/RT where
Palm = YH20*H alm = 847Ib/ft"3*(29.09/12 ft) = 20531b/ft"2
R = 1716 ft Ib/slug deg R
T = 80 + 460 = 540 deg R
Thus, p = 0.00222 slug/ft"3
Approximate boundary layer thickness as obtained from the graph:
x, in.
0, in.
1.75
0.15
3.75
0.20
5.75
0.27
7.75
0.30

9-9'1-

u, ftls

Problem 9.103
Velocity, U, vs Distance, y

c:
>-

0.30

,-----,----~---,------,I

0.25

----II--+-~--~-I

0.20

---~-------~~-------_H'__iI_+_-----1

0.15

-I-------------i--------I+--f--4-----1
I

-+-x

=7.75 in.

__ x = 5.75 in.

=3.75 in.
-e-x = 1.75 in.
--.- x

0.10

j
I

0.05

~~.-:;~-----------~----I

0.00

U,

80

60

40

20

ftls

Problem 9.103
Boundary Layer thickness, 8,
vs
Distance from Leading Edge, x

0.35

----"--~----+----~~___1

0.30
0.25

~~~~~~

------'---

c: 0.20
r-O~

Approximate boundary layer

thickness

Best fit power-law curve

I ; '---~_ _ _ _ _ _ _

0.15
0.10

--.---------~------ ---.------~-------_i

8 = OJ 12x.48
---~-----------------------------~

O. 05

+=----t-----~---t----;----__t__

0.00

+-----~-----r-----T----_,----~

x, in.

9-9.5"

10

---.J

9./otf.

9.104

Pressure Distribution on a Circular Cylinder

Objective: Viscous effect within the boundary layer on a circular cylinder cause boundary layer separation, thereby causing the pressure distribution on the rear half of the cylinder to be different than that on the front half. The purpose of this experiment is to use an apparatus, as shown in Fig. P9.104, to determine the pressure distribution on a circular cylinder.
Equipment: Wind tunnel; circular cylinder with 18 static pressure taps arranged equally
from the front to the back of the cylinder; inclined multiple manometer; barometer;
thermometer.
Experimental Procedure:

Mount the circular cylinder in the wind tunnel so that a static pressure tap points directly upstream. Measure the angle, /3, of the inclined manometer.
Adjust the wind tunnel fan speed to give the desired free stream speed, U, in the test section. Attach the tubes from the static pressure taps to the mUltiple manometer and record the
manometer readings, L, as a function of angular position, O. Record the barometer reading,
H bar, in inches of mercury and the air temperature, T, so that the air density can be calculated by use of the perfect gas law.
Use the data to determine the pressure coefficient, Cp = (p - Po)/(pU2/2),
as a function of position, O. Here Po = 0 is the static pressure upstream of the cylinder in
the free stream of the wind tunnel, and p = 'YmL sinf3 is the pressure on the surface of the
cylinder.

Calculations:

Graph:

Plot the pressure coefficient, Cp' as ordinates and the angular location,

e,

as

abscissas.

Results:

On the same graph, plot the theoretical pressure coefficient, Cp

obtained from ideal (inviscid) theory (see Section 6.6.3).

=1-

Data:

4 sin 20,

To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click here
to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem .

Water

.. FIGURE P9.104

Solution for Problem 9.104: Pressure Distribution on a Circular Cylinder

~,

deg

Hatm , in. Hg
29.97

25

e,

deg

L, in.
1.2
1.1
0.7
0.1
-0.6
-1.6
-2.4
-3.1
-3.0
-2.7
-2.7
-2.6
-2.6
-2.6
-2.6
-2.6
-2.7
-2.7
-2.8

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180

P = YH20*L

T, deg F
75

U, tUs
47.9
Experiment
Cp
p, Ib/ft"2
2.64
1.00
2.42
0.92
1.54
0.58
0.22
0.08
-1.32
-0.50
-3.52
-1.33
-5.27
-2.00
-6.81
-2.58
-6.59
-2.50
-5.93
-2.25
-5.93
-2.25
-5.71
-2.17
-5.71
-2.17
-5.71
-2.17
-5.71
-2.17
-5.71
-2.17
-5.93
-2.25
-5.93
-2.25
-6.15
-2.33

sin~

P = Patm /RT where

Patm

R
T

= YHg *H atm = 847 Ib/ft"3*(29.97/12 ft) = 2115 Ib/ft"2

= 1716 ft Ib/slug deg R

=75 + 460 =535 deg R

Thus, P = 0.00230 slug/ft"3

9-97

Theory

Cp
1.00
0.88
0.53
0.00
-0.65
-1.35
-2.00
-2.53
-2.88
-3.00
-2.88
-2.53
-2.00
-1.35
-0.65
0.00
0.53
0.88
1.00

Problem 9.104
Pressure Coefficient, Cp , vs Angle,

1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5

Experimental

Co

u -1.0

-1.5
-2.0
-2.5
-3.0
0

30

60

90

e,deg

120 150 180

Theoretical (inviscid
flow)

/0, I

10.1
Water flows at a depth of 2 ft in a lO-ft-wide channel.
Determine the flow rate if the flow is critical.

/0.21

10.2

The flow rate per unit width in a wide

channel is q = 2.3 m2 /s. Is the flow subcritical or
supercritical if the depth is (a) 0.2 m, (b) O.Sm,
or (c) 2.5 m?

v= -AQ = :tl
:: -i-Y
yb
or

Fir --

m~

2..3-:9
.l!l. '

19.81 s" y

y, m

/0.3

so fho f Fr ::: ~ = if
vg Y
yfiY

0.73#
S/2

Fr

were y- m

flow fype

a)

0.2-

8.21

b)

0.8

1,03

supercrificQ/
supercrif ical

c)

2.5

0.186

slJhcri/icol

J
10.3

Water flows in a canal at a depth of 2.8

ft and a velocity of 5.3 ft/s. Will waves produced
by throwing a stick into the canal travel both
upstream and downstream, or will they aJl be
washed downstream? Explain.

C=V~Y =j(32.2!J)(2.8ff)' ==9..5'O

ThlJs, with V::5.3 ~

c fhe wove CQI) frl1vel upsfream Cl9tJiIJSi

fhe c{)rrent. Re/alive to fhe sfretJlh bOI1K fhe wave fravels fJps1re4m
wi~h velocity t- V = 9.sofj -5.3 !+ = .2 !/-.1f also frove/.s dOlllfJsfream.
<

fhe flow i~ slIberifical.

Waves travel both vp-rfreCfff} 4IJd downstream.

Nofe: Fr =

:: :~!l = 0.558

/0-/

/o.Jf10.4
Consider waves made by dropping objects (one after
another from a fixed location) into a stream of depth y that is
moving with speed Vas shown in Fig. PlOA (see Video \'9.1).
The circular wave crests that are produced travel with speed
c = (gy)l/2 relative to the moving water. Thus, as the circular
waves are washed downstream, their diameters increase and the
center of each circle is fixed relative to the moving water. (a)
Show that if the flow is supercritical, lines tangent to the waves
generate a wedge of half-angle a/2 = arcsin(l/Fr), where
Fr = V/(gy) 1/2 is the Froude number. (b) Discuss what happens
to the wave pattern when the flow is subcritical, Fr < 1.

FIG U REP 1 0 . 4

(a) In a lime inferval of i slf)ce the ohject h,1 fhe wafer (allJ i11141i4ff)J
fhe Wave) the cef)fer 0 {he wave has heel) swepl J()U'fNfreClfYJ a
d,'.s14f)Ce Vi and fhe W4Ve has eXjlallJerJ. If) 6e a dis/af/ce ct frpm
ifs eenfer. Tn/s i-r .showlI 1/J1/Je f/ytJre be/ow. !Vole fhal Vi >c-t
if V>c (,.e, Fr>/) .

.......

01'

(6)

--

./

ct
vt

f::: arcsin (/ /Fr)

_ c

-1'

If Fr </ the 4b()V8 result 9ive.s s"rf ~~ Wht"ch is' jPJ!~J'.r/b/e.

For Fr </ The fol/ow/flr; w~ve pal/ern wfllJ/d re.rt//f. Tnere is I')()
IlweJre UproJfloeJ.

-,,,ci

\ U
'"

\
J

Vi /

Vi <. ct if

'-.

Fr<l
10-2

/0.5
10.5
Waves on the surface of a tank are observed to travel
at a speed of 2 m/s. How fast would these waves travel if (a)
the tank were in an elevator accelerating upward at a rate of 4
m/s 2, (b) the tank accelerates horizontally at a rate of9.81 m/s 2,
(c) the tank were aboard the orbiting Space Shuttle. Explain.

Since c:;; 1{iy-' H follows That

_ c2.
(2 ~)~
=
::: O. o 8 m
Y 'I
Q.81f;.

the fank aep+h ~

(a) If ihe rank accelerafe.s upward wifh acceleration 0. J Jhe effective

acceLe.rcrl ion of qrav/fy is g ff -:: 9+a '= (9.8/ +tt)f! -= 13.81 fi.
e

Thus
C =::

V-ge-(r--'y'"

==

1('3.8/If,. ) (O./f()8m) ==

2,37f-

If the tank accelera1es hori2onla/& 'II/Iii

acceleration aJ the effeciive acceleration is
jefr ~ / i~ + a2. ':;: /9.8/2.+'1.8/": =/3.87.r;:..

(b)

Thus)
,...---------.
c::: (13.87!f;.)(o,If08m) = 2.381}
(c)

In orhif ~err -::0 (weI9hfless) .so

10-3

c:!!.....

10.6

I
10.6
In flowing from section (I) to section (2) along an
open channel, the water depth decreases by a factor of two and
the Froude number changes from a subcritical value of 0.5 to a
supercritical value of 3.0. Determine the channel width at (2) if
it is 12 ft wide at (I).

10,7

/~w,,,c,,st

10.7
Obser\'ations at a shallow sandy beach
sho\\' that even though the waves several hundred
yards out from the shore are not parallel to the
beach, the waves often "break" on the beach
nearly parallel to the shore as is indicated in Fig.
PI O. 7. Explain this behavior based on the wave
speed c = (gy)v:.

~Cll
Ocean (2.).' .
.- - \
........--""H-jH!>!>~C7g'7
. .; . :....

M~

Bea~h'"

. .' ...

'.

FIGURE PIO.7

Since C =",,9Y il {OJ/Ollis fhaf c, > C2 becQlJse of the fact lhat YJ >)t .
There fore a~ fhe waves move, fhat porfion in Ihe deeper water
fends fo ~afch up wilh fhat porliDn closer fo shore in the shallower
wafer. The wqve cresf Je/ld.s 10 become more nearly pIJra/le I fo Ihe
shore line. The waves "break" on fhe shore 4S if The wind were blolllin9
normal 10 fhe shore.
I

/I

ID-J.f

/0.8

I
10.8
Waves on the surface of a tank containing water are
observed to move with a velocity of 1.8 m/s. If the water is
replaced by mercury, with aU other conditions the same, determine the wave speed expected. Determine the wave speed if the
tank were in a laboratory on the surface of a planet where the
acceleration of gravity is 4 times that on earth.

Since C =(g i

if foJlows fhat the walle speed is independenf

fhe f/vid density. Thus CH;J.o :: CH, ::: /.8!f on eqrlh.

of

.t

However) on 'he planet

-/

Cplanef -

or

'10.9

~/anefY

-f

ge4rfh) (

gearfh

Cpt/l1Iet = ( Lf )~Cearfh

fjplanef/

=('f)~ (1.8!f) =

)~ -- ( gearlh
9PI(Jnet)~
.!z:
(~eQrth y)
3.60

If

for wafer or mercury

10.9

Often when an earthquake shifts a segment of the ocean floor, a relatively small amplitude wave of \'ery long wavelength is produced.
Such waves go unnoticed as they move across the
open ocean: only when they approach the shore
do they become dangerous (a tsunami or "tidal
wa\'e"), Determine the wave speed if the wavelength. A. is 6000 ft and the ocean depth is 15,000
ft,

From

'(,

/0,11-:

C =[~

or

fqnh(2.JX )]~
k

C = [ (.92.Z[l,.)(6oooff)
2""

f h(-2.17'(J5~oooft))~1 ~Qn

6000 fl

/0-5

/75

H
s

la,to
10.10 A bicyclist rides through a 3-in. deep puddle of water as shown in Video V.lO.l and Fig. PIO.IO If the angle
made by the V-shaped wave pattern 'procfuc-ed by the-1ront
wheel is observed to be 40 deg, estimate the speed of the
bike through the puddle. Hint: Make a sketch of the current
location of the bike wheel relative to where it was !::..t seconds ago. Also indicate on this sketcr the current location
of the wave that the wheel made !::"t seconds ago. Recall that
the wave moves radially outward in all directions with speed
c relative to the stationary water.

AI f ime t :: 0 the froni whee I wos

af point (OJ. AI fhe Gvrrent lime
t:; LJ. t Ihe wheel has traveled (J.

FIG U REP 1 0.10

wave proallced
01 (0) when t =0
V

and is at point (j),

Ai t:rne t ==A( a wave prodvced
by the wheel when N Was of (0)
wi If he a diS1ance C At from (0)
as indicaf e d i/l-lhe fi9vre.
Waves prodvced 01 variOf}.s /i,."e.s
(from t:; 0 -/0 i =: At) hy the from
wheel will form fA V-shaped Wo,ve
as shown ill fhe sec()/Jd fJ'rttJfIe

dis/an ce

d::

V.~i

(proviJed V>c jsvperor,.fical

(/)

I
I
\
\

bike speeJ),

CA.i

or

c
sinf

V=
ThtJs

V=

where

~ fiY '" [ 32.2 ~ (~H)Ji:::-; 2..e~.p

2.f'ffj

sln

=:

8.30#

20rl

10-6

/0.1/

J
IO.1l
Water flows in a rectangular channel with a flowrate
per unit width of q = 2.5 m2 Is. Plot the specific energy diagram
for this flow. Detennine the two possible depths of flow if
E = 2.5 m.

E - y + ~"
21 y"
Thus, plot
::: y .,. 0.3/'1
y"
0.'-

Nole; Yc =(T)
01}

wAel'e my'"
m
).
N

((2 .sJ11!fJ.)~
~
::: 0. 86

IF

d
Emili

_ 3

=3.' Yt: -

Q.8I s t.

0 111

2: (0. 86 0 m) ::: 1.29m

yvs E

2.5

/)

1.5

/'

1/'/'/

//
0.5
0

~'"

,"

,,

," Ell

n~/.~

l-'::
~

0.8 ,0

t"-......

IL

0.5

1.5

2.5

E,m

0.3/9

For =2.5 m J Ef. (I) is 2.5::: Y + yi

or y3 -2 . .5y2 +0.3/9 ::: 0
The roo/.s ff) fhi.s e'!volion ore y::: 2.'1-5 , 0.338 tJnd - 0.335
I

Thus,

y =2...#5 m or y ::: 0.386 IIJ

/0-1

/0./2.
10.12
Water flows radially outward on a horizontal round
disk as is shown in Video VIO.6 and Fig. PlO.12. (a) Show that
the specific energy can be written in terms of the flow rate, Q,
the radial distance from the axis of symmetry, r, and the fluid
(
1
depth, y, as

Q)2

E=y+

27r1"

~(

2gy2

Thus,

Q)2.

=y+ (21Tr

'----J"
/

./

/r

(b) For a constant flowrate, sketch the specific energy diagram.

Recall Fig. 10.7, but note that for the present case,. is a variable.
Explain the important characteristics of your sketch. (c) Based
on the results of Part (b), show that the water depth increases
in the flow direction if the flow is subcritical, but that it
decreases in the flow direction if the flow is supercritical.

(a) The specific elJergy i.s

'4
I

"

I--r-

/
/

r--~

FIGURE P10.12

E. ~ y + t-gJ.) where V:= ~ :::

21lry

I
2fjY'"
"-12.

(b)

Lei ~ ;;; 2":r so Ihaf E =Y f ~yt. ",hid, is Ihe slime tis For
fINO d/mensi()(JQ/ Flow wifh ff s:: f hei119 replaced by
I!pwever;
for fWo dimensional flow 't is co/ul4nfj for radial flow 'i Is &l
variable since r Varies. Bvf ~ vs YC/JrVes for cons/ani wovla
look as shown below (Fi9~ /0,7).
/
~ubc'i1;CQI

(e) Front fhe Bernoult e'lvalion

, ;:: 2. or =- cons/QlJt for this

//

/-.J'l.

flow.

,.

Consider suhcr/fic4/ flow -point

II. For olAf/ow r incrB4se.s so Ih,,1
f decre4ses. Thv.s since :: c.oMl.J
the flow 90es

{f'()HJ

sfetfe ~ If) II~;

the depth increQsc.s. F()r sUb -

crilic.a/ in (10111 r decreases J ~ increases

E, =E2,
fhe flow 'lues fro/ll II, 10 11.1) and the depth decreases.
For s upercr/IiC41 Flow f is true. 'ThIlSJ
stlhcrifiCIII
depfh
oulfoll! increases fJ decreases ~ j or
inflow
decreases
fr()fn B, fo 82 - decreasin, depl-h.
depth
oliff/ow
Supel'cr/llca,/ inflow from B, fa 8.3increases
J

increasifl9

depth.

/0-8

supercriliccl
depth

incre4ses
deplh
decreases

/0,/3-

numbers. Plot the specific energy diagram for this

flow. Repeat the problem for E = 1, 2. 3. and 4
ft.

10.13*

Water flows in a rectangular channel

with a specific energy of E = 5 ft. If the flowrate
per unit width is q = 30 ftl/s, determine the two
possible flow depths and the corresponding Froude

(0)

(I)

(2)

y, fI

r;.

(s()bcrificalJ

Fr

YJ ff fsvpercrdical)

2
.3

no .solufion poss,"J,l

if
.5

.J

if. 21

Note Ihai Emili ='2 Yt: - whers Yc::

Thlls , E.
mlfJ

=-

2.26

0.6/2.

~
f) ~ =I(30 If:L)2]
{!
1.

/,56

= 3, 03 ff

32.2

~s.s ft

!... (3. 0311)=

As shown on the 9rllph be/fI~J there are no posifive real roots of Ct{. (I)
if < mi,,::: '1.S5 rl.
7~-r--~~~--~~--~-r--~~--

. . j"

6+-~--~~~--~-+~+--+--~~~

/V

5+-~--~~~--~"'~/+--+--~~~~~
1; ...... /

It: 4 -t--+---+---+-~~-A--+--+-----+--.J---I---I

.........

1,/ >f ;:.3.o3H

~3+-~--~~~-~~--+--+--~~~~~
/"
\
EI7./~ = Krs f.I
2-t--+--,,~--~4--4~~_~___
--+~--~~~--~
1

r--r-+---L-.I

./

~"
II

E,ft

/o-q

10

11

/ D.llf \

10.14

Water flows in a rectangular channel at

a rate of q = 20 cfs/ft. When a Pitot tube is placed
in the stream, water in the tube rises to a level
of 4.5 ft above the channel bottom. Determine
the two possible flow depths in the channel. Illustrate this flow on a specific energy diagram.

= ~.S -y or y.3 -If.Sy2+ 6. 2 ! =0 I where y-{/

The rOOTs ()I this

Thv-s,

y .:

gfl'lt1IiOIJ

are y ~

9. I'fJ

I. If1-, lind - I. 0~

~./'l-II or y ;: 1.'1-2 If

(I)

/0-/ 0

/0./5
10.15
Water flows in a 5-ft-wide rectangular channel with
a flowrate of Q = 30 f~ /s and an upstream depth of Yl = 2.5 ft
as is shown in Fig. PIO.15. Determine the flow depth and the
surface elevation at section (2).

FIGURE PIO.15

A
7 f

IJ~
~2
t?~2.fZ, = -I
ti1+Z2} where ~~I1.=:0J z,='t-=21I
(30 !f)
(2.+)(5 fI)

-= Q =

V, tii

Thvs,
(3 Ii)2.
.s

2(32. 2 ~)

or

fJ.
S

:' Q :::

(1. fi) 2. ..
y~ oS

+ 2 ff =

3.2

!Vole: Fr::jL

If

Y1.

-.A.

- Y:z.

f 0.2 ff f ~

v;y;

wl"chhQsroofs Y1.='I.77'1- I O.632.

11IJd-o.632.

3!f

K32.2~J(2fnJ~

= O.37/f < I

fheh Fi;,>/. This

cQlJnol he silJce there ,".s no "6vPlpl
bel.,een (tJ anti (2.) of whi&n critical
COfldihfJ"S CfllI Oa&Vr.

Thus}

30 i}.J

(5 If) Y1.

Z2=o.2rl+Y~J

2. (32.2'f{)

~ -1.9/fy,. to.5Sf/=O
I

IJlJd ~ 7&

Y2.=O.63:J. J

=I, 77~ II (1I1d 22. =1.97'1 ff

10-1/

" (I)

, (2.)

y,:: 2 ft

Y,2,:: I. 77'1-fI

/0,/6

10.16

Repeat Problem 10.15 if the upstream

depth is Y I = 0.5 ft.

FIGURE PIO.16

Thvs}

~ :: 0.528

f1 olld :&3. =:: O. 72.8 ft

10-/2

/0.174

10.17*

Water flows O\-er the bump in the bottom of the rectangular channel shown in Fig. PIO.17
with a flowrate per unit width of q = 4 me/s. The
channel bottom contour is given by ZB = O.2e- x :.
where ZB and x are in meters. The water depth
far upstream of the bump is Yl = 2 m. Plot a
graph of the water depth. y = y(x), and the surface elevation, Z = z(x). for -4 m s; x s; 4 m.
Assume one-dimensional flow.

Ii +i1'1.2. + -f +ijV2.+Z
-x2.
or Z = Y t 0.2 e J

nlls,

or

11!..)2.
oS

(!l m)"

+ 2 m .::

-0.2 e-

FIGURE PIO.I7

,,'2-1h

y:S

2. (9, 81;l)

y3 _( 2.2.0

O.2e -x 2

where fJl o:::f ==0) ~::: ~:: 2m J 22.:: y +28

v,!t
~ Iff..,
I
a.
If
,:::: " .::
:: 2!:r tlnQ V=.Jj.. :: -

2/ ::

TL
I

ZB =

-+

Y+0.2 e- x:2

2(fI.&//fi)
X2
)

yZ+ 0.8IS::0 where y-m

with - ~ ~ X~ Ifm
/Vole: Fr: ~; - = 2 f-

Solve for y

y
= 0"1-52. ""

'iy, [(f/.8/~){21n~Ji.
ThiJs, the flow will remQin slJhcrilicQ/
I

1/

fhrof},holJf-lhe largesl roof of Er. (I)

wdl be the correc.1 one.
Use proJrarn C UBI C

and fhen z = y to.2 e- x

X}m
"! 'f.O
;t .3.5
3.0
t 2 ...r

2.0
!:. I.S
!:. /.0
~o.s

_xl.

- (2.20 -0.2

e )

fo solve For

for -'I RJ ~ x ~ If""

y

- 2.200

2.000

- 2/2;.00

2.000
2.000

- 2.200

yct) froth Ef. (fJ

/ .995

- 2.199
- 2,196
- 2,179

1,990

- 2./26

1.900

- 2. Olf'/- 2,000

/.71/0

/.961/
1.72. 7

/0-/3

-x2.
Jm

Z== Y+O.2 e
2.000
2.000
2.000
J .q,/s

1,99'1/,990
1.979
1.9Jf6
1.92.7

(/Qrpesf roof)

(cantO

/0.17"/

The ahove resolls are plotfed in

the 1ra,h De/ow,

I

yvs

i
I

2.00
1.95
1.90
E_ 1.85
>-

1.80
1.75

/i

1.70
0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

x,m

zvs x
2

1.99

1.98

L.----

t-

jV

1.97
E_ 1.96

1.95
1.94

1/

1.93 . - '
i

1.92
0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0
x,m

/0-1'1

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

/0.184

*10.18

Repeat Problem 10.17

jf

the upstream depth is

O. 4 m.

:n = O. 2 e _.\2
FIGURE PIO.IS

4'-+ 21'VJ2 +2, :: ~+'ij.V:J.. +zJ

LJ

or

Z:z. :: y +0.2. e-

Thl/s,

(IOr/-)2.
2 (fl.811f)'l.

or

y3 _ (5.50 -

x2.

~;::

where 1t:::/~OJ

t::: '1-4
o.lim

~
==--1-

V:::!f- : : 1-

::: lolJlJ dnd

2 {'lBlf)2

In

x )y2 + O. 815;;0 where ylWm

1

Solve for y wilh -7' ~ X ~ /,t m

Nofe: Fr

z,.= y+ZB

(if !f)2 + Y -1-0.2 e-x:J..

+ O,Jf, =

0.2. e-

2,::Y;:::0,Jfm J

IO.!!l
~

==

(J)

=5.0.5>/

Yj [('l.8/~) (o,'Tmil~
Thvs the flolI! will remoin svpercrilical
fhroll,hotJf --fhe shQ//esf posit'vB roof of
I

f,(.O)

will he Ihe correcf one.

(joSe prOf/ram CVBIC

roof) alld

X)rn
-!. if. 0
t .3.5

3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
/.0
O.S
0

then

~::

10

solve fOry(x)frofIJ Fr.O) (..sma//esf positive

y +0,2 e-

- (5,SO-0.2

e- x

2-

K2.

for -tf.m ~ X ~ Jfm.

-5 . .500

0..',.000

O. 'fOOO
O. 'fOOO

S.500
5 .s Of)
5 . '1-99
S. '1-96

0.3998

2.

2;;

y -I-a2 e- X m
J

O. 'fooo
O. Jfooo
O. JfOOO

O. I..fOO~
O. if. 036

-.s. 3/flf

0.3999
O.Jfo06
O. J/OZB
0, '1-063

O. Lj 76Lf
0: 5 6 21

- .S'. 300

0.11-082

0.6082

- S .479

- s. 'f2.6

/0-1.5

0.lf~/7

/o,/8~

(conI')

The ahove resv/ls are plolfed on the qrllfJh iJe/ow.

zvs x
0.65 . . . . . . - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - . . . . - - - - - - - .

/0-/6

VI

10.1 q

Water in a rectangular channel flows

into a gradual contraction section as is indicated
in Fig. PlO.lq. If the ftowrate is Q = 25 ft'/s and
the upstream depth is YI = 2 ft, determine the
downstream depth, Y2.

Im77r-fflTflZTA3
. 1 ~wkvvvm

~ bl'" 4 ft

b2

= 3 ft

~ V2

p:?2Z2ZZZZZ7azz?:

Top view

FIGURE PIO.,q

Side view

or

'h.3 -

2./5 ~2

+ /.077 =0 which htJs roofs Y1.:: I. 8 2 8J O.9~6J and -0.62.3

.
I1

\1,
Note: F0 ~ vi>'
~~ 3.~ s ]k~
~YI

(32.2.$ )(2.fI)

Since Ihere is no

0.390..:.1

7-

relotive lIIinilllVIf/

area he/ween OJ and (2.) where critical

fJow can occur if Fo/lows fhot Fr:z. ~ I
also. Thlls II is nof pOSS/b/6 10
have Y:z.:: O.9t
J

Thvs) Y1.::: 1.828 ff

/0-/7

(I)

10.2.0

10.20

Sketch the specific energy diagram for

the flow of Problem 10./'1 and indicate its important characteristics. Note that qi =;6 q2'

FIGURE PIO.20

l:_-~J~~L~-_:~--- .

\']

~.

_________

(2)

,i

---'O.-'-'-'-~

Yl

12

-+\'2

>;//fTm?//7/7/7'/////1//7//7/7////7// 'T/T/Jd//
(1)

_ Q

!/-J =6. 25 -.sfl~

_ 25
Jff+

Cf,- T or

E- Y
For
or

fil.~

(6. 2 5.s )

2(j2,2~)y1.

+ 0,607
E- Y
y:z.
_

or

the b2- = 3 II chQ!1IJe) J

,/1.

!i.

= b1. =

fi2. 2-

E=

(8,3~)

Y 2(32.,2~J y2.

Noh; Yc =(and

.x

r)~

or E:= Y +

sofhaf Yc, ~ (

(2)

2. S .J:ti

3H

(I)

fi2.
= B.33 .s

1,077

(JJ

y2.

f~

=(

17l=

(~~Z;

I.067R

=(~)3= (-(8;33~)2.):3= 1,2.92 f-l

Ij

Cz.

A/s~ Emin

=-: Yc

32.2.

or Emilll

/1IilJz.

=f(I.067{f)::: 1.600ft
:=

(1.1-12 It)= 1.938f/

The specific ene"9Y ditJ9ro/fJ.S (EfS. (I) IJlJd (J.) tire p/offed he/w:
. .

..

~- ~

~,

\I

ff

2.

---------r------

I
'

'

Jemf). ''')
~I~

/0-/8

10.21

10.21

Repeat Problem 10. Iq if the upstream

depth is Yl = 0.5 ft. Assume that there are no
losses between sections (1) and (2).

Top vie\\<

FIGURE PIO.2,'
- - - -_ _ _......:01,....:...(2_)_
Y2 ~\'2
>7??>tW?7Tffff/?/T77ff/?l??Tff7ffffff/J/ t77?Tff/J/
(1)

or

(2)

'

Yz - 2.93 Y2 + /. 077 :: 0 which h,s roots Yz -:: 2. 79, 0.699, ond - o. SSE
AI f . Fi
v, ==
12..S!!
IVO e' r,::: = 3.12>/

Vii'

[(32.2{~J(O.5ff~~

fhere is no relafive milJilllvl1I

arCQ between (JJ qnd (2) where cri/icfJi
Flow COli occur if follows fhal Fr2 > I
also. Thvs if is noT poss/6le 10

Since

hove
Thus,

~ :::2.7 q-

(fhe s{)bcrifiCIJI roo/).

~ =O. 6?~ If

/o-/q

/0.7-1.

I
10.22.
Water flows in a rectangular channel with a flowrate
per unit width of q = 1.5 m 2 / s and a depth of 0.5 m at section
(1). The head loss between sections (1) and (2) is 0.03 m. Plot
the specific energy diagram for this flow and locate states (1)
and (2) on this diagram. Is it possible to have a head loss of
0.06 m? Explain.

(I)
1.1

1.6

--,---...,.....----r--....,.----,--.,.--...,....-...,.....-.....,

1.4

-t---t---+---+-----j--+---+--~V~---t

"'/

~;

1 .0 -r---t---t----t--I-----:;;
...rl""/'---...--/---+-----f-----I
~

0.8

>.

..,. ......

-t---t---t----t--~~-/-A----I---'-h-.,9---I
..,.f'f'
1. ,/EJ. F O.q.

0.6 +---t---t---:,...,-F---f--~---'f-cv:-.A-----I-----1I-----t
"" ... '" ""min= ).9Ia-':';;'r--.....

E; =0.9.9

0.4 -r------r--...
--:.
...f----t---='---'-'--t--'--'---'--+----"""oo...._d_:-:::..-.:..--:..~--:...-_~--I
0.2

... '"

i-~...~--+--+---j--+---+--_+_-_I

1;'" '"
I
0.0 ~--+--+---+--_+_--!---!---+--__!

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

E,m
10-20

1.2

~ t

---~

Y'
t
7777777777777?7

~:/
1.2 -t---t---+---+-----j--+------::-..f"V'----F-----j----t
E

(~)

1.4

1.6

Note: If hL .:: 0.06111

wilh , =O.9SQm so
thaf 2.::, - 0,06,
fhen
,. ==0. eqq III <: Emil')
ThusJ if is not possible

to hOlle hL -:::o.o6 wifh

fhe qivclJ ~ andYt

/0.2.3

I
10.23

Water flows in a horizontal rectangular

channel with a flowrate per unit width of q = 10
ft2/s and a depth of 1.0 ft at the downstream
section (2). The head loss between section (1)
upstream and section (2) is 0.2 ft. Plot the specific
energy diagram for this flow and locate states (1)
and (2) on this diagram.

.
,
\1~ Y,

(1..)

f
~-~

OJ

77)777777777 )777

yvs E

3.0

--r----~--....,------r-----r"-----,--,-I'~,'I""V"'"7'""-.....,

2.5

-i------+-----+-----+----+--~I'~--+--t---------I

2.0

,.' /:7'-i---t__-______I
-i------+-----+-----+------:I'.-F----

1.5

-i------+-----+---~I'~--~.\~~---t---------I

1;"1"/

",,'/V

;:=
~

,,'

I/E,.~;IJ :: 2.1'

1','

~/E2. =. ,s51f

1,.,,,,,,,,,

>1.0

- i - - - - - - + - - - " ,..F----+---~--____f"I....
______
;;::::-:--+__-______I

~~~~----~

",'"

0.5

II

",'

l I =2..7sH

-i----~--__+_--__+----t--~r___------'---+__-______I

, , '" '"

1,.,'"
0.0 ----...f---+----+----+-----i-----+------1

0.5

1.5

E,ft

10-').'

2.5

3.5

10.'1..../1

I
10.2+

Water flows in a horizontal, rectangular channel with

an initial depth of 2 ft and initial velocity of 12 ft/ s. Determine
the depth downstream if losses are negligible. Note that there
may be more than one solution. Repeat the problem if the initial
depth remains the same, but the initial velocity is 6 ft/s.

pi
t1'

~
-

/2-

~ =2
- - -~ 77'7117771711/717777J7//

V. =12 fp.s
I

b;:: widfh

which

has 3 roofs; ()ne ne9alive (no phY.Jic41

rneanin9J1 one is ~ =: 2. ff (no change in depth),

and ~ :::: 3,51 If (an increasei" deplh).

If ~::: 6 11 the/)
I

v.: == ( 6 fj )(2.11)

.s)

Yz

2.

and '1.'(/) becomes

2 + 6

- \/ +

2(32.2.) -

J'2

/2.

~ .ll:.
Y1

)2-

2i_ .

2 (32,2.)

or

X. 3 -2.56 Y:z.2- +2-.2-'1- ~O

The p()s/live real roQ/s are

~ c: 2 fl J or ~ ::: /,38 ff (a dec.rease ill deplh)

10-2.2

~'''''''-''''TTh.'''

/0.25

""''''I'''''''''''''''

10.25

A smooth transition section connects

two rectangular channels as shown in Fig. PlO.2S.
The channel width increases from 6.0 to 7.0 ft
and the water surface elevation is the same in
each channel. If the upstream depth of flow is 3.0
ft, determine 11, the amount the channel bed needs
to be raised across the transition section to maintain the same surface elevation .

.L),

1/1.

Z
Zj'

-l.k!- +..!L f

= l!f. . f

V2

J ~~
Z,
3.

here

WI

6ft

&",L",,,,~
FIGURE PIO.2S
(I)

Top view

(2.)

S7

4 ~ Ll.. ::: 0 (J/Jd ~,::: 22,

r~

Side view

'-'

lienee, 11, :::112. or (6 ff) (3 (t) =(7ff)(3f1-h)

or

h:::;

Nofe:

Md

0.'129 ff

~/:::; f, =

IJ/Jd

'/2.::; ~ :::: ~ < rt,

~2

, : :; Ii +21 IJnd 2.::: ~ +"iff

fhaf ~ - Ez : :; ~ - ~

Thv~ .since ~ c: ~

II fo/lows

The correspoIJdin9 specific eIJer9Y di(J9ralll is qs ille/kateri be/oJP=

//

~ - ~ - ~ - - - - - - / ' - (J)
/

~ -------"/./
/
/
/

fj.,

/
/
LL....-_ _ _

~~,,~~,,~~~~

ThIlS, ~;::"~ or

*t

7ft

~---'--_

/0-23

i:2

/0.26

10.26

Water flows over a bump of height

h = h(x) on the bottom of a wide rectangular
channel as is indicated in Fig. P10.26. If energy
losses are negligible, show that the slope of the
water surface is given by dy/dx = -(dh/dx)/
[1 - (V2/gy)], where V = V(x) and y = y(x)
are the local velocity and depth of flow. Comment on the sign (i.e., <0, = 0, or >0) of dy/ dx
relative to the sign of dh/ dx.

For any fwo points on Ihe

f(x)

-.2.,=,",,"-=-,,-=-= __ ~ _
Yl

JT

= -_ __

t---

~~7/~/r~~~f
....

h(x)

FIGURE PIO.26

').~

(JX

~)

free s()rface:

i .,

:V't
dh fit.
').9
Tx

.:--=-=-----:-r=-----c-=--

-{

-If!- +- if t &, :: ~
$.2
Thvs, JC + h +y == cOfJslonf so
-I-

VI

where fJ, -:: 1.2 ::: () J Z, :: M) (u,d ~2 =h f Y2

tha+ hy diflerehlialillq

=0

(I)

Also, for cOl/servoliDA 01 h/qss

Vj >1 :: Vy or V~ t Y ~

;:;0

or ~:: -

f 1x

(Z)

Combine '10$. (I)(I/Jd (2.);

(-J!. dy ) +dh
y

dX

+ d.x -:::0
"dy _
d1 di
J or OJ -

/lole: If Fr ==ffy

<:

I j . fhen

~ (/nd

-(df)

(/_(fy'))

hove the OpPosite sijn

9

If Fr > I
J

have

fhe

the" dA and!U

SQllle

Tx

sifjlJ.

dX

V dll - - -

-..-

:;:<0

~
-x

Fr </

di>o

Fr>/

/0-')../1-

/0.1-7

10.27

Integrate the differential equation obtained in Problem 10.26 to determine the "drawdown" distance, e= e(x), indicated in Fig. P10.26.
Comment on your results.

From Prohlem

or

\1. 2

y.3_(y,t 26

/0.26 :

1J'2

-h)Y:Zt(v~;

&

)::0

Obtain y== y(x) fro/}') '1' (jJ and fhen

or j:: YJ -h-y

(I)

1 =J(x)

from y,:: h +y +1

Ihon Inc Bern(){)//i efV4//o/) :

wilh V,,~ so Ih4t

Nofe: '1' (I) is r/fJlhill9 ",ore

y; +y, " 1;+

y+h

2;~2 +}j::: (J.2

').~
y+h
t

wnkh sim/Jlilie.s

/0-25

70

[r. (I),

/0.28 I

10.28
Determine the maximum depth in a 3-m-wide rectangular channel if the flow is to be supercritical with a flowrate
of Q = 60 m3/s.

_ Q _ 601]V- 7f - (3m) y

A!.so,

20

y , where y:depfh

(Vl.)
Fr '" YjY - f9. 81;) y]% '"
V

Thvs wdh Fr:/

J

6.3Q

y3Az

y =(6.3q)~

/Vole: Fr decrt!Qses as y increases.

== :).'1I1-/fJ

10-26

/ o. 30

I
J 0.30
The following data are taken from measurements on
a river: A = 200 ft2, P = 80 ft, and So = 0.015 ftlSO ft. Determine the average shear stress on the wetted perimeter of this
channel.

rr-

rW

==

Y D

(\

nh~o

h
were
anri

"I, ==

pA

==

200//2.

ThvsJ
?W:::: 62.,'f#S (2,s()11) (0. o()030)

/0.31

::::

eo(+

;::

-"

2.$01"1-

O,O/fD~1ff:L

A viscous oil flows down a wide plate with a uniform

depth of 8 mm and an average velocity of 50 mm/s. The plate
is on a 3 hill and the specific gravity of the oil is 0.85. Determine the average shear stress between the oil and the plate.

10.31

t~

b :: plate widlh - .
77; 7 77 77; ,;;, 7777,/ ;; 7 ;;"1
y= Shim

lw == 't~ So

where 0:: O. fJS rH,.o = 0.95 (QgOOU;3)

= 8330 ~3

For a wide flal pIa/e) /)::: hy and p:: b so fhat Rh'::';:: y~ 8XIOA/SOl S(J:; sin 3 ' so fhaf

/0"'27

3
p/

10.32
The following data are obtained for a
particular reach of the Provo River in Utah:
A = 183 ft~. free-surface width = 55 ft, average
depth = 3.3 ft. R" = 3.22 ft, V = 6.56 ft/s, length
of reach = 116 ft. and elevation drop of reach =
1.04 ft. Determine the (a) average shear stress
on the wetted perimeter, (b) the Manning coefficient, n, and (c) the Froude number of the flow.
X" D

aJ 7;=Ol)h'o

h 5 0 = 116t/1.0Jf rf
were

=0.00897

Thus} ?;, = (62.Jftfs)(3.2.2 ft )(O.OOgQ7) = I. BO~

b)

rt:::

Thvs}
c)

~ A Rh2.;3 So %. :: /I V J where K::: l.if?

= I.lf9 R:/.3

Fr =y{yy
j

s;:. ::

(t.Lf9) (3. ').2./"/s(0. OOeq7)~_

6.56

=r(32.2 ;;~6!f)]~
'"
3.3ft
05

2.

10-2-8

0.636

- 0.Oi.f69

< I (subcrifico{)

/0.33

10.33

Center board

r1

By what percent is the flowrate reduced

in the rectangular channel shown in Fig. PIO.33

because of the addition of the thin center board?
All surfaces are of the same material.

bl2

\J
----:-----::-:----..::.~---:---

~-bI2---<O{fl

W7m~~~~~

I.

b---+l1

FIGURE PIO.33

Q~ ~ fJ Rh~ S/i
Wi/houl fhe centerboard

(I)

(2.)

/0.3 if

I
1034
Water flows in an unfinished concrete channel at a
rate of 30 m 3/s. What flowrate can be expected if the concrete
were finished and the depth remains constant?

-* f} R;/3 S~

Q=

Lei
Thus) since fJ u == Af )
QLl
Q.f

==

()f denote finished j (

Rhu -:: Rhf and SOil -::: S"-F

)( fJ o.~ ti
nu.
U 11/1
Sou _
IJ

Ji. II

nf

.f

From Table

Rh~ sOf~

/0./

nu:::

!!L.
nu

O.D/if

or

Qf ::.!1JL
nf

n =

\fu

O.O/if

(3 0

l!L

0.0/2.s

nf

:: 0.012-

= 35.0.11l
.s

)u denote vnfinished.
J if fo/lows fhal

10.3.5
10.35
The great Kings River flume in Fresno County, California, was used from 1890 to 1923 to carry logs from an elevation of 4500 ft where trees were cut to an elevation of 300
ft at the railhead. The flume was 54 miles long, constructed of
wood, and had a V-cross section as indicated in Fig. PlO.35. It
is claimed that logs would travel the length of the flume in 15
hours. Do you agree with this claim? Provide appropriate calculations to support your answer.

FIGURE P10.35

i ::: dis/alice
~

::=

1.

frQl/e/ ed ~ ~119

I: TlJI/~

~ (S~ mi) (5l eo fll",,')

(/s hr) (3o(JO S /hf')

== S, 2c9

1i.

t
S
De/ermine the t/veratj8 wafer velocily; ~ (Inri cPPlfaf'O
lot

V ~ Rh1-~1f'fo ) where }(.::/. If?; 11:! t

z::

_H. I

$0 7fl(J1

Also;
~

So ::

(J {il.)

,I w/lh 1I)j~' ~Of'

~ O,S f/~J p::: 2 II

Rh -- fi.
f-l ~ -- 0 ,2 ~,.. f'.lT
p -- o.~s#-

T:::

(~500 -300)

(5/fmi) (52 eo filmi)

= o. O/lf7

Thvs wtlh n::: o. 0/2 (see 74h/e /0. / J planed wood)J

V= 0,0/2
/.119 (OI2.5)~ 1o.01lf7 = .6.97 Ii
~
J

Nole: V;s slif/1rl1y J4rger than 0"1.

10-30

TIJ/I~ the claim Clt/eal'S

curr(J(;t. Ves.

If) be

/0.36

I
1036
Water lows in a river with a speed of 3 ft/s. The river
is a clean, straight natural channel, 400 ft wide with a nearly
uniform 3-ft depth. Is the slope of this river greater than or less
than the average slope of the Mississippi River which drops a
distance of 1475 ft in its 2552-mi length? Support your answer
with appropriate calculations.

(I)

V : : ~ Rh ~ rs;

where X =:/JI~

V=.3ff/s, Y=3ff b=: t;.ofJ1f.l l/::iJy:: /20()f/~ P:::b+2Y~'f(J6rl

J

TiJfls
D J II
I1h := P::::

/2-()o/l
I/-otff

IIfro (rom TaIJ/e

J

..3

/J

1'1

=2./tTT

n ~O.03

/0//)

I. Jf9 ( '). , 9t) ~

0,Q3

~
SrJ

rs:

11;41

"

Of'

So = O. 000858
ihB aVerIJ9B lJIIi.rs'ss;ili .s/ofe /:s

10-31

fl'fJIYI

/5."1- (I):

/0.37
6or---------------------~

10.37
At a particular location the cross section of the Columbia River is as indicated in Fig.
P1037. If on a day without wind it takes 5 min
to float 0.5 mi along the river, which drops 0.46
ft in that distance, determine the value of the
Manning coefficient. n.

QO~--u40~O--~80~O~~1~20~O~~=-~
Width, ft

FIGURE PIO.37

c:

5280 if,.)
v::: (0,5
(5/11mmi)(
,)(60mrn
S)

[rom the qlven dalo)

==

8 8 t

'.s .

From fhe lIlanning ettlJlJli()n,

V== nK Rh~ So ~

Q~H
where
><~/Jf?,
so=
(I ~ ')(5
JJ) = 0.000/7"1o
A
o. ml 280 m
i

IJlJd !lfJ ::::

!J and

ilppr()ximaie

p .

P fro", fhe fi9vre a.s

II ~ tby -;: -J: (I 7oo(1)(lflfff) :::: 3~()(){l2

and
P~/8ooff

Thvs i?Jh~ 37.,JfO~/J2

=zQeff
1800

lienee J from 1- (I)

8. e ::

n- (
1.~9

20. s)

26

(0.000/7#)

or
n:: 0.0/69

IO~32

(J)

10.38 ,

10.38

If the free surface of the Columbia River

shown in Fig. PlO.37were 20 ft above the bottom
rather than 44 ft, as is indicated in the figure, how
long would it take to float the O.5-mi stretch considered in Problem 1O.37? Assume the elevation
change remains 0.46 ft.

Width, It

FIGURE PIO.31

Lei ( )20 denofe fhe 20 Hdepth and ( )#~ fhe

Thvs,

213

'PI-

rf depth.

J.i

~o = n,.o Rh"o so~o

and

$020 :::

S,,

HenceJ
'" 0

V~Jf

=(

Rh20 )2.h

From

Rhl#l-

the Nivre

I/~'f ~ f by =i:(J700!+) (tf'ffl)

:: 37 'fOOfl2

~If ~ /800 Ff

@d

~
~
-E!......::(
II.S f+) :::
Vito
20.8 f1
1

- (

L9.0 -

\.{,,,,)
V:10

t #~ --

(I)

A:J.o';::

dby:: i

F;.o ~

/5S0 - 600~ /oooff

O.b7~
5 milJ

0.67'1-

(/S50-Ifoo)(20)ff :: 1~5ooff

2.

d
so fhal wilh j= Vi (Jnd 1,.u=:Pp;
:O. .5nll;

- Z 2

10-33

111m

/0.39

I
lO.3Q
Rainwater runoff from a 200-ft by SOO-ft parking lot
is to drain through a circular concrete pipe that is laid on a slope
of 3 ft/mi. Determine the pipe diameter if it is to be full with
a steady rainfall of I.S in./hr.

Q;: K
n ARh7.;:!I So ~~ where

A=

D1-

= 0.000568

and

From Table /0./, n =0.0/2

AIso} ~ = Alof r J where r ~ rainf411 rale :::

Thus,

3~tl1 ~ :'~tt;~ (:q D'") ( 1lt)~ (0. 000568) ~

0=

.
1.5

Jh

fr
rl3

Q:: (').oOH)(sooff)(l. s fr)(Ii1nJ( 360;.s) ==3.lf7.!j-

Hence J from Elf' 0):

or

1.6Lfff

/O-.3Jf

(I)

/O.lf~

10.40
To prevent weeds from growing in a clean earthenlined canal, it is recommended that the velocity be no less than
2.5 ftl s. For the symmetrical canal shown in Fig. P10.40, determine the minimum slope needed.

V== nx Rh~ So"k where X ~/.'1'1

J

D
II
and nh ;:: l'

(I)

II :: t (If f.I +12. f+ ) (.3 H) :::: 2 If fll. Qn d p:::: rt ff +:2 (5 [.0 = /IT ff
Thus) R = 2.'Tf/2 =171'1(1
h

II/- fl

From Table 10.1 J n = 0.022

_ /.1f9 (

2.s - 0.022 /.7/Jf)

"4

So

or

so

lhQf Ef.(J) qives (with V::

2.5

!J)

SD ~ 0.00066'+

10. Jf I
10.41
The smooth concrete-lined symmetrical channel
shown in Video V10.3 and Fig. PI0.40 carries water from the
silt-laden Colorado River. If the velocity must be 4.0 ftls to
prevent the silt from settling out (and eventually clogging the
channel), determine the minimum slope needed.
FIGURE PIO.40

h K:: I. If? and Rh:: A

p
V::: 7fJ< Rh2h 5 V2. J Were
fJ ::: t (if fI +12 fO (.1 ff) == 2 Jf f+ 2. an rJ P =if ff f 2. ( 5 f+) =Ilf ff
Th liS, Rh = 21/H2o
Ilfft
= I. 7/Jf ff
0

From Table 10./) n::: 0.012 so fhal 'j.(J)qives (with V=If.fJ)

1.11-9
~
If..O ;:: 0.0/2 0.7/J-f)

So or So -

10-35

0.000505

(I)

10.'1-'2.

10.4Z

The symmetrical channel shown in Fig.

PlO.40 is dug in sandy loam soil with 11 = 0.020.
For such surface material it is recommended that
to prevent scouring of the surface the average
velocity be no more than 1.75 ftls. Determine the
maximum slope allowed.
FIGURE PIO.40

x ~ So~ ) where
V=rrR
h

K=I.J.f9

A
and Rh=P

(I)

A ;:: t (Lf ff t 12 H) (3 ff) :;:: Z If f f 2. and P == If fl + 2 (5 f I) -::; 1if ff

a
Thus) R :: 2lfff =I.7IJf{1
h
IJfff
ff
'Wilh n == 0.020 and V= 1.7.5 T fli.aJ qives

= 6:~:o (J. 711/' /~ S~

/.7.5

or So :: 0.0002 6q

10.'13
10.43
The flowrate in the clay-lined channel (n = 0.025)
shown in Fig. PlO.43 is to be 300 ft 3 /s. To prevent erosion of
the sides, the velocity must not exceed 5 ft/ s. For this maximum
velocity, determine the width of the bottom, b, and the slope, So.

v== '*

FIGURE PIO.43

where A = f [b t ( b +i, +12)] y wilh ~ == h~:~o 3. '1-6 fl

o =2 ff
and J,. =
3
Thus) 5 11 =
300!f
or b::. 27..3 ft
s
fEb +(b+.3.'l-6fff:ZU5J2fO J
===
J

ta::S
K

%/,a

A/so} V: : n Rh So } where "1.==/.'19 and from Table /0./) n::. 0.025

From Efj.tO} A;:: i [2 (27. 3 to .,. 3. '1-6 ff +2 rtJ (2 ff) :.60.0ff2.
Also}

2ff

P == b +J~ .,. J.u :: 27.3 ff +Sin- SOD

Thus} Rh :: A.p = 60.012.
:: I. 76 ff so
3lf.1 ff

_1,11-9

5-

0.02..5

(1.76)

24

So

~
I

or So-

10-36

2. ff
.
LU 0
SIn ,oJ

= 3'1-.1. ff

fhaf 1. (2.) becomes

G

0.00331

(I)

10.Jf4- J
10.44
A trapezoidal channel with a bottom
width of 3.0 m and sides with a slope of 2: 1
(horizontal: vertical) is lined with fine gravel
(n = 0.020) and is to carry 10 m3 /s. Can this
channel be built with a slope of So = 0.00010 if
it is necessary to keep the velocity below 0.75
mls to prevent scouring of the bottom? Explain.

Determine V wilh ~== 10./f and So :: 0.00010,

Q= ~

AR;hVS;; where /l= fy[3+(.3+lfY)]::: 2Y2.+ 3y

Rh :: JJ wdh p:: 3 t 2 (1/5'y)

f/nd

Thvs,

--L (zy:L+3y)

J0:::

0.02

or

2. y

2]~
I
r 3 y (o.oooJ)J4.

3 t 2. V5

(2. y z.,.3y) :3
20 :: (
-v:r )~

wht"cn

3 +1 ;.s 'y

:J.y

he wrdlen

COli

(
O.lI.f-3y-6.03 3fl1/Ey) ==0

QS

=F(y)

0)

Solve (hy frial and error) E'l' OJ for y:

YJ m
'2.20
2.2.2
2,2.Jf
2.26

F (y)

fhal y;:;

0.1 -

-O,'f.Sq
-0.2.6'1
-0,077
0,1/7

From fhe 9raph

2. 25

fry) -

..

'118

that

V==

II :::

~2.20 2.2~"f 2.2.6

~.
I

2-

2. (2.2..5) + 3(2.2.5) ==

JOs

-0,6

l:: /6.9m2.

ihlls"

see

lIence from '1' (0)

so

(0)

::: 0,592

/6.9 IJJ 2-

V< 0.7.5.f so fhat scofJrin, will nul occur,

/0-37

10.4-5

J
10.45
Water flows in a 2-m-diameter finished
concrete pipe so that it is completely full and the
pressure is constant all along the pipe. If the slope
is So = 0.005, determine the flowrate by using
open-channel flow methods. Compare this result
with that obtained by using pipe flow methods of
Chapter 8.

For open channel flow

Q== ~ f} Rh~ S/~

where x:::: J

A/soJ A=fD2 ==1j(zmt::::3.1'fm:J. and P::::"D=6.28m so thai

R _.1i - 3 .IIf /17'- - 0 5
h - P - 6.2.8 m -

Hence

wifh n::::

I
Q = 0.012.

For pipe flok!

. m

For finished concrete (see Table 10./)

0.012

(3.1'1-) (0.5)~(~
0,005) 2.

::::

111
11,7 -:s

open channel )

with cons/ani pressure:

+f!t'

2,

tJt JL.2 +z, = b + Yl +Z:J.

~
~
21

where PI == f~ and It;' = ~

Thus, with z/ - 2:;. == J So

(2.)

Z~=o

f So :::: f 1r
D ').g

or

fV'-:::

2.tjDSo :: Z(9,8/~.)(2.m)(O.005)

F'rom Fig. B. 2.2 J (or smooth concrete ~

6V
AI 0 - Y.Q - V(2111) SOl

== 1.5 x/o-If(2.)

ne - 11 - 1.I2.XIO'm..2.. - 1.79x/o
,s

and from fhe Moody chari (Fi9' 8.23) :

Solve '15. (I), (2), tJlJd (3) for ~ VI Re :
ils.sul!1e

f=

0,015

0'/96]~ =
V ::::[ 0,01.5

so

fhqi from

E,.(J)

Re

3 61l!1.

or

'..s

Re.: I. 79x/O~(3,61):: 6J1-6x/06

.'

f. t.1) (t1foldy c.hqrf)

0.196] J.2
V=[ 0,013
= .3.8 801
.s

Thu~ from

/lsslJme f c 0.013 or
fhat Re ==/, 7?XI0 (3. 88) =6.'15 x/o 6 T/;/I~J from 1. (3) f:: 0.0/3 (check.s

f::::
$0

0.013 :I 0.015.

wHh fhe t/.t.svlIIsd vo/ve)

lience V=..3. 88'; ()r

J

Q=!9 V.::: !(2.111)" (.J.88~) :' 12,2 1f3

10-38

(pipe flow) :::, II. 7~ (open c.hannel

flow)

IOJf7

I
lO.4i
Because of neglect, an irrigation canal has become
weedy and the maximum flowrate possible is only 90% of the
desired flowrate. Would removing the weeds, thus making the
surface gravel, allow the canal to carry the desired flowrate?
Support your answer with appropriate calculations.

Lei ( )", and (~ denofe weedy Qnd r;ravel co"difIPf)SJ re.sle6 //l/ely.
TlJv.JJ
(I)
(1.)

X
~ 1r:::Qw-_ /1w!lw
~w ,s"", and

Q., =

f 1 Rny"4 ~

wJw./ wdh !he Ch4M9/ M/ J flU! 111 J

lIe/Jce) /; y diV iJ;f}~
/;1 Ff (/J :

, (:;.)

.-1-

J : : : !!L = !jf- ) WAel'B

Qw

*~

ThtJs)
('J ::
\.1(,

0. Or li

f",fJjf/

";"/;/0 /().j:

1
== /, 2

(). 03 0 I)
~.&I

4
Evt ~w:: 0.9 lftJeslre
rJ
1

taIV
So

4,,/ R",

fH4+

CV, :: If 2 (0, q Q"esil'eti) = /, 0 ~ qriesif'84

YeS ;1 WOIIIJ worA.

J

/0-39

(lnd -5;,,,, ~ s;"

/)w::: O.03();

I? : : f},().2.,s-

10f8 I
10.48
An open channel of square cross section had a
flowrate of 80 ft 3/s when first used. After extended use, the
channel became half-filled with silt. Determine the flowrate for
this silted condition. Assume the Manning coefficient is the
same for all the surfaces.

LeI ( }n alJd ( ).r denoTe

(I)

10.49
A circular, finished concrete culvert is to carry a discharge of 50 ft 3/s on a slope of 0.00 I O. It is to flow not more
than half-full. The culvert pipes are available from the manufacturer with diameters that are multiples of I ft. Determine the
smallest suitable culvert diameter.

x 2..-1 k
Q=n ARh 50"') where X= l.'f9 ) S/)= 0.001) anrJ(frollJ TabJe

/0.1)

n = 0.0/2-

For a circular pipe half fuJI /I:::

i D'"

p:::

D so that Rh =~ =

Thus, 50 ::;o~o~~ (*D'')(~)''h(o.ooJ)~) or D::.5.21ff

To make sure if i.s not more thon holf (vII use fhe 6 ff diameler pipe.

/0,501
10.50

A rectangular unfinished concrete

channel of 28-ft-width is laid on a slope of 8

ft/mi. Determine the flow depth and Froude
number of the flow if the flowrate is 400 fe/so

h
8U = 0.00Is/5 Qnd
Q: : j(AR2~s~
n
h 0 J were
k= I.'f'l J So = .52BOff
1
from Table /0./ n = 0.01,/A
2By
AIso) A = 28 Y and p= 2Y+2B SO fha f Rh :::: P ::: 2y +28
Thus)

'100 ==

or

/,lI" ( 2By
O,O/If
2y+ZB

)~/3(2SY)(O OO/5/S)~

5'/,9

Y
O.5QJf = -....:......-(y t/lli/3

Hence

O.tf58(yt/if)-Y

5./.i
2.

0,5 ...

:::0 !fiFfy)

Trial and error soJufion fay Ffy)=:O

From Ihe 9rQ ph r=O when y= 2.23

F
\

o l---...L..-\/-4-....L-_....I
I

2.2

Thvs y:: 2 .. 23 ff
J

V--

Jl-OO

If :: (2BfO{2.23ff) =

VI

Jt

.,I.s

so thof
i.
1..
6. JfI .s
Fir=V'lY =[(32.2a)(2.:l3ff)J~ = 0 .7.56

IO-LfI

. y:2.23

-0.5 I-

1_ -

2.3

/O.S I

10.51
A 10-ft-wide rectangular channel is built to bypass a
dam so that fish can swim upstream during their migration. During normal conditions when the water depth is 4 ft, the water
velocity is 5 ft/s. Determine the velocity during a flood when
the water depth is 8 ft.

( ~

L ef

and ( 1- denule f/Ol'nJa I

af/a

flood ctJlJd/fiol/s, f'cspecfillely.

ThvsJ
0)

n;;k

II

Vn :::

Clf)d

D 1,./3.fr;::

ySolI

f1hlJ

\/ )( R 2-4 Ir;:-'
Vf

z::

-n;

hf v~{

where nn ~ nf

~on -::; S()I and

lin :: I (J If (if fIJ ::: ~ (JII~ J

11;:: 10 If (&f-IJ ::; fo til.

Pn = 10 If f 2 ('ffT) =Ii If ~ fJ ::: lofT +2(111) ;: 2.of-l

Th VS Rn/}:;J

anJ

_ II

~r -

flence~

A
t-:::
j;ff112- :::

71"

d/v/Je

8()t/L
:z.I If

Eq(:J.)

2..:J.:J. II

'" 3. on.;

by q(jJ t() ()~/4in:

JfVn -_ (Rhl
)~~ ( .3.oe# )~~
R
2:).~ff
- 1.2/f
pn

so

that

~ ;= I.;z.~ ~

::: I. 2'f (s ij)

::: 6,).2-#

to-If2-

/0.52

J
10.52
An engineer is to design a channel lined with planed
wood to carry water at a ftowrate of 2 m3 Is on a slope of 10
m/800 m. The channel cross section can be either a 90 triangle
or a rectangle with a cross section twice as wide as its depth.
Which would require less wood and by what percent?

Qr: -H- AR;h S/i

(I)

Let ( )t denote fhe frianguJar cross -sec/ion ana ( ),.. denofe the
rectangular- cross-section
3
10
Thvs 4Jr:= tVl =2.!J- J ~,.. =.s;,t = 800
and nr = nl So thai q. (I) give.s
1-2Yr~

IT]

11
ArRh,..~!;:
=III Rh: where Rh :: p

(2.)

Hence,
iJ,.:= 2. Yr :z.

p,. = lfYr

S(7

Also)

Ai = i(2)i)X:= ~~ J

fhal Rhr := ~t = ~ Yr

'1 = 2 (1{iyt ) so tho! Rhl = 2~ .

Thus) from Ef . (').) :

'
2Yr 2 ( "2I)~
Yr ::::)1 ,. (J)%
2."12 M J or Yr = 0.707 Yt

The amotlfJf of wood i.s proporliolJfll fo fhe welled perimeter, P.

Since

!l=
P,.

21/i'Yt ==
zl'I'y;.
if Yr
q. ( 0.107 ) Yt

= /.00

the friqnq/e requires lhe same amount of wood as

'he recTangle

/0.3
10.53
The two channels shown in Fig. PIO.53 are laid on
the same slope and lined with the same material. When these
channels are flowing half full, in which one will the flowrate
be the greatest? Show any calculations needed to obtain your
answer.

FIGURE P10.53

0)
(~)

/O-1./-'f

10.5 If

10.54

Water flows in a channel with an equilateral triangle cross section as shown' in Fig.
PIO.54. For a given Manning coefficient, n, and
channel slope, determine the depth that gives the
maximum flowrate.
FIGURE P]() ..5+

'---I

1 -- fan2.h60
b = 2lh-y)
fan 60
/J _
~.s -

There fore

K
J
(
2,)[ J- h y - y:J..
Q -_ 7f
fOI1~o' lhy-y 2(h + y)

For fhe
dE

!rJQxi/1JVIfJ

.'%

]:3So~

-= 0 J which is e'{lJivQ/eni fo
( : l )51.3
== ( 2hy - Yo)~
Vpon cli!ferelJlitJlioIJ

{/owrale J

Or = OJ where F7y)

cos 60

y+ hco.s60

and simp/ilicrrlion !his 9ill8S

S ( Y+h cos 6otl) (h - y) - ( 2.h Y - y" ) =0
or
tl
+! y 2. +(.5 h cos 60() -.3 h ) y - 5 h2. C os 60 : : 0
which cqn he wrilfen as

e({-t:.- (-f) - 5
Hence}

=0

Y _ J;t '~I+-'1--(-8)-(5---"),

h -

Sin600

/6

= -0.73/ or + 0.856

The ne9afive ro01 has no physical meQnin9'

Thus} y =O. 856 h

10 -'1-5

/0.55 (
10.55
At what depth will 50 ft:1/ s of water flow in a 6-ftwide rectangular channel lined with rubble masonry set on a
slope of I ft in 500 ft? Is a hydraulic jump possible under these
conditions? Explain.

l .~~--j
6ft

n c: 0.02.5

Q:: /.onIf.1 ARh~ vs, where

LJ
/y
0
A _ 6r'n

1111::

anfJ.

n::

P -

"ly+6

(see Table.

0,01-5

10,/)

Thvs)
60

'-,.1

1.1f9

-c:

0,02.5

(6Y)[ 6y ]
:2. y+ 6

'3(0

Whic.h becomes
y5/3 := (2y+ 6 )'-/3 (O.9~g)
The Irial and error solvfion

Y= 2.S3fl
-rl...
V - !l
f/VS
IJ =
I

50

'

002.)~

70 this

ft~

6 (2.$"3) ffl:::

so thai
V
Fr ::~~

e9tJal;~1J

IS

3 ')..9 f"TIS
/.

3.29 ff4

v'J y

S/nce

Fr

< I if

/s

not poss/hle

/0-'1-6

10 have a hytlr4V//c .ifl~l.

10.56
10.56 .

I
Water flows in

t~e s~mmetrical, unfinished concrete ~~21

~~~~~~~als c:,~f~/i~~~t~ ~~~~i~~~~e6n~tr:;::~;[u~~~ :;:~~

~':'

.'V==:<-:-o-: --,g'oo' -

of concrete needed to line each 1000 ft of the channel.

35 0 ' . _
- - , - _. ."

\ I.

-':--:.;::;:::-:-::.;:-:-=-=--~.

., .. d

.. I . .

,0

4-in.-thick

" ' ; " .;...

10ft

.1

concrete lining

FIGURE PIO.56

Q::: 7fX fJ RhfA3 So% where

from

%J

Table /0.1

n;: 0.01'1-

A= t(~ +/off)y = t (20{ff2.86Y)Y

A==(Jo + 1.Jy)y

'" =/011

A/SOl
or

~-.A.-

;t~

~/off--lV

II

+).

12 = sin~sO

h - P - (joll 102/1.)

or

'i

(I)

R _ (JOt/.'f.3Y)Y

fQ~3.sfl
:: I. 7 Y

h - (Jot3,lfBy)

Hence J with

x:: /.~p

1{. (I) becomes

J20= I, lf9 (10 t/.IfJy)y

O.O/If

or
/tf,eqo =

IO-t/JfJY,yJ~~(11-.2.) ~2
(jo+ 3. If By)
2000

(10 y +1. #-.3y2.) S

(JO+3.~8Y)2.

"

or /22

Solve (frial qnd error) for

SA
(JO+.3/fSy) -(Joy+!'Jf.3yZ) 2=O=F(y)

F(y):::O

,v

/.60
1.6S

185

1.70

-III

200""

1.f2.S

}oo

ThIJs y -= 1.66'f fl
J

v-= volume of concrefe per Jjoooff

yo;:. I. 66Jf ff

O~L-------'~~--~'
1.60
1.65 ~y /,70
- /00 I-

.:: (P + Lf ff) ( 'JOOO 1) ( ~ fI)

where p= loft +2/,. :: /ofl +2. (I.7Jf)(I.tl'fff)== 15.8ft

Hence

11 =(15.8 {f +Lffl){IJOOO fI)(~H) =

lo-'t7

6}600 {fJ(

k~~~) = 2-~'f yd 3

10.57

J
10.57

Determine the critical depth for a flow

of 200 m'/s through a rectangular channel of 10m width. If the water flows 3.8 m deep, is the
flow supercritical? Explain.

Q=

fJRh1:1 S/2. where for crilicQ/ flow

Thvs, wifh V"

*"

- : : V

or Y= 3.tf'f I'J7

Q.81

If
The

y'

[!L3

~~;In""i

" 2/ ';

Fr =/ or V=

1iY

we hqve

~
fhen V:= f.~ =S.26.f- and Fir = V9Vy = [(q. 81S.:z.6
p,.)(3.8111 )]~
= 0.862
fJo w i.s slJbcrilicQ/.

y=3.8m J

lO-tf-8

10.58

I
10.58
Water flows in a rectangular, brick-lined aqueduct of
width 1.2 m at a rate of 73,000 m 3 /day. Determine the water
depth if the change in elevation over the 16-km length of this
channel is 9.6 m.

~/3.~

Q == 1) f) Rh vSo where
X= I,) n::' o.o/s (see TalJle

Q;"

14':l

",3

/0.1) J

J hr

DA

Thvs~

Ea.(!)
I'

0,8J1.S ::

z::

-L (I.').y)

0.0/5

Yr

and
O. BIfS

m3

s-

0.0006

12.Y_

= i"y+I.1..

becomes:

I /. Y. .] ~---------"'A

2.

';y+I,,.

_ [If" Y ]

O. ~3/ -

(9.6h1)/(/6x/o3m) :::

A ~ /. '). Y and Ilh

of

(f)

7~ 000 j,y ( ').I/-hr) ( 36 oos

Also) So =

t
Y

VO,QOfJ6

~
'.3

:2ytl.2

IJ fria / and error soluiion

of

Y= 0.86/ hi

lo-~q

Ihi.s eCI'Ja/ion 9 j l)es

/0.59 J
10.5'1
A smooth steel water slide at an amusement park is
of semicircular cross section with a diameter of 2.5 ft. The slide
descends a vertical distance of 35 ft in its 420 ft length. If pumps
supply water to the slide at a rate of 6 cfs, determine the depth
of flow. Ne!Ject the effects of the curves and bends of the slide.

2 .5 !f

..
~f~
.'. .
~~~

:.::~.:\.~./~y

Q::: nk Ii Rh2A3 So"k

35 ff

where

k;::I.'f9 J SD:: J/.2oFt :: 0.0833 1

and from Table /0./ n ==

0.012

Also (see xomple /0.5)

IJ == '8 (f) -smB) and

R_

Thus,
Q=

*So~
I

94
[ (e
8 (1/)"4

or
6 0 :: 1.1f? (O.0833)~

0.012.

lIenee

h-

O.2.q3f)~=(e-si"B)

where D::: 2.5 ff

D(9-sin8)

'1-8

-sinef4 j

e~

where

8~

JI

e r.
N

6 ,

s/:

[ (() -sillS)
(lfl/.3
fj i l3

(2.5)

2.

D2.

Q= 6.0 te
.s

0.02528

~]

:z..

-(e-sme )5 ==O=F(e)

Trit,j (Jnd error so/ufi()() for F(e) =0

eJ~d

1.50

O.02tf7

1.57

O.oolqS

1.60

-O.OJ3.5

0.02

F
0,01

Thvs,

f)=(1.57/f

1.50

-0.01

l-

-0.02.

I-

or since

y:;:. ~ (/- cos (!)) if follows fhol

=0.369 ff

/0-50

1.55

~60

rq,j)( J~or:?) = ,qO.2-

y =( fI)( J- co.s( ~))

Ie::: 1.57
j

10.60
10.60
Two canals join to form a larger canal as shown
in Video VI0.2 and Fig. PI O. 6Q. Each of the three rectangular canals is lined with the same material and has the same
bottom slope. The water depth in each is to be 2 m. Determine the width of the merged canal, b. Explain physically
(i.e., without using any equations) why it is expected that
the width of the merged canal is less than the combined
widths of the two original canals (Le., b < 4 m + 8 m =
12 m).

II FIGURE P10.60

Q.3 = Q/ + Q2

where

for &':::1,2,3

Q{' :: ~. A,. Rh~~ VSOl~

Thvs
K fI R 1;j 1r;-'
X
~ 1r;::-'
}<
2.4 t~
n3 l3 h~ r50,3
:: "1i1. A1. Rh, r So,- + If; AI R
Il, rSo,
J

But

n,::: n2

and

::: n3

SOl::: SOl..

~ SO.3

.$0

(t)

thaf Eq. (J) become.s

A3 Rh32/3 :::!l2. Rh,.='-h -I- III Rhi2.h

where

AI:::

2m (4111):::

A:z..:::

2m

(2)

8"l F( ~ (2f2+Jf).t8m
J

(em):::/6tn'"

f.

:z.

-fhtat Rh, ~ r: : ; ::: 1m

Fi::: (2-+2+B):#/:Lm So +ha1 Rh2. =~:: 12-111
//,,,," -=-/,333m
so

;~

and.
/).3 == 2 b /112-) f1, :: (~+2+b) ==(b+)m so

Thvs Er.(2) becomes

rhal

Rh3 ==

t : (!~9-)

!~J"/.3
(2b)L(b+~)
== /6 (1.333) ~ .}
or5

8 (J) ~ :::

27. 7'-

~A

b /3

= 8.63 (6+'+)

(3)

A tria I and error or e9/Jaiion so/vel' so/vrion 10 ft- (3) 9/ves

b = 10,6& m
I {

Ihe two ori'lin4/ canals

mer'jed

If) form a/2m wide cafJQ~ fhe

wafer depfh flJov/d he less fhlJlJ 2m h eC4t1.se wdhovl the fwo w~/Is thele
would be I~ frief/on force hold the wa1er b4CK. ThllsJ to lJIallllain
+he 2m depfh W~f}1tJ.rl have b<'/:Lm.

g.3

fJ.
1=1=1
j..--8rn~1
~/:J.m-

/0-51

10.61 ..

10.61 *

Water flows in the painted steel rectangular channel with rounded corners shown in
Fig. PlO.61. The bottom siope is 1 ft/200 ft. Plot
a graph of flowrate as a function of water depth.
for 0 :s y :s 1 ft with corner radii of r = 0, 0.2,
0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 ft.

ol
2ft----..

c_'=---=::=:=:::=;=---~----~--:=:-:-=:-:-=::::=:--y-=r_=::_=:-=-_-_=-_:_=::::d

Jff

= 0.005

200ft

,,..
.. - - 2. fI

Hence wi! h Rh ::
J

1.1:: I.Jf9
\ 0.011f

A~3 - ' -

(b)

(0

p~'

or

Ef(s. (JJ, ('J.)J lind (3)

7.53

["Y-('1-1I)r+2.]J~

1 -.-i

-----t

.,.y-r
(2.)

(3)

give
ff3

r
TOr

r~y:!JJ where r-fl,y,.ft/;",s

/O.S J

(If)

Assume Y ~ r:
Thus, A = AJ +f}2. +A.3

From Example

(I)

005)~

[2Y-(2.-)r2.]

Q=

4nol

AsslJme y ~r :
Thus) A=2(y-r) +r(2-Zr)+ i 7Tr2.
or A=2Y-(2.-1[)r2.
and p = 2 (y-r) +(').-Zr)+ llr
or p:: 2y -(Jf-Tf)r +2

(Q)

FIGUnE "10.61

Q= fJ Rh sji, where X= I. Iff from 7Qb/e /0./ n::: o. O/~J

So =

: r:z.> y

'IIilh

(3)
I

D=2r

A,+A3= (Zrf(9-sin8) where fJNrad and

cosl =

r;y

Hence) A = .f(e -sin8) of- (2-2.r)y

AIs 0 p=
1

2-2r <lop' ... P3 )

(5)

where

from Example /0.5) R+~ = (2i)9 = re

Thus p:: 2- 2r tr8 = ~ +(9 -1.)r
By combing '1.5. (OJ (5)J and (6) We obtain:
J

() - J.~9

q I 0.0111

or
Q=7.53

A5.I.s~
I

(0 005)./i
,

['2..
-f (9 -sine) +(2-2.I")YJ5~
2A

[2. +- (8-Z) r];3

for O~y6r where r",ff y,..fI

Q'"

(con/i)
IO-.5~

fJ-3 and ~ =2 co'( r; Y) "" ;ad

J

(7)

10.61 .. ,

(&onJt)

For

Iff pl()f Q:::Q(y) from either

ft{. (#oj or Eq. (7) for ()~ y~ I ft. Pro9ram P /o#~ I show" De/()W
wtU used 10 calclJlate fhe .tall1jJle re.rf)//s .J'howfJ.
r=OJo.2JO.I/-JO.6Jo.8Jand

:"00 cls
110 open "prn" for output as #1
120 print# 1, "************************ * ** *** ***** ** * **** *****"
130 print#l, "** This program calculates the flowrate as **"
1l,r0 print#l, "** a function of depth for various values
**rt
150 print#l, "** of the radius of curvature of the
**"
160 print#l, "** corners.
**"
170 print#l, "***********************************************"
180 r = -0.2
190 pi = l,r*atn(l)
200 for i = 1 to 6
220 1.' = 1.' + 0.2
230 print#l, " "
2l,r0 print#l, using "With 1.' = ##.## ftrt;r
260 print#l, " y, ft
Q, ft3/s"
280 y = -0.1 + 0.00001
290 for j = 1 to 11
295 y = y + ('.1
300 if y < = r then goto 500
320 0 = 7.53*(2*y-(2-pi/2)*r*r)ft(5/3)/(2*y-(l,r-pi)*r+2)ft(2/3)
3l,r0 got.o 600
500 th = 2*atn((r*r-(r-y) ft 2) ft O.5/(r-y))
5200= 7.53*(r*r*(th-sin(th))/2+(2-2*rl*y)ft(S/3)/(2+(th-2)*r) ft(2/3l
600 print#l, using" ##.##
#.###~ft~~";y,O
620 next j
6l,r0 next i
***********************************************
** This program calculates the flowrate as **
** a function of depth for various values
**
** of the radius of curvature of the
**
** corners.
**
***********************************************
T,tJith r = -0.00 ft
0, ft3/s
y, ft
6.987E-08
0.00
3.0l,r5E-Ol
0.10
9.123E-Ol
0.20
1.700E+00
0.30
0.l,r0
2.613E+00
3.620E+00
0.50
l,r.699E+00
0.60
5.835E+00
0.70
7.017E+00
0.80
8.236E+00
0.90
9.l,r87E+00
1. 00

With r =
y, ft
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1. 00

0.60 ft
0, ft3/s
2.806E-08
1. 79l,rE-Ol
6.220E-01
1.281E+00
2.122E+00
3.107E+00
l,r.198E+OO
5.357E+00
6.566E+00
7.815E+00
9.096E+00

10-53

With

1.'

ft
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.l,r0
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1. 00

y,

1. 00 ft

0, ft3h:.
1.589E-I0
7.158E-02
3.112E-Ol
7.2l,rl,rE-Ol
1.305E+00
2.0l,rlE+00
2.918E+00
3.919E+00
5.022E+00
6.207E+00
7.l,r51E+00

Qvsy
10

/.

8
7

- - r = 0.00 ft

I/)

..,

t::

v",
j;

,"

,,'

- - - r

- - - - - . r = 1.00 ft

2
1

....
~
...-:. -:--. .. "

0
0.0

...

0.2

.........
. -0.4

0.6

y, ft .

I
i

/O-EJ.f.

0.8

=0.60 ft

1.0

10.61.*

Water flows in the fiberglass (n = 0.014)

triangular channel with a round bottom shown in
Fig. PlO.62. The channel slope is 0.1 m/90 m.
Plot a graph of flowrate as a function of water
depth for 0 :0:; Y :0:; 0.50 m with bottom radii of
r = 0,0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.0 m.

~~-1
r

" 90

0.5 m

/V"
FIGURE PIO.62.

(b) I/sslJme y~ 1,

A-= III +Al , where from X(lIfJp/e 10.5 with e 1/

- sin 1I) _ (TT-2) r2.
.~-------,F
AI = (2r)2.(1l
B
2.
2.~
I
r::

Also, for the frapezoidal area

iJ2. (see fiqvres):

1t2

If

= 1/2r +2[Yf(l'i-I)r]][y~(J-k)r]
= [Y+(~-I)r][y-(J-*)rJ

ThIJs

11=[y+(~-J)r][y-(J-~)r] + (7T~2.)

r2

Also}
P = 11 t ~J where R= "f r qnd ~ = 2 (YZ)[Y -(l-vi-)r]
Thus,
p:
+212[Y-(J-y})r]

rr

10-55

(.3)

/0.624

r (con Ii)
Thus, wifh Rh ::
f:)

\{ = O.OJJf

or
Q = 2,38

115/3

1-

Elf. (I) hecome.s

(

p~ 0.00//J)

115/3

p~/3

(5)

Hence) for y ~ (I-;=} ) r calculafe 6i from '1' (5) J lAIdh t1 and P from
frs . (3) and (If),
Th tls
; p/o-lQ~Q(Y) for O~y~O.51h wdhr=O 0.2050.50 O,7S/,Om
.L
I
J
J
J

wI/ere

a)

b)

.S"/:

sin e):3 wil. h CQ.J.a() -::.:...rr - It i f y;!f (..L

Q ::: 0.7SO r81a (e -e'-/3
1- y,J r
and
5~
Q=2. 38 112, ~ with f) ::[Y +(/i-/)r][Y-(J- &)r] + (1T~2.) rand
P . .3

p =fr +2y[y-(J-~ )r] if y>(t-Vr)r

These restI/t.s are co/cfJla/cd and plolted below usifl9 PrOrrqm P/O.#62.
100
110
120
130
lLrO
150
160
190
195
200
210
220
225
230
21,00
250
260
270
2S0
300
320
31,00
360
1,000
1,020
500
510
520

cls
open "prn" for output as #1
pr int.# 1, "****************************** ***********'* '* '* '* '*:t:"
print#1, "** This program calculates the flowrate in **"
prir.t#l. t!**
a vee shaped open channel with a rounded Oli"
print#1, "** bottom.
'*:t!1
pr int.# 1, "* * ** * * ** * * * ** ** ** **** * ** ** * * ** ** ** * * * * * * * ** * * * *"
pi = Lr*atn(1)
r2 = 2"0.5
r = -0.25
for i = 1 to 5
r = r + 0.25
l)rint#1, " "
print#l, using "l>Jith r = ##.## m";r
print#1, " y, m
Q, m3/s"
y = -0.05 + 0.000001
for j = 1 to 11
y = y + 0.05
if y < = (1 - 1/rZ)*r then goto 1,000
A = (y+(3/r2-1)*r)*(y-(1-1/r2)*r) + (pi-2)*r*r/1
P = pi*r/2 + 2*r2*(Y - (1 - 1/r2)*r)
Q = 2.3S*A~(5/3)/P~(2/3)
goto 500
th = 2*atn( (r*r - (r - y)-2)~0.5/(r-y))
Q = 0.750*r-(S/3)*(th - sir.(th))~(5/3)/th-(2/3)
print#1, using" ##.###
#.###----";y,Q
next j
next i

/0-56

/O.62~

***********************************************
** This program calculates the flowrate in **
** a vee shaped open channel with a rounded **
** bottom.
*Jl'
***********************************************
With r =
y, m
0.000
O.OSO
0.100
0.lS0
0.200
0.2S0
0.300
0.3S0
0.4-00
0.4S0
0.500

0,6

0.00 m
Q. m3/s
1. 194-E-16
4-.038E-042.564-E-03
7.559E-03
1.628E-02
2.952E-02
4-.800E-02
7.24-0E-02
1.034-E-Ol
1.4-1SE-Ol
1.874E-Ol

With r =
y, m
0.000
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.200
0.250
0.300
0.350
0.4-00
0.4-S0
O.SOO

1.00 m
Q. m3/s
3.4-36E-13
5.120E-03
2.263E-02
5.361E-02
9.839E-02
1.S69E-Ol
2.290E-Ol
3.138E-Ol
4.113E-Ol
S.21SE-Ol
6.448E-Ol

---~~'--'-'-----

0,51-----

f
O,Sm

0.'+

-----------

------------------------ --- ____ C_~~ ~~-~-"

0.3

0.2 i--------------------------------

0,'

------~f

O.5m

t
0

0.3

0.1
10-57

O.Jf

0,5

/0,63

10.63
The cross section of an ancient Roman aqueduct is
drawn to scale in Fig. PlO.63. When it was new the channel
was essentially rectangular and for a fiowrate of 100,000
m3 /day, the water depth was as indicated. Archeological evidence indicates that after many years of use, calcium carbonate
deposits on the sides and bottom modified the shape to that
shown in the figure. Estimate the fiowrate for the modified shape
if the slope and surface roughness did not change.
I
!
I
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 m
II FIGURE P10.63

surface

Original water
surface

Calcium carbonate
deposits

'. . :

.'

..

.'

where from measuremenls on the fi9/Jre

Ao'X

0, 6m (I. 25hJ) -:: 0,75,,/

and

Ao
O,751'n2.
0 306
Rho = Pc
~/.25m +2.(0,6",)::'
m

~O.6m

7nIJs from '/_ (jJ:

J

ori9inai

no (O.7S)(O,3()6) '".<5 1r:,SOD

_ )i

1.16 -

or

f. rs:

3.1f1

frlodified:
Qm

J<

==

2./3 1'-;:-

n", flm Rhm

VSom

from fhe fi9vreJ

Am -;: . I m ( /.2111/ O.3b1)

/.2-hJ

-;::: 0.75 m2.

and.

R 11m -

Alii"..

O.7S m'J.

:: O.2B3m

P,n"'" (0, SSm +/.Im + IhI)

o.ssm

modified

10-58

a.3m

10.61/~------6m--------4

10.6'"
The smooth concrete-lined channel shown in Fig.
PlO.64 is built on a slope of 2 m/krn. Determine the flowrate
if the depth is y = 1.5 m.
0.5

61=__>
,. . . . -

y''''
3 m------1
-

',,,,

FIGURE PIO.64

_ L IlD~4S~
L
_
_ 2m
Q - n nnh 0
Wnere X-I) So- looom == 0,002.) and from TaMe jO./
n = 0.012Wdh Y =1,5m ,4= (.3m) (o.,sRJ) + f. (3m fom) (J,Ohl ) == 6/11'-

(J) .

ond

ok

p= /,Smf.3m fO.Emf (1'-+3 )2. m = 8.J6m

ThlJs) ~ = ~ =B.~;; == 0.735 "', tJlld Ef. (I) 9ives
2

Q= 0.;12.

(6)(0. 735//3

(0.002)~

= 19.2-tf

/0.6.5
10.65

Determine the flow depth for the channel shown in Fig. PIO.64 if the flowrate is 15
m3 /s.

Q == ~ fJR;-1 SO~) where X=J So:= 3~:m

J

A/so, fl:: 3y'" f

[3(y-O ..5)](Y-O.5) = ~

=0.003) and froh17aJJle/(J,/ 1I=0.01J..

y2..f-;' Y+ ~

p= yt3to,.5t L~(y-t)~+q(y-f)2.]k

tJnd

,....~3(_Y_-O_.5_).,-;.--r-_ _--.
:Y-O.5
:+

2.

:: y +.3.5 of- '{iO' (y- 0.5)

~/6 y +/.92

::

L..01-.5_f1l_~

J and rr:: /S 1f-3 we obt4in

Hence J wifh Rh =
1

15 =v. 0/2
or
1'1

.5/3

2.

(/.5y fl.Ey +a37S)

Jf.//'yt/.l:J.

)"A (0,003)'"
'3

0 I/-

2.01f(lf.16y+I.92) -1.sy:J. -/.sy-O.37S=O :;:F(y)

Tria/and error solufion for F(Y)~ 0

Y F
1.20 0.085.5
1.22 O.OOIfI
/.2'1- --0,0786

0.1
F

0.05

o
Thus) y ~ J.22m
Nofe: Since y < 1.5m the wafer-o.os
does nof conrad the Jef-f
verrica/ wall
-0.1
/o-Sq

+----'--_~---L-_

/O.66~

z = 530 ft

10.66*

The cross section of a creek vaHey is

shown in Fig. PlO.66. Plot a graph of ftowrate as
a function of depth, y, for 0 :s y :s 10ft. The
slope is 5 ftlmi.

30Y-120

yt1-6

Hence}
Q:::: ,.lf9

0,03

or _

Q-

LfB.9 (

(8Y)[~
(O,OOOqIf7)~
yt/2J
ySI.3

(Y-/f)5!z,

12.)2/.3 + 265

yt

I. 1/-9 (3 0 Y-I1-D) [

0.05

30 r-IJ.O] (o.OOO9'f7~
yt2.6

.3

)'"A
yt26 !I

for

'f~ y~effJ where Q~~

Y-8

y-l/

y ~ 8 ft :
Q = Q, +4>2 tQ3+ QI/-

(c) For

with n,=o.o3, n2.=o.o5In.3=O.03.sJn~=O.15

eN
Also, A, 8y 1J2. = 30(Y-9) A-i =90(Y- 8) , find 11/1- =50 (y-e)
:=

gild

R,=e+etJ.f=2 o
J

R= 3()tJf=3tf)

~=50t(y-8)= ytif2

fj=9 0 +(y-8)= y+82

/10

.so thol wilh Rn i =11,: and

(c.onJ-t)
fO-60

'

ond

(3)

y-s

/I. Rh~ S ~ == I.n'f!./I:

RJt~/8 ( o. OOOqtj.7)1:;
Qt .:: Lntfj
ttl
~
lilt

O.Oll-59

ThilS

n;

_ O.Olf5q
Q- 0.03

SA

51

(8)') ~ + O.(JIfsq [30(y-/f)] + o.o~sq

2.0'h

0.05

3'f""'3

0.035

fl., 'D.'th'l.h
~

QO(y -8)]

(y+82.),,13

+ O.0'l-5Q [.50(Y-B)]5/

or

(y tlf2.)'4

0./5

Q::. 6.6'1-y

.s~

(y-8)5/.3

(y- e)~

+2S.3(y-If) +2370 (y+BZt/3 + 208 (y+'I2.)~

ForY~&J

Q~1f

For o~ y~'O plol Q::Q(y) from '(..5. (2.)J (3)J O{l (If')'
ProqraPJ P/01166 sh()wlI be/ow wa.; used fo ca/cv/oie the res()/ls,
100
110
120
130
1'*0
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
230
2'*0
300
310
,*00
'*10
500
510
520
600
700

cls
open "prn" fOT output as #1
print#l, "*************************************************"
print#l, "** This program calculates the flowrate in
**"
print#l, "** the creek at various depths of flow.
**"
print#l, "*************************************************"
Y = -0.5
print#l, " "
print#l, " y, ft
Q, cfs"
for i = 1 to 21
y = y +0.5
if y < = '* then goto 300
if y < = 8 then goto '*00
goto 500
Q = 30.8*y~(5/3)/(y + ,*)~(2/3)
goto 600
Q = ,*8.9*y~(5/3)/(y + 12)~(2/3)+265*(y - ,*)~(5/3)/(y + 26)"(2/3)
goto 600
a = 5/3
b = (y-8)~a
Q=6.6,**y~a+25.3*(y-,*)~a+2370*b/(y+82)~(2/3)+208*b/(y+,*2)~(2/3)

print#l, using" ###.#

next i

#.###~-~~";y,Q

*************************************************
** This program calculates the flowrate in
**
** the creek at various depths of flow.
**
*************************************************
y, ft
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
,*.0
,*.5
5.0

Q, cfs
O.OOOE+OO
3.559E+00
1.053E+Ol
1. 9,*3E+Ol
2.961E+Ol
,*.072E+Ol
5.252E+Ol
6.,*86E+Ol
7.761E+Ol
1.011E+02
1.350E+02

5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0

(conJi)
10-61

1. 765E+02
2.2,*5E+02
2.781E+02
3.366E+02
3.997E+02
,*.669E+02
5.872E+02
7.607E+02
9.755E+02
1.226E+03

('1-)

/O.66~

(conli)

The f lowrafe

os a funcfion of de plh
------

is pJo/fed be Jow.

---------i--~----<--~--,----~

- -

----r- -

1200~------~--------~--~----~-------4--------~

- -~---.------- ___._~ -.-.---~~----_+--------<. --------l~---. ~-

---- _~ _ ~===~E~~==---=~===3~~~~==--~--.

------

~J=~~_=~:=_=:=_~~-~~l -_~--_=_

,
,
--.------------+--- - - --.,------ ---~'-- ----------i----<---- -- .---- - - .-----. - - - - ____ J.________ ----".. -- --.---r-------------- --~:~-- ------- -_.

------ ------------i---~--~,
~---+--------+------~-- ~
-------~--+--.

----~~--==--==
SOD

600

--:~-

==- -1--- =----=-=-1

--+-----;----

~------~--------_4--------_+----~--~~------+
-- - - ------ -1--------'---------1---- ----------

----------+-

------~----i----------

~oo~-------+--------~--~----+---~-+~---------+
-/ _--+_________ L _____ j
---

---

--"-------

0-

- - _

----_.---t

------:- ------j

-~~-----+I-'~--I
,

200r--------+--~----+---~--~----~--4---~--~
"-----.

-f---~--

-----1------

10-62.

--- - - ---~- .. ----.-

10.67

I
:.1,1--'-----6 m - - - - - 4

l.d~:loo::"~-.

(j)(j)~,--..--l"''------l...

-,'-"-.,-., -

10.67
Repeat Problem 10.64 if the surfaces are smooth concrete as is indicated except for the diagonal surface, which is
gravelly with n = 0.025.

i~~
0.5

=.=. =
..:j

~ ~t.=.=.=.. .,. . ,._m

~

/cref e

FIGURE PIO.64

II,Rh l :3 50"~
Q=Q,+Q2, = tijK"/:

)( f72..
LJ RZh ~
n;,
h~ So
where X=I J 50::: 0.002
J

nJ=:o.ozs,(lnd from TabJe jO./ n,.=o,OI2.

A/SOI II,:: t( I.Om)(3f11)== 1.50 hi"

P, =(1.0 2.+ 3.02.)~ == .3,/6m

,4,
I.SOm"
R = 3.16 hi = O.if.7S In
A2 =(.3I17)(J,5m)= 'f.Sn/ J ~ =QSm +3117 + 1.5", = sm
D

or Ilh

an rJ

=: -

112.

'I. Sin'"

or nh,,::: Ii = 5 In

flenc8J from

= 0,90 hi

Eq. (/):

I
'"..3
Js.
I
Q = 0,02.5(1.50)(0.'1-7.5)
(o.oo2J + 0.012.
or
3

'"h

(#.5)(0.90)

(0.002)

Q= 17.3 fNote:

With al/.svrlflce.s

concrefe J

10-63

Q= 18.z.!f (see Problem

/O,&lf).

(fJ

t------2.5 m----l"

10.68*

Water flows through the storm sewer

shown in Fig. PlO.68. The slope of the bottom is
2 m/400 m. Plot a graph of the flowrate as a
function of depth for 0 ~ y ~ 1.7 m. On the same
graph plot the flowrate expected if the entire surface were lined with material similar to that of a
clay tile.

-- -

- - ------------ -

Rubble
masonry

--:---:-:---: -:-:--.- --:---:----

T
--'-l-----'~.v-c,ay

tile

FIGURE PIO.68

(a) For 0 ~ y -==O.5m: The flow is Ihe SQl11e as fhal in 4 circiJlar pipe.
Thf)sJ from EX4mple /0.5 wilh D= / fI1} X=/} and n = O.O/~ (7Q6/e /0.1);
J< k
D%
(e- s inel.1.3
I
').111
1i (1)fV3 (8-sinell.3

Q= n So:z.

B ('ft~

or

=O.OIJl.

e2/.s

('l-oom) 8 (Jf?13

ei /

5~

.m!
Q= 0 . 251 (f) -SinS)
e2 / 3
S J
and 8 = 2 cos-,(o.s-y)

where fj"'rad

(I)

O.S

(b) For

Y~ O,Sm:

LI4--- 2, 5m
(2.)

y-O.5

X
Q,= n;

D"~
n,11 nh,
SO~

2' J

r ~-----,j.!m..l -----\..~m-l

'Ih n, = o.o/~}

W'

(J)

II,:: (0.5tn)'-=o.39311J2., !?=7r(0.S)=/, 57m Sf) thaf

R -==.AL =O.3Q3111:L =0.250 m
hi P,
1.57m
ThIJs}
(;,= o.~IJI.(O.3q3)(O.2.50t.&(If~O )'1. :; O.787.!f3

Also,

.K

2~

li.

Q2 = n" fJ2. Rh2. So ) wilh

A2.

(2,5m)

lienee, wilh

Q2.

'=

*}

(y-o.s)
Rh2. =

n1

= 0.025 (see Toh/e /0./)

=2.5 Y -1.2.5 and 8. =2. (y-o. .5) T 2(~)=2Y

0,5

E'(. (;;..) hecolTle.s

~ (
_
)5/3
,
(_2._)~
002.5
2.5 Y 1.25
(

2y+4S)~ ~oo

Therefore)

Q::! 0.787 + /3.0

(2.)

_
-

(y_o.S)514
/3,0

(2ytO.S)%

s
(Y-O.5)

(2. yt 0.5)'''/3

Plot Q= Q(y) for O:;y ~ 1.71'11

1f for y ~ O,Sm
/)SJn9

(codi)
/O-6Lf

Eqs.

(I)

and (3),

(3)

If fhe en/ire surfqce were lined with ",c,feria} with n, =n2 = o.o/if,
Etfn. (I) would remain valid. The coefficielJl NJ3. 0/ in Eq. (.3) wovlJ
become /3.0(0.025)
= 23.2
For this case
rO.D/Jf
.

Q =0.787

+ 23.2

(y~0.5l~
~

(2Y+O.5) 1.3

-sm for y~ 0.5h1

3

Thi.s re.sulf i.s also plo-lted U.~. Q) frorn r, {/J for o~ YS:O'S"I and
Q from '{. (If) for 0.5 4! y:5 1.7/11). See Proqram P /0#68 below.
100 cls
110 open "prn" for output as #1
120 print#l, "*************************************************"
130 print#l, "** This program calculates the flowrate in
**"
140 print#l, "** the channel as a function of depth.
**"
150 print#l, "*************************************************"
160 dim a(2)
170 a(1) = 13.0
180 a(2) = 23.2
190 for i = 1 to 2
200 print#l. " "
210 if i = 1 then goto 260
220 print#l. "With n = 0.014 for the entire channel"
230 goto 280
260 print#l, "With n = 0.025 for part of the chann8l"
280 y = -.J. + 0.00001
290 print#l, " y, m
Q, m3/s"
300 fo~ j = 1 to 18
320 y = y + 0.1
340 if y < = 0.5 goto 500
360 Q = 0.787 + a(i)*(y - 0.5)~(5/3)/(2*y + 0.5)~(2/3)
380 goto 600
500 th = 2*atn(((0.5~2 - (0.5 - y)-2)-0.5)/(0.5 - y))
5200= 0.251*(th - sin(th))-(5/3)/th-(2/3)
600 print#l, using" ##.#
#.###~---";y,Q
610 next. j
620 next i
~************************************************

This program calculates_the flowrate in

**
the channel as a function of depth.
**
*************************************************
**
~*

With n
y,

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8

0.025 for part of the channel

Q, m3/s
7.552E-l1
3.293E-02
1.381E-01
3.089E-01
5.315E-01
7.870E-01
9.837E--01
1. 367E+OD
1.853E+00

10-65

(4)

/0,68

(cadi)

0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
loY,
1.5
1.6
1.7

2.y,07E+OO
3.010E+00
3.6L!9E+OO
L!.315E+00
5.003E+00
5.708E+00
6.L!26E+00
7.157E+00
7.897E+00

With n = 0.01~ for the entire channel

y, m
Q. m3/s
0.0
7.552E-11
3.293E-02
0.1
1.
381E-01
0.2
3.089E-01
0.3
5.315E-01
O.L!
7.870E-01
0.5
0.6
1.138E+00
1.822E+00
0.7
0.8
2.689E+00
3.678E+00
0.9
L!.75L!E+00
1.0
5.89y,E+00
1.1
7.083E+00
1.2
8.310E+00
1.3
1.L!
9.568E+00
1.085E+01
1.5
1. 215E+01
1.6
1.7
1. 3L!8E+01

_ ... _.... .1 ...

in:: O.Ol'!- for

10

_. _. __..____ ._._.__.________ ~e.l!flre . channeL . .

n= 0,025
for top porfion
of channel .
o,l/-

O,B

y, m

/0-66

/.6

10.6 q
Determine the flowrate for the symmetrical channel
shown in Fig. PlOAO if the bottom is smooth concrete and the
sides are weedy. The bottom slope is So = 0.001.

K
.1.A
k.
Q :::: QJ +<?,. +-Q3 =Q, + 2Q2 where Ql :::: n;.
fI/ Rht.3 SD:I. with){ ~/, 1.11
Also, AI =(3(1)(11-(1) :::/2 f/2. 1J2 ::. f(3;I)(lffl) :: 6ff~J P, :::~/~ 4nd ~ =5f1 J
D - A, - J2.ff2. -3 ff nnd 0
- A,. - 6 fl2. -/1) ff
so fha! nh, - If - If fl ..
nh2 - 7{ - E ff - . ~
I

Hence wilh n,::: 0,0/2 and n,.:: 0.030 (see

J

Table 10./)

we obfain:

Q= ~:~;2 (/2) (3/,4 (O,OOJ)""4-(2)~:~~ (6) {J.2),"/3 (0.00014 = IIq

/0-67

/0.70

10.70
Water in a rectangular painted steel
channel of width b = 1 ft and depth)' is to flow
at critical conditions, Fr = 1. Plot a graph of the
critical slope, Son as a function of y for 0.05 ft :5
Y :5 5 ft. What is the maximum slope allowed if
critical flow is not to occur regardless of the
depth?

V=

I---

1<. zh Ji
h X== J.lfq and from Table 10.1
7f
Rh So J were

Also) Rh
Thv.5

=J.: .,.01

Y )l~

IA'! (

and

Fr==m ==/

with
~

V=

/R

~ I

--~
.. I

n = O.O/if.

1fiY

[(2y+/)'fJ
= 0.0028Jf
Y

V32.2. Y

:=

o.O/Sf

EquafioIJ

(J)

is ploHed below. To de/ermine fhe mini/lJlJ/IJ critical oS lope

set daS;c == 0 .

zytl

That

dSoc _(J.) 0
~
- 3 0.0028

-t

So:

Soc

or

is:
-2h

If)[ (ZY+J)IJ]
Y

if(2ytJ) (2)Y -(2 Y

y2

+J)lJj =0

Thus, y ==
so fhfff frol11 C(. OJ
S
:= 0,0028'1 [ (t,+ 1)'1 ]~ = 0.007.5 7
"6

oCmin

If 5 0

<0.00757

critical

fJoWl

cannot occur aiany dep-th.

The followinq volves are ohfained from Er OJ. !Vole fhal

Jim So

y_O

(2YtJ)I/o]~
Y
=
[
y~O

== O.0028tf Jill)

10-68

oa

and lim So =- 00
y_DO

1--/0_,7_---1

(con V)

Soc

vs y

0.045
0.040
0.035

0.030
0
0

0.025

0.015

--~-~~'---'--~~-~~ ~ "~

0.010

~~-~--~ ~---"-l

Cf)

0.020

..

-~--.-

0.005

----------

0.000
0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

---~--l

5.0

y, ft

SOc

0.0090
0.0088

vs y (expanded scale)

.,.----,....---,--....,-----r---....,-----~------__n

. ___________

___

t
~'_~~

__

___+__--~~--_--

____. _ _ _

-----0-----

0.0086
0.0084

g 0.0082 -

C/)

~
.~=~=~~-~~

0.0080

--

0.0078
0.0076
0.0074

---------;----~I;;;;;;;;--

+------r-----r------r-----.-------f
0.0

0.1

0.3

0.2
y, ft

/0-6 q

0.4

0.5

10.7'

1
y (i.e., Soc = CIY, where C I is a constant) and
that as Y --') 0 the slope becomes proportional to
)
Y -113 (.I.e., Soc = C2/Y 113 ,w here C
~ IS a constant.

10.71

Water flows in a rectangular channel of

width b and depth y with a Froude number of
unity. The slope, Son of the channel needed to
produce this critical flow is a function of y. Show
that as y --') 00 the slope becomes proportional to

Show that the channel with an aspect ratio of

b/y = 6 gives the minimum value of Sllr'

l4--b

..
f

r
(/)

lis y -0)

(ZV b)" - f

SOc --.(- Xn9b'll.l)

To de/ermine
dS
oe
dY
or

so

Iha1

(J1)l
Y -- c,.
yY.i

fhe minimtlm Soc J calculafe

~~c =0

from

=(Xngb'l/.3 ) (1- J[ (2 ytY b)"'] -2.;3 ['1(2 Yfb) (2.)YY - (2ytb)

3

2.

(2y +b) [BY - (;;.y tb)];O

Thvs)
y= ~

/0-70

q.(J):

J!-

] == 0

10.72

10.72
Water flows in a rectangular channel with a bottom
slope of 4.2 ft/mi and a head loss of 2.3 ft/mi. At a section
where the depth is 5.8 ft and the average velocity 5.9 ftls, does
the flow depth increase or decrease in the direction of flow?
Explain.

her S = hL - 2.3ft
s = '1-.2 ft
w e f T - .5280# J 0 52-80H,
and 1T= ~::::
5.9 g.
::Q Jf32
(g y}li [(32.2.~)(5.8fl)J ~
.

Thus)

(2.3 -~.z)
dl
- I s;eo t =-0. OOOIf'lZ <: 0
The flow depthdecreQse.s in flokl direclittJ.
dxx
- O.lf32
There is less heQa JrJSS fhan chonle in e/evotiof) for fhis .suhcrifico/ f/uw.
The flUid speeds up a/ld qefs shallower.

10.73

_'V

10.79

Water flows in the river shown in Fig.

PIO.73 with a uniform bottom slope. The total
head at each section is measured by using Pitot
tubes as indicated. Determine the value of
dy/dx at a location where the Froude number is
0.357.

, \'(3)

~(--l-):"-------------\'
1-1(4)
~
(~--------------- -- ~
J.

"-

~?77;77i~~~~"d/,J
Zl = 620.1 ft
Z3 = 628.3 ft
x2 - Xl = 4100 ft

(.

(2)

Z2 = 618.7 ft
625.0 ft

Z4 =

FIGURE PIO.7S

dy

Sf

-so

(]X=: I-Fl'

where from/he fi'lvre S

or ,... = 8 os 10-'" d S .::: Zl-~:l =

..::J;
x
an
0
R

Thus,
dy

;rx=

10-11

=~ = 23 -i!~
J

X,-X:z.

(620,J-t/8.7){f

If/oof!

:::. (628.3-62.5.0)(+

/ooff

=3 .-,.li/X/OL{.

10. 7"1-

I
!

10.7/f

Repeat Problem 10.73 if the Froude number is 2.75.

21 = 620.1 It
23 = 628.3 ft
X2

X]

"2 = 618.7 It
625.0 It

Z4 =

= 4100ft

FIGURE PIO.73

ft::::
dx

5f - So
1- Frl

where from fhe fi9vre

-8
-If
J$
or Sf - .05 x/o tina (J=

ThlJs,
d =
1
dx

/0.7S

-it

2/-Z~

'f /-'1 _ _ 7. 07X 10- 5

8.051./0 -3. Ix 0

/-(2,75)2

:5:b ~r

10.75

Assume that the conditions given in Fig.

PlO.73 are as indicated except that the value of
Z4 is not known. Determine the value of Z4 if the
flow is uniform depth.

620.1 ft
23 = 628.3 It
X2 - _'I = 4100 It
2]

t .

,/

z2

///////)'/7

= 618.7 It

FIGURE PIO.73

For uniform flow ~::::

"

Sf - S~

/-Fr

=0 or S~
J

= So

Thus,

- 2i i-Zz

Z3 - '2'1- _

or
%'1 == 626.9

or z~ == 23 +Z2. - 2, = 628.3 +6/8.7-620./) ff

ff

10-12

10.76

10.76
A 2.0-ft standing wave is produced at the bottom of
the rectangular channel in an amusement park water ride. If the
water depth upstream of the wave is estimated to be 1.5 ft,
determine how fast the boat is traveling when it passes through
this standing wave (hydraulic jump) for its final "splash."

*: r-

-!'!.

d I +/1 +8 Fr,'" ]
I.sfl

2.

Thus, Fr,:::

~ ::: Fr,

10. 77

V,

/,971 or since

#l = /.97

FiJ

= ~ f})'I

(32.2!t) (1.5 ff)

I
10.77

The water depths upstream and downstream of a hydraulic jump are 0.3 and 1.2 m,
respectively. Determine the upstream velocity and
the power dissipated if the channel is 50 m wide.

y2. .:::
Y,

I. 2m

r. / / +8 fir, 2.']

0.3 m ==2"[1 +

if follows

that V,::

or

~,Off

Y2.

I.S If =)1
,
7.f777 77 7777711t

or / 2.0 U +1.5 if) ::: ..J..[_I +jl +8 Fr, '" ]

~.

Fti =3./6 Thus,

(.3.16)[(Q.8J?) (O.3/h)]

~ == 5. t;2

sInce

!f

The power dissipafed is qiven by

r
-p:: lQ hr;.. J where !:E:.::
-I- F /' (I - (4- t)
Yt /- ~
Y,
2.
12

0\ =(0.31>7)[1- ~.~: + (3~6)1(1-tt:::n] =

Also, Q= A/~ :: Ytbl1:: (o.3m) (SO/H) (5.1f2!f-)
Thll.s

:0:

O.SO'fm

S/.31}3

;1)::'(9.8 ~)(81.3.t;-3)(O.50fn):: ~Ol k~'m = '101 kIN

/0-73

/0.78 I
10.78
Under appropriate conditions, water flowing from a
faucet, onto a flat plate, and over the edge of the plate can produce a circular hydraulic jump as shown in Fig. P10.78 and
\'idl!i1 \'10.6. Consider a situation where a jump forms 3.0 in.
from the center of the plate with depths upstream and downstream of the jump of 0.05. in. and 0.20 in., respectively. Determine the flowrate from the faucet.

.-0J"~

,~3 4/J~mp (2)

, / ' ,..,....
i

in.

I fI)i
~.l:,: :; ; :,:,: ;:;: i: *: ;:;: : :.: : :;: : :+'t; : :; ; ; : :.':H'
pL ......

0.05 in. 0.20 in.

II FIGURE P10.78

For a hyriratJ/ic jump:

::=

i[-I +1{i+8Fr/ ] or
..

o. os in. == f 1 + Y1+N F;?-]

0.2.0111.

ThIJs

.so

fhai Frl ::: 3.1t

V, = 3,161.32.:z.f{(o,os//;l.)11 :::
a/Jd

Q== AI ~ ~ 271R, Ii ~ ::

I.

/b!J.
ff3

ff. f.I){qi~5 11) (/.It {t ) ::: 0.00759 s

271(

IO-7Jf

/0.79

.10.79
In order to have a hydraulic jump, the flow upstream
'of the jump must be supercritical. This implies that a wave made
by a disturbance upstream of the jump cannot travel upstream; it
gets washed downstream (see Video VI 0.(;). Show that for a hydraulic jump in a rectangular channel, the Froude number upstream,
- Frl' and the Froude number downstream, Fr2' are related by
-2
8 Frf
Fro 2 - [(1 + 8 Frf)l/2 - 1]3

Plot Fr2 as a function of Frl and show that the flow downstream
of a jump is subcritical.
;>77Y7777T777;;;

(I)

(z)

2.

Fr2

"

[I

8 Fr:

+8Fr/ -

(3)

Thi.s resuH iJ p/o/-/ed below.

3.5

T-------------------

3.0

FrJ

Fr2.

0.5
/

2.26

2
3

O.S'f7
0.1/10
O.33Q
0.296

if

2.5

~---

2.0

---.~

.!'

LL

1.5

- -- - -.--

--

-~-

.--

1.0
!

0.5 ---.

0.0
I

- I - - - - - - - , - - - - - r - - - . . , . . . . - - - - - , - - - - iI

0.0

1.0

Nole; To hQve a jump we

mils! have FIf> I. FrOIl?
the 9roph FI3. ~I if ~ '>/.
NOTe; Fr/ = / rp"ve.s Frz =/. IJ/so (;QI1 show from 9'
dFr2./rlFr, <0. Hence" Fr2<1 for Q JUMP,

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

Fr1
I

~----------------------------------~

/0-75

(3)

that

/O.BO

I
10.80

Water flows in a 2-ft-wide rectangular

channel at a rate of 10 ft 3 /s. If the water depth
downstream of a hydraulic jump is 2.5 ft, determine (a) the water depth upstream of the jump,
(b) the upstream and downstream Froude numbers, and (c) the head loss across the jump.

i13

Q - 10 ;s
\<2. --7[;
- (2.5f1)(:;.ff)

(a)

or

Fr2, =:

2 0 Ii so
- S
-

fhai Fr2. =

f:l.
V:z. ~ =
~ .s
(g.y,) ,. [(3;2..2~,.)(2.5ft)J~
\ I "

Obfain Fri from fhe reslJH of Problem

0.223

/0.7Q : ..

8 Fr,z
or (0.223) 2r(J +8 Fr,2.)~_1]3- 8 F~/:z.
[(JtBFr,2.)V2.-1]3
LI
Triol and error solviion for f =0 ~
f

Fr: 2. ::

=0 == f( Fr,)

(I)

:2

Fr,

Fr: ::8.10/

5 -

8.0 -7,3q
8,/

- 0.26

8,2

7.25

Thvs, Fr," 8.10 =(v, )V~

IL3 g Y,
II -

v, -

l,

I -

JO s
(2. ff)}'I

Hence,
Yt = 0,228 Hand

-s

, where

- 5
- ~

fh f

so "

\.1:: 0.;29

8./0=

8.0

V
.1

8.2.

Fr
I

f-

(ft)

(32.2. Y/)~

= 2.1.9#

(b) From pari (a) Ff) = 8./0} Fr2, == 0.223

(c)

A/so,
hL ::: r; [I - 2l,

!if(J -(it)]

=O. 22B

ff[l- ~;;8 + (8~O)( J -( o-;~ey)J

or

hL = 5./ f+
Ir

Or could use ~:: f [-I +~ J + B Fi/] wilh Y:z. =2.sfl so fhat

/1
:a.
I I
2.
2.
5 +y. = ~-Vr-/-+8-Fi-f--:->2.' /Vow wdh Fr,2.:: J1.. = \CV (by,)) :: (JO/(:z.X))
I
I
I
.)
J
'J Yt
'J ~
32.2 Yt

or

L. 2 _ 0.776

rr, -

v3
1/

5+}j

a::

y~ [I

we

~bf4in
.k

-1-8(-;:6)]"

aMain X:L+ 2 ,5X

-0.62-/;:0

.By sqlJQri"9 both sirles

which 9ive.s
/0-76

ofJdsill1ph!JilJy we

)1.:0. 22 8 {las

ahove.

/0.

eI

I
10.81

A hydraulic jump at the base of a spillway of a dam

is such that the depths upstream and downstream of the jump
are 0.90 and 3.6 m, respectively (see Vidt'o V 10.5). If the spillway is 10m wide, what is the flowrate over the spillway?

-}'J:: O.9m

V~

Y2.'::: 3.6rn

777p 7 7777}7 / 7 /7

b = 100m

Y2. ='2I [
Y,
-} I
+v 1+8Fr,2,']

Hence) ~::: 3. 16

~=

or 3.6m
o.qm

hur Fr, =

3.16 [(9.81 qi )(o.'I/11~Y2-:::

== 2:

(fJ ~Yi

9.3Q

[J
-I +- 1+8Fi;]
so that

!}

ThuS

Q =IJ, V, : : by! U=( I o.Om)(o.QI7l)('I.3Ql}) = 8.tt,5 ~

10.82 ]
10.82
Determine the head loss and power dissipated by the hydraulic jump of Problem 10.81.

hL= Y,[I-~ +1f?(J-(~t)]

Hence}

where from~::: ;':~=i[-H-JI+8F"'{I.'J

Fr, = 3.16 so fhat

3.6/11 -#- (3.16 )~(I _(o.QI1l )?)J::: I 51

hL :::(0 q m)I 1- O/lm
2.
3.6m
J ..

AIso) 'fJ::: rQ hi.

Hence

where

v,::: (9Y)2. 0:::

.J,.

(q.81:',.)(O.qm~,,%. (3.16)~ Q.3Q:

7'= (9.80~)UO.qf)J)(/Oom)(q.3q~)](J.51 m}= 12J500kN;111 ==

10-77

/2. J500kW

/0.8.3
10.8.3
Water flowing radially outward along a circular plate
forms a circular hydraulic jump as is shown in Fig. PIO.83a.
This is shown easily by holding a dinner plate under the faucet
of the kitchen sink (see Video VI0.ll). (a) Sketch a typical specific energy diagram for this flow (see Problem 10.12) and locate points I, 2, 3, and 4 on the diagram. (b) Which of the water depth profiles shown in Fig. PlO.83b represents the actual
situati~n? Explain.

_ _---'I

(1) (2) (3)

(4)

(b)

iii FIGURE

(a)

P10.83

From Problem /0./2 fhe. specific ener9Y dio'lram for this radial flow is

shown below.
.~Uj,~~iJical

lncreas~flI' '

~, ..

\ .s upe rcritica I

.
G

/ . /fJcre4Sln9 m
/increasin9 r

E"
Up.slream of fhe jump fhe flow mv.sf be Slip ercr/f ica I so (I) and (2) are
localed, Enerpy is consef'teJ- , =E.2., The deplh decreases from (01rJ(21
1nthe jump enerqy decreases - .3 ~'I- < ~. The flow /s stJbcrdt"co/
dOlJlns-freo.m of fha jfJmp and fhe deplh jncreases. (See 4he G1hove qraphJ
Th/)~

fhe flow is like fhe {o//owin,:

/O-7g

IO.Slf

10.84

Water flows in a wide finished concrete

channel as is shown in Fig. PlO.84 such that a
hydraulic jump occurs at the transition of the
change in slope of the channel bottom. If the
upstream Froude number and depth are 4.0 and
0.2 ft, respectively, determine the slopes upstream, SOl' and downstream, S02' of the jump to
maintain uniform flows in those regions. The jump
can be treated as a jump on a horizontal surface.

For uniform flow V==

= A:::

channel R

FIGURE PIO.8Jf

R;1.3 5,;1-',. where

J

X-::;/tf.9

and for a wide

~ Y since by
h
i

yb

2. y+

,y,Vi)!?, :: 'f

Upsfream of rhe jvmp Fi;:: (

so thai

v,::: (~Yi)~ ~ :: [(32,2 ~)(O.2ft)]J-i (If) =10.2 ~

Hence, frrJm ft{. (I):
0.0/2

S Y'2.

0,

or

.s - ='
0 0577
===
01 -

f[- )

Downs/ream of +he jump Y2. ==

+JI f8Fr,2.']
or
y,
Y2 =(i) (0.2 fn[-J+JI +8 (1f)2.' ] =I. 03~ ff
Thvs J AI V,

==

1)2 ~

so -Ihat ". 0)
1/17 = :,'o~~

or
9ives

v,. =~ V, =(J.g3~~) (JO,2 ~) == 1.97l

(J.036{~ So~

~I..-=--=--b-------;---------'+f.J

From Table /0., n::: 0,0/2

10,2 ::: 1.'1-9 (o.2.)Zh

(I)

or Soz:::

IO-7q

0.00021./-0

10.8514-

I
10.95*

A rectangular channel of width b is to

carry water at flowrates from 30 :s Q :s 600 cfs.
The water depth upstream of the hydraulic jump
that occurs (if one does occur) is to remain 1.5
ft for all cases. Plot the power dissipated in the
jump as a function of ftowrate for channels of
width b = 10, 20, 30, and 40 ft.

-po: rQhL

where hL " Yt [1- (~) +

and

Also,
C

10

,- -

rr, - (9 Y,>:)Y:&
=

h \I,,-- II,Q -were

G-J

[(32.2ft)(J.5fl)]~

/.5 b

=O.OqSq

VI -

Yi =1.5 ff
774/ 717

Y:L ~

777~7771

f (J - (f,J)]

~ ::: ~ [- J +~ I+8 Fr~']

\I

(J)

provided F"r,?;O

so

(2.)

fhQ7.1
r

LJ

nenceJ rrom

hL = (I.5J[J -(~) + (0. 00 if 60)( Z}'O-(f;. t)

J ff

. 0)

tt

where b"'flJ Q,.,if

(3)

and from E(. (2.)

~ = i[-J+ (! +O.0736(~/")~J

(IJ)

For the given values of plof -p from

p= 62.ifQhL

ff:s'lb

for 30~ Q tr600

(5)

Nole; If Fr, </ fhere is noivRJp and p:::o. Frf)I')J above) J'h:::/
when Q= O. 0~5q = IO.lI- b
Lei (f, == flowr"fe when Fij =/. from '/- (6) we oblain

b f+

QJ J -3

10

lOll
208

2.0
30
~o

3/2-

16

Wilh h::: /~ 2.~:J~ or Jl.off calculate and plot -p from:

0) p::: 0 if ~<.QI
b) 'P:: 62.# QhL ~ J where ohloin hI. from El(.
~ from ,/-(,,) if Q/~Q ~ 600ij-3

(.3)

wdh

The pro9ram and rcsulfs are 9iv81J he/ow. (See protjrdm P/o#85)
(conI/: )
/0-80

(I)

/0.85' ( con Ji )
100
105
110
120
130
1l,t0
150
160
180
190
200
220
230
2l,t0
250
260
270
280
300
310
320
330
34-0
350
3 60
370

cis
open "prn" for output as #1
print.# 1, H* * * * * * *** * * * * * ** * * * **** ** ****** * * ** *** * ** * ** * * * H
print#l, "** This program calculates the power
**"
print#l, !!** dissipated by a hydraulic jump for
**"
print#l, H** various width channels and various
**"
print#l, H** flowrat.es.
**"
print#l, "***********************************************"
b = 0
for i = 1 to l,t
b = b + 10
print#l, " H
print#l, using "With b = ###.##H;b
01 = 10.l,t*b
print#l, using "If 0 < ###.# then P = 0 (no jump possible)";Ol
print#l, " Q, cfs
P, ft. ibis"
Q = 50
for j = 1 to 11
0 = 0 + 50
if Q < 01 then goto 360
y2y1 = 0.5*(-1 + (1 + 0.0736*(0/b)~2)~0.5l
h = 1.5*(1- y2y1 + 0.00l,t60*(Q/bl-2*(1 - y2y1-(-2l 1 1
P = 62.l,t*Q*h
print#l, using H ####.##
+#.###----";Q,P
nezt. j
next i

Sample OVlpVI!
***********************************************
** This program calculates the power
**
** dissipated by a hydraulic jump for
**
** various width channels and various
**
**
flowrates.
**
***********************************************
With b = 10.00
If 0 < 10l,t.0 then P = 0 (no jump possible)
Q. cfs
P. ft. ibis
150.00
+l,t.6l,tOE+02
200.00
+l,t.131E+03
+1.l,t32E+0i!
250.00
300.00
+3.i!27E+04.
+6. 72l,tE+0l,t
350.00
l,t00.00
+1.165E+05
l,t50.00
+1.852E+05
500.00
+2.766E+05
+3.939E+05
550.00
+5. l,t0 l,tE+ 0 5
600.00
With b = 20.00
If 0 ( 208.0 then P = 0 (no jump possible)
Q, cfs
P, ft. ibis
250.00
+8.859E+01
300.00
+9.281E+02
350.00
+3.376E+03
l,tOO.OO
+8.263E+03
l,t50.00
+1.6l,tlE+0l,t
500.00
+2.863E+0l,t
550.00
+l,t.57l,tE+04600 . 00
+ 6 . 8 5 5 E + 0 l,t
(con J/: )

10- 8/

/0, eSf.

(con'/)
With b = 30.00
If Q < 312.0 then P = 0 (no jump possible:
Q, cfs
P, ft.lb/s
350.00
+2.87~E+01
~OO.OO
+3.628E+02
~50.00
+1.392E+03
500.00
+3.~9~E+03
550.00
+7.039E+03
GOO.OO
+1.239E+0~
With b = ~O.OO
If Q <: ~16.0 then P = 0 (no jump possible)
Q, cfs
P. ft.lb/s
~50.00
+1.129E+Ol
500.00
+1.772E+02
550.00
+7.201E+02
600.00
+1.856E+03

PvsQ
1.E+06

1.E+05

1.E+04

--b=10ft

rJj

.c

- - - b = 20 ft
..... b = 30 ft

.:=

Q..

1- . - . b = 40 ft.

1.E+03

1.E+02

1000
Q,ft/s

IO-~'}...

10.96

10.@6

Water flows in a rectangular channel at

a depth of y = 1 ft and a velocity of V = 20
ft/s. When a gate is suddenly placed across the
end of the channel, a wave (a moving hydraulic
jump) travels upstream with velocity V w as is indicated in Fig. PlO.66. Determine V w' Note that
this is an unsteady problem for a stationary observer. However, for an observer moving to the
left with velocity V . , the flow appears as a steady
hydraulic jump.

- -----:---:-:::---- --:----

v=o

v~

FIGURE PIO.B6

FOr an ohserver moving 10 fhe lell with speed Vw the flolJl4ppe4rs as shown below.

Thlls ) freQ/ fhe flow CIS q Jump wiih

H, v,
(20+ Vw )
r ::; (1 y,)Ji = [(32,:Z)(Jf+)] ~
or

Fr, = 0./76 (20+Vw )

AI \Y,I = IJ2

III
n so)

and

\I

V2

(I)

Y2 _ v, _
or V - V N

V.

(:J.)

~ =l[-J+/JfBJ:;-/] which

20~ v.,

2. 0 +Vw

when combined with ,(.s.(J)Qna (2.) become.s

~[-J+jJfB(O.I76i'(:lOfv.,l]

or

2(ZO+V...,)+ ~
or
2
('f04- 3 Vw )

= Vw ( 1+(O.2'1-8)(ZO+Vwt)2.k
2 [

= Vw

I + (O.2.1f8)(Zo+Vw ) ]

which CQn be wrilfen as

O.2Jf8 VwLf +9.'12 'lw3

+91.2 Yw2. - 2JfO Yw-160 0 ::; 0 == f(VIAI )

Trial and error solution of f(.(3) fo/' f(Vw)::o:
Vw

.Jf

f(Vw )

'1-.20

-/87

~.2.S

-1'30
-72.2

J.}.30

'1-.'35
.JfO

50

-/2.9

'1-7. 6

(3)

-50
-100

Thus, Vw.:: If. 36 {t

/0-83

#.2-

Vw

/0.87
a
......................

10.87
When water flows over a triangular weir as shown in
Fig. PIO.87 and Vidl'O VIO.7, the cross-sectional shape of the
water stream is clearly triangular in the plane of the weir (Section a-a). Farther downstream (Section b-b) the shape of the
water stream is definitely not triangular. Explain why this is so.
Hint: Consider the water velocity profile at Section' a-a.

a-a

bOb

II FIGURE P10,87

As d/sctJ.fJ'ed in Secfio/l /0. &. 2) fl;e speed ollhe wafer f/ow/1J9 over II
weir is a function of h (see the ff?Vre ):
U2.

::,j2?- (h +f )

ThlJ~ fvr () 7I'iaIJ9v/ar-

the wafer speed af

than

(3)

weir

is 9reafel'

af (If),
The h"her -/he .speed) the faflflJefl "
.fhe wafer ''.shoots ()vt t)r 1114/1r IIfJtier
fhlJ+

lJ

the tic/ion of 11'tJlIltr The frtJjecfuf/e.r

of {he wtJJfer.l fherefore al'e ~ .sh()wlI
J

be/ow

...Yt <V1t
...

(If)

(~)

"-

V.3

"-

. -- - \"',

" ....
'"\

"

'\

The rBsv/f is fA dis/of lion

ot fhe

ori91/Ja/ rrilJllflli4r crfN..r-secf/()1J

of fhe lIJlJJier sil'eam 4S .shfJwl1 if) lite videlJ,

JO-8tf

10,88

10.8e Water flows over a 5-ft-wide, rectangular sharpcrested weir that is P", = 4.5 ft tall. If the depth upstream is 5
ft, detennine the flowrate.

IO.eq
lO.8Q

A rectangular sharp crested weir is used

to measure the flowrate in a channel of width 10
ft. It is desired to have the channel flow depth be
6 ft when the ftowrate is 50 cfs. Determine the
height, p ... , of the weir plate:

f Vii h H34 , where

=: 0.61/ + 0.075 -H;

Q= Cw,.
CWr

H-:::6ff -

Pw and

Thus}

Q= (0.611 +-O.07.5(6~PJAl)) (t)(2~)\ (6-Pw)

or
W
5oIf3 == (0.6/J +0.075 (6-;:'",)) (} )( 6''f~ )~ (/0 f+) (6- Pw )
Hence}
[

B. J5 + (6-~)J
P
( 6 - Pw)~ - /2.5 ;:: 0
w

F( p,# )

Trial and error so/vfion of q. (J) for P(Pw) -::O!

Pw

F(pw )

'1-.5
if. 6

3.08

if. 7

O.OOqq
-/,116

If.e

1150

o ~--~--~--~--~Thv.s J Pw = '1-.70 ff
-I

/0-85

(I)

IO.qo
10. q 0
Water flows from a storage tank, over two triangular weirs, and into two irrigation channels as shown in
Video VIO.7 and Fig. PIO.qO The head for each weir is
0.4 ft and the flowrate in the channel fed by the 90-degree
V-notch weir is to be twice the flowrate in the other channel. Determine the angle for the second weir.

FIGURE P10.QO

Q=Cwt k ton (!) 1/i.j H 4.

S

(I)

where
e, :: qoo J HI:: H2o :: O. 'fff QlJd QI;::: 2 61:2-

(2)

ThvsJ from
C.~tl

From

Fit;. 1025.1

= o.sQO
'(s.U) an

8
C'lit, Is

(2-) J

H 5/~ == C__
tan (6,
-r ) ~r::::-:
Y2.j
If
I

2,

1.

(f},. ) ~r::-:.
y2-j

7$ TOil ~

H.~sA X 2

or
0,590 tan '1" :: CW/ 2 iO/1 (~ )x 2

or
C",t2. tan (~ ) -:: 0.295

(3)

Tr/a I and error so/vllon: 1I.r.svme &2::: 20. From Fif. / tJ./6 CIII'I.z. :: 0,6u
1

ThIJsJ CWtz fa!} (~ )

o. 626 tan (10') :::

Rel'Bo.fed trie..r result in fhe 9r.aphiJelol,ll froln which We

82, ==.53 0
o.1f
0.3

CWt,. fan(~ )

0.2.

0.1

2,0

.30

ed

'1-0

Jf:Kj

10-86

e.2 wF 20
GonC/(Jde thai

0./10 == O,ZPS. ThllsJ

.50

6t)

/0.'1/

10."
Water flows over a broad-crested weir that has a
width of 4 m and a height of Pw = 1.5 m. The free-surface well
upstream of the weir is at a height of 0.5 m above the surface
of the weir. Detennine the flowrate in the channel and the
minimum depth of the water Ilbove the weir block.

Q=Cwbbff(ff4H~J where
Cwb ::

(I

0.65
t 1L)~
Pw

0.6

:;:: (1+ o.5m)V2. l.S

Thus,
Q=

(O,S63)(q.rn)(q.8/~)

2.

0,563

(23" ):3/2. (o.5m)3k

2==

Also,
Ymin::: Yc =

1-H == (t;)(o.sm) == 0.333 rn

/0-87

10,92.

I
10.92
Determine the flowrate per unit width, q, over a
broad-crested weir that is 3.0 m tall if the head, H, is 0.60 m.

119 ( '32)31. H3~

Q
0 6.5
=1) = (
u

.iL

2.

where H:::O,6tn and Pw =3.0 m

o
1+ rw)'"
Thvs,
0.6.5
.I!! ~ (2-)~ ()~
Cf= (lt0.E.)~
(q.8J s~) :3
O,6m

srn2.

O.Lf70

::::

3.0
lO.Q3
Water flows under a sluice gate in a
channel of IO-ft width. If the upstream depth remains constant at 5 ft, plot a graph of flowrate as
a function of the distance between the gate and
channel bottom as the gate is slowly opened. Assume free outflow.

~-

Y,=sfi
I

l..t

______

777/777]' 'f 7 7777/

Q::fb= b~aJ2.gy,'J where YJ::5{f, b=Joft,o/JdCd is fromhij.lO.2'1.

Thu~

Q::: ~

(loft) a [2(32.2ii~ )(5 rn]

00

0.5
1.0

10

0.6
0.58

1..5

3.33

2..0

2.5
2

QJ

rt

.5

2.,5

rn

Q,

0.55
0.53
O.5J
Q.50

k
2.

= j7q ~

1/

where a"" (f

0
5/,9
9B.5
IJf2
183
2.21f

250

--

200

-----.----~----.------------

150-------------------

-----

------------ -------

",--

::

100

50 ------O-=----r----,------,-------,.--------;

0.0

0.5

1.5

1.0
a, ft

10-88

2.0

2.5

}OIILf

I
~:~~::~--x~~

lO.Q4 Water flows over the rectangular sharp

crested weir in a wide channel as shown in Fig.
PIO.94. If the channel is lined with unfinished
concrete with a bottom slope of 2 m/300 m, will
it be possible to produce a hydraulic jump in the
channel downstream of the weir? Explain.

Q;: CWI'

H=

U";f"m flow J'm:'

~J;t;:J;2~~'~;!N//'
YI
FIGURE PIO.Q4

So

2/300

"(29' b H.3/2- J where Cwr = 0,611 + 0, 075 (!) wilh

3m-2.2m =0.8117

and

!i,=2,2/'n

Thus)
I
Q= [0.611 +O.075(2~~:)J (t) [2 (Q.8J ~)J~ b (O,8m)~
or

Q== ',3ifQ b ~
HenceJ

V. - ~

-~

A, - b>'J

I -

where b. . m
I. 3 'f9 b

or

b y,

~:::: J.3'f9

For lJni forth flow

~
Q= nX fJ Rh:z.A:3 So:2)
or

\'

Also) for a wide chann8/

1//= by!

VI;::

(I)

y,

X ~ ~
7f
Rh/ So J

and

- by, - v 'f b /Iv

Rhl--..&.
P, -(2y,+b) -'I I
Thus with n= O.O/If (see 74ble~/0.])
J

here X ~ /

R: 2 y, f b

.so

2m
So::: 300m

that

Q = /.3lfQ b == o.d'If- (by,) (y,):3 (0. 00667)~

or

Yt -::

0, iflS 111

Hence J from
II __ 1,3Jf9
VI
I
O.l/I.E

r (/)
= 3,2S m.
s

or

Fr/;::: /. 6 I

Since Fh

So

fh 4 f Fir. _- A.~
\I, _
3.25 fL
- r.
vljr, L(Q.8IIf)(o.JfISfb)]r.I.
/.L

>, if is possible +0 produce a jtJmp,

/o-gq

=0.00667

10. q.5

I
10._95

Water flows in a rectangular channel of

width b = 20 ft at a rate of 100 ft'/s_ The flowrate
is to be measured by using either a rectangular
weir of height Pw = 4 ft or a triangular (8 = 90~)
sharp crested weir. Determine the head, H, necessary. If measurement of the head is accurate to
only 0.04 ft, determine the accuracy of the measured flowrate expected for each of the weirs.
Which weir would be the most accurate? Explain.

Recian9lJ/ar weir:

(0)

~= (0.611 +O.07S("*w))(1-)'YZi b H4.

Thvs,
3

Q= [0.6/1

.,. 0.07.5t ~

or

Q=

With Qr:: /oo1jl this

or
3.

3A

-.5.'1-0

/.25
1.30

-2,.53

.tl 3

where ~"'!f and H"'ff

9ive.s 0/135 =(0.6/1 +O.OI88H)H-%

- Iff/. 7 =0= F(H)

F(H):::O:

(I)

H=/,291-

1.2.0

1.1.5

VH
1.30

-2. -If -

O,~o

Thus H: : I. 2ql/-(f
J

(b)

2 J

Trial and error so/ulion for

H
F(H)
,,20

where Pw=:/fff

)1 (} )[2 (32.2 ~2)J120ff) H4

J07(0.6J1 +O.O/8BH)H

( 32.S + H)H~

-6

Trian9lJ/ar weir:

Q= GlUt ~ fan (t) V29 H.5

:::

Cwt(~Xftm 1f5o)[2(32.2~)J~ H /2
S

or

~
n3
-o2e Cwt H:L I.f J where H,., ff and Cwf is from F,"9./0.25
For Q:::: looff) assume Cw+::: 0.58 so ThQt

Q=

~.28 (O,EB) H~ J or

H= ~39fl

Noh: : The ass{)med Cw+:::O.S8

ohecks (see A'l . 10.25)

CaJclJJafe ~ forfPH,oo, ~()!o.o~J and #'00- 0 0'1 from f(s. (f) and (2):
(Rectangular) HJ H
QJ cf.s
(Trian9u/ar) HI ft
GJ cfs

"'rio:::

I. zStf
J. 2.9lf
J,33tf

95.3

H,oo

100
10'1.9

'v./iJh Hto.oifff if

Lt. 35
= ~. 39
~.~3

QB.O
100
}02.5

is seen thai frian9{)/fJr weir is more acClJrale

((.e. smQller variafion inQ).
IO-QO

(2.)

/0.96
10.%
Water flows over a triangular weir as shown in Fig.
PIO.96a and VidCt) VJO.1. II is proposed that in order to increase the flowrate. Q. for a given head. H. the triangular weir
should be changed to a trapezoidal weir as shown in Fig.
PIO.96b. (a) Derive ~,quation for the flowrate as a function of
the head for the trapezoidal weir. Neglect the upstream velocity head and assume the weir coefficient is 0.60, independent

1/

of H. (b) Use the equation obtained in part (a) to show that

when b H the trapezoidal weir functions as if it were a

lriangular weir. Similarly. show that when b H the trapezoidal weir functions as if it were a rectangular weir.

(, )

(b)

FIGURE P 1 0 .96

h~H

(<IJ

q=CJ U i dh
Z

where Uz c 1fi.jh

h'O

ofld
j = b +2(J/-h)

Thlls,

=(:;.J;.J,)-2h

Q;cJ 1{ijJi[(2Hfb)-2h]dh
",cfij

1/

1/

(1.iI+b)

S
1[hJh-c"Yij.(Z)I h /"dh
o
3

= Cw 6j (2Htb) ~ /I 'f -Cw ~.

or
(J)

(f,)

/ISh.

Q= CwH V2i b /I~ +.J Yij.!I ~] J Where Cw ~o, D

Note: This e1v4/ilfl is s/!lf;(y Me SIIIII of q 101' a redo"9u1or weIr
all" Q {Of' t/ /ri41l9U/rJl' weiI', T/7al Is Q'Cl =' Qp ~ Q... .

From fr. (J)

Q='cwVij 1I~[ffb +J/I]
TIllIs, if h II, Q'Z C", Yij. /I "''f. /I] '" clll 1fij Is /I'%. W/;/C/; Is
fhe e'1i1llii lfl for

tI

frI4f1~v/dr 41iel',

Si/llr1d~1 ~ il h~ q ~ C,..1(1.i h f II~ whidl IS f/;e e'1wI'hii/l for

a reciafl'1v/tlr wei/'.

10-'I{

10.97
10.91
A water-level regulator (not shown) maintains a
depth of 2.0 m downstream from a 50-ft-wide drum gate as
shown in Fig. Pl O. 97 . Plot a graph of flowrate. Q. as a function
of water depth upstream of the gate. Yl' for 2.0":;; Yl ..:;; 5.0 m.

,j""'',j'T""'"'

y,

j~=2m

a = 1m

FIG U REP 10.97

Q::: b q. -::: b Ca a V~1 Yt

where a =/ m and b = 5011 (0, 301f8 ff) ::: IS,2m

Thus,
Q= (ls,2fh) Cd, (/ m) V2 (fl81!ffi) ('h m) ,

== 67.3 Cd,

yy; %3

where y, m
'V

Obfain Cd from Fiq. 10. z q w/lh ~ :: 2.

Y/J m

-Yt
a

Cd

2.0

2.0

2.5

2.5

0.'12

Jfl/.7

3.0

3.0

0,5.3

6/.8

3.5

.3.5

O.5~

70.0

If. 0
If, 5

IA()

O.5tf5

73./f

-.s
5.0

0.55
0.S5

78.S

82.8

80

~.2

0.25

25.0

70

').. If
2. tf

0.35

60

O,~7

36.5
1.0

2.9

o.S3

05'1,7

5.0
2.2
7..lf

2.6
2.B

Q J!!-?'
J

0
Q VSY1

90

...!D. 50
E

40

30
20
10
0
2

/0-92

Drowned outflow

Free outflow

10.'18

10.98

Calibration of a Triangular Weir

Objective: The flowrate over a weir is a function of the weir head. The purpose of this
experiment is to use a device as shown in Fig. PlO.98 to calibrate a triangular weir and determine the relationship between flowrate, Q, and weir head, H.
Equipment:

Water channel (flume) with a pump and a flow control valve; triangular weir;
float; point gage; stop watch.

Experimental Procedure:

Measure the width, b, of the channel, the distance, PW' between the channel bottom and the bottom of the V-notch in the weir plate, and the angle, e,
of the V-notch. Fasten the weir plate to the channel bottom, turn on the pump, and adjust the
control valve to produce the desired flowrate, Q, over the weir. Use the point gage to measure the weir head, H. Insert the float into the water well upstream from the weir and measure the time, t, it takes for the float to travel a known distance, L. Repeat the measurements
for various flowrates (i.e., various weir heads).

Calculations: For each set of data, determine the experimental flowrate as Q = VA, where
V = Lit is the velocity of the float (assumed to be equal to the average velocity of the water
upstream of the weir) and A

= b(Pw + H)

is the flow area upstream of the weir.

Graph: On log-log graph paper, plot flowrate, Q, as ordinates and weir head, H, as abscissas. Draw the best-fit line with a slope of 5/2 through the data.
Results: Use the flowrate-weir head data to determine the triangular weir coefficient, CWI ,
for this weir (see Eq. 10.32). For this experiment, assume that the weir coefficient is a constant, independent of weir head.
Data:

To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and dick here
to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem.

II FIGURE P10.98

/O.Q8

(con'/)
Solution for Problem 10.98: Calibration of a Triangluar Weir

e,

deg
90

b, in.
6.00

H,ft
0.231
0.224
0.211
0.192
0.176
0.156
0.136
0.106
0.091
0.088

t, s
8.2
8.5
10.7
12.5
16.5
19.5
27.1
48.2
62.9
68.1

Pw, in.
6.55

L,ft
1.50

Q, ft A 3/s

V, ftls
0.183
0.176
0.140
0.120
0.091
0.077
0.055
0.031
0.024
0.022

0.0711
0.0679
0.0530
0.0443
0.0328
0.0270
0.0189
0.0101
0.0076
0.0070

=VA =V*b(Pw + H) where V =LIt

=Cwt (8/15) tan(8/2) (2g) 1/2 H5/2 where from the graph

= 2.76 H2 .5

Thus, Cwt = (15/8)*2.76/(2*32.2)1/2 = 0.645

Problem 10.98
Flowrate, Q, vs Head, H

0.10

------~-I

--I

-~ --~~I'---~-----i--~-

+---

--+-I------i---!i-i---!_~i_~__=~

---------------:--------1

------.---------.- -~----- -II

~
M

<
4:

i
----------j------~

ci
1---+-----'-----,--1----'---'----.;

I
I

I
0.01

~------------'------'

0.1

H,ft

jO-9Jf

Experimental

'-------.:----=--

10.9'1

10.99

Calibration of a Rectangular Weir

Objective: The flowrate over a weir is a function of the weir head. The purpose of this
experiment is to use a device as shown in Fig. PlO.99 to calibrate a rectangular weir and determine the relationship between flowrate. Q, and weir head, H.
Equipment:

Water channel (flume) with a pump and a flow control valve; rectangular
weir; float; point gage; stop watch.

Experimental Procedure:

Measure the width, b. of the channel and the distance, PW'

between the channel bottom and the top of the weir plate. Fasten the weir plate to the channel bottom, turn on the pump, and adjust the control valve to produce the desired flowrate.
Q, over the weir. Use the point gage to measure the weir head. H. Insert the float into the
water well upstream from the weir and measure the time, t, it takes for the float to travel a
known distance, L. Repeat the measurements for various flowrates (i.e . various weir heads).
For each set of data, determine the experimental flowrate as Q == VA. where
V = Lit is the velocity of the float (assumed to be equal to the average velocity of the water
upstream of the weir) and A == b(Pw + H) is the flow area upstream of the weir.

Calculations:

Graph: On log-log graph paper. plot flowrate, Q. as ordinates and weir head. H. as abscissas. Draw the best-fit line with a slope of 3/2 through the data.
Results: Use the flowrate-weir head data to determine the rectangular weir coefficient.
Cwn for this weir (see Eq. 10.30). For this experiment, assume that the weir coefficient is a
constant, independent of weir head.

Data:

To proceed. print this page for reference when you work the problem and click here
to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem.

III FIGURE P10.99

/0-95

10,99

(con'/J
Solution for Problem 10.99: Calibration of a Rectangular Weir

b, in.
6.00

Pw , in.

L, ft

6.00

1.40

H,ft

t, s
2.2
2.7
3.0
4.2
4.5
6.6
15.8
23.8
38.4

0.254
0.216
0.184
0.162
0.151
0.111
0.060
0.046
0.031

Q, ft"3/s
0.240
0.186
0.160
0.110
0.101
0.065
0.025
0.016
0.010

V, fUs
0.636
0.519
0.467
0.333
0.311
0.212
0.089
0.059
0.036

=VA =V*b(Pw + H) where V =LIt

= Cwr (2/3) (2g) 112 H3/2 b where from the graph

= 1.79 H 1.5

Thus, Cwr

=(3/2)*1.79/(0.5*(2*32.2)1/2) =0.669

Problem 10.99
Flowrate, Q, vs Head, H

1.00

~---=-~-~~-~i~'~.
I ~-

- -------~_
---~----------- .....--------+~~-

!
----------+-~--,__>_--~
___

----

_~------,_

~-~--

.----------------,-.-~~

'- --------,-- -----------.~----~-----.------.-- ---------->------_._-- ~~, ~

-:,-----1

--------~--'-1

.!e
M

=
ci

0.10

~_____t___:-__:::;:I
.

-.~----.~

---=-~~~----------, ----<----+-----.-'-!~--=----==--:.-~.=J

---~~~-,~~-~~=-==---~'==-=~===-=~:~-=-=I
--.---------

0.01
0.01

, IQ = 1.~9H1.5

0.10

----..:.....1
1.00

H,ft

/0-96

Experimental

/0./00

10.100

Hydraulic Jump Depth Ratio

Objective: Under certain conditions, if the flow in a channel is supercritical a hydraulic

jump will form. The purpose of this experiment is to use an apparatus as shown in Fig. PIO.IOO
to determine the depth ratio, YZ/YI> across the hydraulic jump as a function of the Froude
number upstream of the jump, Fri'
Equipment:

Water channel (flume) with a pump and a flow control valve; sluice gate;
point gage; adjustable tail gate.

Position the sluice gate so that the distance, a, between the

bottom of the gate and the bottom of the channel is approximately I inch. Adjust the flow
control valve to produce a flowrate that causes the water to back up to the desired depth, Yo,
upstream of the sluice gate. Carefully adjust the angle, 0, of the tail gate so that a hydraulic
jump forms at the desired location downstream from the sluice gate. Note that if 0 is too
small, the jump will be washed downstream and disappear. If 0 is too large, the jump will
migrate upstream and be swallowed by the sluice gate. With the jump in place, use the point
gage to determine the depth upstream from the sluice gate, Yo, the depth just upstream from
the jump, YI> and the depth downstream from the jump, Yz. Repeat the measurements for various flowrates (i.e., various Yo values).

Experimental Procedure:

Calculations: For each data set, use the Bernoulli and continuity equations between points
(0) and (1) to determine the velocity, VI> and Froude number, Fr\ = VI/(gYI)I/2,just upstream
from the jump (see Eq. 3.21). Also use the measured depths to determine the depth ratio,
YZ/YI' across the jump.
Graph:

Plot the depth ratio, Yz/Yl> as ordinates and Froude number, Frl, as abscissas.

Results:

On the same graph, plot the theoretical depth ratio as a function of Froude number
(see Eq. 10.24).

Data:

To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click here
to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem.

III FIGURE P10.100

(con'/)

(con)')

/0./00

Solution for Problem 10.100: Hydraulic Jump Depth Ratio

Yo, ft
0.855
0.759
0.691
0.578
0.492
0.414
0.289
0.248

Y2, ft.
0.404
0.386
0.367
0.337
0.308
0.280
0.233
0.211

hft
0.055
0.055
0.055
0.055
0.055
0.055
0.055
0.055

V" ftls
7.19
6.75
6.42
5.83
5.34
4.85
3.95
3.62

Experimental
Fr,
5.40
5.07
4.82
4.38
4.01
3.65
2.97
2.72

Theoretical
Fr,
yh,
1
1.00
2
2.37
3
3.77
4
5.18
5
6.59
6
8.00

Y2/Y'
7.35
7.02
6.67
6.13
5.60
5.09
4.24
3.84

For flow under a sluice gate:

V, =[2g*(yo - y,)/(1 - (Y,/YO)2)],12

Theory:

Fr,

=V,/(gY1)112
Problem 10.100
Depth Ratio, Y2JY1,
vs
Froude Number, Fr1

------.-

-------------

._-----

7 - -- --------.--.----------- .---.---~------------~~ -.--.----------6

- ---. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - . - . - - - - - - - P - + _

----~---.----:..--.______7"'L"L+___

--

-+- Experimental I i
l

>- 4

---.,--~---~-

._----_.- - - - - j

------1

---/-----~---,------------~

_ _ _ _---C--~----------

___ ;

,!
1

+-----~----~----~----r_----r_--~-----4

- - Theoretical

/0./01

10.101

Hydraulic Jump Head Loss

Objective: Under certain conditions, if the flow in a channel is supercritical a hydraulic

jump will form. The purpose of this experiment is to use an apparatus as shown in Fig. PlO.lOl
to determine the head loss ratio, hJYI> across the hydraulic jump as a function of the Froude
number upstream of the jump, FrI'
Equipment:

Water channel (flume) with a pump and a flow control valve; sluice gate;
point gage; Pitot tubes; adjustable tail gate.

Position the sluice gate so that the distance, a, between the

bottom of the gate and the bottom of the channel is approximately 1 inch. Adjust the flow
control valve to produce a flowrate that causes the water to back up to the desired depth, Yo,
upstream of the sluice gate. Carefully adjust the angle, e, of the tail gate so that a hydraulic
jump forms at the desired location downstream from the sluice gate. Note that if e is too
small, the jump will be washed downstream and disappear. If e is too large, the jump will
migrate upstream and be swallowed by the sluice gate. With the jump in place, use the point
gage to determine the depth upstream from the sluice gate, Yo, and the depth just upstream
from the jump, YI' Also measure the head loss, hb as the difference in the water elevations
in the piezometer tubes connected to the two Pitot tubes located upstream and downstream
of the jump. Repeat the measurements for various flowrates (i.e., various Yo values).

Experimental Procedure:

Calculations: For each data set, use the Bernoulli and continuity equations between points
(0) and (1) to determine the velocity, VI> and the Froude number, Fri ::::: VJi(gYl)IJ2, just upstream from the jump. Also calculate the dimensionless head loss, hJYl> for each data set.
Graph: Plot the dimensionless head loss across the jump, hJYI> as ordinates and the
Froude number, FrI, as abscissas.
Results: On the same graph, plot the theoretical dimensionless head loss as a function of
Froude number (see Eqs. 10.24 and 10.25).
Data:

To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click ht're
to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem.
Sluice gate

Point gage

1/1 FIGURE P10.101

Pitot tube

( con)t)

/o-qq

IO./O}

(con J/)

Solution for Problem 10.101: Hydraulic Jump Head Loss

Yo, ft
0.855
0.759
0.691
0.578
0.492
0.414
0.289
0.248

Y1, ft
0.055
0.055
0.055
0.055
0.055
0.055
0.055
0.055

Y2, ft.

OA04
0.386
0.367
0.337
0.308
0.280
0.233
0.211

Experimental
V 1, ftls
Fr1
7.19
5AO
6.75
5.07
6A2
4.82
5.83
4.38
5.34
4.01
4.85
3.65
3.95
2.97
3.62
2.72

hL, ft
0.364
0.313
0.271
0.201
0.152
0.117
0.058
0.042

Fr1
1
2
3
4
5
6

hL/Y1
6.62
5.69
4.93
3.65
2.76
2.13
1.05
0.76

Theoretical
Y2 /Y1
1.00
2.37
3.77
5.18
6.59
8.00

hL/Y1
0.00
0.27
1.41
3.52
6.62
10.72

For flow under a sluice gate:

)1(1 - (Y1 / yO) 2 )]1/2
V 1 -- [
2g*Yo(- Y1

Theory:

hL/y 1 = 1 - (Y2/y 1) +Fr12[ 1 - (y 1/Y2)2]/2

where
Y2/Y1 = [-1 + (1 + 8Fr/)112]/2

Problem 10.101
Dimensionless Head Loss, hL/Y1
vs
Froude Number, Fr1

10 -

---~----~-----.------------------

----

---- ----

-~---

--F--F------;--

---I

I
1

-----------------1i

--~-----

o +---~--==~----+---~----_r----r_--~
o

10-/00

--+- Experimental I
- - Theoretical

11.1
As demonstrated in Vidt'll \'11..1, fluid density differences in a flow may be seen with the help of a Schlieren optical system. Discuss what variables affect fluid density and how.

;:~Y

,tdelll /

(/11

~4t :

e = Rr
..e..
,$tJ

elf(I"I~J

pressure) ?)
'/tJ/Y;aniJt?r
c,f)(J/'n;

chan,es-.
fI, t,

VIJ

lue

C 1"ln,eJ

elel'JJ'/Iy~f,w;11 a.ce(/n1pfJW?Y t:l,lln,~

,if
,tiS

,n

~'pI)~jl/fJn ~

C/'4h'~ I;"

()I

a.hd/rh' feMt~"'r~.J T.

';/lti'd vslfJei'J Antipr J,(N"'h~ ILl?eI

yn~ reslll-l /"

(J

R"

i"

/Jresrul't!

And t-ewtp!KIJIuI't:,

JU ~PIJ.r/I,tlJ? -/j,4t- Q/fer;f

f ~e ,gr (,h1J'~I'JI.I 1</ will Y'eS'tll-/ In

a'el'1f ily ~

e.

II-I

I ,.

11.1
Describe briefly how a Schlieren optical visualization
system (Video" V 11.1 and Vll.1, also Fig. 11.4) works.

5'eJ"/"ere,,, v'jIAA/'jlll,o~ syskl"l'1 de-lecl.r ~ve..,

$Yt'tllll
1/ yja-honI In -IAe iYJr/ex 01 re66ch~1'I of

ryflt!~

ir dr/en

~ fl"t!r

VQ ria h(;nj

V(J,ri~fo;;YI.$

I~

I~

uJed.,fp JhJH~/iJe
Ih

().y,"""d

I;'

Icn/te erJ,e
LI~J1fify

~luld eI~nf/!J ahd'

J(JWle

'nt/ex or ~~-6~

II

rhUf

VII)'J. i/'hJ

Ii,

I)

li!/'1 myJ he,;', t~'Jllt

',,1,'1

,h/e",I,'J'II./.I

IAI'I

fh4t:i:.$ lind

I;' elex of t'e.{y,c.,/on.

-lite JeYl~'-h; Cll'lei

f/rAN "~fulf
~

I", f/""/~ Wt~&J,a,,/~ J ~ rJis

{;anIpareHJ htlllrNiQ I.

'"

"t!$UI'f"'~

II

bllJ&~lr called

Vi,fH."j4fJ"n ~ f

,'",

Ph'

v4yi .. li()I'1.J

fluid

t"l"yc.

I,;~~ .... h(,n

/YI ellA. til"}

En,,;'~e-rlny

6y

hI,."

f'~ e~.lic,

FIlA;1'd

d/a1r/JNt;t

~ lltt1#1ic'( ~

f(dberJ ~n

Iff

a""e/ C'7~

/1-2.

fee
W,/ey
Crowe.

6,<

/>t..,

113

.113
Are the flows shown in Videos V Il.l and VII ..:! compressible? Do they involve high-speed flow velocities? Discuss.

l~ I'I~ iol d~nJ/& aye. ev,'den"f $"

(,...(/Ykl,yes.r/ .hIe
IltlWS ~ /Y,VI) Iv~. All ()f

Va Y'/tl h-()YlS

OA'~

Ihe!-I!. f/8W$

"o.lJ/e

JI

l./

/fIlAI S''pe~eI ~c,f ~ th~

ex/-/- I'lfIW which

if

J,J't, Sfl'ttel.

J !A
In cities where it can get very hot, airplanes are not
allowed to take off when the ambient temperature exceeds a cap
level. Does this make sense?

0", ~
fJ. an

The
~f

hd -I d -t.l
q,.,

clDJ

co/del'

et,

s'-nce

#r fI.~

~fJud

~:-':;

cold d,. 7d
YUJIIW4y

SUr"CfJ

rJ ~C'-

4
t

/rpI4J?e

~f"'rfd
fA

2.

,SQI'I'Je,.

Ii

leI 1

-I fhe () ir If

liff :k,.t:..eJ e~er~rJ (JJII fJ.e.,. /,-{t/'n!l

IJII1
alYp/Ql'le Oy~ ye/4if!t:I -Iv deYJ>;1:J

~:

So"

fit e d~ n J,'':J

(hJ

ch"ell~

lel?Jfh If

A.

~iJJ.f~ () h&"~'"
h,f cl4J fnAh I}11

A..

IhJof "Jl9J,~ $fe~""/ J?1t:#e

neeqed/

11-3

II.>

1
11.5
Air flows steadily between two sections in a duct. At
section (1), the temperature and pressure are TI = 80C,
PI = 301 kPa(abs), and at section (2), the temperature and pressure are T2 = 180C, P2 = 181 kPa(abs). Calculate the
(a) change in internal energy between sections (1) and (2),
(b) change in enthalpy between sections (1) and (2). (c) change
in density between sections (1) and (2), (d) change in entropy
between sections (1) and (2). How would you estimate the loss
of available energy between the two sections of this flow?

may be

(b) C1,11.9

fo eva. /u.~fe the cht:l"Je

~ plOl'/e~ /I.I(d)

used

'"
v
r
h:J. - hi ' Thus)
.....
v
h1.- 4 :- c (7- T ) = I/OtJ'j

"I'

(d)

. /1.22.

5.2.. -

s .

s;, -

5,

/)'Jay

*!,

'~53}::
j{)( ,

CfJ

In Tz - I< In ~ =
-r;
~

(JY

3'Jb

- "J5lK) =

Me-

be w~d ,f; eva IWA-fe-

Thus;

;. - Sf

I;'

en/ltaiI'Y.J

/O~IfDO

(Z8',Q "k,.N. ...k Y1t~l'dJ

(Jdl kl, )

-:r

1I,.k

(con't )
//- 'I

cA0J11e. in t:I1lnpy.;

(00'1"'Il9. K y,{t:(35~S3KK)
j

*z..

5",;'(.(, the f/tMJ i"v"lwJ 0 fIJIt;h'OInf

$()Iu-h'~ Iv
''''''-!If k

~~ c -h'fh/!

loSS -::

""

(2). 50

u,. - Ii,

.f-

JP{-f) - ~
)

UIwoplek II"J JoI.. /,....

C(by.

!I.t '" ~

fI,e

E;. '>'ltJt we

i? Ie JroYI /

f'

~ ,,~,J
~"

6C h~f

I
11.6

Helium is compressed isothermally from

121 kPa (abs) to 301 kPa (abs). Determine the
entropy change associated with this process.

alt'tB/
I

=- -

/3 9()

~I

a>?d -h>

57- - S

.r~~

~b(}ve..l if if t:.lYr1fr'(.fJ;J,le (/lllul 11 s: loB

i!-IIII< I....-h,.. fitL /"u ,-.. ,,1111 ila tk ~ hWJ'1 J,~n

in

//6

tlenfl.,1

Pllyj (t.)

(J) IV"tK

fl v 4.

d,lWJf~ J~

..!:.-

~.K

11-5

he!

/.,

>"If/rt.

1;,/rN",~.t,,;,.

f. f"I<.

/1,7

I
11.7
Air at 14.7 psia and 70 of is compressed adiabatically
by a centrifugal compressor to a pressure of 100 psia. What is
the minimum temperature rise possible? Explain.

The

fempeY'~ful'e

YYlln I /'JII U Wi

fY/c li(}n less

wtJu /d (Jew" w / Ih

rise.

process /,4/hlch inv/)Ive.r

uns~nt

tf

-Flow. A Cc..lh'dlllj ft; -Ihe se.GQnd klw of

fhe

enfyopi'

procesS' ~

Musf

Cdnnof

i';

illttsfvedef

IhCret1se. or

fhe

how

fheyJt!fodYJ1tJl'JlliCJ)

Y~1I11?

d~ cYetl.fe. .

The

en-/rt;I'Y /)y

E9' S. 101

d iOf YIIJII? f'Ke !rhed be/ow

p~sS' ~$ulfr I~ a. n-,I,,/mum 'kRl~K.

i5r3nfn:,pic

r~e.

~~

s
Far fhe

isenfr-op/{.. pYocess J EI'

T (lut

- ~n

mi"i,.,/.(""

is- va/ld

J /.211-

&=1

(P.. 7J""
t

= (Jo'R)

f>,;"

()

T.

11-

()

'-i:..!

/fof)P$iA.)

(I. !114
7

_ '117 ~ - 530 ~

In

7iuAs I

lind

T/Juf
min ;,..14""

c:U.iYl,!! 4n atllablfle-

CdI1.J'htn7

7-.s

Ifen~ic

I.:

1/7 "I(

fl.g

11.8
Methane is compressed adiabaticallyi
from 100 kPa (abs), 25C to 200 kPa (abs). Whati
is the minimum compressor exit temperature pos-i
sible? Explain.
i

me

ctJmpressO'Y ex.t'f -fempeyt~lur-e

m/n/murn

ad/al,~tlc

elr/rtJp},

Cll1d

bY

Ir)cf,(jnks..s /JYlJces$

i$el'rlrr;plc Flaw.

fherm()tilrnqm/c.J.;

9'

wtJuld occ..u~ tv/fJ, tin

whic4 invc/ves a unstzrnf

A cceJYdI~ -10 /he.. '5ec..()~d law of

5. /0/) -Ihe eh1-rojJ,Y m",.sf

/17c..yetlfe

or

adiabalic pr(Jce.5~ if- CQI/'1I'1Dt

clecrel1(s~. The T-s d/tl1Ytlm .riefcAed 6elM ;I/t{sfraks htJw fAL
iseh-iYPpic pn;cess resulf:> I;' D-- /()~r exi f fe?npeyt14"e, -/hQJ'l I1l7y

'Yemcl!'n

ctJ;;;-/lttl1f

aciut:d ad /a6a{;c

dllr1n.J

py()cess

Qn

j;elwe.e~

.fhe.

Sdl'J7e

/1ressuyes.

~v.t

C/mc.lutte ~ ~ .//.2'/ Ihal

Or

3?/1<....

11-7

/I.

I
J 1.9
Air expands adiabatically through a turbine from a
pressure and temperature of 180 psia. 1600 oR to a pressure of
14.7 psia. If the actual temperature change is 85% of the ideal
temperature change. determine the actual temperature of the expanded air and the actual enthalpy and entropy differences
across the turbine.

To

deret'm,;'e -th.e aclvtal fen;1pey~fwr'e. of I-l1e expal1atP/

ac~1

ei/lfttall''1

t:iJ;Jd

/D delent1lne -lite

{ii'sf

lhe ide,tI 7elNlperalul'e.

ad ialott-n'c-

enn--ol'Y

idf'tJl fetnperalu~e
cht:tJ19~

fYiV'h4Y1/~SS

IifHfIJ

The t:tchtetl Pl'lXefJ Ihwltl~s

~

/Alilh

T-

d;ffenHcef

c//&:~?r,1;a;,

iJ~}1 frt7pic

11uI;

6e/gw.

.r-kefrh

11 . 2 '/

~t(f
iel~~1

5ince

~lJ.t

1cA..&/

T. ) =
~

(lcr(JSf

the

we nted

lite fllr6/ne.

turbine

eYpt:l15Ipn.

Jmallw ~walwt'e ct,tlJ1!~ as ;Iklh-tkd

t:l

IICl'tJ$f Me fuy6/ne

Chan!e

P,~

1.

lJJ1tJ1

IAe. lurb/ne is tiss()c/ak, wi#' an

t:lCY()$>

t:lJlJd

air

O. 85 ( T

Duf

ffl

it:l~ 1

11-

7. )

1110

11.10

An expression for the value of cp fori

carbon dioxide as a function of temperature is !
= 9210 _ 3.71 x 1()6
8.02 x 108
p
C
T
+
P

where cp is in (ft . Ib)/(slug . OR) and where Tis

in oR. Compare the change in enthalpy of carbon
dioxide using the constant value of cp from Problem 11.2 with the change in enthalpy of carbon
dioxide using the expression above, for T2 - TJ
equal to (a) 10 oR; (b) 1000 oR and (c) 3000 OR.
Set TJ = 540 oR.

'"

con5~1

c;" fhe cl1lflJ1,Je In e;r~~lpy.J h, - 1,,) ~y b~

eVdlfA~fepi will? Gf. I/. '}. rhus}
{f;v

(h: -{):=

VtlY)'lY:J '"

So)

,,,,,sIMt .,

Fur

-e VtlluaW

wi th

I~

h, - hi"

(T~ - ~

6'{ I/. 3.

'"

Thus"

r~

J ('210 -

r;

(tJ.JhrY

9210

(rl.- T,) -

3.71 XIO'

'it

= 5'/-0 (lK

aAltd

k tI~)
- ~.OlX IO~J..
..!-)
T
( 7:
_

1-

T.
I

~ = 55'0"R.

f~97 /'.;.. /6 )
$/"" .1(

aYld
v

T"l.

Oy

2.

~.()Z X/Of) d r

"i.7(XIO '+

r;

7;

('h - h):::.
""YI't!,

cha)1~ 'M enlJta/pYJ h'J, -4, J h1~ Ix

the

c" dT

If

( n,,- hi) VtMY/~J

c.,.

51) 000

fl. /1,
SI"

(emil)

(sSO 01<_ 5''M of() :::: if 9,{}()O -li-.lb

$iu.J

II. 10

I(con't)

and
(.hv

V)

-I-,

VtlYtf/~

C"

(V

h - ~) Varytn.J
.
2.

-::: 2 . / -, X 10
0

11-. /6

7
//.//

11.1 1
Why?

Does sound travel faster in the winter or summer?

firy.

ClIY"

~ ~ S"peL4

tJr

.f4Jw1d ~ EI' /1.3,

iJ

c -= Vf<Ti<"
I/IIhe~ the "Jtt.tln~~t -k""'r"lut'(!" 1.: if I~v.le,.. PS "vr/~ IJu
1/tI1;"~~ fI,.(! s-pef!d
JtJIU'UJ'.1 c~ I f /~wel'"
fJ,ar. c:lIAY/~, the

Sf}

or

fla"l'?7eY'~

w/'el"l

p",p{

f1t.u.s
//-10

If

j,~"),er:

1/J2.

Il.12
Estimate how fast sound travels at an altitude of
250,000 ft above the surface of the earth.

eg.
C:;

11.3b

VRTIrI,

~J;J ol-lit.,de ,,1 2S'O, ddtJ .f.J. ,) ~ Tlltb/~ CI ~ ~r~~1I1e

~~ -Iv k
- 81.77 6F 5D
Af

= I f(?'6 fl. ~' ) ('160 -R_ ih) XI.l{-)

Y~ siCA,. 'R It Ih)
::
( SII#-7.!!..
s').

1/-11

11.13

J
11.13

Determine the Mach number of a car

moving in standard air at a speed of (a) 25 mph,
(b) 55 mph, and (c) 100 mph.

raflD of ~Cd/ ve/()cify -10 Jleed D/.rIJtmri.

The M4ci1 nUY'1ber IS /he

711 us

Ma..

_ V

- -c

~ /t) J1d aypl a /y

C ::

or

VRT*

_ (/117 If)

06()O L )
hr -

z 5'

I'1"PJ,

= O.03Z8

761.{, mph
(h) FI) Y

V.::!i5 mf h

fVlA.

5~ n?/h

761. mph
(C)Hrr

V = 25 WlI'~

MfA. .::

0.072 '2

~ 100 rnfh

Ma :

lao mph

/117 fl-

sj(~2fO:~)

C (a)Foy

0:

O 131

76/. b Y"ph

1/-/2..

76 I. 6

mph

II. IS I
11.15
How would you estimate the distance between you
and an approaching storm front involving lightning and thunder?

(J'J,e.

w()..!

ft; e$-h~"ie,

and f),ffYrJac,hu;'J
fhe

1?/..{l'Wbey

/ i!t.thJj

fhe d/f~J'lce ioe-lwf'en YblA

Sffrm c./oud.$.J

tJ/

seco;ulJ

x) ;s -frJ C~UI!II

befwe.en 5eeJ;'q fj,e

fJ7

./

hear;, !-""ouler. U
Pi'!
~'I'Yt?x"'ntf,(f(; value 01 lite, sl'eetl 01' .s1J"11~
IIf~

tlJ'It/

fj: (see

dJf/-r;.nct-.I}(

Table

B.3)

1/-/3

CdJi

PjJjJrtJx;~/e

/ /. /6 J

11.16

If a high-performance aircraft is able

to cruise at a Mach number of 3.0 at an altitude
of 80,000 ft, how fast is this in: (a) mph; (b) ,
ftls; (c) m/s?

(6) Wi~ Etg. /1, 'It,

== (Ma) c

eo, (Jot) 71- /n U 5 siz:lYJdayo/ f?lrn",oS',Phere/ w~ ~vc

~ -fhe so lu fio 1'"1 0 f- p rob/.e;-n
/ /. / ~
ahd

af

C. ~

q7K

fr
s

1hu.5

v ;::

C-~.o )('178 ~f ) ==

2.'130

t!.

=5

(cn lhel't
=

(C)

2000 mph

Also
393 m
s

II : :

1/-1 If

/ /.1'7

1 I, l7 . Compare values of the speed of sound in m/ s at 20C

in the following gases: (a) air, (b) carbon dioxide, (c) helium,
(d) hydrogen, (e) methane. Give one example of why knowing
this may be important.

To CalUAlak -fhc 5flted. of sdund

~tj. //.J(,.

lAse

C :.

111

tJfn /dea/ 91lS ~ can

Thus

tfRT~

'*

Wi!t1 va/ueJ of R aMti

{Y7Jm TaJ:,le /.7 we o6h/n

tl/ r

(AJ f,;,y

I()(JS In

.s

.5

(e) ~
C

me /lulYJ e

__

--------------------~---

(5iB.1.I.

-1J.9. K .

fJ I) (I

l' }.}.Pt

(7!13 K

~~

11..9 In

) ('.31)

(con't)
1/-/5

'f'f6

//17 I ("on 't )

ie$-I-f
fA

of Tuybtll'YJ ch/Y)er

~Qf

fAlAt

If) w~ Y 'S"l'eer/ of flJLl he! if ftJmef,-WlCJ

fo
hl!A - MA.ch -l?tlm6er t:JP~Y'~fJ'f:Jn

be-II c.1, /'e vet?!

-Sl'~ed anti t,e~e

}'Y\~chQI?/c" /

II. I tj

A,

w"fh
les{

le.f'S" ,..fa lit)nil" I

sf~~.r;~J

PIY-1-S of fhe

-ferf

()1

fhe

rj.

J Lib
If a person inhales helium and then talks, his or her
voice sounds like "Donald Duck." Explain why this happens.

ThL 5r<-t~
n1He s
ftw.
50u n dJ

of .s~j II?
p.t.t ~ of

he/,',-<W1

;!' "~(JY"; -/1,Yee

/I1AA'Id I;' a I r f
Ilk if- d~f when 5fea./c.'j
f

.I

11- /6

I/J...

pe-Yf ImJ

fJ"YVVtJh

VI)" u-

he//un-"I.

II. t q
11. Jq
Explain how you could vary the Mach number but
not the Reynolds number in air flow past a sphere. For a constant Reynolds number of 300,000, estimate how much the drag
coefficient will increase as the Mach number is increased from
0.3 to 1.0.

Cans"del"ln~ ~'r

Mo., o.s

\II(.

can -f1<prtss +he Mac.k t\L4t1\~er

v c

MAo=

ide"l ~~S I

QS CAn

(I)

1he. Re.~r'l.o feh

R~::: ~yd -==
_

?~d
RT)It

}.A

Loo\::.ltq at ~\A&\.(.10tls. \ Q~ '2.. \iJtC. v(a~n 1WJ..t IN'<. C4n v(J.'l\j

Mo. lA)~i\~ k.o\Ol~ Re. cd)\Sta.rf ~ va.v~{It'~ V A~d P OV\\~
v..J i +~
P V held c.Dl\c;i'lllf\.;' .
SFro M +kc D)'(7Af h Ioeto w wcz. C61\c..lUGle +ko.-\- a,1- Re -:: ~ ~ to)
d.ra.9 c.tdf;"'e.n1 'I~C)C.<;' fro~ O,Lt1 +z> 0.15 C(+ Ma.

the

,ACr.eo.<;eS

o. ~ hI, D .
Ma

= 1.2

2.0 3.0

,,1.5

1.0~~~~~~~~:z~~~~~~

4.5
0.9----.-------

1.1

O.B - . - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - ; - - - - 1
1.0
0.9
O. 7 ~;:':;";;;~::;-'.:.;.;"::;
... ::::::::::::
..--::;-:,.-:::;--=:;--;::==:;:::::;::::::::;1

0.6

r----1r----.--...E-

CD 0.51"'""'_ _

0.4

0.2--- ..
0.1 _.

. - - . _ - - " ' ...

__

..

---------

o:---"--_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- - - l
2

Re x 10- 5

11- 17

FIGURE 11.2 The variation of

the drag coefficient of a sphere
with Reynolds number and
Mach number. (Adapted from
Fig. 1.8 in Ref. 1 of Chapter 9)

//20

J
11.20 The flow of an ideal gas may be considered incompressible if the Mach number is less
than 0.3. Determine the velocity level in ft/s and
in mls for Ma = 0.3 in the following gases: (a)
standard air; (b) hydrogen at 68 oF.

Frowr bCO' / /.46 we h.ave.

V = (Ma.) c
when C/JrYt6;}u"d

{;Jp,ic/r.

wifj" ~~. II. '36 / leads

Iv

M~ VRT"k

v::

(I)

o. '3

A/so

v =
(b) For
A/so

(335

fJ) (0. 30'l-K ; )

hydrogen

af 68 F;

T:: S'21 d/(.

/02

!!!

=s

R =-;.'I-")(I()~

lhus wilh E1' /

ff

l /:;

anel-lt=/''11

~ Tt2lJe /-7.

s""J . ~

= 1'290 !!

===

II/so

1/-18

11.21

11.21
At the seashore, you observe a highspeed aircraft moving overhead at an elevation
of 10,000 ft. You hear the plane 8 s after it passes
directly overhead. Using a nominal air temperature of 40 of, estimate the Mach number and
speed of the aircraft.

x = V./;

Mp. =

SinK
1

(/ )

Also
hllltJr

{om b;n/~
~/n

- -r
Vi
c1 L

()(

( 2.)

/~d

r 5'1'"

::.

we

tJ6~/~

tJ(

{bStI(

z.

= /OCfh
Then

IX ::

aM-cI

Ma,

- 121.7

2.0g

SIlT

Fuy-/hw

V =

23.7

(M~)

= (2.0!)( 1096 ~f)

If
= 2z7 s

If
s

If. 22

I
11.22.
A schlieren photo of a bullet moving through air at
1:1-.7 psia and 68 of indicates a Mach cone angle of 28. How
fast was the bullet moving in: (a) mis, (b) ft/s, (c) mph?

W'-Ih

&ps. I/. 31 tl/luJ //36

For-

SIn

tJ /r

frcrm

(b)

0("

:::

we

obk//1

VR-r-k
Sin C\""

af

fable

Thuf

-: 2'-100

-=-

If

=s

(CA.) or
-:: 732.

(c) and

//-2.0

ihSto#tlneOUs loeo.fion

/ J. 2.3

of lhe point
11.23
At a given instant of time, two of the
pressure waves, each moving at the speed of sound,
emitted by a point source moving with constant
velocity in a fluid at rest are shown in Fig. P 11.2:J
Determine the Mach number involved and indicate with a sketch the instantaneous location of
the point source.

S()ur(e
0.1 m

1+----0.15

7he

Mach number

p(),~f

S~uyce

wi /I,

E'IMti

In V()/ve.r/

1/.3'1

w; fJ,

tlIs,flJc/ak4
I~

-fJ,e

~J

FIGURE Pll.2 j

Ine

=
we
O. OJ ""

(!).

p. dlm)(~./S"'" t- .)
I. :.

(d.

()/o/

/1+7

(J.IS"1?1 +- L

.R
:::

0.1 ~ )

(f). ISm) ....

(~. ()f! m)

0.0,

J'J?

O.

l'I1onlJYI

skeM ab()l/(! i5

as $ho~YI be,/fIW.

Prd? ..; h e.

m--~

!7- 9'1

= I." 7

L
Of 0/67

/?'I

DT

8/1$

f1Je.

lIy tJ614111e4

IJ.2.if

11.2+

At a given instant of time, two of the

pressure waves. each moving at the speed of sound,
emitted by a point source moving with constant
velocity in a fluid at rest are shown in Fig. Pll.21t.
Determine the Mach number involved and indicate with a sketch the instantaneous location of
the point source.

ifJslal/T4neIJUS I~on

~f

fhe pllilf
Soulte
2 in.

10
,

'

In.

sci

:C(i-tW/M)

-i

~
.:;J

Vt

FI GURE PU.24-

(I)

c t wlf,v-&
J.I ~, -f'roYJ,t

fh e.

C (t --C~lIe)

0:;:

Sk.e-k~

~ In.

We hrv/~

aloove.

-::: C t

c tvJ"~ = /0 In. - cfwa~

ThIA~ ,
C ..J
I. wave
()J1d

w,'ft"
M~:::.

A/so

Ma

::.

--

1'

I.

CJ In . - 2 ,'". ...... 8

/n .

SIn.
SIn.

vt

ct

-=

vt

10,n .

~.h2S"

/lutf,

Vi

/0-025 )(/1) ,;.. )

':::\

6.2.S iI'],

/ /-22.

1125'

11.2~
How much time in seconds will it take for the "bang"
of a firecracker exploding to be heard after the blast from 200
yards away on a standard day (see ',ilh'o VI L5)?

we..

CCln

///7 .f.J.

We +he. s-peed (Jf sound t'n rlaYldarrf a/r

.>
) fo fief the lime e.rh~afe SPtAJkfj ~ wilt,

t::

:s. -;:
c

1126

(2~() yJs ) (
(1117

3ft )

-=

f!)

05 s

j 1.26
Sound waves are very small amplitude pressure
pulses that travel at the "speed of sound." Do very la:ge amplitude waves such as a blast wave caused by an explosIOn (see
Vidl'O \- i 1.5) travel less than, equal to, or greater than the speed
of sound? Explain.

The ~peed ,,{

,,$PUl1d IS

fhe speed al wh/c.h a V'J

pl'eSSUye dl.!fuy/,ance -frfAlle/.r Ii,YdUft..

f1u/J and it re?Ye.sent-..f fAe h'J/Y)/mtlPl .r;;-eecl
f-lJiJ di.rlurbO)'Jce. Fin; Ie pl'~t!tlye c//.rlurbl'u')cef

infinire.>/md'/

a
01

fral/~ I

#.ft-e;- I-h~J-'J

hectlu.le {he
/arr;ey f 1f.ffute diffe"ence. pcfs pf a 4y/veY" 61

fttf"/w

$t;tlnc/

m(}lIf:,,)enf.

/1-23

waVeS'

/ 1.27

l1.27
Starting with the enthalpy fonn of the energy equation (Eq. 5.69) show that for isentropic flows. the stagnation
temperature remains constant.

we have
-I-

fiwv fhe

Fir/ ise.n-fr.6t;c.,

J{e,.( 1,..)] =-

en~J

P. hd (Qnel-:: O. S hfYlI/lH#).,
v
v
'2.
1,0 =- h -I- ~

~ef

fl!.YYlIJ,'".r

,,,

of

s/, .. ff

/tef i"

tI/YJJ-Jm"f

en ttIf2t,.J if rJeH1'Jed t7 J

~o / ~ 1?e,jtj/.b/e cknfe In ele va. --hdn (ol=~ .;;, JQ.re;)

a 17d ho .rA.tlft

IN'()'(k...1

V\j.t,(.ff)

//- 2'Jf

fheh

".2e

I
11.28

Explain how fluid pressure varies with

cross section area change for the isentropic flow
of an ideal gas when the flow is (a) subsonic; (b)
supersonic.

Wi#'

"f

"

chan~

In

help

With -the

dYeA.

dp

I' V').

:::

(b)

11.29

CA.}')

C~mmenf cJn

isen--h-o,o/c. f/(JW.

tin

FroJ'V1

haw 'Y~UYt.
13,.

VPYlCS

//.'/7 w~ t7b~/;"

( t)

ft

1' I

raj Ftr; subson/c, fluw I

of A

(A.e

c/ A

(l-tvla2)
vJ"a~ges

II. l/ 7

If A

sU1~.rIJ
111 C f"ep..{es /

FttY su.perftJXic fldW,J

~. I

ro

I-/ A

cAaJ?!es of A.

SlAjlfeIir

-fhaf- Ch4;'J9~S of P
p

Incretl.Jef

f/)/I~w

~nd v/c~ verst{.

thai cht1I?~J of p are "PfHf;ft

J;'crease.f /

P clec~a.Je.J and VIC~ versa..

1
11.2.9

For any ideal gas, prove that the slope

of constant pressure lines on a temperature-entropy diagram is positive and that higher pressure
lines are above lower pressure lines.

r:ri -

.fw..

tlYJd since
v

d t,

hcwt.

(I)

Cp

h'e CtJYIclude
-femfJeva.lurt. - en-lrupt

-fhdf the.. 5/ope of a Ct/J'Istanrd/atjY4fi1 1$ p"sif/ve

pye.rJu~

line

~ fl' /1. ZLf we CUyzc!ut:!e -fhal

3= ::
P,
fDy ~n-y

~. //.7 is' VA-It'd l We

= I.

E1'/

t-UYfl,eY,

gel!

ds

an iderl/

::: C d T

and -thus
dr
Wif~

-r

(ii
(1,)
1; )

iseh~/c PYlJce.ss

lowe yo pr-e.JSU1'(.

1;J'?~s

In

h1yher f'lesJtw(. lines

fempeya:fu*_ - erd-Y17py c1;~!YAflfS.
aJ1cX rhus

/I-ZS

t:J

re abpve

0)'1

//30

Determine the critical press~re and

temperature ratios for: (a) air; (b) carbon dioxide; (c) helium; (d) hydrogen; (e) methane; (f)
nitrogen; (g) oxygen.

11.30

1he- crifjc..a/
ideal

preSSUye
a y-e

90S

rafio

t::)s.

fyd'I!

Crih'ca/ tempem/uye raf/o -iOYoY'}

an.d The
/I.~ /

and II

63

..iL

p~

(2)*
-Je .,.,

(I)

and

Ttl
~

(a)

'k +

2.

::-

rdY

(2)
I

1<=

air)

fr.uw. Table

/I./-tJ

/7. Thus

,.'1<;

p*

~ (/~~I

Pa

) ' . . -1

6.5283

and

z
~

',lfo+1

(b) I7r; carbon

0.83'$1

d/()(/de
~3o

:=

F:,

k = /30

/2- ),y;:;
L~

-: :

/.'301"1

ftrm"

O S'"ifS7

and
T-

0.3676

(c)

hej,'u m

-k =/.(d,

p* -= I~)'~
Po
( /6t+!

f. 66

O.l{-Kg I

()nd

T* _
~

2-

0.75'19

( con't)
11-2.6

74b 1c 17.

Th(J~;

/ /. '3 0

I (con If)

a~d

r* ==

r;

PII+I

ThusJ

()nd

r;

0.1658

111+/

(I)

fm;. Tdb/e /. 7.
0.28 '3

:ft

~
(g)

:=

/'10+1

Fw tJxy'jen

P..

:;:.

(2

6. 83sj

::-

k ~ /. 'kJ ~ 7J.l.le /. 7. JA.u~

~
',110-1

):::

O ~28J

/.'forJ

tJ

and
T~

O.KJJ'J

//-2.7

11.3 ,

Air flows steadily and isentropically from

standard atmospheric conditions to a receiver pipe
through a converging duct. The cross section area
of the throat of the converging duct is 0.05 ft2.
Determine the mass flowrate through the duct if
the receiver pressure is (a) 10 psia; (b) 5 psia.
Sketch temperature-entropy diagrams for situations (a) and (b). Verify results obtained with
values from the appropriate qra.ph in Appendix D
with calculations involving ideal gas equations.

Th/s problem is .!";rn;/ar -10 Exam'ple II 5"

Th e.- yy,t:l5 s fiOWVlff fe.. is' db fa IJ? e.d a f Ihe fhroAt w//h Gj. I;. Sit?

rn ": fth A fh ~h
The ihr()af

To

Can b~ obhlJ1ePl

de.n!iiy

t1~ ~ /1
de(e,-in,),e.

(t )
7hu~J

(~) M4 ]i':i
2

(2)

1-J.

2.

the.

with E'J' /l.btJ.

thnsaf

M(J~~

n /A"...w

use.

INt.

E~. 1/"9.

&JJ

The
.If
fhen

fhen

+h~

The l/eJocJty af fhe

-fhYOtlf

~"hed

~J.,
wheYe

tz,

=}

4h
T~

IS

15

y/e/c(

M4+h

is

f/()W

(J

vr-R.-~-It(-

6/1/11;' etl

wi~

~f' /156'.

7;.

=
/ 1-

Thus

.I

(5)

(-k.; ')Mo.+~
(~n'f )
//- 2. 8

7JJ1I~

I/, j

(con If )

(a]

F~

.8 . 2.

~t,

()b IP I;'

INe-

= (2.33 ~/O-J

J'IU!)[
+t

Fnm, Ef'

$'

tJl1d.

I -;-

wi It,

+ (I'~ - ') (0. 7618 )

~/'VQ~

"'J -

fief

Wt!-

T
ih

---.!-

(I.~-I)(O.76Zg/"

Ef. 'I

:=

&'06.2

ff
.5

/Iv; ftt

E1' /

we ObfaJ;'

,;,

(k07)(IO-7;~;J{(J.05ff1J{g/)6.Z

J / . u.Jlj

AlfeYYlttf.ivd

t;1,

/0 f.>ia

::

P.,

value

Met

:=

-fh

Maf~ -:.
~

'The I"J

:::

Wi Ii.

-=

//Iliff,..

0.66'

1'1. 7 f1J iA.

The

finr

Fig. D. I

{'J

of M"-h.

j..f

07t
0, 7~)

(~.

?1'

we. rei ~

Pi'). P. I

) -: :; (0. 9

)(s/r~) :: lI6 7 ~

0.76

=805f'tT

11-2q

1/31

(Contf)

fD.r

~ ~
~

tJ. 760lt J

::

NtIW, wjn. B~./

T =

oft,

/r

wi tt,

OM""-

F1' IJ.

~ 'Jei ~

Mtlft,. :: O.7h

) ( 2.'S.? Xlo -1 J/~)

(0.76

.: :

H2

/. i

-1

XI()

f.f~

w~ IJblaln

(,'::'-j

&j. LJ

In

/O/q f+

Gj. /

WiHt

Ii,

:::

~ ()Iob./~

(t. 5a9 XIO] flU!) (~.as~f1

AlkYYlah've'J) ~

T :: (O.K?

Fir- lJ./ fw Mf)..::

) (Si,,,/()

+t,

Ifjl

OM.d

~ = (o.t,-/
Then

wj tf".

klh ::

)(1019 ~) =

ff'2-

~f' if

I(i 716
(UJY/' t

//-30

1.0

---

.r /tq

1/31

(um'!)

0. 07'2

-slllr
S'

Ttl
(a)

~"'}

Po
T

-7

(b)

().. = Pre

pi

1/

1*

~~b~J.*

Tl\'

/ " ' / t:.e

s

11-31

1/32

I
11.32

Helium at 68 OF and 14.7 psia in a large

tank flows steadily and isentropically through a
converging nozzle to a receiver pipe. The cross
section area of the throat of the converging passage is 0.05 ft2. Determine the mass flowrate
through the duct if the receiver pressure is (a) 10
psia; (b) 5 psia. Sketch temperature-entropy diagrams for situations (a) and (b).

]his p't?J6/eWJ is

The

The

- f.fh A-It..

t1.t,

To cle-bym,'n t

X~mp/e

af- fAe #JYrlai w;1t,

be

I')

b ItA. I i-J ed

witl-t

..L..

I
(*-')
2.

t-i. If. 10.

j~-'

M~2

//.'Id. Thtl~

ThMf,

(2.)

:';'1,

Mpch nu."""/'-rr

-Ihroa.-r

fhe

,.

(;)
cal'!

/ f

helium Irli,vo/vfel.

1/'S"Jexcepf

V
Ita

dens ify

ffwo~t

is o6leune,(

H()wyx/-c

YY}t:lS.r

I'h

Jlm;/(lY

iJ

use

/Ne

dblruy,ed

wilt,.

1'//' Sf. ~JI

ft

116/.

TJu,S;

'66

( /:66 f I

If.

fhe.

yecei~ ptesS.VIe.;

-Ihe VI

p - p..

f-l1en

p - p.~

-H,

ofh -

~l,::
wheve

OVId

II().A/

is
,. !

fItL .fluw is

qreafe"

Y}of

Tt,(;ll'l

7./7S 1'5/(;..
Q'I'"

chok.ed.

chol:.e4. .

f",

The veloc,ify
COntlo/l'!ed

a ncJ.. ih e.,

rc

r:.e)

)~=

eLf

the

if

-fhYOA.-f

y/e/ el.

Vf< ~ ~

Mq,h

;f

oh-h I~ed

w ift-J
(s)

-f

(~-f) M~:

(U;1'1 'f )
/1 ..32

II 32

(con If )

::

We lise tie ideAl

~

to
f(

!ll1f

0.

7~32.

~wv/I'6'" of- sJtk (Gj.//./ ) ft> 6bhUn ~. 7ku~/

-II

To

3.2zl X/~ .fIU1

oft-]

E5 . ~

PY?Jn..

and Wi It,.

vin

528 -~

Ii-

+1,

Je f

W(..

{t.

(1";- )(tJ 7tJI1.)"L

o

-= ((). 7oiz.. )

/ t-(;'b6 - ')
2-

(~n'-t )

/1-33

'15'3 DI(

//.32.

(con'l)

$61 {iS

With [1-/

n. "

iN'

ohla.t"n

(z.Of6 X/of ; : : ) ( (7.05

HJ(ml 7) =

tl.

03

T
~--""","----

t;,

....---~----~

(aJ

(1:

I---~~---- T

/1-31-

II 33

I
11.33 What is the static pressure to stagnation pressure ratio associated with the following
motion in standard air: (a) a runner moving at
the rate of 20 mph; (b) a cyclist moving at the
rate of 40 mph; (c) Acar moving at the rate of
65 mph; (d) an airplane moving at the rate of 500
mph.

M~

we.

(/)

can

(11.5CJ)
use

we

:: 1/17

ff
.I

C}y

-=

ft!ta.,.

20 I'kl''''

-=

16/. ~ I'kPh

~.OZ62.

E..
Po ::"

(6) FOr V ~ 'f~

M tt;

I-tmph

'10 mph

76 I. h

O. () S 2 S

:::

J11.tJ J.

.e~

(C) ~

-=-

v::::

M~

-::;

J
J+ ~17-(O.OS2.$/

6 ~ n?'ph

Ii : :

=-

0, tJ i"S'I

(
+ ().

I
"2-(0.08'5'+)
v::: 5"OOtnph

(d) h
/l1~

== 5ZJP rYlfJh

"3

tin.d.
~

I+O'~

., 7 . -""

o. ?9'frt

-::- t11. 65" 6

7('/.6 PIP/"

.e.

o. q98

=-

6~ mflA
7t/. 6 Jnf)A

aJ1.d

3. t:;

til1d

.l
(o.f/i6)'2.

75

/1-35

:::

~'7,+9

1/34

T
11.34

The static pressure to stagnation pressure ratio at a point in an ideal gas flow field is
measured with a Pi tot-static probe as being equal
to 0.6. The stagnation temperature of the gas is
20C. Determine the flow speed in m/s and Mach
number if the gas is (a) air; (b) carbon dioxide;
(c) hydrogen.

(a)

To

defeY"'lne -fh~ flow .s~~d

rhe

p;~S5UYe.

stan'-

the

fo s-htfntfJlitJn

f~mfJen:llure /

S-1-4jI'Za/li(;1'7

9/ven

M4Clt number hpvl1! ke;r j/ven

IJnd

7;

<I

II'{JS$Uf'e

-n,~ tI /1'"

we.

yah~
el1f~1'"

1') ami
~

f/9'

j),

of.e

volue

C()I"~~sPtJ"""1Y

(JII'Jt:/
yea4
Fd
vt/lue 0/ Mq.
lkus

I/o/ue

In

wilt,

Fig. iJ./

MIA = 0.89

rdY"

M~

--

t;19"

='

I ::.

F;9' /). I

fIves

1).16

7;
p ~ tJI

/'tf,u s

T =-

(h)

Fol'

(r)
7;

1,;

~ (t).86

C4 r bIn

Thu5 we halle

r.

1ff~
-)-11. -j(t)

Ma =

I;

(}Y'

MA

-::: 0.11 J

--

(C,4nlf)
//- 36

'fr( d.6) -;:;- ]e)

_

_/

13-1

I. '3 - I

wilh

//.3

con'-f )

CJ.8t

252.5k

lhen
:;

11-37

1070!!2

oS

//"35

I
11.35

The stagnation pressure and temperature of air flowing past a probe are 120 kPa (abs)
and 100C, respectively. The air pressure is 80
kPa (abs). Determine the air speed and Mach
number considering the flow to be (a) incompressible; (b) compressible.

(to A$SlAJII1ln!)
-fo

Iilw we

inCtJrnpYtHiblc

COJ1I'1e.ct

ihe.

()~e

8eY'MIA/lis efuahiJn (Et.3.7)

slA.h'c anti sfz;fJ1(;o4bYl S'fttks

t:iYld

V =-/Z(Fo-P)
I"D
~ =

aJIld

(I)

10

(2)

R7;

U/mb/YJl~

E"Is, / and 2

W~

Ob"IR/;'

[IZtJ 1tl'4(A6s)- 8(}~{~6F)](ze6,9 ~ V373~)

*'/. K /-:: 267 ~
[i 20 fe~{"'b$)7 (/1!'i~," )
= f

number We need

Ma =

,er

sa.

-cv.

(~)

VRT1<

r
T

= To

T :::.

337S K..

W-t,

fA fe

V"(~-I)
~
2 R R.

Ih. t:.- ~u.a:f,~n of mat/on (ij. 11.91) It; (}~/;'

= ~73jt:.

_ (2/7 f )'2.(t.4_ 1)

(I.-!:!- )

2 (/."" ) (Z86.t1 N."" )

'Ill k.

~r !!!
$"

1/.3

Ct)

fI'+ )

Wi~ Etj. 3

We

o6f?J,;'

2D 7 .s
!!!.

0.67

Nil ::: ()78

=-

Also

frlIWI

~
() 11 tl

::=

F /9.
tJ.

f)1

we

~ 4.c{

ali

ftt.u J
T ::: ( 0 . ~1

) (3 7 ~ f:-) -

V -::. Ma?l RT -k

= (0.78J

132

Ie

0.725"

11.36

The stagnation pressure indicated by a

Pitot tube mounted on an airplane in flight is 45
kPa (abs). If the aircraft is cruising in standard
atmosphere at an altitude of 10,000 m, determine
the speed and Mach number involved.

For

sfandard

/~ O()t) n7

P =

26 5"tJ

tlfmtJsphere.

kIll. (abs)

dYld

223./k

lhu.J

Pa

zt. 5"tJ k~ (abs)

1).59

'1-5 VIIt (tiJ,s )

and -frmn

v=

P/g. 0./

we reacf

{/vlA)C

/I-~O

vve ~ef

-h-PYh Ta61e

C2

If. 39

':'11 .JK
An ideal gas enters subsonicaJly and flows isentropicaJly through a choked converging-diverging duct having
a circular cross-section area A that varies with axial distance
from the throat, x, according to the formula
A

rhis is like
S'il1c.e

Example //.8.

= 0.1 + xl

where A is in square feet and x is in feet. For this flow situation, sketch the side view of the duct and graph the variation
of Mach number, static temperature to stagnation temperature
ratio, TITo, and static pressure to stagnation pressure ratio, plpo,
through the duct from x = -0.6 ft to x = +0.6 ft. Also show
the possible fluid states at x = -0.6 ft, 0 ft, and +0.6 ft using
temperature-entropy coordinates. Consider the gas as being helium (use 0.051 :5 Ma :5 5.193). Sketch on your pressure variation graph the nonisentropic paths that would occur with overand underexpanded duct exit flows (see Vilh:o V 11 A) and explain when they wilJ occur. When will isentropic supersonic
duct exit flow occur?

A~
and

= (J.,

r
X.

The

+- X l.

1r

we...

UiYl

(n

_
detet'n1me

tAye S ummol'J)ed

is.

r).uc,f

0.1

~~. I

Witfa

x"

1"

valu.e5

cOffesponr)/nJ -Iv

In the 9 r4.p""- aJ'Ld

VrA/utJ

f)f

-ialole.$

cr.ol<.e.d,

A If = 0./ f:1T ~
and

= I +-

A"

Wi ft.. &t.
The>e,

we...

.1

x'l..
0,

Values

(2..)

CIA.J'1

(.(N"ell'ol1d/~ tv value! of k.

delfHfYllne

Clye

A*
!=rJy he" ~ YVI wt! en ~ pnJ~Y"~
MfA.. values w/fhiyr ~e rtlfl9(!" s,ecih~ci I;" -ihe pY{)blem sfAkJ/~.".f
CJ bl-a /;"
values of d (Gfj. fl 71 )) X (1' 2.) J T ('f.I/~6)
Aif
1;,
,E. (~1' 1/ Sq ) . Th e ~ e. VI) lues aft ~6ult4.k~ and f//"dpht.d on
.(1,

p~,!es

Ih~f

ftJ/ldIJ/.

(()OfJ'f)

1/-

HI

Ci;za
and

//38

COf'/'t )

FrO}lYl
I

Ma.-

AI/!

Pro9Y't:1-yt'l

ISNTI?OP

Ef 2.
x(ffJ

w/ft.

:r.
To

5ub5tJllic.. so ((J. fJ'oY\

0 , 0 Sf
0, tJ l'
0./2 "3

/1.0'
'1.61-

!/.OO
t (J.g 0
t 0.60

0.223
(l.Lf' 0

261
'lIo

:!. D.I.fO
! 0.2.0

1,00

'.00

7.'13

"l/a

2.771
'l.l/17

2.'0
"1.,0
1. 'If)

J/.'f'f'J
?Iq~

/1.0

1
O. 9~71l{

O. ~ 'I gO"
o,t19S03

O. 'I9SZ2.

0.1138S'
093'173
O.1f1g f

~.~5fI9

0.91/36'
().tfWD8

So {ufidn

0.20

O.~'/1'2.7

o. 1'I83J

oAo

b.Z~lq5"

0.01./1'{1

~.60

O.(5)'
0./32.12-

0.0('1'1'

a.go

0.00'2.'+

,.00

0.(0102-

O.OO~(3

/.j.{)

1D

Ma..
20
J.G

o~====~~~~----------~~==~~==~~
-o.f -fJ., -0."1- -0.,
0
D.l.
(JY
~6
(J.g
/,()
>( (II)

_1,0

of

Ma...c"h, numoer ..fi,y

(con't)
/ f-lf2.

()./c

fJ.'ji155

~.O

Va y it). fit) n

s-lr;re.

Po

O.9'I(Ulf

$"uper$OI1I c
1.95~

-I< =166

hej,'uYYl-

1/. '?8

(Con'-t )

I.Or--------'--~ .

o.~

r.

10

O.b

0.'1

o~--~--~--~----------------------------~
-/.0
-0.1
- d. b
_(JY -C.'J()
tJ."J.
o.'{
~,
dot
1.0

x(ff)

Var/lili()n of

slahc -kmfJemltwt:, 1D

sm,l1alt'()1" fempeYfAtufe y():hp

lOY he 1i't1.lJ1
/.0..---------_ _

().~

0.&

f
Po 0.'1
0.2

o~------------------------------~======--~
-/0
-o.g -0.6 -tJ,1f -b.'2- 0
()./..
()4
(7.6
".f
/.0

x(ff)

Vay j o.fjo h
ftrv

of ~fic ptesSUYC

+0

5ftt1npt:f,-oY\ presSlAi(

Y(;{1>'o

he lilA VV"I

(con'i)
~

________________

_ _ ... _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _---J

1/- J.f3

/1

~8

(COY/'t)

10

/f:~.q97'~

a,e

Po
I;: (Jf''1JL1

. ,/

'(1

O.q

.l- 0. '18108

o.g

71:~.75'8g
1'0

b
y'

0.7
1

1
I

10

06
0.5

:
j

o.~

0.3

0.,
1

f). I

.. .. ~.

..

..

.- . . . - .e. =.".06.. .
... /

V"I::

..

Iq

?/~

0.10101.-

0
$
--_. --

.-

--

..-

"

------

Te rJ1 pe r-Q.1ut, enirop'J dJa9yam Iw he//u~

(c.~n 'I; )
11- lflf

Over- and under-expanded duct exit flows will occur on

approximate paths sketched on the magnified pressure variation
graph below when the ambient pressure of the surroundings into
which the duct is discharging is respectively greater than and less
than the flowing fluid p-ressure at the duct exit.This illustrates how
the flow adjusts to these pressure differences through oblique
shock waves that involve irreversible and thus non-isentropic
flows. When these two pressures are equal, the flow is "ideally
expanded" and the flow into the immediate surroundings is nearly
isentropic.

1.0

><.

(-ft)

II. 3'1
." 11.] 9
An ideal gas enters supersonically and flows isentropically through the choked converging-diverging duct described in Problem 11.38. Graph the variation of Ma, TITo . and
plpo from the entrance to the exit sections of the duct for helium (use 0.05 1 s: Ma:S: 5.193). Show the possible fluid states
at x = - 0.6 ft, 0 fI, and +0.6 ft using temperature-entropy
coordinates. Sketch on your pressure variation graph the non-

isentropic paths that would occur with over- and underexpanded

duct exit flows (see \ ilku V.l l...l) and explain when they will
occur. When will isentropic supersonic duel exit flow occur?

Th i! i! si,.,.i/aY'
E)(ample // 9
Thi! f,-ab le Wl involve! the dud of fydl.kM /1'39. IId~vey fht.
flaw enf~Yf fv,,~ndY1;"'//y . We. CitY! usc value, fro"" the hb'es
"f p,.,bk... II 31 wi~ " l i Hle yeRYYtlnq~mthf to (/~U>{JI1i fur Ik
;vpersd nic enf&IYJ9 ('low.

he I"~..,

For

Vie-

hMe

FrtJyYI

M...

~
A

PnlfYa,n-,

wi~ ~.

IrAJT1!df'

1,2. oFII.J'!

X (ff)

r:
SIIII{ #,,'"
T,

'S U pe Y'S IJn i "-

/. 66

Po

5 .IQ3

1/.0

-/.00

_ . :10

O . ln8~

- ' ., 0

0 . /0556

0.00J13
O.DOiZV
O.o/VV6

_0.40

0.211~S'

0 .0"1'(1

- 0 1.0

O'~1817

~wv

7.Q

3 .'V7

LJ.b

2.778
I. S~5

2 .6
/.4

10

10

1 . 1~5

14

O 'l.D

2771

o ~o

J.6~7

'H
'I .

4-441

74

5.113

/1. 0

1'/0
2. 6 J

17.1 65>6
o.I~t.82

O . ~lV

0 . 10/07,

O.003f'J

/I.

/.oa

o.

(con't)

O .I ~.1J

O.So
f .00

7.4J

a.

0 .14811
OV1B08

O041VI
O dNq,

0:1.0
OYO
O 60
0. 10

lU,?.

0.'>188
O. V611'-,
0.2111 15

0.60

5 lAh5bn ic.

OHiO
0.223
0 123
0.076
0.051

O,/D"7-

st.IG

.!..

Sol.hOn
O. q1473
O. '8JB~
~.'i'15'3
0."",
0'''9/

O. fYi/6
O .1f'8~

O jr7'5
019522

o,nlv

//,3q

(con'l)

/. t>

oL---------------------______~~======~
-/.00

-0.8

-D.&.

-08

-~.2

6.2

0.'1

Iuv

he//uJ'tl.

o.b

e,g

/.0

x (f+)
Von'afi4n

of Mach

lIJuMhe~

/.0

D.E
0.'

I
0.4

0.2.

o-1,00
~------------------------------------------~
-o.g -~.b -c. If - O. 2
0
a"2.. (). '+
0.6
o.g
/.0
x{ ff)

Va r iafion of

'SftJ. h'c-- ternperaiufl- 11 '> M5V1ttHOvt femper4.lrJlt r~ H6

//- 1f7

113Q

I (con't

Over- and under-expanded duct exit flows will occur on

approximate paths sketched on the magnified pressure variation
graph below when the ambient pressure of the surroundings into
which the duct is discharging is respectively greater than and less
than the flowing fluid pressure at the duct exit. This illustrates how
the flow adjusts to these pressure differences through oblique
shock waves that involve irreversible and thus non-isentropic
flows. When these two pressures are equal, the flow is "ideally
expanded" and the flow into the immediate surroundings is nearly
isentropic.

x. (oft)

\0

II-tfi

(con 'I)
/.0
o.~

0.1,

1:
~

().Ij

0,1

__~,.0

o~======~~-------------------=~==~
-0.8
-0.6
-0, IJ
- 0.2
0
fJ,'2O.Lf
0.6
0.1

-I.OD

x(f+)

Varjllt./ioYl of

5~n'-c.- preSSf).re. -fr; r!-P.?I1.4t-h'oY\ p~SSU't yaNo

fr;y hel iuW\

f: o.qt:/7K'I

P,

D.q------ - - - -

~.y

--

0.'3

r:. =0.00313
Po

0,1

--jL---

l . - -_ _ _ _ __

T-

I::; ~.IOIDZ

d/aCf

yaWl -{Py he //uW\.

1/-.'19

1/. LfO

I
'<1 lAO
Helium enters supersonically and flows isentropically through the choked converging-diverging duct described
in Example 11.8. Compare the variation of Ma, TITo, and pip a
for helium with the variation of these parameters for air throughout the duct. Use 0.163 ;s; Ma ;s; 3.221. Sketch on your pressure variation graph the nonisentropic paths that would occur
with over- and underexpanded duct exit flows (see Viden V U A)
and explain when they will occur. When will isentropic supersonic duct exit flow occur?

o6-kJ./~-ed

wi ~

T
To

~ 11t1 .t:.
Po

PYb9 r4.",.,

Mtte-L-t. numb.e.Y"!
/iI1PtA. T .

.A )
A1f
In

Values of

tI1e

)( j($,) 0./

.ISe N71<OF
o b-/QlitIJ/J.

is

X(rn)

9. 5"

I Ma

IN

.fW

i It, It

he /itAm W~$

=/. 66. values

~ '3 22 J w~e.

user!

of

'I..

r;

ye (J. Yran t'jeol. -Iv y /e Icl )( .

with. x !;;y al';
tJbtztIJ1eJ
air
M~

Po

I
To

.E..
Fa
(/,0369

~, 2.21

0.22' I

O. 02~g

2.80

-0.4
- 0.3

2.17~

O.Z~2.0
(J?602.

0.01/14

2.ljg

0.0767

2. /L.f

O.Iq.g)
O.21ltf4

/.76

'.37

0.72.7 J

tJSZ78

0'188

/.0

0. 83~3

~S]23

/37

0.7271

-0.2
- O I

O. I
0.2(!J,J

'.85'9
,lIO Z

/.0

J.'-I() 2

~5

wi#,

- tJ.5

:;'.;2.0

of

O. J

Example 1/.8
The VQ-yianah ()f Ma" T anol ?
~ GKtUY//'le 11.8. h-eli:w,
Po

whIch

fV/o...

0./, 3 ~ MfA.

Y'a.n9t:..

)( Vtere

w ift-t

(J.46t3
O. ,06,
0.7519

O. ,06'

/95'8

O.46g3

Z.~z. 0

0.2. "1'1
0.1"18 '3
0.07h'1

O.?;39Q
O.LI8,(
tJ.s2/9
O.617S'

(J.0{04
0.102.7

()./8tfii;

176

o.617S

0.32.78
tJ.I'Jso

1.14

tJ.~219

0./027

(). 'f

2778

0.3'02O.29z0

~.OLfI4

148

o. Lftfg'l

a.0604

tJ. ~

3.221

O. '2.2., I

O.oz38

2.~O

O~SqLf

d.0369

O6't83
~. ~ If 39

0.69

0.'-17

O,Ql31
Q.QS77

(). (

(J.6~

2-

O.i66 't

(). 7..
0.3

0.%0

O. '13 '11

0.116

O.~l.17

0.'32

o.'77'1?

0.4
05"

O.:2Z3
0./63

"",(, B1
('j.'k31j

0.95

(?',9/3

0/11B3

0.23
O,f7

O.i8''15
0.991{3

'C;

(can't)
/1-50

tJ.7Z7'I

().8~'

0'13/)"
0.'1638

tJ.'l8ao

1/.40

(con If)

1.0

hellun.,~~

MtL
2.0

/""

air

'.0
o~--------~----------------------------------~
-D.S
-o.'f -0.3 -cl'Z -0./
0
0./
at..0.'3
D.4
a.S"

X(m)

/.0

o.i

7;,
0.(,

0.1./

O.2~-------------------------------------O. "2-tJ. 3
-0.1.{
-03 -0..2-- -0.1
0
~ I

-os

______
~
().
l(

X (hl)

/0

O.i

0.2

o-o.!)
~--------------------------------------------~
_o. -0,3 -a.2 -0. I
0
O. I
a"2.x( rn )
( c,()n I~
//-51

/ ,. '1-0 I

(c()n 't

Over- and under-expanded duct exit flows will occur on

approximate paths sketched on the magnified pressure variation
graph below when the ambient pressure of the surroundings into
which the duct is discharging is respectively greater than and less
than the flowing fluid pressure at the duct exit. This illustrates how
the flow adjusts to these pressure differences through oblique
shock waves that involve irreversible and thus non-isentropic
flows. When these two pressures are equal, the flow is "ideally
expanded" and the flow into the immediate surroundings is nearly
isentropic.

\. ()

x(.ft)

//-52

) I ifl
"1 JA j
Helium enters subsonically and flows isentropically
through the converging-diverging duct of Example 11.8. Compare the values of Ma, TITo, and plpo for helium with those for
air at several locations in the duct. Use 0.163 :s: Ma :s: 3.221.
Sketch on your pressure variation graph the nonisentropic paths
that would occur with over- and underexpanded duct exit flows
(see Vith:,1 " II.") and explain when they will occur. When will
isentropic supersonic duct exit flow occur?

The. vari(?fion

01

II

~J(-

06 fr:uned

Mach

with

-the

~I'

wift.,

IJGNTROP

ytll'1re

O. 163

r;6klnetJ

weY'e

Ma

hel,'u1'Yl

wtJS

PYOfyt:LVYI

ntAYltbeys '"

Inpuf. Values

(J/Yld

tv,'ft-t

Mel.

k = /.6. l4/ues

?'221

~ye.

of

used as

witt..

O. I
x =/:") 01
which is fj. 5 of &)((';l 11'1;;/<- /18 tetlYYtV1gec/ fz, YIeld x.
The., vayia.fjon tJf Md L t1nd.E.. w/ fit x fZ;y a/yo was
) T..
p.
fhm, EXtffflp/e /I. 8 .

()6m/~ed

I)

helium
!

x (WI)
-0-5
-0."1
-0. :3

O./l> 3
O.z23
03/h

- (). 2-

0.'1'60

-0 1

(J

TQ

.un

1.0

Pc

(J.~9/3

O.~7~3

0.l7

O.'j83t:t

0.'5"9

0.<)661

0.92/7
O.gl(3Cf
o.('QI3

0.2'3
0.37.0.47

09'347
O. ~'6 q
0751'1

0.'1'68/

supers~l7i c.
0.1

o. 60'~

/.'102
1.658

0.4653

0.2'&440.llf3;

o?;

~.'32.()

03~02

(J.O]67

04
05

1.,. 778

0.2-

3.'2'2.1

Mo

O2g2o
0.2.26 ,

0.69
1.0

T"

1:.
~

O.c(9Lf3
o.,)8'1S"

OC]6'3Z

0.979'7

(7:=]315

O.98{)O

0.'/577

O. 'l5~b

O.l]/~1

0.727L/

(J.~33

0.5283

sokrh'on
/37

0.7271

0.3278

,.71,

(J.bOS

0.0'+1'1

2.14
2 1ft

o. 'ttftl(

('-Ig50
0.1027
O.06r)'/

O.C03~

2.g0

0.'18'1'1

0.0%1

(J.~219

5ubscnic... 50/r~:HoYl
0[

O.6~2

0.866'/

o.6Qs3

0.6'1

O. '7131

O.727J.f

02
03

O.q.~()

o.tH~7

~.

O'jS77

0.851"

0.3t6

O.'J6H 1

().L{

0:2.2~

o~83cr

o 97.17

0lf7

0.5

0.163

0.9913

1/-53

g-'f3,

032

o 9799

O.9~J

0.1.'3

O.989~

f)'''31~
(}.~6 3g

O.978~

0.17

O. &)1:1'f3

o.ljgoo

(Con'f)

//.4' ,

i
,i
I

---1--

~.2~------------------------------~------------------~
_os -0.1.{ -03 -0.).. -0. I
0
Q/
O.V
fJ.3
0.5"
X (I"'n )

O.i
~O.b

p.

-o.~
I

0."2.

OL---____________________________________________J
-t1,S'"

-0;'3
I

-~~2.

-0.'

Ix(rn')
1/-5"1-

0.1

a '2-

(ctJn It )

11'1-1 I (C()h't J

Over- and under-expanded duct exit flows will occur on

approximate paths sketched on the magnified pressure variation
graph below when the ambient pressure of the surroundings into
which the duct is discharging is respectively greater than and less
than the flowing fluid pressure at the duct exit. This illustrates how
the flow adjusts to these pressure differences through oblique
shock waves that involve irreversible and thus non-isentropic
flows. When these two pressures are equal, the flow is "ideally
expanded" and the flow into the immediate surroundings is nearly
isentropic.

x.(.ft)

1/-55

/ /. LfZ
11.42*

Helium flows subsonically and isentropically through the converging-diverging duct

of Example 11.S. Graph the variation of Ma.
TlTo, and p/Po through the duct from x = -0.5
m to x = +0.5 m for p/Po = 0.99 at x = -0.5
m. Sketch the corresponding T - s diagram. Use
0.110 ::s Ma ::s 0.430.

Thi

is

S'

Foy

lA ~e

we..

he Hum

values

Extlt?1f/~ /1./0

like
IJ

of

.A~ )

+he..

To

yange.

chol<ed /

0110

o.

based On
A:I" F A

which is

va.lu.es

defc,ymJn~

of-

M.a...

f!,

= /A~(:~)

coyyespondlnJ +0

().nol

wi ft.t Ie: /.66 +0

ISEN7f(OP

pY09ratl1

E'fj.

fl.l(tA..

o'f3o .

We...

ulclAlo..k- x. wire...

(I )

fJf

ex P. I'J'!f Ie

//8.

S/nce the.. flow is har

+J,n~t

Af=

(IiA )-fl.l'o~f
(.R 1 is ofo.!-A,;'eo(
AI

wne-re

wi~

P'f'(xi'{'aw,.

.lSfN1X~f

fw.

Aol' '-fYI't~(}o..f

Thus I

A*

O./m

,.

"L

O. Of. 8'

:::

Yl1

/.'17

al'fcJ..

~1'

==

wi ft1 f(r 2

x{Itt)

heL~U

!O.~68 (fo)

(2)

(Jt

W, ft... e.. ro,,a.~ IStNiROf wiftt

MA

A
~

I.

f.
~

,It=- /.6'

-0.5"0
-01./0

0./10
O./l.fq

3.8'3

O.~'2.7

O.'J'lIV

-O.SO

0.206

2.~{

O.']g62.

- 0.2. 0

0.28g
0.3&1

2.06

O.'f30

147

0.9734
0.95'13
0.9425

O.%f::J
O.93Y3

0'$81

16z.

0.95'13

O2gg

Z.06

0.9734

-0( 0

0
0/0
0.200.30
0.'+0

0.1;0

15./6

"b2

O.CJ%O

0.<;900

si&de

a..

a.ggqo

0.206

'Z.~I

0~g'6z

081,16
O. tj~c;o
0.9'11./3
(J.C}6?'

0.1'/-9
O (/O

;.~3

09927

o.~8Ig

!;./ b

0.<]960

o.9~OO

(can 'f)
//-56

c.

Ma.:: ().o/Jo.

/1.1./2-

(con 't )
0.5

O.'"i

Ma..
03

0.'2.

0./

- 0.5

-o.z.+

-O.l

- 0.3

-0. /

0./

0.7..

03

0.4

0.5

o. !

O. ?.

Q3

0.4

0.5

O. {

~.'].;

~.3

O./f

(j.S"

X(Yn)

1.00
O.9g

I~

0.%
0.9~

-D.5

- 0.4

-0.2

-0.3

-0. ,

X(M)
/.00

0.95
P

P-

o O.')fJ

l!.~S

0.80
-0.5

- O./.f

-0.3

-0.1.-

_0.1

X (rn)

F :. 0.99

Po

,.00

-To7" =0.996

0.<)3

I
70

0.91.
O.9~

f.. = tJ. <l?'1

Po
I : (J.9lf25
7'0

o.n

/1-57

/I. i.f 3

I
11.43

An ideal gas flows subsonically and isentropically through the converging-<.liverging duct
described in Problem 11.39. Graph the variation
of Ma, T/To, and p/Po from the entrance to the
exit sections of the duct for (a) air; (b*) helium
(use 0.047 :s Ma :s 0.722). The value of p/Po is
0.6708 at x = 0 ft. Sketch important states on a
T - s diagram.

is like Example 1/.10

Since .f..::: O.~7()g at- x'=' 0 is

ThiS

qtettfe.r

Po

fY'ohlenn

113(J(a,) stJ/u-h'f)n)

50IlAh'oYl)

-the.

a/r aY'JP

dud

not

choked.

()ye

Ohfr:l/~
(o.)

Coyve.>ptJndiY'1j

Foy

we

aIr

>!'=

= O.5"2gg fov air (sa..

F;.

fo,... hel/uYn (s(e ;:n>6/e""" I;'JO~)

and O.8fl

he/,itYVI I'ltJws fhvdlA9h the. c"ohver9Inj-d/veY9'ny

Fzrv

values of

vtllue s of

entey-

e..

Than

Ma;

F=la.,
P.I

wift..d

./

And

()f dif!erenf values of x we

?

valuesPo () f l l

fiy.[).1

n,r

{IIJW

fhe

T
or

If)

A = 1).1 If .
~

M~I

-Iv 9e.f

II~

(lIf

x::: 0

vcr/tie of .E..

d.t7ol

we gei
A = /,oS
A ~ = 0./

O.~'15

f-f 'Z:::

ff'1

/.05

A*
The,

x'l.-fc./
~

II~

UJYyfs pOYlcl/~

Fij.D.1

a~

-::

~'J. t- O.t

(lJ

0.,,'5
va /u~J

al.>o -fo 6/111a. k PI

of

IJ~

0 JI\

fhe

~n't

1/-58

Ylex f

Na.,;

ra.ge.

I
~

lOfA

.e.

Ii

Ir~

/1.43

(COtllt )
Witt. ~.I

F 1""01'\.\.

X (f-+)

Fi9'

DI

A-I'

M",-

-1,0
-0. g

1/.6

0.05
O.og

OCf9

-06

1I.g
2.7

~.IZ

0.'19

O.'J~

0.2.2

O. tt'i

0.'j6'

/S

~.44

()/jb

0.9.7
0.&6

7.8

-0.4

To

.,q

O.

O. 'j9

1.0
15

0.78

~.H

t1LfI.l

2./

(J.2"1.

016
0.'19

O.':U

O.h

4.2

0/2

o. .,.,

0.4!f'i

C.g

7.8
11.6

0.08

019

o.'t~

a.o5

O'&]9

O.CJ'

0.8

0.6

MtL
O.L1

O.L

-0.'1

-1.0

-D.b

-0.'1'

-D.'1.

P.2

(J.t(

0.6

Oog

,.0

0.&

,.

x(ff)

Van'af/oY!

01

M~ch

number

a;'y

/,00

O.~5

r;

o.lfo
~85

080
-/.0

-O.~

-4.~

-b.t..f

-0.2-

p. '2,

OLf

0.(:;

()

x{ff)

Vaviah'on
fDy

of

slztfic femptya/urt. -hJ

sirA.'h~f,dn .f~J71p~Alure

41r

(con't)
If-59

O~7

/.0

a"

~19

-02
0
0.20.4

I.D

S~te

rdno

c.

II. if 3

(Con/t)
/. D.

r-----....'""'---

0.'1

E
Po O.g

a6

~--------------------------------------------~
I. ()
~. 6
tJ.8
-(J,g
-D.6
-fJ.'{ -~....
0
I.'],
().4
x(.f.f )

-/.0

Vayj~fi"Y'I

of

s172h'c. pyes.ruye

-hJ $-Ia,nlf,h'em pteS5ure y-af/o

/7Jy air

1: ::

0'79

PD

100

! = 0"''1
1D

0.95

r.

TD
0.90

0.85

4'<;0 ~------

1-5
(b) h hel/IA~, W~
defCvrnll17e

aIr

va/u.~s

X;;

ral?ye.

JA~ (~71) -

Wf"ie"h is

blJ.s~rJ.

choked)

A"" 1-

1/"* =-

0"..

wit4 ~

==

/.6~ ~

~) L 1AJ1/1 P U;yy~>I'Imdl'nj -fD VIJ/I.(~.1 "f

A~
10
Pe,
017 ~ MIA ~ 0.7'2.2. We. CAIc.~/~ k X wd!.

/)f

wi tlti,.". the

.zSN77et1P

PYO'jyaYl>1

lAse

0./

G'i'

A+hY'OtLf'

(I)

z.

"f PI7>J,lell1i'L.

ThlA.s

we

Atit nJAi

(rn't)
1/-

60

ll31j.

5 ince #ais

d.e~I'tI'I;V/e Il ~ w/J-{...

lIowi5 no!

(co n ' t: )

/ /. If.3

where

7iJus

(A14J.y()4.f

0./ ffl.:::

flK- :::

if l

0.0'1115

/.0135
~. I

and

be c(} me. s
x ~ j""'(O-..(J-9-3-IS-)-{-:-:-~-)---O-.-I
I>ENTP..Of

Wit{"

Wi~ ~~. 2

All'

O,O.ti7
0.071

-1.0

- 0.8

M~

X (if)

o.m3

7.ttS'"

~."g3

c;.9959

0."S7
0.'86/

0.'719/
0963

o'If 52-

0.3' 7'1

O.gS]'}..

(7. '708
0.'fJb7't

- 0.6

0/15

4.'371

0207

'Z.7f1n

- ()2

~.tfiq

1.5IJlf'i
J0735

D.722
{}lfl't

0.2
(j.Lt

,sol(q
2. ,Q73

0.207

().~

O.{/~

D.<J

0.071

'0

O.()47

.f
oJ~~:z.

1'0

JJ.qq~lj

- f). if

(2)

0.'''52

().,

0.,65J

09161
O ,,'57

4.'t378
7 ;5'1'
n'f1f3'i

~k

on'!'

O.9H3

O~95g

0"~'3

Olj'rn.

o.g
0.6

Mcu
0.4
0.'2.
0

-/.0

-D.b

-d.g

-04

()

-0,1.-

0.1.-

(JlI

(J.t,

0,

,. D

X ( ff)

Va YIP" fioY'

t7f

MA.cV,

nt..o-."bt:IY f&v he //U;'YI

I.00r--- _ _ _~

-r-

0.95

T., Of}o

O'8$~-------------------------~--------------------------~
(J.(,
(J.g
/.0
_I.~
-0.8 -0.6
-0.'1
-0.2.
0
0.2
'4

X (f+)
va.,/~.hQn

of

s~h'c.

fem~(1.n.ye -fo slz<'jl'laf/t7Yl

(COI/1' t.

//- 6/

II. 'f3

(UJI1'i)

0.1

0
. / ,-O.g
- - --0.6
--- - - - - - 0- - -().2.
- - -0."1
- - -(J.,
- - -b.~
- - - ,.0
'
-1.0
-0.'1 -fJ.J,
)( (.fI.. )
Va "/A.h'~n of smfle.

pye$,H(y~

h,

sf-a~/I'\f'. h'o" pYe.JSuye ra.htJ '" he.I/~~

f.. ..
Po

~.8S

O.Ho~

I .. 0.'153210

0.80'--------

/1- 62

11.4Jf

An ideal gas contained in a large storage container at a constant temperature and pressure of 59 of and 25 psia is to be expanded
isentropically through a duct to standard atmospheric discharge conditions. Describe in general
terms the kind of duct required and determine
the duct exit cross section area if the discharge
mass fiowrate required is 1.0 lbm/s and the gas
is (a) air; (b) carbon dioxide; (c) helium.

To

de leYJIYII;' e

air

tjr

fhe
~;9.

~)(if

duc.f

.
m

Aex.i-!Foy

-fhe

us~

(j)

ctensify I

Thu$

/;/

::

vve.

~)(it

ex; f- flokl
O. / .

ex;! flow aveC(

US(!

Er //60

or loy

]~~I)

/
I t-

we

/eXi/- )

(i!- ') Ma 2. .

e'Xd

2.

where.

(jlr

~xit =
We.. obrn,;'
Fig- D. /.

Ma.

RJ;
Mq

;::I). D /

valu .. of

exit

-frdWI

?exit

uSlny

-1-

II- S1/ tJY

t:IIY/

7htlf

-r~1i;.1) J(t;)

~----------------------------

F;j. D. /

valuf:-

:: (M4eXi f-)

fA S

fA

(#-)

(5)

/uhc.-//()Yl of

,t;

o6-h l'n

lI~Xif

~'I)

J;

exit-

/VI 4 e)(i f-

lo

f/

(M~jt) /~ ~)f

(con't)

'------~---~~------~----------.. -.---------~

/1-63

(COIJ't- )

/J./fLf

whe re

fr.trm

TeX.i t

E~. /I. S"6 I OY

IPv

clIr"

F iq

P. I

_ _7;_ _ __
1~-I)Ma 'l .
exJf

I t-

( , 2.

~ air

(JY

7:~x.i f

~ (

--

r.TeXi!' Vel

Vexi f

D,I .fW A1t;.~w/'f)

""".

"

thu!

anA

~ F'1'

lite

(M4eXl'l- )

(5)

(tlJ Fov air

~x.if

t;;

The

ILl 7,os/tL

= tJ.5

j- _

2>" ,PS/A
covyesjJona'IYIJ

-lex.i
To

val",es

tJ.86

~xil- = 0.63

Now

win,

'1.
:::

(25"(J$/a ) (1'I't
(17/6

;.,~ 'l. )

f'f 16 )( SI5
S" IUf. ";2.

(UlYJ'+ )
IJ~

6f.j-

(0. '3
-IZ-)

-J
2 7 S' )( ItJ .1'114. J
.ff)

//.'f4

(C()J'7 ' f)

'P)
(2.1,
11

Ct;n l/f!/rJIYlJ

XIP-l

dwc,./-

sl,; ) (q32H

would.

~I- )(nZ~)

5ufh'ce

= (). tJ / z If 2.

$//'(9

..fk eKil-

$/;'ce

fttJw i.s

S lIb?Sd>1 i C .

/ 3 - /

-3

~Xif =

Wi Itt ~1'

$"

if. ()J' X 10

or !U'j
-(./3

we fel-

~lC/f = (0.1123)

-:. 76

s: 7 /1-

.J

S' u.b.s())1/c .

(eon'c)
/1-- 6S

II. 'fLf
(C)

yi~/d 5

hJr he/,ulYJ ; Gj. 'I

r-----------------------

Ma e)(,j f

=0.3'1'1

/66-1

~.05'6

x/a

f/U!

rf3

WI/-h ~1'
1/

veXjr

Wi ff,.

1:-). I

Aexif

w- gef
(0.81.11)

W'-

(I ~)
5
--------------------------------:
(t.OS"6 )(10-ii

SI/,(~)(2lff'f

~3

C()l1VerjlrJj

I?tJl}/C

w;J/

d{)

fr1

51V)ce

3 Z. 2

O. 030? {flo

16 no)
T~1

-Ik exit f/()w If f"b.xmic.

1/. L/-

11.45 An ideal gas is to flow isentropically

from a large tank where the air is maintained at
a temperature and pressure of 59 of and 80 psi a
to standard atmospheric discharge conditions.
Describe in general terms the kind of duct involved and determine the duct exit Mach number
and velocity in ftls if the gas is (a) air; (b) methane; (c) helium.

10

the. dlAcJ

de/eywz/ne

E~.I/s"'j

0,,-

Ildr

) we
hlAm6ev / Ma~'f
XI

Mach

Fi9' 0./ .

Merex,'r
Ov f,v

.fv.,.

exit

lA~e

TAu>1

](~~)

(I )

IJIlr

/lA~

::

ex.it

Fi9- f).1
(]x/f

VA/tfc.

'if

Ibnc b-on

ve/pci.j,A
'7" v,c:X'fI )

1-14,,,.if.

VeXif
wheye

(7/

W~ IAf~

~)(.il-

(2 )

R TcXif- -k

{"3J

1exit

1C~if

(5)

(a.) Ft;y CUr

Pexit

:;

==

()./f38

9" /sid.v.JA.d f1,u, > kvw.

F /9. 0 '/1 ~

M4 )1.i/
'
ttJt.d
"Tex/f" =
7;

:'

/Z

tJ.b2

/1- '61

c.o-r r$fol1d!n5 Vt7""~S are,

Con If)

1/. /5

!he ~

wiftt. ftj. 5

/..

:::

ex-if

w; fh

CIP'II:A

we ohfa.tJ1.

(S?'1DI<)(~.61..

(17/6

-: (t."l)

Vexit

C-vn.c tude.

Erg. 3 we

rJ

-=

322. p.,.

fha f-

)(~22 ~1!.)(I.Lf)
SI"1' 0.e
( I ~ )
-FI-./I;

~/Lilj.

fJ

C()nJleY7/~j - clive,Yf'J1j
i;

:f/()W

yei:/~c1

; r

oJ)/e

!!:

ISSO

6ectUUe

ti
J

M..t. ~xif

5'u(J(!'ySdn/c-.

(b) ~ Me..tiuJne

M()exit

:::

we. dblrA.,~ ~

'1' I

= /.78

/
,,')1-1
(!~. 7~s;a) Tj(
gO~r/~

w~

Then wi Ih clJ- 'f

~x;t

gef

5' 19 III?

1 +3

(1.31 - )(1- 7<fJ~

iN e.

l"fr,u;"

A c(/m)~/~ - dt'~71"'J
fI(fW if
(C) Fw

e-tiJ

.5(Al'ey~()nic-.

he//ui'YI

we

cJ61a,;'" ~ Gj. I

They,

with
-

(VOy/lt )

//- 6e

26 'f. I "/?

/.71

1/. tf 5

Con't)

Ve'{ir = (1.71)

/J
fft!W

577~
_
sif

C!Mllw,t'nJ - d/.)t:IY'iJ~J
I

5'lA(JeySdY1;e, .

t1/)31/~

I)

ve5",yed Slnc~ the ex.jl-

II. '16
11.46

An ideal gas flows isentropically through

a converging-diverging nozzle. At a section in the
converging portion of the nozzle, AI = 0.1 m',
PI = 600 kPa (abs) , TI = 20C, and Mal = 0.6.
For section (2) in the diverging part of the nozzle
determine A,. p,. and T~ if Ma, = 3.0 and the
gas is (a) air; (b) helium.

ro

lIN

(~~ )

-- =

II,

:::

A:z.

0)'

Alo we use Ecp. 1/.71

de-fe YIfII;' e

11f

(~ , )

r{1I..~ I

(~ )
, ~ (!~ f)

I t

M4;

2
Mtt,2

j",(*-<l
-It 1- I

~+I
:l.f*-I)

!(F;').

A,

A;.. -:;

I-

.L
fo1q

PIt]. PI/

t;l!

j;~ [

A,

(:;)

a,y

rvY' r.)

0'1'

(/ )

(2)

( Fi 9,

10

dekH-rn,~

~ =

e.

we

(?-)

p~

= ~

(P.)

(3)

0"'-

frrr

airI

p.2- : : .

i(

f;:'9'

(F/9

To

defe.,m/,,-e

7:2- = T,

T~

(~)

-7;-

w~

f),,/ vdlue.

Oy

.frH
T~

7;

=-

! (fiq.

[, +
I

l]

o.f p,
P,.

f.... M<i ~

of..&

fw M.&o,)

I':,
G'-g. 11.56

(A.s-e.

fT.)
a,Y"

V6/U'

or

Iw'
ti ';"/ (:'9.

(~~')M~,~] )

r-(~-I ) Mtj/" J
2-

f). I

Va llA.\!.

of

T~ f,..
To

11,,,, )

(Flq D.I

Va. I",,!

or

5 !w

M~)

(COn' f )
11- 70

'"

('f)

0./. lhtls,

(5)

(~)

(~)

a/,. .. '1-

p.()y

A2. :
9' 1./

1w.S' -Iv

2.

(0.//11')

:J

('13
(I. 2.

yt'elds

~ : [ 6o(J 1t.1i{~"r)7
aYl~

~f"

9 /lle s

r :: (293 fC..)
:L

(0. ~6

{d.q~}

1/3

I<.

:=

11-71

O.2.S7n-?L.

//.!.f7
11.47 Upstream of the throat of an isentropic
converging-diverging nozzle at section (1), VI =
150 mis, PI = 100 kPa (abs), and TI = 20C. If
the discharge flow is supersonic and the throat
area is 0.1 m~, determine the mass ftowrate in,
kg/s for the flow of (a) air; (b) methane; (c) he-.
lium.

we.

fhe

de feYJI'JIIIYJe..

w/It,

Mach num6ey- at sec//on. (/)

(;)
ror a/I of Ih"e .1tl~e.s
~

he cause

~ YI/wln3

fAe.
Ma~s

//JvoIVu:/
~tl6s(')n/c.

flow is

Illlwyak.

use

We

t1, t.. .flow

TJruS'..

slow.

/;/::.(!./y

is

i-l-

Ih e..

the. leaj//~

tlJa.

6fj . 1/. '1tJ

~f

fhcd

is /t!ss 'lhdh

MQ,

-f),Ylx~.f
HIl/AI

/J rJ?1l/.:.ed

-fo 0 61rJ l'n

(2)

ve/~ci fy / V~ we, lAse

V*~ VRT~-k
To

o!om/;'

(3)

~ W~

use ff

I/, 63.

Thus

(tf)
~r

.fur cur)
T~ -=

~ (value

of'

1=,'9. O. J fiJv /I1a -=-

7"

To

de/e..ym,ne

~
~y

=:

TD

r; [/

4/y

wt:..

use

r (: I )

. 11-S6.

~/2 ]

,
T,

(~nll::)

//-72

Thus"

11;"~

is sVl'erstJnic.

,;, =-,..<J ~ A - V of
FoY' fhY()tlf

/.~

/.0 )

(5)

my

~OP'l't )

//,47

(q)

or ..foy

p
FaJ' Po
~
oy

fw
~

tllY)

=Po

(vAlue of

we.

use

j?'"

Po

~ /Vtt:(. =' I- 0 )

(I tJ)

ThMc;

E'I_ 1/-$'9 -

frI.

::::

P,

(~; I) /v1Q,L ]r-i

I f-

(II)

t[ ,;,.

?,

::.

(va.lue (If

.;;~

f:
P,.

(a) '::w aIr

Mil,

':::;g_ P. /

we use

G$_ /

;;'9. 0,
LJ

,tOy

Ma,)

!,-hi,;"

(). tt 372

2.'13
( d_

'16

k...

::

]05

we.. tJ/:'hr I;'

/1- 73

K..

Po

/00 iPtl (ab$ )

7heJ'l wi fA

a.1

1t..1't:i (4f?S )

6~.

kJ'~{a"$)

~f- 3

(~t)\B

>(10

IJ )
/'I?'l-

':::

= fJ

=.

Nn? )(25
~l. I<.

fi' z
BJ

t#itt.

/tIjJI{.(llI;s)] (0. 52 g2 8)

(236.9

H"na.t'J-

/I

Fi~.

of

It)

[1/5

;;:

;;>1

~.g7

6f.

pK

f~e ~e} f

w;tt..

we... ololA,;'

,.,.,3

kJ

if

obI-. U'l

W"1!

3) (0./ Yh2.)(:1ltt

(6) F~,.. meihanG

we-

~f

".8'3

Gj.

lASe..

;)

:::;.

.J

db~;"

-fr;

050 ':)

03363

'( ~/I 3 N. YI?

~.I<

Ilow is

2t.5 'k}

) ( 2.'i3 Ie) (,.'11

(I L )

a,.

c-tuk..ed

",f-

l!!.

+J,e

f3..

-::: tJ. 336']

:=.

(213

~)

cf

Lf

i#; ~

and..

+- (t.1~-1 )(0.J163)).] - Z~!II<

[I

we. ohm 4;"

T ~ ::: (2.-93/I<)C

2..

/.31
Th.<l!

v,f.

F-~

1'//

~
() ltd

/AI

D.JI

we..

ob!.,,..

;:::. [/()d kl(((4ks)]

i It,

Elj. 'i

::: [i07. ~

25"S./ K.

I/X-

*7.

!!!)

f~

1.11

M(4bs)]( ~)/.7/-1 -::.

;O
_ _-.::_~~~31:~

+ (t.1~ -') (tJ. 3361 / ] '.11-'

9e f

t '.31-t-1

1"heJ/7 WI ~ E-1 3 we. ho,lIC

;y
(5-g. J x 10 '3
1--_ _ _ _

-=

'!:..!!!.) (2.~C.II<){1.31)
1c.,. I:.
(I ~

(Slg.)

!,.. )

)(253./~)

o. ~3S

(con/f)
/1-

7Jf

5'3.5?

~J
;;; j

---------------------------~

/1. If 7

(con l-t )
~.

r/yzally, witt,

vi?

2-

we ohm.,;"

~f)( (J.I hI~)(~/!.6

== (0.tf3f

;')

",,3

C1.

aMrA vJ;tt,

If

~~

.s

= 2.9>.21<..

()6 m.,"n

Wf!.

T.r = (295".2. k /

it.~
_

0./'/92..

= (2-q31<) [ / + (1.~-I)(O.14.ti2)2]

7;

/81

_2_)

"Z I. 66 1-1

-=

222. k.

~ :: [ioo 1efl{{aI,~)] [
fq.
o 'i

wiHt

and..

p.r:::
ThcI

[ / ()

wi~

f1 if ~

.f, 6

1.9 fq, I'f( (4'S)

J(

- 2

)'.~-'

:::

/.6( tf

,. B'
3

('If 7'1 X 10 ~)

0.107'7

(2 077 ~ )
r:,Y)().lly

wilt.

(22J../<. )
ai1<
.
~.].. we 6/;'-IA II'?

/J.1

1/-75 .

11. Lf8

The flow blockage associated with the

use of an intrusive probe can be important. Determine the percentage increase in section velocity corresponding to a 0.5% reduction in flow area
due to probe blockage for air flow if the section
area is 1.0 m:', Tll = 20C, and the unblocked
flow Mach numbers are (a) Ma = 0.2; (b) Ma =
0.8: (c) Ma = 1.5: (d) Ma = 3.0.

We

Iv

won-l

asceyll1/~

~l!JblD"J::.LC'
To

de'lwvn/;'e
V

fht.

()c/c.e.d..

U 11 hi

H;y

~Yl6I()C.~~

:::

(mb/ockeol

M~
M"

we

Ul"lb/f)c):,ed
"I fI ,,/cui

aveA.. ve,t"c;1y / '{~bIDc..b') we

,/ R. T
V
U~ bI

k..

{lJ

DtJcc.J

lAse

I7; ~ Ma. Ullh/~d:r/ rn.,.,. E~. /I.?G ~ MaIi"VN

7;; (

II) dc-~JII'1J;"e. I1u 6lodu..d

U5e

tu'&.

veLou'", ~

~/()c.kuI) ~

(z)

A4..t.

~/()~J = ~tloc-lael ~R ~,tk,fk.

Pw

M~ b/d(.k..v/

I'Ve..

we.

f. / /.7/.

AJlochcI

t)Jt1d

dek~Jne

A~

,!1bldc,h.t/ ;'"~'jfA '''t!r

nr/p/ 4Atd ernrr

A~

(5)

11-76

Iliff

(a)

~()nlt)

M~

Fiff

~ tJ. l

U ~f:I ~ c.k.ec/

w itt...

E~ I

~h61"t4.I

-=

46/ocJ:.e4

/1-;('

w;/4

/JJ1tX

MI(

2.tf() 7

'=

k.

r----------------------(2gb.] ~ f~qO.71<)(I.'-IJ

(0.2..)

~.'"

ret

"',..)

('

1 f .;=

=(o.19SJ(2.'163S) = 2.9'1'7

,~J

olht/~

we

1d'$./l71

=~. 2 ()/

blluc.u(

~~

W/I"tt

CI..,d J).S",

ha~

tv!-

e1 f . ~ (,fn~ 11.7/ +v

We us-e

E1S.

vV il't,

= (ZQ3 t:-) (~. 9rz()()

T II.
Then

we. oh,*,;'

tfI'/6/~d~

s ~ ~f
z,f"j:;

-=

O/()., k

= "l/i] %

(b) ~ M~ ==

o.g

~nb/~tk.wI
men

obh,;' IN;/(,

V-/C

,s:.2

115"6

D-ttP(

(zQ31c.)( ~.8g65Z.) =- 2.>"'13 ;:

9' I we jef

tN)itt

~-------------------

O. 8

Vlutb1oU:uJ::::

We.

USc..

~'i.(.

a JIId..

(2gt.'!

CYltJ/. 1/.7/

f./.I?'\ )

~j.1<.

(zS9.!I<)(I.'1)
(/

1'>'1
s~

r;~/8c1c.e4

-c:

lit:
w; It,

,,-

(0. 91S'")(/03Izs) /I,

71

we

103]

hho;'

M~;/ockuJ ;;: ()313

Wilt, E~. S

IV )

!J.?-

we

re"f

7i1"~ =
I

293 k..
t-(t./f- /)(c1,g/~l
"2.

(COn Ii

/1-

77

2S"3.8 K..

,.

w; fh

'3 we have

V,

j, Il}t/<Jl.r;/

-;:: (0.113)

tlnd

(~/I)cJ:e4 - ~11h1(J(,~) x

1110

";>..

(2.b2.1

VLtnblD~
{Cj

l),~ n

258 'I ;' ) (/tJtJ)

(?t"i.lf ;')

hr MA... =- ,. S- ,,r;~b/"~

~
s

wilt, Gjs.2

tJ);,Itl/;'

:: (2.93 K) (~,6g9ts)

ew.'{

-=

1/.5'6

2()2. /

cf. / We. gef .

~J'fblodu.(/ == (I' S-) ;-(234-b.-9-~--:-)-t-2-0).-.-,-)-(1-"-tj)
wi It,

F<7. ,....

We. use.. EjS.lf and /17, -h 7-I.. '

A bl"cJ.erJ.

='

A-t
~Mci w/#t

1::7'

/1/

Iz!. -;
.f"2-

(~. qr;S)(1.17, "2-) -=

1/. 71

(I

I. /7

w~ tJ"-k/~

ana

(~/othd

- IIUrt"/orkd)

(d) FoY ~ =- 30
Gn/:'/t/du-t!

Tht Yl

w;~

Gf.

/00

we.. ~~;"I;'
'=-

"",lit,

Ets'2 e(hol II.S6

(2-1J 1<) (0.15 71lf)

1 W~

gef

(ct7I1'f)

/1 ... 78

/(JI/.6 I:.

=l.lf3 %
~

we.. {,(se

E1f. if

A61od<.t..4

(J n

d II. 7 /

(tJ Cf9S ) (Lf.23lf6)

-::

- If. '2.1 3

A~
Pl'7d

'g.11.71

Wift,

Mil/

-:: 2. '19)

blocicul

E~. 5"

With.

we. ~bhl;'

we.

'let2'13 k..

b/()ckuI

I +- roll -

I)

(2. ct9S)),

2.

w!.

have.

Ond

('{)()d~~

~1'J61()Ci~.d)

~M 61odu/

X I () 0

-G

(6 fL!. 't If- - b/,-/. 9

( 6 Ii(. 'j

;J

-;- )(i()b)

=_

f1, bit]

1/.50

11.50

For Fanno flow, prove that

dV
V

-=

jk(Ma 1 /2)(dx/ D)
1 - Ma~

and in so doing show that when the flow is subsonic, friction accelerates the fluid, and when the
flow is supersonic. friction decelerates the fluid.

5f~yft~

wifh

'*

.L ( / t-

d(v'")

M( 2)

( /+

(I)

11~1~ we j1lfve

$.

d (/.111.
MAl
C OMb/niYIJ

d (M4).)
Mal

V~

FrtJm

we. h~ve

E'j. /1. qs

vz.

(1c- , ) Mal.]

I -f

d(l/2.j

(2)

2
we tJbfa/Y1

G~,), , And Z

1i M/./'") d (v~) _ [It- (i!-I) M4"] d~ /

1/ 2
:2.
v"

.L
( Ma 2- ,
.2

d{/.I1.j

:fA ft11l~)(::
2.

t1

(3)

/)

-= -

and
d (II l)

-=-

V 2..

M ,/.
(

-k

M4: 1._ I )

dx
f)

t-/oW(. II'tW'
d(I/2.)

~s

:: :z.VdV

C(/Wl41/n,""..J

rf.!!

we ,ef

(,,)

/ - /111(''2
-fJ,~

~/c,f/ol'l

i~

1:11." 4Hd S

,ck (~"l)( ~}

II"

When

(5)

Ft""" is
IA.C(

.f'vpeYJIJJlic

n,iG -//on

.s~6.s1J11; c

e/eya.lcs

'lite

(Ma> 1.0).,

de ce(eY4!u

(M({ < I. ())

-/114#1:1.

On I1tL

f 6

leads n,

#,e -/i",,/el.

//-80

1,.

I et.ttis -h> dV =
V

dtt.e.y

dv
v

ha.Hd

= _

"/- tI"d flutJ

,..,4elo1 fhe.
neJ/

In

jl,ir

H~k/

Cl!ue

the values of static temperature, static pressure,

stagnation temperature, stagnation pressure. and
velocity at the inlet [section (1)] and exit [section
(2)] of the constant area duct. Sketch a temperature-entropy diagram for this flow.

11.5/

Standard atmospheric air (To = 59 of,

Pu = 14.7 psia) is drawn steadily through a frictionless and adiabatic converging nozzle into an
adiabatic, constant cross section area duct. The
duct is 10 ft long and has an inside diameter of
0.5 ft. The average friction factor for the duct
may be estimated as being equal to 0.03. What
is the maximum mass flowrate in slugs/s through
the duct? For this maximum flowrate determine

7J,/s

51",aay 7z, E:xaYH/J!e

is

tlte

{'low ~ak

I'YttlX/""uJ'V/

(..tTn{/..""f

af'eJ\

ducf

ex./f ['see-f/on (2)]

thYfJH7h

choi:t!$

is

1.1).

As (..x-pllJ.';'uI II? -xa""'I/~ 1/ /2/

//- 12.

due-I

fIt(..

and

f1tt

will

Math

lJr.e l'I'lax/munr,

wl,~n I/,~

C1C.c"u Y

ar

nUWlber
liowrak

thl. c4tc.f

(}b/7l/~eP{

CAn be

wi 111
(f)

We

CUn4l4nf
COlliS

Itt n f

duc.f

Arelflf

kv c.h.ok.ed

--~

i:=

CAn

7;
V

-::

"='
t).

re.tA.()( va'/ues

()b tR.I

T"" ~ ~2:-)7
and

=V2

~,

0.6

f" _
(,,(~-.f)
/

S -1+

()

Fifj'p, :2

Ct/n b~

"

belAIlIe

nO.Jl/e.. bu.f ple&r~RSe.J ft,'(ll,,(fi. IA~

01 lYi~li()n. TAt/5.1 ~
1'1. 7l'fia. .

(~.()3) (It; Ff)

. "-1.J) - , )

from

i':f

.A/s01 Po is

=5/qD~_

flow

f" (
a~d

::: 1,,,1.

C.(}n ~rf

-the

II?

T1te ~ m{,~ hIJw J/"u

fhl'ol<f1hIJI.l f

the! 7; is
ft,e. {low is a.4/alHlhc VIOle..

~+

I
COn

"

6~

o~

e,f

Mill)

witt,

v,

1;

];J vii' )

,.

//.03

(;.:+1 /51'1'12- J

ple/("""" /I? t:d

"
p~

7; ;.s

S/hCe.

~32 D,e

4~t(:(

:-

~,
ptl- .

7he n

CtmJ /It '" l-

lJu,/
./

wi""

(t 716
so

(con't)

//- 8/

/020

If" =

=.r

L(
<6

/ /.51

(cOJ1't)

*' )
f (1-,(,

':S

r1t/ I -:::

~.

S7

:: 113

T'ftI
I

:;:

0, 6

(~)

v~

;.

Po,

-L-

pr

1.86

0;

-= /. ').2.

fZrom C1'

2.

We.. 9e.f

T :: (I.13

) ('13)" f)12.)

_ 'fRYif)It!.

-===

I"

Witt. ,.1
V,

.=.

IN'"

(0.6

dbh.Jn
)(1172.0

{f):::
J

::

~II

6/2

.J

Itt 7 pii..

,.22

/.21.

" :::; (0.8

Ii

If. i' I's/~

:-

/.16-

//- 82.

'2-I'.s/a,

11-5'2.1
11.52
The upstream pressure of a Fanno flow venting to
the atmosphere is increased until the flow chokes. What will
happen to the flowrate when the upstream pressure is further
increased?

fV
Alf()

level

Ij'

UMcllA.~

-flbW

e., Iv

hILVwJ~

,1 +
0

flu.

7;

Ja-me

",jher
ft,/Lf

fJv

At's/)

IS

f7V

7kuJ

If

':J -I1u.
~

1;'u-etJ-f

~-In-t ,.!,

he r'C.

vetil/it

tJ,e

s-e". iCJ
I

~ I~ f

-h~ ~ f3'

Fa;'I?o

IJ 'ne./'

fW!,{".{'lI foe ~

//- 83

w~eYe

.}al'lre,

blA-f

,Y"

,'r,/e -I
In

hlW

!-,1 4

~Lrt)

II.SG

tlfJ-a

41'1r1

tIu

we

!Yr SJ ~ 1')/ a cJ,okd J#nno

/nCff-Ue
(1/ .fIWl 4k Alto.

~ p~ df EX~/e 1/.11

Jn~~tI

,;, -ft,e-

axiAl IDUtti~ ()f Ike

fJne

if

ItJCAJ'/4Y1

QX iA/

-4 . . ani

Ma
f

"YI"e

(AJ)1S~ /It f

I'

4/,

/!4f-

5"0

.-E f./} aIr;;;:;;

::
- J'fT
V""

~ ~

.;;:., d,'{'~1 v,l/ueJ df

11.53

The duct in Problem 11.51 is shortened

by 50%. The duct discharge pressure is maintained at the choked flow value determined in
Problem 11.5/. Determine the change in mass
flowrate through the duct associated with the 50%
reduction in length. The average friction factor
remains constant at a value of 0.03.

Jh/s is like Example

/1.13.

will

chee-K. OUr as~whlfJf,'on by CdH1f?""~

sf/II

c-htJ/(e

P~

wi th

~ p:tt" fire .flow is

ass umpf,'oY1

ca./cu./,:d-e
In

p,;

.L f

t:11'1()ff1ey

Oy

QHd

t-ht?-

we..

mus -f

Fey

choked

vntlSf

st)/uh'on

iltfZ

de v/f'e

9uess 1hN"-

We

b~

mus-IHOWYA!e

pyo~/eYVI

01-

al1t7/11ey

w-e-

s-horknt&/ dud

vho I:.e d.
For

Y'n.llde.

&IS

fhe,

/n

01/&1

II. S /.

F()y

.If noll

choked flow ~
6xtl~/~ //./2

Gli1clulced flow,.

~fya,k9!/.

.flow'

:f' fI. -.,( )

P
F;9' 0.2.

FrO>??

M~I

.:

T,

,If

::.

-=-

-If

P
I

:-

(d.S/'I)
we

~etd

6"
(I)

1./

(J,7

(2)

/.G

~I

Thus
;:: :::(0.75"

) (N. 7psilA.) ~ I I
(con

;os1A.,
If)

//- at(-

fd

//.~3'

(con't)

;.0
5'ince

> ~ ; t. 3'1

~ ; . 3{J I'I/tJ..

Itte

fl(}w

loA' -=

r;.

i.t

che1k.e4

4. f"

1'~/4..

tlJ.U.lnH!d.

be o6ht,J,ed wil4

Cdn

G1.1/.63 SInce

't CtJ)1.f/rnd.

_.r

lAIiftt. E1' I
~

/I'M

1A/e.

have

~ A:l, ~

~.Z.68

':

,
1'}1

The.

flit!

.f

vhtU1lj e.

,n

h1,u j

?~':- M,09x

!lflW YtItIt:

I"J

/00

'() If

The..

1'Y'~Hs

J4/~

I'lowr..!c.
i:J7

;;'cvt4l.ted

"r

sa)..

1/-.85

9. ~)f)

i;/lrel<'l.

f1....t

fub~

W4J

7h1l$...

115't

I
l1.slf

If the same mass ftowrate of air obtained in Problem 11.51 is desired through the
shortened duct of Problem 11.53, determine the
back pressure, P2, required. Assume f remains
constant at a value of 0.03.

rhis

.r/"",;'/t:{y -fo EKe:tht'pIB

i1

fl(}w~ale

due-I-

ach/el/ed

of

C;'felIHed
f'yz,bl e,-.

Pmhle.,

/1.1</.

Prt.J6IeJ1l-l

11~3", /Me.

.;."

P1"llb/~""" 11.,1 _ Tltu$,.frJy

II't

IMIlS$

is desil"l!c/ wi!A n,~ ~h/),.ft",-t(l/

11.51

I?eu

the stJ~e

Since

Acl.iel/-e,

'/17e.

fl,e. val'te ,,/- Mit,

vcdue. of M4.J.. t;tf~

Stlm(.

we. ~ ve.

lIS'!

F (J., -l,)
)

oy
".~ ff

./:)

W/fh

f(.lY-~'l.)

-=

().3

wt..

enfeJr

FiJ. Po

and r~~d

lJ

0)

= 1.6
1h.e Vlt/ue of p '" ~bhJ;'ed /~
f ~ == 6 ttl
(A.II\.;"

wi/1t

1:1_

P." =- ( ,.6"

PYDJ,/e-, 1/.53 iI

psit;..;.

we ,e!
)(~. ~fi psi"-) ~

11- i6

(l-.

~$;a.

.rh'll va.I/Ii Sf)

I

I;'

//.55

I
11.55

If the average friction factor of the duct

of Example 11.12 is changed to (a) 0.01 or (b)
0.03. determine the maximum mass flowrate of
air through the duct associated with each new
friction factor and compare with the maximum
mass flowrate value of Example 11.12.

f' =

(a) For

we have.

().Ol

F ( ~ 1'_.l., )

(1/.01) (7.", )

/)

0.2

(()./ rn)

fig. P.2 we ret2d

and

~.7

fv1~1

= /.

T,

rtf
-VI

v~

0)

(2.. )

() 73

FnIn-t 6 xantple

/1/2

7,f :: 2 'f0 J<.

and

= "3/0 ~

vAl
7hU5)

TI
aYld

wifh

=(I.
wif1,..

V, :

) (2. 'I() /<-)

f'j.2

(0,73

f>J ==

,.

we 'jei

we

2& Lf k.

%fa,;'"

) (310 ~)
$

= 22.6

c:!

0.72

(().72

= /.7
1/-

81

1l"
S

Poy f;;

r(

we have

0.03

~ tl_l/)

((J./ ~ )

/)

Fig.

on

Ol1d

(2.,.,.. ) ::. (}.6

((J.03)

we-

P.2.

Yedd

-= 0.57

/V1 ~ I
?;

-= 1.13

rlf-

V,

= ().6

V.f'

1Au5

1; ~ (J./.3 )(z'ftJ t-) ==

27 /1<

'!?) -=

(0.6
)(3/0
/g6 ft'1
I S S

Fit]. [). I

Fro;'Yl

1, ::

read

We

~V"

Mtf, == ().S7

O. <;

P..

~J

1h1.A5I

R=

10

(0.2

de-kIM/ne

-k.,
=7
/.52-

max./mul"l? (ch()lc~d

The

WI

170

::

1.65

f"" O.t:J1

IY1

{ -=

0.02-

In
f=(J.03

-Ii,

k,
J

:::

1.5"'2. ~
,.)

/1- g8

II. 50

I
11.5'6

If the length of the constant area duct

of Example 11.12 is changed to (a) 1 m or (b) 3
m, and all other specifications in the problem
statement remain the same, determine the maximum mass flowrate of air through the duct associated with each new length and compare with
the maximum mass flowrate of Example 11.12.

FoY'

maXI"nUrn

12. - /', =-

raJ rOY

I'Iowrak- the
I""

duct IS

we. have

tJ. / ".,

.J)

F ,...I'
q

Fyc'f")-.

Ma, .::

[J"
.-

~. 7

T, = I.
-T"
_V,

(I)

n.
v.73

':

II'"

(20)

Ex.~p/

Frtn'YI

choked.

/1./2

T~ ':: J. '10 k
tina

= 310 ~

1I:t<
1hus

wif'h

'1' J we, tJb h ,;"

~ (I. I

and wili, 1,

)(:J.'10I<): 26iJK.
2

we 'Jef
) ('310 rn)

= 2. ,,6 S'!!!.

70 deieYm;Je f, we nJw.

F i9. OJ

ltj::;

P,

~,

nus

(I

(0.73

= o./l.
-

(0. 72-

(C On't )

/1-

8'1

wi#' Ma

=0.70

CLw;(

read

1/.5"6

(con'f)

f (1 ~ 1,) _ f ( 1.2 - , )

J)

Fig.

NlfA J ::: O.

T,

II'" -

Thus

-r;

[J.2.

~7

J(2OJ<) :

(tJ.t

h1-

Fr~m

==

hi

le.(,: ;<,...,

=
::

.l")-~ =3.....

!!!

D / we. Yead f,.". MIA,

.)-1=1""
l
I

27/F:-

) (3/tJ !!!)
= /3'
$

J'YI

(d.1 ;If)

0.6

:;(/.13

V, -=

(O.tJ2)(3 W1 )

::. I. /3

r lf
V,

/)

--

170

Ie,

.$

1.65

.J'

1.~'l1t9
J

//-.'10

=0.57

_ 1J.6

1/.57

I
11.51 The duct of Example 11.12 is lengthened
by 50%. If the duct discharge pressure is set at a
value of Pd = 46.2 kPa (abs), determine the mass
ftowrate of air through the lengthened duct. The
average friction factor for the duct remains constant at a value of 0.02.

:f (12. -.(, )
[)

Or

= d. ,

(O. tJ2 2(?n,2

,cu':.~)

:::

rr~

va(~(!

a.

9lAfSS

-
r'9'

r !..et'...l,)

,..,...,

v,

and

II-

a.

of MQ,.

V()/tle

,_ I

H.
Wi"",

MiS

wif;'

Mt:i2. Ilhrl ger a. CdYl'tSI'OrJlil,y

of

ti)

--

f)

d'/hl

We

_ F(L'--t1 )

we

vnlue

Witt-.

I
c"lc.ei/"fe

t/fel-"/.

of

f/ .(J!..~)

Vttltte of fa!~)
of )
~ value

w~ 9f!f ~

r/~. p.2-

M~J

()'ltd

MtAl.

Then

we.. t76Iai" Ii-rm,

':iys:

P./

with
(2)

we

fie +-

VA/{,fe

&f

of

Pl. thai we

We 91Ae5f ~ value of .M~2..

w(. rea. d on F ,'3. D.2.

COn

=O.9S.

J)

J),en

with 6'1' I

we Oblal~

Fre'-L, ) =

(). 6 +

~.OO128

fw

fl.Jhie.h

Mtt

~
""

FIJ-

0.2-

tJ 57

( COn 't)
//- 9/

tJ. (;

(b)tftlTt

fAlift" 11. = '11,2 kla(dhJ)~

CtJyye-'l'0nt::t/~

-h Ma2.=~''1S'

/1.57

(con 't )

[1-

Now wi ft"

R :::

[/0 I

2.

fhe aJf ll ""I'-h't1r&

cl

(~

= I 7:r. )

1)/ J

IJ Iso -from
V~

_I (l.tJ6

1.96'

= 'I6,61t.At(ab.s)

k t.(I h ALte,.;.

tv1fA~:: ().f)5".

:: (tJ,81)

[/tJr~Ik(abs)]::: '31.kIQ{4bJ)

7;, ::: (0.1 'f ) ( 233J::-)

V,

)(-

1,

~I

'Ie f

~,o~ (tl6s-)] (0, B I

/1:;) P

P =

'J

aHcI

Wt

(lose... el10UYh fo flu JI'v~11 c//5Ct,(1Yjt.. fll'tr$UYe

which is
7lt1l1

:; 2-7 I I<.

19. P.2

fur Ma, =

t7. s; 7

0.'/

anti f/1u5

V. :. (t). (JI
J

(s~~ f,.)7r(O'/h/)2.(;S1
(286.? N.fJ'1 )(27/;:)('1)

*,.1::.

111

/.55 -119
_

1/- 92

f!)

/1.58

11. 58
An ideal gas flows adiabatically with
friction through a long, constant cross section area
pipe. At upstream section (1), p, = 60 kPa (abs),
T, = 60C and V, = 200 m/s. At downstream
section (2), T2 = 30C. Determine P2, V2, and
the stagnation pressure ratio Po) po.' if the gas is
(a) air; (b) helium.

Ma 1 =

F Ij. p.2

T,

r""
~

:::

?if
~II

= 0.55

:::

'Kif?.

/./ 'f
(I)

19

... )

('~

/.25

p~

rrom the ftmper"fzo'e.- raf/()

r:lf::.

T,

/.1 Lf

,if

(~J3/C.)
(/. 11f)

(z97. Jt:.)

Fiy. p.?.

(,.vi H,

7'l.

::;

/.01.{

!J:i.,. /

rtl/fd

-r
(3)

&. :: /./

p~

(iifhd

(con/i)

(4)

1/. sa

(contf)

WiN,

~:: ~ ( P )F)( P,.

(}nd

E.<js.

Ii::

P,
pi(
I and '3 we obl.,;'

[60 f<Pa.(abs)] (

-\(I/)

I.e;

AIs()

== 3'1. 7 1zf" (4bs)

wllh

~t.
I

Pc,
I

~/~
..-- .

:;

) /_1 _1 = (J.g

(;

{ /.25'

~I
I

-;

r ',-tally

(216.9 N.I?/ )(]()]fc.)(f.tf)

V.'J.. ::

"kf.k

(I

N)

ky.e

;:

?I'f ;'

s,.

(6) Hr/ heiJ~m)

The

Mach.

It? =/. 6{'

nUMbey

Itnd R

= "2.077

of- sec-han (/) is

::.

N.m

.f~ Ta61e /. B .

-/<!J.K

(2.00 ': )
0;:.

0./17

(5)
T~

Or

(7)

(con'+ )
/I-9/f

I I. 58

(Ct) f'J If)

Wit? ftp - 5

obiaJ'n

we

T ~::: (331j()

:;: 2!i"3.2 K.

(I-j/~ )

Thu)

- -

T-z.

(3()3 ~)

r~

(Z~]. 2/:..)

T'j.

Wi~

-:::

1.ICf7

we...

t. /q7

T.I(-

M~2. = if (R-fL )

I (!!:)

!l : Jp.r

;:ft

Mal.

::: .l.

W;ff,..
!{ =

alid

MOl

i*

(1<f)
/

r(*;')M&t{]

fl Z. )(1 +

{(ir'
~

~$_

r
f
I

(ft~,) ;

=,1-' ) [
(().SED3

Ma;)

(: )(

f$ )

~ tl'Yt4 8

/,Ale..

(i~)

J:

fe'!!:}jo.)gDl)"

?;:.:~';.

1Jj

2.

ha lie

(',/3

_ 18. W'i(4 h5)

-

Wi~

-F/Y'J t:i II'I ~

~::: M"'l..VR~'k.

077

1'0
1J..J.1<

)f303K)(t.66)

(I

~)

1<..9- ~

.r~

5<;3 !:!:!.
-

1/- CIS

(8)

IffS

1+(!-'~-I)(~.5"g03/J

(O.>80~

f?;; [6o*Pq(~S)J L!-)(/.81))

J(/. 66-/

L (/. 19 7)

~ Jj1';::':/--'.-)ll.,,+,)L
[;2- iT;
'2.

7(f-)::: O. fig~ 3

) _I

/I. 5"9

I
11. 5"q

For the air flow of Problem 11.58, determine T, p, and V for the section halfway between sections (1) and (2).

If

is

secf/on (A)

halfway belween sec/70/'u (/) tlnd[2.) we

p/ac(ld

f (). ~J..,)

_ -f ('(~-.l2)

[)
f/!~.fll)

and wifh

ha~

Pi,.,

we

(I)
P~2.

(',IYld

Ye~P/ (O"l'"l"es,Pone/)Y:J

j)

values

(.2)

fl- (pas

where.

pJf

I/.

l1f

Ft'Ylctll'l)

witt,

() b..frL/rl ed

IS"

:= Ma.

"

70

ob-/Q;"Y1I!'/ Ii? t'lte so/u';'/()r} ()f PY7Jblem II. 58'

VR~

I(

F(,R~.I,) and

--

deferrn,;'~

we enk,. 1='7-

Ma.l

= a. S~

and

vead

aVId.

~O;..

:.

-=
TheY!,.

0.01

ft. {

:f (./.1_1.,,):;

~_~_1 _ _-_0_._0/~)_
2...

(C OI"1't)
/1-96

with

So /14 '17'0.., of Prob/el'J? II. S!

0.9/

_ 07

D
wi ~

1J2

0.01

1/.51 1 (CO;1'+)

= ().36

f(j/-.l.A)

Wifh

f)

Ma

"

(),61

TA ;;; /./
r*

~ = /7
Now

wi'M

r..

f"

2 we

obtai;'

-= (j./ ' )(2'1'1;:') ;

P-. :: (/. 7
A

)f-./. ? /
1-

v.II ;"

321 K.

(tJ, 63)

if

5 if

we

(Z~6J;

'1(~ (lIbs)

have
/v."" )(32..3(1::.)(/''1-)

'kJ. I<

(I

2:!.- )
;t.,.

~
.f~

2'27

--$

11.60
11. 60

An ideal gas flows adiabatically between two sections in a constant cross section area
pipe. At upstream section (1), PO.I = 100 psia,
To. I = 600 OR, and Mal = 0.5. At downstream
section (2), the flow is choked. Determine the
magnitude of the force per unit cross section area
exerted by the inside wall of the pipe on the fluid
between sections (1) and (2) if the gas is (a) air;
(b) helium.

/ " CMSItI,,f 0_ pipe

~
/
cc,,~1 voJuWte

r
I

p,A ~l
I
I

(I)

(2)
flow

The.

-f7, (2.)

s-/:;efch eel ~h~lIe is IAse4. Afl'lr/~ 1I1t. A'(./a,/

V" lume

fr-o/

(,011

fVfh'lIdJ)

cam.,()t1enT t7f fhe //net1y l'JI}()menful'Yl ~u.ah'oh (f' 5. 22.) -Iv i11e
col1Tel1fJ

of fhiJ (;1);11n;/ VOIUW1~

pipe wall

"11

I<x :::
A

Tt,us we
(a.) Po;"

lAIr

T,

::-

-frff tlte -ffm:;(.... exe;led by lite.

the flu/ell 1<;( )

== p,A-~A

Rx

w~ ~f

-t

rn(~-v2.)

~ - p.,. + ;0, ~ (~-- V1. )

JIleetA

~) Pl.;

we.. enter

(I)

fJl) ~ aYJd ~.
,:; J' D. I with

CJ,7-;)
Or

Tol
J

tJlJd

f,

::

OJIJ.f

F:,
.I

TAus

TJ = ((),95

and

535

t!

.f

/1- '18

1/.60

(Con 'f )

Af sechi;n (2.) the flow is c/1bked. 7J1.M<; we. use fhe '" s!z:.k. p/ fAe
F-anno f//Jw/ Fig. 02 lilY s(.cH0f1(2). 6nkJ~J Fif /)2 wi/1, Ma,=IJ.S
we ,eAOl

and

v,

= (J,5'f

V*"

It;
I,
V,.

'fl1u.~

~:

".

w/It,

f'/I)w

R.AJ(

''.>If

~i6 if

2 - logo f!

(0.5 J.f)

~1Ie.

I#l.

=('1if ps/()..)(i'f'f Ij,.~) -(3't''ffJ.ri,,-)(I'Ilf

(b) For" hell~WI

(R=

/2/120 f-tlb

'J~' /1.~6 q""d //,Sf

-=

Mal

P,

='

f.

.fi.trw, fable /,7)

we. use

~S QJlld o6trAin

/+

f66 -')d.~l
2

and

=166

6~tJ d~

7;

/f(~t)Mq,'

1<.

an(/{

5/,(,/. PI(
/IV;J-!j..

1;,.2)

if"

-fi1-

1.6'

f- (~Y'W" 1t~ (IM,Sii, f-{l;"}(M/1 ,.":

I f-

aJ1t:A

1/-

qq

'MIS;...

/ /. b0

(CO /1'

t)

AI- secfioYl

(2)

fhe fl()w IS ch()ked. TJuA~/ we use. fhe '" ~-lA1e

of

f/tJW

fuy secfidYl (2). With EfjS. //./07 a.JIICi /1./01 tfnd

Fanno

MA I -= 0.5

we qef~/.

q pr/a.

12

~!(~)
_-=Z-=--_ _

(P.5)

.L

'+{I;:-0(~sl
.
P 1{ = 36 q P s I~
=

/?

(~

:::;

~05() ff
.J

N()w

w;tt.. G;. / we

hdll~

11- 100

=V

2.

11.6 I

An ideal gas enters [section (1)] a frictionless, constant flow cross section area duct with
the following properties:

To

293 K

po

101 kPa (abs)

Mal

0.2
For Rayleigh flow, determine corresponding values of fluid temperature and entropy change for
various levels of pressure and plot the Rayleigh
helium.
line if the gas is

Thi S if 5/11'1; lar

fr; lXt:lmple. 1/. IS.

pJDf ihe. Rayle/9h //ne

10

~s*uJ

for we. uJe E,.

1/.111

2-

p +

(,IlV) RT

::: ('onsfant ==

pI +

1-

(~V,) RT,

II)

P,

and Ell' //.7b

S-~

Iv

('OI'l.J1ru"t

C()

('I'esf1(h?d/~

f( aylei?h

,r
-

::: Cp

In

r;

R In p

(2)

r:

fable of vtllue~ of femperaturG (lnt:l/ t!nlnJl')' t.hllnJe

press"r~

Ir> d;ffe.,e""f levels of

dow1JJfy~,~

t?-

flow.

10

de feKjNJ./;' e

f()

IJh /Q/YI

P,

P, we.
lAnd

use
flte 17

M4,

aJ1P-

E,.

1159

-/rdm

,P"I

1() de fe?'~"";' e. 0 we. use

r, tJlI7t7 fhen
-Iv 1)6 -m,'n

74,

M~l

7;

ani 1;;
-h-6W1

/156

r..
==(})
7;,

(~)

~I

We.

ob1rJ.,'n

~~~"oV- C4l'1rreu'-/

(5)

(C()n't)
//- /0/

1/.61

(C()n't)

281.2. I::.

With ffj. 5
~

v, =

we.

~Illlt.

('1 7.72 )(11) 1

flo }(O.}.)

(~)

/1- /02

11.61

(('0;'1

't )

P[~'IJJp.bs)]

T(/(:.)

S"-~~L)

90

583

3g33

KO

8B3.2

61tfB

11.,. /(.

7(J

IOq'2.

763 '-I

60

J2J2

'84- '10

~O

/236

fflZO

if5

12/5

q,oCf

'f0

, /72

qlh 5

35

/105

1135

25

903.3

g7g /

I~

Jlo.'1

77CJ5

1100

leDO

T(t.)
%0

7DO
;00

~o~-----------------------------------------------7N)O

~ooo

11-

}03

'l()()O

roo 0

1/.67-

I
11.6 Z- Standard atmospheric air [To = 288 K,
Po = 101 kPa (abs)] is drawn steadily through an
isentropic converging nozzle into a frictionless and
diabatic (q = 500 kJ Ikg) constant cross section
area duct. For maximum flow determine the values of static temperature, static pressure, stagnation temperature, stagnation pressure, and flow
velocity at the inlet [section (1)] and exit [section
(2)] of the constant area duct. Sketch a temperature-entropy diagram for this flow.

For

yYI(JX

Ray/e/9 A fl()w is c.hok.ed. fbY' I-he.

/rnlAYYI fiow/ f-he

isenfrup/~

nOJ3/e.

1.~I

-:;. p

P.,

~I

288;:'

;:.

/0 I itflfL (A~ ~)

"

10

defeyYJ7/-"e

fhe

we

need the

value of Ma"

~-/r;l.fic.-

af

5/-al-e

exif Rayleigh /;tJw I~/ef

.I
/
deJcyYH'YJe M"t we... use

f/1~

70

nOJ}/e

hfJ 2. -

~(J)/

~ -=

c,o

TGp.

!l

-r

r =

(5"O~ (JIM ~)
4LJ

Or-::

~I

"
7;7.
I

";;

0,37

c.h(Jked
ZSs k.

- ~,

)
-I- 29$1::

== 73 k.

~)

P.f.1<

f/dw )

~2

~a

we

~f

== tJ."37

7g6 I<

we.-

eYlIe -F;~. lJ.3 and

rene!

(I)

= 2./

T,

::

~4

-,
7,;4

T
~I
I

With

7;,

::.

~2

rIM'!

Clnd nof/nJ fhat ~

~I

(7:

(2)

&.S'- .2....

/1- 104

/1.,,2-

{Coni!}

v, =

(}.2

Va.

1.lq

(4 )

forA
I
Wi#! E~. '-I

~().
I
w;th

p'"

:::

-=

I./q

1Vl", I

P,
~/
I

we olofa,'n

100/effA(abs)

8q. q fefa.. (().~s):;; 1:.

::

", "2-

/.1'1

we 'f'e.a. d fYtrM

0.31

r::ig.O./

= 0.94

'. :::

0.93

(6)

7;"J

frs. ~ and 6

Witt,

::=

we, get

.)[ IOI1e..P~{~S)] :: C/'5

(O.9Lf

~ :. (0. rSfll.f ) (Z.SB t::..)

1huJ
VJ ::. MfA,

R T, f<

ZBZ IZ

.:=

= (().JI)

?,
2./

II:({

v,
~. '2

{}.2

(ctJ1'1 't )

1/- /05

f<Pa.{ltb5)

1/.62

(un't)

S-s )
.).

5.2.

-s) ': ct i l~

$2- -

~J':

f\ In

T. -

(,/

?~
P.I

/6 tJO .IJ. n-.

~!. k

7(1<)
60()

1100

p.;
q5
I

'"

"

kf4.(";$ )

~;'=2FX
z~o

/1- 106

/1.6 '3

11.63

An ideal gas enters a 0.5-ft inside diameter duct with PI = 20 psia, TI = 80 of, and
VI = 200 ft/s. What frictionless heat addition rate
in Btu/s is necessary for an exit gas temperature,
T2 = 1500 OF? Determine P2, V 2, and Ma~ also.
The gas is (a) air; (b) helium.

10

the f,eaf -/ran.Jfer yak we Use fhe

defel'm/ne

eneY9J qUaftbn

(fer 5'.69) -fo gef

Fo.".

Clhef

n1a$$

.flow'ra fe

(I)

we.
= P,
Rr;

-r~'T

2-

1rJ)
-

Lf

rAY1d

(2.)

r~J we.

U~e

0. /1.56. 7hu~,P

To
<7Y

use.

(3)

/ +(~2.-I) /vlt{2.

-!r;y air

-r _ {(Mo.)

-7; -

To def.eYm,ne

F/:J. P.

In

!?:: P, (fa. )(J

wi fh 1:$_ //.

whel'e

-~p

It
-:::
If

or -fiN.

(1

(L/j

we. use.

If
p,

ItA
/23

(5)
fp, /?~y/e;j),

It.

It!vf(). 1.

I~

P :: f (Mill) 111
flo.
Foy eXir ve/()cify I
'{::. Mtl2.

(1)
~ I

we use

VRT"l. k

We. dekYm,'rJe MaI wift..

V.
/'vf a. ::. V, :::
I

flow

C,

(C ()n , f )
/1- /07

(q)

II. 63

I(con I! )
we determIne

Gl1d

r..

7;,.

Mal. wifh

(~~)(;

f~ . /I. lit -fot'

elY/of

T -::
~

fri

/(ayle:Jh How/ nlllHe/y

T k ) M.

/ t-

(JO)

M~"

l'

(II )

02)

(a)

Foy

0/1'

we

defeYml;'e

Mal wilt,

(r q.

1}1I'~

(ZotJ tf)

= o/g

T, -:: f).

19

7;,
I

~I

:::

=
0.99"

M", I = O.lt

Wdl,

Sr5~

T.

= 0./7

:: 23

we

read Qr

and

TAu>

PP...
will,.

f..;.
7;..

-::;

G~. It) we obm/~

(I y60 'r< )
~'f()

(0.

17

):=.~. 6 2-

til<

(C&n / t)
11- 108

/I.G?

I (COf'l't)

F~ h. ~

gef ~

we

0.62

Fig.

D 3

Ma 2- ::: () .1/-0
GVld

Pa.

= 1."6

MaJ.. :::

Wirh

1?-

we. Yed.ci

0.'10

PIg.

On

) 1

0.97

7;;2J

Thus

1'1'
-0.97

q."

we have

(J

~"]., ~
J

Then. wiM

Z020 DR.

R. ;: (2CJfJ/IA.)!~ ) (1.'16
(2.3

:1.

Wi th

8t.?
t(

:=

(0. 'fp)

Wi I?t Gj~ 2 we
.

pfJ&t.

we have
(t7)t

ff. /6 ) (;q6~
51u.9

111

= 17

'~

(I .1!z..

:::

s~.fl)

,e f

~&I : '

;;.

(zOPJ/a. )(1'1'1

In. 'l)

7T (0,5 ft )). (ictJ

F/).

(1716

tJlZ)(f.l-f)

1'1. /6)(5~ 'I?-)

ft)

:: 0./22

(tf)

.slll~ !I?

11110< (NiH,

f2~ef
'1

Gj.(

0.6*',;'

t,Je

: (tJ,/22. J'Iu,)(to()6 -flit) (Z02cJ~ 54) tJ/?

..r

I;,

(778

~Lf5~~)

fl.I")
Bn..

( ConI f

)
/ /- loq

::

13'M 8~
J"

//.63

(c()/I'f)

(hJ!iJ-y- hellu'm J f<.:;;. /,66 And If

W;Ht ~. '1 we h(lve
(Z()tJ
Mt{)

::

==

/;;'10/20

H.16
$/~. d"f

(t)

fY-~ Ta6/~ j.

.,

7.

a os97

Witt.

~
FtJ y

1v14,

::

"':

f f/! -/)M~ 1 ;

= ~ .() Sf( i.>

EI5. 6

(/f;'HO{ / /

If- /.66
-------------------:
/ I- (1.61 )(d. d5''1'i) l

(S'IIJ ~)~ t- (I. 6~ -

(J'tJ ()S99))-= ~'I~.' ()I!

1

,y/e/d
2,6o/~

lind

or
(bId

Mq

:: d.1/6
2

We

use

added

!he JuhJ(h''/c

If"l1d

su,tH7rSd11/(

bY

s-, /t;

/IV: Ih

h~f

I<aI/e&~

f~/uh~/

Mtil.. ... O.J/b >/},c.e

dddil,dn

.flow ~ a....

(Con If: )
/1- 110

we- cal?'?of
.>'ubfdn/c

h~4.f is

be,:,

a.cce/e Yt:<~ ~
ctJV1dt'I/OJ.-a vf/JiYrta"".

/1.63

(Con 'i)

Wifh

J.1a l

aJ1ci wif{"

~~

1. 6

We obi7A./~

bj.]

f-(i..6'-')(o.1I6
)2]
2
M.a.).. = O. //6 we have

:: (1960 4~) [

T.
Wi~

0.//6

a-"".rJ

_1_r_/..-:'6:..-"___

;;

/fI~7 DR.

z. 60 Z

1+ (1.66)(tJ.U6/
IN i It,.
Ef . 5" we

P.. ::

w; ty,

Gtj. g we

!Ali f?, {'J. 2

=

we-

19 7 (ISla..

2.6tfll

Yv; V~

= (6.116)

-=

(Z() f.Jif). )/_1_ ) (2.602)

l.

---------------(/),,'f-?,O

Ff.11;
5/"9. DIl.

')ef

(20jJS/a.)(I'I'I

)(/q6~R)(1.66)
(

II,

f:.~~)

('1)

In

(1-

/1/

!!

=s

5IUff!)

7r (()'5)#-(ZOO

Ql1et

-=- 737

jt) -::

.f

11.64-

Air enters a length of constant cross

section area pipe with PI = 200 kPa (abs). T, =
500 K, and VI = 400 m/s. If 500 kJ/kg of energy
is removed from the air by frictionless heat transfer between sections (1) and (2). determine P:T2 and V2 Sketch a temperature-entropy diagram for the flow between sections (1) and (2).

To

slrAfe of the aIr

fhe

defeYrnine

rech'on(z} we.- use fhe

Iv c.a/culak ihe value of TC12. . ~5~

e~n{(ll/on (E~.5".61)

eheyCit,
iI/

{)

Cff

:=

~ Ylet
in

or~

111et-

::

I.,

~2.

We.

c"

()b~/~
v~/ue

M~ I

To,

of

/V(()..,

70,

~ nef
~

c,P

T,

w/'ic.r.

7;1 1

we

de fe.Ym/;1e

(I)

7;;,
I

ve~tt

Ma I

fY.~

FI9 /). / w/tt.

IV"~

:=

(2)

{R7;~

('/

we

abo

enfey

Pi9- P. 3

p,

t)11d.

tea.c/ volu es

of

wif"

p~

(~)

W//-h

thi!

de feYYYllhe

7;,.

Ill1d

P-,~ :;

(1/ it')
f,
P,

(~2- ) (~ ) '0

=:

wi~

('1 )

<iii

(oul

or

value

(5')

Ti

~ =(~~ )(:) v,

(6)

(con/t)
//- //2

u6'+1

(con/f)
~

Gtj. 7,

We.. use
M~,

gef

(lfo() 1)1)
(z?{.] Mffl )(S~OI<)(i.lf2
1;.9- fr. 7
.!:!... )
t?,. l!!

(I

S?.

r,

-= O. It

~,
I

p,

'=

t/if

~
T,

= /.02

V, = o. '1
1I't:t

aVId

~,

fI~w

T.
~""

=-

wI ft.t

99
7;, I

= b. qq

~&(

((Of/It)
//-1/3

M~

2-

.5. ::

;;

f).

IS

2.:3

7;. ;. d.1l
7;

aka

= IJ. () 7

V2,.

lie..

With 1-hese. yah'os

Gjs-.

LfJ ~ a wi 6

=: ( 2 .

antii fhose ral/os

,6ttu n

-1-0
)

~ ::: (C'!7

CPfYefl()ndJYy

r; / }[
~

lao

l/Uai)]

)~ 1

fo Mq, = P.f7 We lAse

=.t!!..! ItJ/;. ("/;$)

<63

k..

( I. f) Z

and

)~'f 1
No k
Thi 1

That acetfh;/ I ~J
if

no!

To~ ~ U~/I1'.J
~'"
J

~I
~~

If.

E1'

w/M
::

resull-

Cf7n"f!cf

({sstJc/a/ed tvjlt,

!vftl

tJ
:: 31 1?1
) ('f ()!!2.)
s
-s

UJ/ny

11.13/-

I1rs7 Juwe-W/Y;, we..- deJ~WJ/~-e

ThuJ,

1/./3/.

;2.(iu-/) Mq/ ( / t-

(I

t-

~ Mq/) =

kMq/)1.

2 (I." rl )(0.
[ / f-

ov
( C1JYl

'f)

/1- litt-

m;1i r(.{:!t:. tj
if?

(I. if) (0. !13/ ]

II.

GLf

(cOn

'+ )
T,

Now

10,
.I

T,

-------------

7;"

r;,

- (50PJt:-)

aS62

Now (IIJ; f4 E1-

We

)
jc..

,,6~/h

~./776

w;ftJ

r;

::: el 7'1 !<

/v1(f ... =

7hert

t)

f()iI f<r.L

Wi it... {'t. ~

TcI

we J"a ve

_(~(}~m

1,;

::::

(J.!6 21.f

O. !62'1

r;

I+(t,~-/) (tJ,F'i3)"l.

6$. I/. /U a.J-td Mil, = ().gq] Clnd Ma.z.. = ()./776

r (u-- k-) Ma ,]Z, : :

":: /:--.

/ f-

-k ~4,"Z-

[u

t- ,if )(

~,rIj3)

+ {to If )(0. ~9'3l

1/-1/5

2-

==- /. 0

z,

/1.1(.

1~f

1/.{,4

(~f1(f::)

NOlA!

l;:::

h.a ve

E~ . ~ we

witt.,

(1)./666

J(--.!-)(5t;/)/C.)

==

8'1. /'1 k.

/.026

T;, :; &'/./1 K.
if

(is

Fov

si2dv.-Ld

T-

OlAV

S-)'.
l

:=

<

T:., = gr 7'11<
~~

~.

S"

7,030

~1=.L1vL

We

u.se

7'

//.7t -fl? CA/t".J4 fc-

2
1<.9.1<.

200

100

~-----------------------------------------

1/- //6

~-~. TJrllJ,

11.65 -'
11. 6'5

Air flows through a constant cross section area pipe. At an upstream section (1), PI =
15 psia, TI = 530 oR, and VI = 200 ft/s. Downstream at section (2), P2 = 10 psia and T~ =
1760 oR. For this flow, determine the stagnation
temperature and pressure ratios, To.21To.l and
Po.]1PO.I' and the heat transfer per unit mass of air
flowing between sections (1) and (2). Is the flow
between sections (1) and (2) frictionless? Explain.

To

7;;2
,
To,

pyeJ.fuYe

La e.

we

ro.i-io)

:da9na.noYl -femprafuYe. Cll1d the s1zl:JYlahon

fhe.

deferWI/;"e

t~'~(T,
)(!i)
Tz
~, ;' T"

OJ

(r.')(ff;., )(?)

(2)

:.

one(

fo-z.

~,
/

p~

I.

P,

whe.,e

T
7;

-::

f(~,,)

(;/1'101

f'
~

70

(?1a)

For

mass

fhe

Fig. O. I

117

the. Mach.

defeYWI,;,e

Ma ::

111

J-1u;Hbey-

ed eoch. st-ch"OI'7 we. (.,fse

v ::
C

Ve.IDC,' ~

at- s-ecfion

(2)"

t,v~ (lS!-

the. ~~h.Jenlafi;'Y) of

PY-/yZC.,f;a.1 -Iv ob~/;'

~~ = ~ ~
dy

~:. ~ ~ :: I P,
,.o~

Fo". Me

he~t

/-YOI1J/e

S-f.cllons (I) aMd {Z} we

tJb~/n

CJlJel- =
111

)(!2-) ~

(~ / \ r;

pev UYI/t I17tl5S of dir /hWI-., 6elw~eY1

l1Se. IAe. el1eY'!i:; e$ U~. J1(,n ( E$. 5".6,) iv

h0 2. - ~~/I -=

We.. ~~fz:t/~

(COy/It)

1/-117

/I.

C-t;"

T~

(con 'f )
wl1(~tI,~y or" no! f;,e

asce.r-/Q/n

i r {Y/cndn/eSJ

(2.)

M~m~YlIun-,

~x

==

~U5~

Fiy} t we

fhe

ep-tmt;n (~. S72.2.)

Rx = A( ~ - f2)

lA>~

f2.

of yj"

1-

air flow belwteYl secn~y)J (/) dht:/

ax/a. I

fz>

COm,bonel)f

(v, - ~)

A ~ {/v -~) ~ R-P1.

"I

9'16

\ 5stJ ",(

ECi.
3
p

witt..

we

CAlculale

:=

With

::. ~.I f

7; -= 0,19

~I

e... -: :.
(AYld

~I
-few.
Mf{"2::

-("). =

~.'97
0, ,/-f .)

0.96

~J2.

&. = 0.85

Po)

"J.,

(I-

Mt/J turd MtiZ . We. Jv:w~

M4

R7j

(zoo t )

Ma. I =

Ii V; (~-~)

7hu~

\{ = (ISP.J/~ f76~ Ote) (2~~ j"") :

N(fvV

I/,e //neerr

gef

tj." -h detey"",,;'e ~.

/tl I'J/~

or

(con 't )
/1-118

~. I

().'f8

(7)

J/.65
~perafu 'Ie

Thesf:.

+v

fye5~tJr<e

tH1d

ratio!

tr-ye UJed wi Itt

&;1. I &tI1A 2.

oh~/'y,

61'

5"

(6(){){
In

wi~

al7d

Rx

J.

we.

d bf7../~

-F1. 16)( ~~ S '<) ( 3.112 -/) 5 1U.7. D/(

7 w~ hA.ve

(I~I'.J;t< _If) f1.JI'a.-)f'f'f

-f

I;',
~~

1.)

(l5"fJI'~) (Nt! ./fi')(2()O ttA

I 71" -(f. Ih )
.>It<j.

/<)1,

;=

2J)O

( f~ ~I<)

6,R

f.j;'

vv!.-

(.Qytdude.

fkq/

Me-

flow

/I-/lq

JJ

l10t

If)

fi- r'it f~ (~A Ib

3'12 16

A
and

7.37 X If)' ff. /~

s(1tf

fr,'c{;'t/hlesJ.

'1-J2.

1/.66

11. 66

The Mach number and stagnation pressure of an ideal gas are 2.0 and 200 kPa (abs) just
upstream of a normal shock. Determine the stagnation pressure loss across the shock for the following gases: (a) air; (b) helium. Comment on
the effect of specific heat ratio. k, on shock loss.

W-e
~ hoc*.. I

F:.c:);

(/V"

(1- ~)
1;)(

(I)

To

fh~ J'1a~Y1a 1/~J1

defe YW//ne.

ThusI

PJ-eSJ(jy

yan6

[j. 1/. /S"b'

1...

[()Na:]~-{I r(~)~d:}I-~

((~)~: - (1<11
I~)IJ7{"!-;

(2)

L ~+I
aIr"

Po) y

Pox
I
(a) FtIV tI!~(i;'~/.'I) we ha ~

~y

::

(J.72

TlnlS / wi tI1

E'j. I

J'v/P

x ::

2.()

./

~x
"I

~x

(b) Ft

t;, Y

6';" I h
)

6"

=:=::..=.

~,att

At:We wi~ &J.2.

(!.t6)
f~
~ :: [{I')(2.0)"2.]~6W'[1 t(t~)(2.ot I-I."
he//uYVt{~::1.66)we

~/JC
ClYl d

t)

(fd4 k.~{tf6s) ](1- IJ.72

We

R, x
OCbSJ

)=

0.7621

J[:l (/.~I)](2.~~2.. - /i.66-')1'~-1)

2l

with Et

..

1:

,/

-=

1.6t f-I

( Util

we 9e-1
["20"VP-.{aJ,.sJ] (1-

().7'7..1) ==

pcuff (a) OA-Id (b) we UMctYrda

{)t...

ntNMA../ shtJck...

decrea...J't:...J
1/-/20

J2i..

M4 Ittt los>
wilt,. aJil

I<IC(
cJ(

kkl !i'a.5UI'e

iV/c~e

In 1<..

1/.6 7

11. 67

The stagnation pressure ratio across a nonna! shock

in an ideal gas flow is 0.8. Detennine the Mach number of the
flow entering the shock if the gas is air.

To

- flDW

d efe rrn I;'e

ClI i"

eMteY/~

>ltoU:...1 Max.l

fbl

pY..(!$st.u'e

Pc;y
~x

_J_

~y
{,{vtd

)(

.I

we

= 08

read On F/g. D.Lf

/.83

1/-/7../

~Mkr

,,/ve.Y1 fl,e
Flo. f). 'I
.7

5 ~nq;f;;Y!

w/ft,

11. bB

Just upstream of a normal shock in an

ideal gas flow, Ma = 3.0, T = 600 oR, and p =
30 psia. Determine values of Ma, To, T, Po- p_
and V downstream of the shock if the gas is (a)
air; (b) helium.

Ma
y

(I )

(2~ ) 1v1o.: _ I
oy

.f;y ~/Y'

~-I

de fe n''''~lIrle

~y

= 7j, [

U5e

CJY

Fit}. D.l.}
fi.,. fvl4;
we.. use E~. /1.56.

Ii-

we tH"~

tlS 4

funchfM of A14.J('

ThlA.J~

f*;.I) M4/ ]
':,'9' lJ.1

(z)

To

("3)

or
rClY

(5)

!}
p)f.

1/-

122

as a:

Fi< hch~

of" /vIqx'

I /. ~~

(CO/1'-f)

(to FaY

we

tllY

reQd

Fig. p.Lj

-mv

Ma)(:: 3,0

= 0.4-75

Mit

'}

R = 10."3
.1

{n

PJ<

-=

'r ::

12

(10 )

fJ.96"

~y

~.I w(: qef

= 16w of!!-

: (7...7 ) (loolJf<)
and t/1us with. E'I./ tJ
7.

~y

::

Wilt, 6,. 7

E'j. 9

p..

~y

The Y1

we

=VO.3

~
aYlc{

Iy

==

6.9~

j, .frt ;"

J{3tJl'flP.)

3tJ11/'s/o..

y/e(p(.J

)(3tJ J?.fJf:,..)

= (12
wi#,

(J

Gi. b we

~ :: (0. q,75

:: '3~ j'75JCt..

-=

b IR,;'

-= 937

-==

(CDn'-t)
1/- /23

fl..5

II. C8

(con If)

= (J.t;z/

35"00 {f
=J

/1- 12'1

II. 69

I
I i):.e +he one sht;wn ,..., Vi cleo V. a.LI

11. ((/7
A total pressure probe"is inserted into a supersonic
air flow. A shock wave fonns just upstream of the impact hole.
The probe measures a total pressure of 500 kPa(abs). The stagnation temperature at the probe head is 500 K. The static pressure upstream of the shock is measured with a wall tap to be
100 kPa(abs). From these data, detennine the Mach number and
velocity of the flow.

like
We e h lev

/hiJ

iJ

GXdJ"J1p/e. 11.19
r::-;~. J). 'I w iff"

f'x

IO~ -lu'a..{tib~)

r-etJ..d

llJ1d

Ma
We

O~ -kf~ ( 4(,,r)

fo,y ::

= =-1. 9

)(

de ferlIn e.

the value of

~ wilt.

(I)

\{ :- Ma. x tfRT; k
FC'fY ~

W~

7;.

flhce

~x:'
we

~.7:;: 500 "-

~ve..

)(

OJ1.d

F,"g. lJ. I

o.S.g

~x
One(

vea.d ~

-::(o.~6

wi~

J(

St)()/<:..

E'J. I

= zeto

I<.

we

,.?

/1-/2.5

~ Me{ 1( -:: I, q

($"ee videfJ v3lf J

11.70
The Pi tot tube on a supersonic aircraftAcruising at an
altitude of 30,000 ft senses a stagnation pressure of 12 psia. If
the atmosphere is considered standard, determine the air speed
and Mach number of the aircraft. A shock wave is present just
upstream of the probe impact hole.

Thus/
~y -::

/2.. pi}'"..

q.'57'!l ~1/~

witt,

tUta

fJ.

flt/!

vp!ue of

~I y

We

yettd

frt'YVl

Tx

O.tl

IlAtt = 1.25
'I

.=

nut)/

:::

!'v1~x V=R~ ~

-:

(17/6

f!J!! )(,+12.,2.' {I. if)

rrl-tf. ' f(

( lIb

Slu,. t

One!

sz

lIx :::

I 2 'fo

f+

..J

/ /- 12.6

1/.7, I
11.71

An aircraft cruises at a Mach number

of 2.0 at an altitude of 15 km. Inlet air is decelerated to a Mach number of 0.4 at the engine
compressor inlet. A normal shock occurs in the
inlet diffuser upstream of the compressor inlet at
a section where the Mach number is 1.2. For
isentropic diffusion, except across the shock, and
for standard atmosphere determine the stagnation temperature and pressure of the air entering
the engine compressor.

The-- de-celevlfi-t/on process I;' !he- In/e..!- d/fhtser is ~fftl#fed I-D Ie

ad/aha-ht SiV1CR we- (lYe- ~nJ'/dey/~!f i.seY)"lrlJ)'lie- d/ffUJ/~
eXGe,f- acyoss

To :

Shad::..

{he-

TNA ~

C!mr~1-

(I)

", diffuJ8Y /;"/el-

To

tht. d;f~51r l'nle 1-

4eteIIJ1Jne..

wi~

F ;9. p. I

1. =

r;
Tahle

a~ti

fem,c~./l,l/rt

eYl1eY"

We

rea.d

6,

IS" ~I'va

Af

Htt -:: :. 2.0

fia'jVlaf/oh

(2)

elevttnoY/

il?

-;1aJ1dClYc/

a/Yn()sjJp,~ye

fIVe veqc( ~

c. z.

T ='Thu r, wi H,

~t

C ::

&t f'.

2/~5 I<

I t:lJIU:;{

To de fe-VWlI;'~ the..

2..-

we

'>'-laCjJ14-!J~n

b"u~

fye>S(J"c- cd

we use,

(con 'f )
//- /2-7

Itte.

CtJvv<pve$SlrV

I;'/~ t

/171

1 ((On'! )
We

hJ.

Fq,-!nAJtn-- ,;'Ie f

obla ,;"

f).

~ M~

dif!uJer 'hle!-

{ d,. (ftaf!-y IH It.f

Tttus

we

F/9 .(J, I

?q,. rru re ~

:. 2,0.

~ve-

I;' lei

Fe/x

r: di Ruler ,~/ef

-=

0.13

/.0

tJl1ti
~

((/YYlfJ

1;'/~t'

~y

7tnl>1

w//t1

':=' /.

GJ- '3 We. ,,6-ki ,;,

t, um,I' inlef =['lJ, DOO:' (awi]{t. 0)(M'i2%)(i. ()) = 91.1.~'f,.{ttbfJ =91. #Q(ik)
To

defer m/ne

e J11er

ftte

F Ij. D. /

~(J~ In/e..!-

~ Clm,

5 kt

wilt,

fyeJJuye

f,'<
,tV{ ~

egy..,p

,
JhJd

- 0.89

Inlef

Thl{),

1
~/7l1

In J'lf

(o.8tf

/I-i28

at thL

C/frYIpYt-s.JdY

-= 0, I..f aI-it/(. retA-PI

I~/ef we

1172

J
11.72.
Determine, for the air flow through the
frictionless and adiabatic converging-diverging
duct of Example 11.8, the ratio of duct exit pressure to duct inlet stagnation pressure that \\ill
result in a standing normal shock at: (a) x = + 0.1
m; (b) x = +0.2 m; (c) x = +0.4 m. How large
is the stagnation pressure loss in each case?

ThiS is ~'lm;lar IZJ

(a)Fc;y

c;-h:fndlY:J

Ex.t1m~/e 1120.

5'hoci<:-

ntJYfYflit1

f~b/e

of EXample I/. ~ thar

Max =

/.37

Me

af

x -=- f

0./ rn

we nof~ {Y"h1

and

-Px = ()3:7

'2

(I)

~)(
1

Fi9' D. '+1 for

FrtJrn

M~,

:=:

= /.37 ~ eJbTetI;'

M4)(

0, 75

(2)

Fig.

FYtJ1'J1
M~1

we. ftnrl

D.I

rz,y

0.75"

Ay ':' I. /

(3)

A*
PtJr

02. /

=- r o. /
AV-) is
X

Tn

"

-Me

rnfio

of. ducf

:: 3.18

(con't)

ex i f

4Jr-e~

-IZJ local

(J!'eP-

con'+ )

/1.72

f'. -?"
~I

f:

=:.

~2.

~x

-e';!/ --

~x

r;,,)

(,-

= [lOt frl1J.(abs)]f-

P. i"j6

~)(
;I

(b) /7:;v tt. s-fal1e:1l~

th e.

1-t:l61e

sl1(:J(;k...

/7(JyYl'tn I

'x al'T1l'le I/. I

of

Cl f

K:

Iha I

;;
Ii: :: O. /1
~K

Fr~

~i9. D.

MQ ::. f).,

'1) by M)(

~ t . ]{,

we

{v

_1_, = 0.33

~x

r i!J- o. I

FrtNn

,.

Mil -:::

w-e

f-/nd

fD,..

0.63

~ = /. 16
-= + 0.2""

Aot"

For

)C

~z. =

A~

;I

tJ./J")f"'-t

(o.S,..,)
"Z.

I/'/A? ~ + (o.2m)

'2-

2.$"

(ctJn'f)
11- /30

(Jb!eiln

+- (). 2.;.., we

):=.jl'a.

nf)1e fYlJ~

/ I.

72

1(UJ/J If)

0.2.0

Met,.:

and
F;.

-Pz

::

-= ().

{~

~2.
)

~7

1htO

F:,
lJt~

loss

~I

D,:/

111

~z

(f J(P..,): (~97

-=

/?')(
J

.JflfIf Hit

::

~x

no"

~)( -~)

::

preJ.Iure

5~ndlj

~J(

ht.6/~

of

Mtf

I?OY~4/

: [;orkl'q(ak;7{-tJ.?J

st,ock. tit

k :.f.o.ill1 we n~1e

ex.ample ~/.R r~-U:.ft-

=:;( 'T~

&
IF
= O.,O(
~x

Pi,. O.Lf) {"y M~:: 2 Ifl we o/'frU;'

M~

=-

(J'~/S-

and

J;u

.2.::.

f;)C

= ~. 5" I

F/j. f).1

we ft'nd

Ma) ::: O. S I

Aft
AJI(

=13
(con't)
/1- 131

)~

17

~~

an4

~17/rn

== (J.t

If

t:)( (1- ~'t)

I

(C) Ny

)f,9J

fmn the

11.72..,

(COn't)

()./rn'l. 7- ((J.S~)
1).1

A.. ~

A~

= 135

(o .I.f "",) '1

/11,. )/II!/) = (1.35")(1.3

(/;,

j(;'..,

1/,. =- ;. '6

W,' 'It,

n? "L-

').

we.

gef

==

I"Z

~ F/J. /)./

A"F

P,.
1:

~~
.I

F...

::

~/I2.

';;

nil"),
P-z..
~I
I

]he I()ss

1:)
=(0.,2J'
.

1 =([ )(
It,
IX

In

~)(
.I

.J-/ztf na oil/')

/,N~SJ" JI'~

If

/1- 132

)(1).5/)

= 1)'!-7
~

11.73

I
11.73

A normal shock is positioned in the

diverging portion of a frictionless, adiabatic, converging-diverging air flow duct where the cross
section area is 0.1 ft2 and the local Mach number
is 2.0. Upstream of the shock. po = 200 psia and
To = 1200 OR. If the duct exit area is 0.15 ft:.
determine the exit area temperature and pressure
and the duct mass flowrate.

ex/t -fe YY1peYtJl1u ye ~ 7i.., a n4

duct

fhe

We

o.,c

I/dll.{e..

FJj" ,D ~ /

&: = (:1.

It,.

tAl i

Pt..

MQ.j
';

I<nown

Th~
Vtl /He

valtle d{ Mt;~ we
/'If
A'). wht'c), we

)/ 111/)

OJ

MC/
V

rJbrn./;'ed

o61r:t1;'ed

Thus

2.0.

F if!.
F/~.

Fi9-

P. /

A~ =

/.2

Me

p)'1)b/~

w"

o '-/

~ Max:: 2.. 0

we..

Yf2gol

slrtlemeYlI
- /. S-

inu.;

A1.

A-f

D. /

f).if

A~

Fi1
lh

wi Itt EJ. I

= (I. 5) (i. 2

~~

vve
= /.8

(con't)
/1- /33

w~"th /he vt'I/ue

~ ,kH~lAIn v~/4e

'= ~. 5" '2>

CJi"ld ~

At<

va/~e of (::) is

The

(lHd

MC/2'

A, I( A*'

A"

of

file

gef

yt:V?OI

i::nolAIIYt.J

t>6-kun

o",SI/;" -fht:s~

~2.

7;4.I

F j 9 - lJ~ I

Cd",

fJJ'~.5JtI~

..frff- Ma) : 0S3

or:

11.73

'+ )

(C~n

A,.

With

= /.g

AIF

Mql =

o.3~

10, 'J.

(2.)

t:lnd

~:z..

The..

va II.( e

~l.

'=

~)(

of

=-

(')"

Where

~y

lJuts

::

tJ.72

'- = (20() /'S ia. ) (~. 72

W//11

,
~:: ~
,
s

we. ,,6111,;'

"3 QJ-1d S'

/7;.) ': '

(!2IJO'I<.) (0 .'7

,2.(7:;

Wi ft,

~
~

~2.

s. 'I

~ 2.

nd 6' we

(5 )
~2..
I

:=

A2. ilL.

(i'f~ J?.f'~ )((1.92

in =

O.g!

) : !.E. PJ1&t.

I:;;'
I? 1.;

use.

~2

c2, ~

Mil

Ff.lb)
o,e

(Itfo ".(2)

slu,
.f

11- 131.f

P,. 1/~
AT,

,;, = (I 32ps/Q ) (1'I<t ~;'~?fO./>-If$.J't)

r/~f.

/Idd

htf I/~

we.

tlYJc/

(1716

..e:

ft()wrak

I'??(;Sf

YY7

(6 )

) :::: 1'1"1 pJ;a.

~2

Ma'l-

y ~~
R

1/. 7Lf

11. 79

Supersonic air flow enters an adiabatic.

constant cross section area (inside diameter = 1
ft) pipe 30 ft long with Mal = 3.0. The pipe
friction factor is estimated to be 0.02. What ratio
of pipe exit pressure to pipe inlet stagnation pressure would result in a normal shock wave standing
at (a) x = 5 ft, or (b) x = 10 ft, where x is the.
distance downstream from the pipe entrance?

This

IS

wifh

Ma:: 3.0

simi/Clr

Example. /121.

F'9. f). 2

we. enf(,y

f(I'-_l,)
__
_

(J.

Determine also the duct exit Mach number and

sketch the temperature-entropy diagram for each
situation.

IJ.nd '1ef

L:'~

;7 &-

We

tAat

nbfe

If

f (l~ll) =-

f (1 -1.)() + f ( (J( ... .(, )

{)

(~)

f)

qe f ~

Etj. 1 we.

WiH,

f(1~lx.)

Rx'" 1.., ~

F (1~1,)

:::

f( 1....1.)(} -:::

tJ.

S if

:f(1x- I ,) = f).5'z

f)

OJ

j)

_ (1J.1J2)(sffj

-(I {"of)

/)

V>litt,

.f(J.f":...I1() = tJ.2.
[)

M")(
Wi It,

Now

= 2 5

MaJ( -= 2 5

Mit ::

(j,52

wi tt,

M~7

'J

w~

= ~. 5 2

F;9 D. L/ (,fYl~ read

e nfer

we. 06 frL,,, ~ != i J. O. 2

~/f~ -~)
J)

(cIJI1't)

//- /35

II. 7'1

(con/f)

we

qef
.;-( ft'-l2,]:::

(J.

-/)

( / .f"f)

el1~/'rJ,/

tJYld

'f

Fiq.

P.2

{'(e1':-.iz )

wil1i

= ().'(

Ma

::: 0.62

flfJ w

(SUbSf)h!C

2.-

t ~(j~tJif;)(:7()
Wi ~

!v1~2-

fz. -

= tJ.6 'L

we. tJJ:A I~ fr-lWt

(3)

M~:J;: O.~2 live

Wjfh

?"'9' (). 2-

/,7

?-

t7blat'n ~

Fig. 0.2

~ = 1.05

( if)

p.f

/11 a ::: ?..

Wi ft,

PJ

Q,,,,()

we '1ef

)(

Px

(2.)

Frvm P;9 ,P. 4

~b ItA /'n

Wr!..-

fn,.,..,

F iy. D. 2-

&. = ().3

p-l
For M~

~. 0

we.. qet ~ F/J.

p. 2-

(~)

(C~n/t)
/1- /36

I/. 7zf I

(con 't)

) =().213

( 'I)

,,

(>t)
(I)

s
we do J1~f have, vallAc.r of ~a.lufe- Or ptr!JSIAJe
a YlyVJhey In fhe ftow / we.- Can
skeld-I 1utdJ'~/Jve!J
wha..f htuppenr "n
T-J
c-tJOYd/YJa.IeI.
!he. T- S c//tJ..7Ytl-,-v)

5/nc e.

onlJ

wil! he.,

S/mi/ar

itJ /1t-

/Jne

of

f:1!.

Gil.

21 (b) ~ Ind/o/lfed

above.
(1;) I)/i/it E~. /

(//e.

."

f(1-1~)

gel- /rJy .f.x - ~J

~ ~52

::.

/0

ff

(().o~)(/~-rf)..::: 0.J2

(I rf)

= 0.32

Ma ~

With

=2

Max :: 2

Ma ::: 05'
Y
Na'AI wI fh

!/Itt!! == 0.5"

we ~bm;Y] ~

( co)'/f)
//- /37

175.

D. 2

If. 7J.f-

I(coY) If )
f{J~1!J) ::

0.""2

SiJ!1ce

FU :'1)) =

f(t~J'1) _ 1'(-12 -:;)

/)

we

qttf

f(l~l)) '::

0.,'2.

- ( o.o2.)(2oft)

(I -1'+)

f)

e h~/""

C/l1d

FI7,4J.2

win.

= 0.2.2-

-F(I!.P1.)
p-

= O"2.Z

M't~ = (). e'I

W,/(,

M42, -:::

eC}

J; = ,.IL/
ptt'
W;tt. 1v1IA., '" tJ.

we.. (}t;-h,"n ~

F/j. O?-

tJbl-,"n ~

Wf

~/J' P2

Py:= 1.~6

(1 0 )

Witf"

Max:: 2

1; ::
,0"",

and

we

qef .rm,

Fij. Plf

If. 6

W~

()b~ in

(II )

1Yom F/7 ~

0.1.

Px :: 0.'-1

pI(

C~biJ/"1

Grp5.;).) 7)1;

't /().; /I (JWJl

dbtal"n

/2 we

) -::: ()I6'

... ...(y)
(2)

",
\

./

..-

(x)

OJ

/1- 138

"

/I.

75

I
11. 75

Supersonic ideal gas flow enters an adiabatic, constant cross section area pipe (inside
diameter = 0.1 m) with Mal = 2.0. The pipe
friction factor is 0.02. If a standing normal shock
is located right at the pipe exit, and the Mach
number just upstream of the shock is 1.2, determine the length of the pipe if the gas is (a) air;
(b) helium.

We

J1 ofe

tho. t

(11. -1,) =

(I)

j)

{)

Flq. p.2.
ThUJ,

/)

Andw,'nJ Mal

we.. can

and Mal.

de,le~n1/ne

;-f!!:1,) a'1a
f)

f (1~/,)

IJl1d

1:'1. I

with

we

f (12- 1, ) .

d61a/n

o
(i/5t)

indWI?

we. cttn del-el"m/ne

f (t~l,) -

J2 - i,

().3

j)

and

f (~~12.) :: d. ()!
T
rhus" wi#! 8-

INC

~ve
=

al1t1
/J
Xl.

-l'/ :: (0.27

)(tJ./ nI )
o,t})..

/.3 5 .!'"
-

( C(j 11'

t)

/1- 13q

~.

27

Wi Ih .f- and D

//. 7.> T

(C rJnit

(b) FfJY he/;~~ (It:: J.66 fY-nn ~61e ;'8) we havr.. with Gt 2

f (1 ~f,)

=(...!.-

/)

J!'-(2.0?
(2.f);'

1.66

('.66

TI]'" Lr{l.~'J2.0;'
-, +(t.,;- 'Jz.o;'

! 2 ( J.l6)

= 0.213'

and

f!!l...R.) ~
/)

IL))rJ-{'~2n t r'J!!..!.}/~!I'!Fry,'2/ ~
(/.66 L
J ! '2.(1.66)
1./
(1.2)

I t~.:IJ-~(J.l}J

Wi /fit E1' I

we

f(1 2 -~)::

1 'f ;
~

(JblrA I;'

0.21JI -

o.ozS()7

(C,/fl)(~.I~)

-=

0.'10/ m
-

().()2

/1- I LlO

(!Jlf!

::

tJ.02tj07

1/.76

I
11. 76 Air enters a frictionless, constant cross
section area duct with Mal = 2.0, To,l = 59 of,
and pO.! = 14.7 psia. The air is decelerated by
heating until a normal shock wave occurs where
the local Mach number is 1.5. Downstream ofthe
normal shock, the subsonic flow is accelerated
with heating until it chokes at the duct exit. Determine the static temperature and pressure, the
stagnation temperature and pressure, and the fluid
velocity at the duct entrance, just upstream and
downstream of the normal shock and at the duct
exit. Sketch the temperature-entropy diagram for
this flow.

Af- the du. c,f en1vance

7;;, ---

:;-qDF

r:,

/ '-/. 7 f r /a.

ai1d
'="

sech'tJh (/ ) )

we h~ve

5/Q'R

Witn

M~

::: 2.1)

we. en/ey FJ9'

D./

AJI1P1

yeaol

(t)
and

P, ~

~.I"3

(2.)

~,
Thu~

w;#t

f1>.

" -= (0. So

/ and 2

we. 061a.li1

) ( SI'f 'I<) ~

zCJ /

and

:: (2.0)

/1- 1.If/

:.e

::: /660 If
.=..r

II, 76J

(Cf)n

'f )

and

~d/x = f.',' (e
/~J~f'oIX)
~I

t;~

Max =I~

Mal:: 2.0 and

P(J>-

ItJ11

foa.
I

fu)C
-L-

('f)

we

year) ~

Fi9"

(15)

:; 0.7'1

-= 1./2

f;A
I

Wi f{., these vlti-ios and (;11."3 a.wl. tf we,

-= (~/qtJRY--1.

7:

F;

,)(

(t.S"

IL ::

f.S

we

2#1Jev

-=

0.61

aM

TheY!

Px

=(0.27

'Ix

-= Ma x VR7;./( -=(1.5)

)(11

fsir;.

FiJ- J)~l {;lM~ rl!fA.cI

Tox
J

QYld..

Obtalh

) -: 518'7<

(ILf.7fSjl{)(~)((.12 )

M~ =

{).Ii tC,

) (().cJ/

'( /Y. 7q

OJ 'I

f).. 3

psi~ -= ~ fsit).

11-14-2.

Af secfl(J'yj (1) j()!f d()w;?s/YetJI/')1 of

Fl,. /J.Lt- fUy M4.x ::: /.5

Me, shack. we obi,:,,;'

May,: (J.7

F; ::

2.5

T..

')' :: /3
7;

~ :: I. 'j

V"

l!
~x
,

:=

~.ci '3

these rrrh'os ()'J1.d

rAe hvl'Yllner} we. htJ.ve,

Wifh

Py :: (2.5

TY

af- Jec!/cNI(x) pYcvlduJ/~

)(3.tJ()fS /o..j -= 75I'si(J.,

J{lf/()(J/!..) ~ ~3~~

:::(/.$

V} ='

va.lue.> of fy()peYk~s

(ft{-10
I. q.

ft ) ~

~ 7 :: ((J. q3

73'1

f'

)(1/.0 fJ/~)

A/5~, f",;'c.e f1.,e flIJw across -lite

~lj :: ~x :;

:: If). ].I'si(;.
hdYtIl(

sA~cJ:..

/$

t:i.c//a{,p!/c/

5'99 tJ{(.

Af f1t.e- riM..cJ ex.;' f.l sechtm (2) W~ hrI. ~ I1tL .s u6.>c Yip f ,~" s /r:t Ie
Ii?
Pig. O 1 5iJ?ce the How is choi:.ed -Ihere. Thus..fYrJm
E~>. 5"" anr;( ~

T.(}tJ.. :::

we....

7;;,

~c,w.de

-:::. (5 If 01<.)
(0. 7'1)

that

ar.4
_

(fl{. 7 ;OJ/A

(I.~)

6S7'I!.
-:::.. ~ 'l-

?:

) =-

Cj. 'B !,sia

--

(COYI'f)
//- 11.f3

II. 76

(COlt Y:

Wi~

Ma,:=' 2.0 W~ yead ..fiM.ft,w frm,

Ii. : :.

F19

Po 3:

O3~

Pit

V,

:: {.'!"

TJ,Uf,

F;..

(/.9 Ips/a. )

( (71'
(Z'lJ~)
~ = .
(d.53

)
"S:"

~. "31 fS/a..

:;;

S-~ "f<

P'Z..

72-

:::.

anPi

2.5"0

1 - -_ _ _......1-:--_ _ _.......
1__

1000

s-s
I

/1- /Jl.J.f

(fl:Jl.ZO)oo
SI"".-R

II. 77
and pressure, the stagnation temperature and
pressure, and the fluid velocity at the duct entrance, just upstream and downstream of the normal shock and at the duct exit if the gas is (a) air
or (b) helium. Sketch the temperature-entropy
diagram for each flow.

11.77 An ideal gas enters a frictionless, constant cross section area duct with Ma = 2.5,
To = 20 e, and po = 101 kPa (abs). The gas is
decelerated by heating until a normal shock occurs where the local Mach number is 1.3. Downstream of the shock, the subsonic flow is accelerated with heating until it exits with a Mach
number of 0.9. Determine the static temperature

(a) ray all'" we. have ar -/1.e dUvT -lnIY-ancel sechtJn{/)

Mtt J

:: 2o~ :: -;..''3 K-

I'

1;
7(}J

25

(lJ

==

and

P, :; ~!06
F;,
I

'!Aws we- htAl/e

T :: (d./.fLf

wi f?t Efj!. I and 2-

)(1-'13Jt:):: 13()/<

--TheY7
'{ :=

1014, !fo~~

= (1.5)

:::: ~7/ ~
5

11+

(Lf)

11- If'S

11,77

Mt:\x = /. '3
-Tx -

lox

vvt- e n lev

:1

,]\

().75

aYJd
fx = 0.36

ex
I

1hu) I

0c =(tJ.7 5

J{JqS 1<)

tAhc(
P>c,

TheYI

= ( (7'$6

Cfb IC.

[lf7.tf fd~(v./;?s)] :: !l.-!P~(~bs)

__- -

=fVt~x V~ ~ I<.

:=

(/.1)

(can't)
/1- /

J.j.

//.77

(CI),,'I:J

Af 5eCn~n ('1) jl.l5f dpwJI},)/ream of Me. sluJci. we oblQ,;' ~

Fig. D. 'f .frN Mttx ~ /3
Md y :: tJ1Cf

!l
= /K
p)(
!Y. ==

/. 2-

7X

~ = /5
V~

~.q8

~)(
I

fhese

Witt,

}'1ktl() I

= (/.!

J
A/s!),

) (2'15 k.) -=

::(0.1 ~)

0;::

['t 7. 'f MfaJ,f)]

f/()w ().VY~.!J

the

"')1Y!ce

T()"
I I

=?o.8
= k./k{ah5}
;;!!-

rtf-'f! .;.):: 2 q 9 !!!.

(I.,)
=- S

V,::

~1

.>echd;.(x) p1ev/pw/y

) [17. / illk[A-b5)]

r; :: (/. Z
f

(If

we hav~

ciek4m/neri

Values of frrJ/fnh'c.J

Clnd

1;;, x

==

the,

'16. 'I M(~bs)

---

YJOYW1(J/

{hoc/<-;s ad/p.6an'c/

= 3qfi It:.

At- t1tt- dM. if exi f) se ~hlA, (2-) / we hMG

(5)

~ = fJ (~ )(ft)
Z:: Ty (7;.)( 72.)

{0J

Ty

7,jl-; 7;,., (~ )(7i,1

~"L
I

~Ij

10 I

III

(7)

(PDI-)(t; 1.)
_
p"

~~

~= ~ (~)(~)
1/0/

~"

Vy

(I)

F'oa.
I

( COli

't )

/1-/'17

//.77

(con'.(-)

IIfJPy~py;ale

Fig. D.1

Y'lAn'os -/D use In ~r.

fw May = tJ. 7~

#JrtM!h 9

Mt #J,fAIW

and

MuS I

2. ::

1-'3

.p,.

= I. /2

r;

::

I. () 2.

/, () 2

-T,.

~tt _ f). ttl"

7;~

t;-z.

--

~. f'l

?;;a.
I

~/'1

~(),.

1.02

p.

~ :: /.01

t:a.
I
Vy

-V~ -_

0."

_V'),. :: O. 9 I
v~

Waf.. tne.s f,

Y't4.:h05 and E$I. 5 tl,YVHfh. 1 we. ob~J;'

Ii::

[3()1 k~ (rd,$)] (-'13

r;:

(3~11<) /

7; 1.
I

--.l-) (/.02

('~02.

:l..

::'

(395' I<) / -L
(

0.

'16

)(0. ~q

) (1.12 )
)

= 26.6 f<~(~f)

~ 35 I k
_

) =

( C-DY7'f- )

/1- / 'f8

q.tJ7 K.
_

-km

M42 =tJ, 'I.

con 'f )

/1 77

f. ;:: ['f6.'f"*Pa.(tfJ,$)] /
~2

I{

('L16 ;' )(~,! I

:=

Fw

Sl:e~'/~

we

u;e

I)~ed vall1ef of 5-~.

- I? In ,P
~

eXAht.f Ie /

Sx - 51

::: (lOd'f

5 : 52.7

)(

r;

fuv-

s. -

d/~frtlht ~

T-f

I/L

= C.o 1/7 I

; ) ( tJ. 'il

S - 5',

fuf

.-!- ) (1.111

(lP2

L.) /n(;~ K)

~.I<

/~~ J<I

:r

~. K

5/Yn I e;t,y 1'1

J'

57 - SI =

~'36 L
7l.J. k.

p..ltl.d
$'

-sI

:=

57tJ

L
1,.1::.

'100
(2)
l')(Jy,"""

Sho'/<.

?a.O()

line
'f(~)

5k.l!

ft.'"

(nor ft;

S(a/e )
UJO

IOO~--------~----------~---------~---------~---------~I-------------o
IDO
ZOO
300
~oo
500

5-5
J

I:F
!~- )
~.J:

11- lif9

11.771

-(cOn'fJ

(b) [by hell'urn (~: 1.66 and!<.:: 2()77 ~ (yOWl rah/e /. <I) we.
have (Ai the C/uc,f -enfrClncel su.f,Dn(Jl~!l k

Ma I

7;;

~ Z 5
'=

20 "C :: 7- q31<

,I

'"~J ::: /0 I -k.l'a (a h $)

With Mil,::

2 5

r.

I
I

ThlA~

vJe,

-r;::

~se,

we

j-

i1ave.

1l.-1 IIA ).
-''''4
"2
,

wilt,

p:: (o.o5CJ9)
I

O. $2.65

(to)

f~s. 10 aYLd. II

(0.3265) (2Cf3 J<.)

()nd

=-

Cj5.7 K

[1 0' iPa. (tllb$)J

=- 6.0 5 1e..f~(rAbs)

Then

(tZ)

To,

-'

::

O.7K7

(Con't)
/1-/.50

/1.77 J(con't

Oy

ft" = /. q()5
I

F.a.
I

;;,,. = 2.(1.6(,+1 )(1. '3)

-

'1

I
~,.

-/;Q.

"J

Wi f?,

(! r 1.6,)

these

Tax -:.

yp.fios fJ.na

tjs. 12-

-= [itJ'~I'(((j~s)]

(;--l-

we

r;,x =

::

t't6~ -1}).3)'l.

1*-1

[-It-(~) ""a; _

{IS}

ECJf: /4 tt.n Ii IS

~ :: (0.6'1 '2 )

'3"

~)

:::

Z 31 J<
:::=

avtrJ

Px

0.6'12.

lL

w; +i-l

fl.u 5

St a-"A I J. S'1 -k Ijet

aha

~x
1

(I.

:'

36~ 1'-

)(J'()If) -= 55.' -kfr-t (ab$)

9~5

use &is.

7;

1;

Mqx'" /.3

we. ge:1-

Y1d 13

(().7f7

1)(

Wi Itt

(1..'131<)/-'-) (0,9671)

/.tJLf

I r(J.UJ(I.3/"

=(tJ, sZI J[ 55.,lefJ (a.b$)]

The;-.

v)( -= Mct x

if Rr;t

-=(1'3)

,e,

(20 77

-kfa.. (abs)

-= IMo !!!..
.= 5

(Con'.f )
/1- /s /

I/,

771 (c(Jn'f )

Af

Sec lion

(y) juS f

jt.f'lq ) Ii t'o;, /I. lSI) II. 15"'1 and

/tAQ)("l..

/VIp.y --

a/ltd Max:' /3

/1/5"6

+ (~.:J:t)

(1 3J 'J.-t

(~)M4: -I

(':_1 )

:: do 7933

(2)(!./,iJ)(1.3/ _ I

~-I

-Px'r

of the shtJcK. we. ObftAln w//I, 1;'

dowY}siY'eam

(1.66-1 )

-rx1

::-

r; = (/, 2q 12'31 k)

.= ~

<it;'t;

;::

(1ltd

;J =

1'+(3

~1

(tJ.<j$n.)[55.IItP(r4bs)] :: ;;If.tIe.P('A.(abJ)

ld x = 36DK

7;'1
-::
I
Af Me

(haf

~::: ~

exjf) ~ecfidyj {2.}

lIVe

(Pa.)(R
)
P'f
f:t.

httve
(Ib)
(17)

( Conic)
/1- IS 2.

~" v, (~) (~ )

rzO)

E ~s. /6 il,YfflAyh.

A p P'f'P Py lale

ntfioJ

-h; we

In

E,r.

11./23 1

11.128/

//./31.1

wif?t

Ma'L::: o. &0.

and

//./3J

aJ1d

20

tJe o61rt/~~pI

1/./2'1

fin,. l'1a,=:fJ.71J3

lhl/5 1

/ + /.6'

': //3'1

7#. -=

Ta..

t(/

t- /."

/ +-

/.06,)

)..

} (

o. fj 0 )

(1.66)(0.

:- /. ()

if3

fjlJ)"

Z (/.66 t 1)(fJ. 7'(33) 7.

1+

t'-;;-')(~' 7q33/ ]

>

[/ f- (/.66 )(O.7f3J)V J"l.-

- 1;1I

/1- 153

":.

0.'7671

1/. 77

I .

(C() n If J

= ((), 7933) f(1 f 166 }((),7i3~)

L-I r

Vet

v,. '"

(D_?O)

Wi~

[(1+1 6&)(0 '11)

0

= (2 ttl t: ) / -.!.-) (I.O'!J)

ffJl1(tJios)

= O.iJlfj

fhYhll'l4 2()

we tJb7a';'

)0.13'f):: 2-9'1 kAt(IJ~.5)

P2.

[33.7

and 8~s. 16

Y"a.-h'f>I

~!/f7

(t.66) (0. 77n)'J.}

, r{t.,,) (O,'b) ~

fheSl-

7-

7/.l-

1/~301

(/.o~5'

-::. )Jj2;::'
-

T
= ( 36 t1 !<) ~ ) (~fjq J'f J::: '37(7 k.
~z.
(;"(71
=

1;). = [5't./ft,~(A~j)](;-!-r/oO~) =
l.tJ2/

V;z.. = (g~'f ~ )/-L )/b. fj1ttj

S
( d.11 97 J( "
Fuv $k.efe-h'h9
5 - 5,

!hut, f7v

ex~ple.,

s:JC -5I

=
=

we V1e~ol valLteJ of s-~ . We use

In ?

(522~.2 )

/<)

/1'1 (21 1

~. ~

2327

*~(ab~)

==
Cjd2 ~
.J

d/a.'jyltl'l-t

= c.p In L - R.

5)( - 5/
w

tt T-!'

'$.2

lq5".7 I<

:r

it,. II-//

lOo I-

laO

f-

T(t<.)
//J(}

(tJ

()

IODO

S' - 51

//- /Sif

ZDfJO

3d()()

(~;'I< )

/2.1
1.1.1
Water flows through a rotating sprinkler arm as shown
in Fig. P12.1 and \,id('o \'12.2. Determine the flowrate if the
angular velocity is 150 rpm. Friction is negligible. Is this a turbine or a pump?'What is the maximum angular velocity for this
flowrate?

/ /

'"

/'

.-

,...-----

.......

.... '"-

",

\...~.-

.-

.-

0.3 in.

_ I 70'

'/

~\

(~\

T == m(r2 'Ve2. - fJ Vel)

is no friction. I}/s~

fhere

::: 0 since
~I =0

""

I
/

'-

",/

..............

.......

lienee} Ve:z.:::; 0
U2 .... (;}'2.

w =/S'D rpm

_---,..-

,.../

1-7in-1
o

rev ( ? 71' rtNJ)( I min )(2 rl)

::: 150 min
rev
60 s
12. TT

:: 1j.16!f

ThvS

FIGURE

P12.1

~ s/"B :;: U2-

or

9.1" ~

~::: ~in 70'

::: 9.75 fi
s

lienee) Q:: 2 W,. Al :: 2(1 (W (f)') (9.75!j)

:=.

this

is

t:v

{J.oo9S8

if : :; if,3

-Iur!:J;ne. he.cause.

94 V"'in

ihe SfY,'~kley

fl}(JVe$

111

reS/HUlSe..

fA" d -flo
-foyces.
5/Y7ce lYic -no"" if n~;'i,'/;/e tJ,~ n'JIlX;1I1uI'Y/ pn9J,f/4Y ve/()c,;1y
.fIN tniJ f!IIWYHk if /he tJne U/Yfe.(/~I':J -Iv I5'OYI'YM

-ft;

-f I

ltV

(7Y

/2-0

rz..2

~----- .......

12.2
Water flows axially up the shaft and out through the
two sprinkler arms as sketched in Fig. P12.1 and as shown in
Video \ 12.2. With the help ofthe moment-of-momentum equation explain why, at a threshold amount of water flow, the sprinkler arms begin to rotate. What happens when the flowrate increases above this threshold amount?

!-7in.--j
'~'....IfJ----rG..,----J;
aa

FiGURE P12.1

fpY';y,kley- I r s I;"";/IIY' ~

ve/()C; Iy

fl,e.

f",A"J1e

fhe

...

IQ

(ll1e

fJF GX4m/,/e

s: /8.

sJ,OIN"" 1M

U/)IIIc.IMt:it. ~4 t

wlt.e ....e

t{

==

t;w

,e f

(/MIt" ;~,. "'J J Wit

-rSn41f

:= - y
2. (

S"d ./ wke,., ~

~II#

;}

tZ""tJ.

-.

(.,0

rdtw

,M" c,t{!4.Jt!S

.s-)'If

Wz. SIYJ 7()

I(~J

laYge el'tDaJh witt,.

-ihe, fpr,'",I<If!r

w:""

70 -

1$

-I/tJw ntlc-

witeYJ

/wZ >/~

G.)-:

tN~

t. l'D!.k.

~/~S

.fit -ril,e r

o +0

GAJ

is

h ()

/~ey

]tlrtJ

n~/'j"b!/ ~I/.J

z Yw

1;'~eJ

VA-Aft. of Wa-.J f.#t,

wifh I;'C~I!~.f. Wz. lit.,,') 0:1 1'H4XJ~I.I~

fAts"

nal/e.
I:;' -,I

"""'~/~""

Vet/we.

01 w.

/2.3
12. 3
The rotor shown in Fig. P 12a rotates with an angular
velocity of 2000 rpm. Assume that the fluid enters in the radial
direction and the relative velocity is tangent to the blades across
the entire rotor. Is the device a pump or a turbine? Explain.

FIGURE

P12.-3

T= n? (r2, l4:z. - r Ve,) where V(iI =0

If ihe rOlor
2. 7T IJ

bJ v"

is of cons/ani

: : 21/ r2. b:z. ~:z.

or
\I,r 2- .=.!Lv,
r:;. r,
and

UI :: n W

I:

TT
J

hei9hf J fhen b, =b:z. and fhe conlilJ()ify e9lJat/on is

0,5-(/

0, q N

v:z.'= r2, W

SO

(20

ftS ) :::Jl1ii

fh af

TT -

V.2, -

r:;.u'
r,

= 0,91-1
O.S ff

U.

Of'

U2. =/.e~
Hence Jhe fo/JowilJ9 veloeily frian9/es can be drawn.
J

VI = 2'0

Vn . = 11,1

u,

If /s seen thai fhe rofor turns fhe flow info fhe direc1ion
b/Qae motiof). Th/s is a pvmp.

/ )..-2

or the

/7.,'1
l' ..t
At a given radial location, a 15 ftls wind against a
~~dmi11 (see Video \'12.1) results in t~e ~pstream (~~ an~
U2

downstream (2) velocity triangles shown In Fig ..P12.4. etc .

an appropriate blade section at th~t radial locat~on and determine the energy transferred per umt mass of flUid.

_ _ ko _ _-+-!- _ ___

VI

= 15 ftls

= 20 ftls

60:(.

Gi FIGURE P12.4

We can
il1 vtJ/ved
of fhe

defer-a7lne

whethey

by comfdn~ The d/~c-lto#"J

f.he r-o-hrY- blade Sect/on will, th~
veloci-ly ~ V. .If the fir f frrct. ()Yla

;f
I;if

a iur&lnt:.
iDrct!...
01'7
of the bla.de

d/yec f/OYl

fhe blade

ve/()cify

are

fhe lift

;nvolved.

I.f

orpo~ife.

d/~ecf/on.J/

a..fan

OY

iUYb/ne is
ano{ hla.de Ve.ldCify are iYl

fhe

In

fayce
fan

The

== -Ir:tJ1

/
Thu5}

-I

V; ==

V,
fhe

dJyecli't;n

e;t

The d/yec;(ion (Jf fh~

~ the shape of lire /VIrJy

can

iangeYlt"" rhe relat/ve

a;yle / 4
frln- I (2..ofJ) =
(15 ~f)

ei7feYl~ rel/lf/vc flow

saYJ'}.e

;..> In v(Jlv~.

be litferrfd
blade secl/on s~el-(h ecj -to k
a nd /~vi'?1 -fhe vofzry ~.
ioYce.

/ i{'f

qxla/ flow fUYh#~cJ,/~e

fhr:

.I

~ows enleYl~

t4
53.1"

-mlor- b/a..dc Secn'tJns s-j~.efdtet/ below are t2fPYb/Jy/a!c

OD

(con~f )

/'J..-E

/2 II

(co n ' t

lifl fOrc~ aclinJ On each rohtr blade 5ec//()n

is in fhe 5aYJ1e dlrec-h'OYl as" fhe. bftJde veloc/fl we.
conclude fhaf +hi J
fu. r hdn1. t1c-h/~e i.s a itJrb/ne..
The enertj'j ~Jeyy~d per- tJl1il mas> ;5 !he shaflvveJ'Y/::- PW- UI1/f Mt15s ./ W $'2Q
J f
I
Nh;ch We 6::tn ck-hr-J'HIy;e
f
SInce fhe

wiTh

~tJ

11.5.

lhas

(I)

v.6)2-

- W

:=W

5ih

:::

tI

1.

anti
2-

(,0

V 1-

V'2. -t- V"l.

I

.
0
)ln60
-

20 -ff
..f

Ib rf

Sf"'J' 72
;"

33,0

fl. Ib
51LIJ

tJJ

shafI-

- 33.0 f.J . I}:

Sh<J

----~

(32.1. Ibf\'1)
5/1.4'

- 1,02

fl. tb
I bfYl

12...5
U.5
Sketch how you would arrange four 3-in.-wide by 12in.-long thin but rigid strips of sheet metal on a hub to create
a windmill like the one shown in Vidl'lI VI2.1. Discuss, with
the help of velocity triangles, how you would arrange each blade
on the hub and how you would orient your windmill in the wind.

~.V\d a'o~ -m_-lio~ dx.i~

>

V.

~~,

jtJ. -5

/2.6

J~.6
Sketched in Fig. P12.6 are the upstream [section (I)]
and downstream [section (2)] velocity triangles at the arithmetic
mean radius for flow through an axial-flow turbomachine rotor.
The axial component of velocity is 50 ftj s at sections (I) and
(2). (a) Label each velocity vector appropriately. Use V for absolute velocity, W for relative velocity, and U for blade velocity. (b) Are you dealing with a turbine or a fan? (c) Calculate
the work per unit mass involved. (d) Sketch a reasonable blade
section. Do you think the actual blade exit angle will need to
be less or greater than 15? Why?

~ IGURE

(a) See

P. /2.6

Fi9vre above.

= m(r2. Ve2 - n Vel) = th r;"e4Y1 (Ve,. - Vel)

where Vel >0 and ~/':: 0 (see f'1IJre a hove)

(b) T

Tfws) T> o.
(e) .w:shaf! ::

The macn/ne is

fk V8z -

VxL == Vx2 -= 50 fj
f!'om the fitl'Jre jhal !
0

fan.

--====-

~ Vel":: U(V0 2 - Vel)

SilJce

\I, cos /s

where U= u,::: V:z.

if follows

u,

~o Ij

V2. c~30 -:: so!J-

or ~:: S'I. fJ
anti.

01'

V,2. =- 57.7!1-

so -Iha/

V9,==-V,

sin/So=-.5/.'l sin/,&()::::.-I'g.'f!i

and

VG2. -= \{ 5;" 3(/::: .21. V

AIso U=IVe d-f/Ve:J.{::: L/ 2. '2 -#
J

Hence P{hQI./:::: L/7.. 2#( ~a.g

J

(dH:;rom fh 8 Tl9tJre
r-'

ftil):::
()

g. - (-/3lI

4
l/2.'i-H"J
50
.J

or f:1= 'f8

ThtJs; the blade shape is as shown:

( con'f: )
/j. -

fj)) -

if:
====
17(0

rJ"e ~c~1 J:,laele. 4nJ/e

-It;

fA

el."'et/~

IS

(J

wil/ ne~d ~

flow ().~/t...

+J,~

ISD

f Iht "lade, e'Lil-.

&CI.lJe. Df ~'t{"'elQ'Y layer dtVeUpWleHf.

th "lode, /

be. ksI 1k;.

01
Iltt/tI al'lJI-e. wilt be diffe.,eH'I In,., fj,e

bl,,,,/e ""'J/e. j.J! S$

-/uYYllly

(Jill

IMtI, .f'(,iYhas

'lJ,AYJ e1l-~elul w//I k

tJ cit ,',e Vt!e:I.

12-7

A.dwal!J

p .. 7

----- ,
,,
,,

/
/

12.7
Shown in Fig. P12.7 is a toy "helicopter" powered
by air escaping from a balloon. The ai r from the balloon flow s

S:::

,,

radially through each of the three propeller blades and out small
nozzies at the li ps of the blades. The nozzles (along with the
TOIali ng propeller blades) arc tilted at a small angle as indicated.
Sketch the veloc ity triangle (i.e .. blade, absolute. and relat ive
veloc ities) for the now from the nozzles. Explain why this lOy
tends to ffio\'C upward. Is this a turbine? Pump?

I
I
I
I

~
0

,,

,,
,

I
,,

"

I
I
I
/
/

Balloon

FIG URE

P12 .1

If we assume Ihe helic.opfer is stQfionary, +hen/he blQde speed

is w R in the horizon /al plane QS shown in the siae view below. The
relalive velody, ki, is direc.led alon9 the mule, and the ahsolvle
ve!uc,lYJ V= wf 17, is as indica/ea,
11

v
The -roy

fe",:ff

-!.

""tlve I/pyVaffd be c".,ue fhe. {Io",,"

bloae r PlAs/" VI' 0"

/,IqdeJ

On

/0

ihe.

Yr>fhle

a",b/e4f

the",.

/:"."

ai.

TJ-vL a i r
'"

/2- 8

va.,. fk

fn.'Yr> fh.c bulloon f".v.c"-' /he

IC .fvJb/n l!. _ ffr,w~V(~/

tiS

f"""P '

11,..

bto.cle! ad

);2.8
A centrifugal water pump having an impeller diameter
of 0.5 m operates at 900 rpm. The water enters the pump parallel
to the pump shaft. If the exit blade angle, f32' (see Fig. 12.8) is
25, determine the shaft power required to turn the impeller
when the flow through the pump is 0.16 m'l s. The uniform
blade height is 50 mm.

( E'p. /Z.ID)
Tsh4R; ::
12.

tc.

tP ~ ~;.

(I)

D;, - Vt9 ,
(z )

~d )
Yev

~~.

f/t)w'ra:6e

(p=:
~2.
ThuS) frpm

C(/1

P(

-...

i1-z

2.7T f2. /:;2,

(J
21l'.z

bz.

::"7. (z)
~2- = (Z 3. , - Z. 6'f

11'1/111 F;.

C;~ 2

rtld
S

tn1

5'"

.f.c, / /()WJ tha,i

JI lien; /-1:

1..5

:::

(e;,JI,

;:3 )

(2.1T)(t'. '2,1#) (~. OSr1Yf )

Cot

2 S6 )

:::'

2.o~ t1H

~ = /f.2 ~

(I)

T,h4t '" ("1ff ~ )(0. If, ;-3) (C. Z&rH-1)( / u ;') ~ 7/" ~ N>t
50

..J

/2.9

1~.9
Discuss the differences between a centrifugal pump
and a positive displacement pump (see Vidco v 12 ..' for an example of a positive displacement pump impeller that looi(s like
a centrifugal pump impeller),

A c eYJfr;10r1 'UYl'f~ ';"'I'~lIer ,wlttJ

/wee.> Jt!ve/operl

"''1

surkeS'

So

(/Ilt/

/J"

ti

fluitl

do/YIj

I/';w,:'

jI1()VeS

II

v4luYJtt-e () f
one

Dver /-)$

INftleol

-/'Iuid fI,~h.

A !'()S;/lve, difl/acemel'll fJU1'It1' ~J

~

"'-91l,;',r1- flte,

,,1I

IIY

_-1.

C~fUye.r

l'iuiel t).l1d ""'tIeS 1J;e el1-h~t.. v,,1"'"fe

"'CA.~11

~III() fl,er.

/2-10

/2.

./0

A centrifugal pump impeller is rotating at 1200 rpm

in the direction shown in Fig. PI2.1O. The flow enters parallel
to the axis of rotation and leaves at an angle of 30 to the radial
direction. The absolute exit velocity, V2 , is 90 ft/s. (a) Draw
the velocity triangle for the impeller exit flow. (b) Estimate the
torque necessary to turn the impeller if the fluid density is
2.0 slugs/ft'. What will the impeller rotation speed become if
the shaft breaks?

raJ

The

ex..Lt

Ve / ~ci

fitJw

9rp-p fu cttil!:J

+!f

P12.10

{Y;tlY'/jJe C411

(j1d,c.a+fn

II S

FIGURE

in.J tL

belrJw)

-r
Tr

v.Z -

1':
2

fA.)

tie ItX ,-for

= (o,s ft)
In q119)e.-

t:a11;6'2.

12-1/

z. r

/2-.) 0

CAPI1

'i )

Th us) /r1J1It Pte t/e/oc/f!/ &I4I1j Je

Vrz.
.....
-

Wz

~c5

VIm

~2

CeffJ pJeie./'j

(.b)

Ft'tPh1

-F-k-

-s

8'O,()

Un d

1/..97)

tHe

kl1oWI1 I

v/ec/~e'd.

Fg.

12.

tv

Ishtlf.t::-

2.. Tl

;n1 =

=("<.0

VBI

/171

=0

V~.2

r;.

{/J

Vr .z.

r:J- /'2

~1; yZ1T)(().!>ft)(,~ ft) (90 ft)

&5

j~.

-:: 1ft). 8 s ~9.5

So

EZ. {/)

fY'~

-that

Is ha Ii:

=;-

(Lfo. ~ ~.s) (D,S ft)( 'to ;-) 5 I ~ 3 D

+t l.b

fl 8

11'1

When the

.5h a fl 6rea k. r

IMpeller ~v-tn.fvl.I:d:;

.l

the -k>Y"tjJ;te bf?q;rneS

slop.r

6eco..use..

fhere is

sJU:j.{f-

-!-oY-fjfAe fo -fr;yce. if -/r:; y-ohfe. In

-loY-rue. dr/ves !he.. i''hIpe//e-r and fh~

f1u./d.

On

ci r iv/11j

d rl'ves

!I,cyo hand
)
{he I~pe lie.,,-.
fA e-

Ii;?

/2-/2

a.

1
I
7-wrt?JY'Je.

Sef() and the

no /tJnger a....

plA-l'?'IjI. ft,e,
I"Y1pt:jley Y'10~.5

tit.

~e

.I

yY1()v/VI,y fll/f/d

12. I

Discuss the main simplifying assumptions associated

with Eq. 12.13 and explain why actual head rise is always less
than ideal head rise. Discuss how ideal head rise is head
"added" to the fluid and actual head rise is head "gained" by
the fluid.

fAa.! nb /~.s.J ()/ ava//a~Je.

a.fS "YI"IJ~

-fh YV>1j i, /-k

-flo w

Ik

a (., rps!,

the

ideal

'p1L1'nj"J

acroSS

the

{/owi

liu./d

. the

a..c.I",.1

I~

be/ny

IeSJ

12-13

fUn,~ 1;",De //er.

is

fhUJ ellAa I

I'/,l~;o I'"/;'v.J fhe

t,bwevw.l ~e
ht!arl

t"an fhe

~/LtJ "rJ

Yea~j~~
ide" /

rl.Je

bl

/2. ) 2..
12.12.
A centrifugal radial water pump has the dimensions
shown in Fig. P12.1~. The volume rate of flow is 0.25 ft 3 /s,
and the absolute inlet velocity is directed radially outward. The
angular velocity of the impeller is 960 rpm. The exit velocity
as seen from a coordinate system attached to the impeller can
be assumed to be tangent to the vane at its trailing edge.
Calculate the power required to drive the pump.

0.75

FIGURE

in.~~~

P12.1L.

12. II

(i)

~:: I;. UJ To

obt;tfln

/ husI

//BZ

Ii~m

We.

S" ,it.
( s:
Z "'itt:

) (

"se 1Ite
~

WI" ) r:

}I'~d)(

'1{p()-;;,~ \7...rr ~

ext. t

"'1

W6h .rb =U. 'i'f ~){t. Z5~~)(O '!)("fS~ J :-c)

I () t 0

.f2t /h

-:5
/ () /0 f:1=;. Ib

) 2--/ 'I-

.ft

= If~, I 5

Ve fou-ht fot1ftr/e .sh{)w/"l be/ow.

V!92.

Iii. (I)

I )

60 r:/~

/2.13 J
Water is pumped with a centrifugal pump, and measurements made on the pump indicate that for a flow rate of 240
gpm the required input power is 6 hp. For a pump efficiency of
62%, what is the actual head rise of the water being pumped?

fr~m

Fs.

eZu. a;brP 11

12-.23

1h~ fum/->

eff; c~el1'c'7

if'cp ~a./SSo
bhf
('I) (./;h,)(s-so)

J-Q
(0. ~2){ C. hp)( S50 ;~;;

('Z.Lf ~~)[(ztf{) ~~)jc7.lf8 Ji~)((po ~,.~)J

~1.3

-fi

/2-15

12. / '-I

The performance characteristics of a certain centrifugal pump are determined from an experimental setup similar
to that shown in Fig. 12.10. When the f10wrate of a liquid (SG
= 0.9) through the pump is 120 gpm, the pressure gage at (1)
indicates a vacuum of 95 mm of mercury and the pressure gage
at (2) indicates a pressure of 80 kPa. The diameter of the pipe
at the inlet is 110 mm and at the exit it is 55 mm. If
Z2 - ZI = 0.5 m, what is the actual head rise across the pump?
Explain how you would estimate the pump motor power requirement.
2...

:5 /n c e.,

G $. (J)

WI

d-

-f,;:3j. )

flo X

!3

//,Sm1

To e$-n"m,,/e- the plA~p

7::

0 Q.

M()-k"..

hp..

bhp (~o)

Iv

fA.

( ~. 9) (f. g() ;<. 10 3)

J,.,~ =-

(/

=- Yz. A-z...

)~ 3 /J //J'I12. )
~()i. JO?! ~ 1- (~.01S)(J33)( )D 3) ::.~

12.. =

;; (D. J1~tm) 2)1/ .4-J

Ifn tP<.

2-

(flO .J/~ ) ( t. 309 X /0 -

y,=
I

7h US) ,f-r~1!1

-r-..z.. -.z:, -r

LJl., -1/,

Cfef

/2- 16

pOl#Cr

ye D1A1;~el?";'

UJ~ Ej.12.21

/2./5

The performance characteristics of a certain centrifugal pump having a 9-in.-diameter impeller and operating at
1750 rpm are determined using an experimental setup similar
to that shown in Fig. 12.10. The following data were obtained
duri ng a series of tests in which Z2 - Z I = 0, V:z = VI' and the
fluid was water.
Q(gpm)

120140160180

P2 - P I (psi)

/40.2 /40,1 138,1 136,2

Power input (hp)

1.58

1001120
33,S / 30,1

2,271 2,671 2,95

3,19

3.49

140
25,8
4,00

Based on these data, show or plot how the actual head rise, hi/'
and the pump efficiency, 17, vary with the flowrate, What is the
design flowrate for this pump?

tln pi

~r

h;s t set: ~ f. c/a-la

the

1=

(hZ.1f

--the &b)~

In

~3 )[(20 ;p.. )/(7. 9i jf, )(/'f);:'.)

( I.!;-;? hp ) ( S"S-D

11. =
/(etYI/l/til/1~

tla/ues

I'YntH1YJer /ai1.a

:~~~

J('72. Nt.)

0, ZCJ7
l-CJ,7 ~Io

6Y'

AI{

iltt/u.es

q,1{

1( ~J1. be C4./~/t<.Jed

ttJ1d

kbulal-etA

QYe

J~'

111

11-J.

~ SI;'tlJ~r
-/-D.t;le he/94J.

'2..0

tfc)

6:,0

aD

/{)O

1'Z0

/tfo

~I.. (ft.)

9'2.8

'17.. S

J7. &[

83, S'

77. 3

''1.;-

srt.S

~ (10 )

21.7

'fl. Z

Lf-1. 'I

57.5

bl, 3

,"0.1(-

@ (ifPI'm)

( wn't )
/2-/7

5"Z.~

12.15

((..(p// 't )

A- plo t

11~w y t:e
(1

()f
t9 C

the

daiA

I~

sltaw"

c." rs

be /()w.

Tlte

de.519~
J.j

11)0

~
~

... go
~

-''/"0

""-'"'
~

"
s::
'--+-

~"

{po

i~

2c

'fo

/'0

80

/2-/8

-----'---0

1/2./6
12.1 b
It is sometimes useful to have flo - Q pump performance curves expressed in the form of an equation. Fit the
flo - Q data given in Problem 12.' 5to an equation of the form
flo = fl" - kQ2 and compare the values of flo determined from
the equation with the experimentally determined values. (Hint:
Plot flo versus Q2 and use the method of least squares to fit the
data to the equation.)

811St'd

(f)n

ft.~1?f

da.-iL

-the

Problem

CAn b(' C!:1"'&l:-ed ant1f hrm

etll"j/~

hflll?~ 1:JY-t!'1I""Qm

Q (!-f/WI)

fable

sl-andqrd ;;'ne~r r ejressI(!)i'1

#(

tJ,e

-the kl/(!)wJI1,

12. /5.)

1e//c9cQllt:!J

reStAffs qre ~bfr,I#ed.

.20

/lV (?!hk >JL

1f.t.IO

2-

~(H)

J J./L (ft) #I-

Sf. ~

/ ~I. 5-

7 7. 3

(P

- 1.00

~ LJ 1.4.

=-

Tn e ef tUvi,I''''

~a. (experimedJ) -,Aa.., (predl'cJed)

01, -fIlII1 'ed

-/H. e

/YtJ"1

US I rlJ

/iY1eAf' Y'~ r'e.5.5 I 011

/J

t.~= 'itf.5- d.oOl7b Ql.

(/)
wheye.
Jru.- IS I~ .f1:. WI"-t-h 42 /11 gprm. A- p}"t Sh()W/Hj
the ~m f~Y/s~n be:/;u.;eeJ4 71te -I'X-pev/null'l4./ dam. (inti -/Jte..
fr"e dlc..l-e~ Y'-esuJ-/:s (rr4J1I1

G'g. J)

IS

shpwn

b/llot.J

/00 ~----~---- -- --:----,--------:-~;-----------,__----- _______ -,--____________________ _

.__ ...........

i
!1--,--

,I.

II

I.,-

_-~-----j

r- i. IJ.I~II-Irl-tj,:=t-';0 i-pt]
:".
: ,,_

'-1-0

o ----- -

:4>

Jfo

I:

I:

""

F/Of,t)t~i~~

to

4') jPhn

/2-19

---i -

"'9

No

11

/2,

/7

I
12.17
In Example 12.3, how will the maximum height, ZI'
that the pump can be located above the water surface change if
(a) the water temperature is increased to 120 of, or (b) the fluid
is changed from water to gasoline at 60 OF?

(0...)

/. 692 fS'a...
Frl)rn la6/!. B. / -Ih{! w~. ,6ey vatIJy' fr"eSStlYe Is
and if' = (PI. 71 l"I.ft.~ Ihus
w,171 1hu
c/tqHfe lri' g.t2)
IJ1

E;(~lI""'lle

1"2..3
( lit, 7 Ib

. ' ' '.1(p I. 71

) (llflL.
T

/;,.2-)
k""

~.3
(I. ~ '12,

It).

H.
-

1S'li

Slsft

Ii

So

1HA. t:

(T,)
The lJe:Jtlt:.Jlle

- - t. '1-9 H

(h111X -

.51111

.f;,r

(~)""I(t /nd(c~tles -/n4--t "'fldey

the
~;;eYILt:e w;ikoJ

c'~nd/f/~"';.$ s!e';;;~d -ihe. P'ItHI ~u/d ned.

e.{((/if-~PIt)'i1
t<I'/J~5S /1- 11 /oa-l:..ed
be/oW"' 1ne
~f 1Ite JIl~/il1e.

/')..- 20

,St(y.fpce

letJel

12.18

I
12./ g
A centrifugal pump with a 7-in.-diameter impeller
has the perfonnance characteristics shown in Fig. 12.12. The
pump is used to pump water at 100 of, and the pump inlet is
located 12 ft above the open water surface. When the ftowrate
is 200 gpm the head loss between the water surface and the
pump inlet is 6 ft of water. Would you expect cavitation in the
pump to be a problem? Assume standard atmospheric pressure.
Explain how you arrived at your answer.

- -l: I -

"1 -

(I)

f;.~1J1 /;,6/e B. / -the wadey VA. I'd" pt"~.$.r"ye 1J.i- 1~~dF I-S eJ. tty. f5 PSI4..
. Th u.s/ w;1'11 -/.., :: If. 7 ~.s/~ It, ::' /2 -it. Qn4
Cll1d
q-= ~z.oo
I'kfm
J
2/r.L = bR. / 1 OJ Ield.r

;:.3

(;'1: 7

(6

) (;11-'1-

11'(.1.

Ih.")

ft.

/2..

It

Is,

Ii

J B. 9 .ft

Fit}.

12.12

(it:

Zt)Ci

J?1?1

N PsH = ,..... 12 h
R

Ny

Irp?fr

pump

d:>;;eY/L.i,()~

NP5h'A

> NPSHR,

SII1C~ 1h ,j J'j true. I If 1Jt ,j CttSe / W-C! e )(.pe,t 1JtA. t

1/1'
the pl1nJp tv()/.(J4 nc t- It?~ ~ pYt)blel11. N'a

12- 2..1

Il..

19

T (I)

12. let
Water at 40C is pumped from an open tank through
200 m of 50-mm-diameter smooth horizontal pipe as shown in
Fig. P12.19 and discharges into the atmosphere with a velocity
of 3 m/s. Minor losses are negligible. (a) If the efficiency of
the pump is 70%, how much power is being supplied to the
pump? (b) What is the NPSH A at the pump inlet? Neglect losses
in the short section of pipe connecting the pump to the tank.
Assume standard atmospheric pressure.

Sl

:-:--::-::ti-:-:-:--::-:::~-

3m

Diameter = 50 mmCZ)

PUMPj

(,~
N'"

r--\----.U
FIGURE

Length = 200 m

P12.19

( tt)

(I)

01. S. 3

~wey

t?r1

= yep If

jAnie'" blj 11",/4

(1. 73/ ~ '/)~3f~)(O.~f~/ (3: )(l:~~)

- I. tfS

X /0 3 Nt1"1

-.s

= /.

.1///;'(1 ,; /:; If

PateN>y

t.fS-

A. W

.f!WI :J

;;:fl/( l'fMC 7

I. '1.5.-k
~f. 12.21.(.

Iv'P5)1

!l

::

+ Y.s 2. _
23-

J-

lis re.fe" -b 1he fr'.e.s'stlY'e

1i1let.l res,e,-t/v'd~. I+!.s0.l

/V;-tk

i02.+-l

LJ

p.I --

I
hi
T6IM)

=
V.I

2.07-ieW

1Y
r

411 1/

3+
I

tv

(.3 )

CU1d

/leJoe

f.s+ ~2..+~ +-/,.J.

J-=0

Z-j

-'i:S --c;)

( C(!)f7l..)

/),,-2.,),

CUI

A'

--4L ::: 0

'+!:J a.t-

the

12.J9

. ( ~Ol'/t. )

~fm -t i:
1

tl~d

J1herf: .fr:;f'e. frt)m

NPS1.

Ef /3)

Per6,.,

:=

:::-

d-

the
-f

//,2-

+~

L.;

a(/I1'/4/'le

i:: I

!V?Sf}

i>v-

(If)

J-

J-

1h~t 1hiJ rfsult ~"y'~.5P/)"J.r Iz> e?;. 12.. zS'

(.5Jn'(~ p(jm~ ,j he/ow reJt>YV'o't-) i:/111( 2:~L. =0.

Note

FrtPi11

7. ~7t.

Tal-Ie

.8.

,X)o..s N/IHI 2.

~t .elf) w/11t

I~

wL-tev t/ap"y
(Ab.s) t:(n~
tf=

tJre

Lv I'r 11 ~

p(Uif,~~

if/) lJc

/.J
1.73/ xlp3 }JJIYrl~ Thus)

,PYt''>StlYe at

hlJm

~+4l<:- /0 1 ~ p~

IJP5H/t

( 101

.x If) 3 .!i... )
IJf(

( 1.7-3) X /0 3

.jf;) )

12-:2.3

(7. 37,
31'f1t1 -

)~3-1; 2.

('i.731 JdOJ~))

12.20
12.20
The centrifugal pump shown in Fig. P12.20 is not
self-<priming. That is, if the water is drained from the pump and
pipe as shown in Fig. P12.20(a), the pump will not draw the
water into the pump and start pumping when the pump is turned
on. However, if the pump is primed [i.e., filled with water as in
Fig. P12.20(b)], the pump does start pumping water when
turned on. Explain this behavior.

(al

The
jJllmp

head -1/()wl-a t.e

tire ShC9wn

pUmp tlln ~cld

FIG U REP 1 2 . 20

charli?i:('r~s tJU -f.e,y

In T-iJ.

(bl

tJ..

1::Y?ICA,) c el1 t;n/ujtl!

rnt2~imtlH1 i1et(i. 1h~t -the

t.)hel1 Q~o ((.:e.) at- si:P,.t- (,(fJ ft,,. extlll1;)e}

1l.11.

The

~(C.tI;.s when
!hI] heil~ I~ 111 terms t?/ -/he .f/u/d 0 the '-UflJ,. )/ef/ed1nj /t)sses
411H the Ve!lOc.lry h~l:(d (/i"' ~1I"/i~i:,i;11 eHee,,-h,) -fh~ pump CI/J1
lilt the ff"'I'd tt heljht H e$aa / to -the hellll added b'f the I"m,.
~k,le peri' f 1he liw/d J/; 1}u. pump iJ (I(.'r (L', e,) /Jot prlmpd) 1h~ heAd
",d';e~f 'S I" i::r'I-rtlS 6f H "I" In ~f ~IIY.. FoY' t='X41'11;Je/ 1'1- h,:::~~ft
1ft e pUPlp eoll/d rllise. WA-b yo 1h~t h"h I'f j t 'J pnme,l. (Iille/!
iv/hI WA-i:etJ..r.-f lJte ,oJlQJ,/) ,j /')bi primed (hl!ed k)17h "Jr.) 1JteH
?/Je pwtnj> CAIn t9n/y Y'rIlse w/l;t:.er up to ~ di.sftJ/'Jce,

)-f =- 3(; ft
if-elite -/he

w/l--!::.ev /..VI-Ii

6(1;'

t".f:er
!')lJi

= 30 Ii
~ef:-

lId-'/)

~ ()7~5 i4~) = (), O:;b 8 f.f:-

((;,z. if ~J)

1h~ pump.

12.2/
Owing to fouling of the pipe wall, the friction factor
for the pipe of Example 12.4 increases from 0.02 to 0.03. Determine the new flowrate, assuming all other conditions remain
the same. What is the pump efficiency at this new ftowrate?
Explain how a line valve could be used to vary the ftowrate
through the pipe of Example 12.4. Would it be better to place
the valve upstream or downstream of the pump? Why?

(/)

V-=

t>v

w/11t

.::::

~= If) i- Ie.. Oil'f

~~//In/n
~ In

1 f::

4J

/0 -t 5.~{))()b-5

[~ (!a/Jnlll~

2-

(2. )

The l~if't"sec-iil!Jn of EgJZJ (the S!fsl-em ettuJlf!)~) WdH 7He

f~rfr;rmtll1[e e. u rve .j;:,y the
pump) CIS 5htPWi/ be /()W) /HC/JC~rl-eJ
1Jta t

1he hew

.flow i'd.i('

I~

cP =- /I.f tJo 1ii~

a~

and

-In l..:s

.f-/()tvYIt-te.

79.0%.

l.s

100'1----~--------r_----r__r---------

o ---!..----.--"---------'----.---- .-----,
o

400

(GO Y) '.e )

800

1200

1600

F'lowrate. pI/min

/2-2..5

2000

2400

12.2.1

(Co;, 'i )

l,ne valve.

fo

1he

t:{c,f.r

tlf

CI()S'lny

Th,w.

val';'ab/~

CA

fhe

vI/I/~

fy/c..6iJnaJ ye,Ii.>lance
is

efu/va/el'7-f ~ ~y

fy)cli~n

and 1?10VI'ny fh~ .$j'.J~ curve to fhe. lel'!

J ~ Terse cn~ /he
head W""//e A-!- 1/1 n t?,JJeyt;t li()I"7~/ poihl/},vdlv/hy less Iit;wY'p/rt fluln w/H, a m",.~ open valve-./e/Ii,..
This sy~~ C-t,Irve
p~,e.

I/1l7ti

valve i.f
sys~

if

$"I<e~~

fhe. 1;9ure

I;'

fhe

()h

p;ev/I)"f-'

lakier;! ;,,, YY1(fYf. ~c.hoJ-l (c.-L().f/~ Vti/ve). /~ ()fJe~/j ~e

.5'1n,j

I", r

GUYIle.

re WJOV)~ /Y/( ~~J?

tll'lPl

I~ hseciJ

I1u Yi.!ht

;10V)';J

f1,~

fk hued wrJ/e

t7p~ti. h'"" po/nf /hvP!vIIy n,PY"e f/CMlmle ~aY}

wilt, e:t less t7perz valve. selh~. ?hit' 5pkn, C.t4rl/C. '/.1
.> ke -th e eI () n the.... p'l'e v./OUJ pare.. tvuA labeled ""less ;;"/c:l;;n
af tltn

("pt>n/~ va Ii/e) .

.If

1/

would! te

ekWJ7$fr.ea~

()f

ge~a.11y

/t,e..-

6e~

fJUn?jJ

,y~.s5f.Vl'e.

fz,

-h> JDiace JJ,e vttlve...tM/tJ/ ol

and C/MI/ ~fl"n ,PIJJ$/ble.

pkc~~e,...,f 0-1 I'1vl va/ve.

12-26

w/)t,

---J.he

/fJlN

.fuel/ern

up.r~

/2.22...

I
12.2 2...
A centrifugal pump having a head-capacity relationship given by the equation ha = 180 - 6.10 X 10 -4Q2, with
ha in feet when Q is in gpm, is to be used with a system similar
to that shown in Fig. 12.14. For: 2 - : 1 = 50 ft, what is the
expected flowrate if the total length of constant-diameter pipe
is 600 ft and the fluid is water? Assume the pipe diameter to be
4 in. and the friction factor to be equal to 0.02. Neglect all minor
losses.

(I)

The

pllmp head

lac; -i!1 re /a ht)~ sh, P

Ca.

1r.~::, /~ 0

- d:.. /0

The o;e('~tiI1J jJ{);,,,t w//I

wheYe ItL = lip / 6r

Thk5.)

f 0 - 6.1 ~ X jlJ

-t..f

/0-

Lf [

oCCI{f'

1.5

2.

4J (!~IJP1I;')]

a.t-

the

= 501- 3. b If X)6

/2.-27

fltJLUY'd.i~
-

If

.z.

12.23 J

(lJ

12.23

A centrifugal pump having a 6-in.-diameter impeller

and the characteristics shown in Fig. 12.12 is to be used to pump
gasoline through 4000 ft of commercial steel 3-in.-diameter
pipe. The pipe connects two reservoirs having open surfaces at
the same elevation. Determine the flowrate. Do you think this
pump is a good choice? Explain.

(l)

10

'"

P"mp

1>,
v,2.. + ~ -r
t:r + z..>I
~flll

r,,fJ

WIth

t.f ;:'

= rz..)
-I'J = 0
i-j ;: ~ :: 0.I

-E
f

=:.z.

( l1ef1ec.i,;'j tnll'lir )osse~)/ Eg. 0)

1'? -- f
v =E
Ii

dei-ermIned
/11

the

.jllle'rl

the

I'

1 J!..2
.J)

= ~"o fi .J

(I)

Z!J.

QHR

J)::

3hz-H.

J.I .z.

[ cP (-tt %)]
~/1

Ife

(2. )

fr,1'

cp) f

!e>1/ow,l-tj

(3)

lfCP/lTD-V

.frt.soll/ie
/, tJ If X J Db Q

(ft%)

3-1'n. d Nlln e & r /)/,

e (froM

fi~. 8. 2. 2. )

J>X}{)-'f
CflY1

I?e

O/,-bllnfd

(ole /; 1"1)01 e.f tllttl(;) ~

fflNJt

2-

= Vb/v : :-

(~t)/.;)
(1T)(.i'/;z ft)('t.f XIO-'$J

- S.
CJU{r t

(341. -It) (2..) (~2. 2ft.)

X ) ~ 5" f

eemlt1fVCl4! steel

-Il..

beCtO#fes

9 X /0-' H7J
e

-:fr

-iT

(f-){-fz. k) 2-

R. -~

ThtlS)

2-,.

=0)

( /fpoo ..f.t)

-MctOY d~felul.s

-z; --

WIn,

V~2-

1-

~ (fc'ls)

..-(, = /, 03

fnct,ol1

pz..

eZ.(3).

(Eg. J'. 3'i' ))

MbI(J~.};ep

tttb/e.

/2-28

-IYt:>m

I/II/ue.5

t:il"e

ih{'
Cllf ~

71t/ell

)vf()()c/y

~~

/2.23

( Con'i)

cr (~:) CP{~j

f. 27;(Ib

If

~. ~ 20

'f

170

lfo

o.oatfl

go

b. /78

/Z{)

2.7fXIf!

~. OJ~7

/37

;60

o. z~7
(). Js7

3.71 x/~S

O.~J~1f

.2. Lf-2

zoo

6. if'fb

'/.'If(/~S" 1.0 I~l.

373

,). '-ft)

0.>35

s:Sf, i. lOs

F3L(-

-rh~5~ d~iL

(it"

.be / (n".)) ) an'" 1'h t!

Curve

it (It)

Re

tin d

1it t.

v.s. Q)

/.8'5>< lOS

(II"~

..fi"WI'4.t~

pump

~~/q3

~3.0

~.olJ?/

p/o/ted t/11 F;~. /2.12.. {reprodlA(t!~

A.-t 11te i" +-l'YSt'" ittJI1 of -the syskm

CUI' lie.

IS

/,)::: /S~ ~

IrJl 'n

'(

4.1: 11t~ f1pulr(J,~e. -!he. pllmp &,e~a.ie.s

6f Iton; wt:Juld A/pellY Ie ~~

nelfy

rype

1S-8 :J4/j/nld

ffDWY4i-~ Ii

t1t

,eAk. ef.f./~/~HC.7

7"04 C hD/~e

tC

"v l1e'lr th( doeS/red -f/tJ!Jyd(.

_______.___. . _w._... . ,. _____ . __________

~
------0--.11)--0 -----1I
~.

soo

::: 300

Bin. dia

10

10:

ID

t'f

:E

/Z.21

T
Determine the new flowrate for the system described
in Problem 12.23 if the pipe diameter is increased from 3 in. to
4 in. Is this pump still a good choice? Explain.

D = tf/tz. ft
y

(I/-o(!)a .ft.)

(t !-t)
y.::

c:p

4J

:::

A
$0

7tte

(Z)(~2.2 ~)

( 2 )

(Pt% )

(7f;J (,: ft)2-

Re{I'"~/d.s

==

1rP 7/

( .3)

bt't-/)1/1~5

n(Jl11wy

R. ::- ti?

if tP (ftJ/s)
(7T) ('lftz. .fi) ( 'I: f tID -b$)

~ (tf))
L}o

~. ~ 81/ I

go

~./78

12..0

P~b7

)b~

~f (/t:)

Re
t.'1S'x

Jb

if

~,0211

tI. I

(). /) Jtil.

1If; f

~.DI3j

:12..6

().3>7

J. 3'1 IDS
Z.()? xI{
2,.7 g X JUS

().p/79

S'S",

.2.e>e>

t;. Jf~

3. ttl X 1~5

~.()/7b

85';$

2'/-t>

~,S3S

/..f.n .KIps

O.oI7Lf

Iz,..

L8D
32 ()

~.b~if

'f. 87 .{ If/'

/),0172

1ft, Jf

(;.7/3

S,S'tx IDS

f).OJ7{)

:LJZ

1h<$~ d4ta..
t9 '1

<.

J. = 2.'1-5 xl/;' I [4'> (liJIs J]'

fA ..!.

i::j .0..)

(.t"

liS.

r;) tlr( pJo/le,( ~Jt Ii;.

"'Ike 1ro//~k)111J J~~))

the :5'1.5fel?1 t!. ",rile

2.

Il.. /2 (refl'oclwced

7h<t2. .,t1Wrdi-e ~i- 1he 1~l'sPc:h~rl ~f

/1t<? ;Dum, et!r lie
IJ

4HH

d;t II<

cp: 2S-S 1n:~

It.. LJ..{

--~

SOO

-8"'-1-,-,-'
1n. dla

'"

at

---1-:---"-'

:~-:g,-o --"--I"'l--"
: ID
IQ ..L It)

80

_~~-+i
--.-

,!

"T!~!---;...-

120
Cosp.xity, ,aI/min

i1t iJ fjtlW rab.

/p W (N ?'r%)/ 7ftIJ PII"'I

5/'; Ce.

, ' . I
----.. -~.... --1---

the.
i$"

110

P"l11f ef{/c)e~C.!7
/t"', ,e r- ec. /1o~d

12..-31

IS
C

t,J';'/~

hot'~ .

/2.25
12.2 S
A centrifugal pump having the characteristics shown
in Example 12.4 is used to pump water between two large open
tanks through 100 ft of 8-in.-diameter pipe. The pipeline contains 4 regular flanged 90 0 elbows, a check value, and a fully
open globe value. Assume the friction factor f = 0.02 for the
100-ft section of pipe. Other minor losses are negligible. If the
static head (difference in height of fluid surfaces in the two
tanks) is 30 ft, what is the expected flowrate? Do you think this
pump is a good choice? Explain.

j./P'p/IC4.+'~;'
ft;,;'tJ

(I) 411;(

(2.).J

jj +- ~2-

z..>

J'

r,th :. Iz.P

wJ111

tiJ1tA

-e"erj!:J .e.lua.-i,oh heiwt?el1 --!he +w()

o/' -/he

9/;"u
f'

'

==-0

[If (~,~)

L 4..L :-

1hof f'I1ll1~r-

With

/I'.I

-= v..2.. =~ )

-r

/D T

Joss C(H!.fflC~e~fJ

A-

GZ.

6 Y

1J,~

cz,;

be CtPml'.5

5't5ffl'11

1/= !E =
an~

:zz. - i = 3() f-I:)

Clnt!

'?
.Il t"- ~/~"

= -3D
C41'1

E 1. (/) bec.tJl!}pj

~p =- '30 -Ft. + ~
Can be e)('/Y.fSSfd as

heat{ loss term

The.

.)

(I)

-Iv

i: +-

lL

~.O2.

tZ)

(/~() It)]

(fz,

"Ut:llY1e,t

Fe)

fY~1h

cp (.f~h)

V 2L{.3Z.Z{!)

La /ole

.P, '3. A/so;

L!) ~ ft)2,12...

-t 2..0'

[~(ft%)J

b{' wr,lflJ1

AS

-/..-1' = :h) t- Ul- XJ~-5 [t?(~~

2-

( -3' )

The /;'.fpr5ecj.J()~ "I- -fhof!

s,!Stfm curve (E~. 3) bJJ~
1YIe tLlI1l p . ell rlle).as .ShO('uh
t:>1'7 th~

that

-f',lIre) If7c/J(4..feJ

~-=

/7'16 *"~
Since the e fl,c',eYlc,:/ 6t ih Jj
-fJOk)rafe

/;

nellY

80

,P"k

e f.fti. "el1c!J; ~s sh~wl1 f)n-tHe.

ff~t(Y'e -thiJ pump wfJ/lld b~

s(('H5~chl'ft .

20'

I
I

a-a

400

1/ 1716Jltm
-_-------------1-____ ._

----------------800
1200

Flowrate. gal/min

/2..-32.

1600

2000

2400

/2.).6
12.26
In a chemical processing plant a liquid is pumped
from an open tank through a O.I-m-diameter vertical pipe into
another open tank as shown in Fig. P 12.26(a). A valve is located
in the pipe, and the minor loss coefficient for the valve as a
function of the valve setting is shown in Fig. PI2.26 (b). The
pump head-capacity relationship is given by the equation ha =
52.0 - 1.01 X 103 Q2 with ha in meters when Q is in m 3 Is.
Assume the friction factor f = 0.02 for the pipe, and all minor
losses, except for the valve, are negligible. The fluid levels in
the two tanks can be assumed to remain constant. (a) Determine
the flowrate with the valve wide open. (b) Determine the required valve setting (percent open) to reduce the flowrate by
50%.

3m

....-____ J..

30m

40~----------------~

-___00-_-_-_-_-__ -__-_-_-_-_:--)

(~:::-::;:jo:-:--::-:::f-:-:-=:

(a)

,
! I

20

60

80

(Closed)

100
(Open)

Percent valve setting

(b)

t:?n'(

7h~

FIG U REP 12.26

111,'"/11

~:::-

11

/)

f'2,

=0 J

11::. If. =0

l-

-Ivf

he~4 iDs.s #f'm

vp/ Jlf

~)

fL

0fe",

J :::- 3~""'1

v=
Ef.r 3)

(2 )

V'

= (kL -t

i-

kJ. ~

(~/"'rt-'t r; 1" P /2.

/.0

D )

2-d-

I:p . (Z)
( 3/)"" ) ]

(j)

33nn + [I. /)

if = !3""

elll1

V 2.
/,;

2.

9/:;)

S~ tn",t t'.JJ1k

,,~ Ull'dr-f1f ~s
trH )

Z,f.il"j...

.3

(1'j! )

be'Ui1I~..s

~f--

bf?c..&:iI?1e.I'

LL

[ /. 0 of' ~. 02 (
d./;Hf)

1-

12 B 0 (J)

Mt I

A.5

1/,,4.1>::~ 1M( I

= 33/m +

r, .=- 33

= 33 mI + r

k eJlfy~.sJ~""

ell"

~z. -

tin If

f'

Is.. 0 ](i26) [

S; 78>( If) 3

12-33

(j!

rr (tttI%)] 2.

c:!l)) "

{ S"j

12.20

s/n(~

Ihe film; -tfIJ(ti,,,h ,.;

1" =
(/1'1'(

33

Er

St.

~ - /, ~( X (0 3[ Qf-r.3)J 2

~(/n

(6)

1 pa;ied

~
3

(J;)

I::D de/;erf}1l14~ 1He IJDUJrtLie. Thus,;

.:2..

-t 57 7 8 X'1f) tP = S"z. () fd::-

(I:.)

I. () I

X JD

2.

rm 3
&. t)SZf S

rf l;?e flow I"a-k ti if) be ctti 1;1 A~Jf :50

rf=- ~. ~ ;.-zr/z :: tJ. ~ 2 IPS" t11'/ 3h) -the. hel('/
b 11}?/.lJ
r

J,j

~? = 5'2. t> - I,f)/ X I~

3 (

~.P2~S ~

.3)

2.

S!).brm
Frpl'}1

Ft (If)
.5~. 6 m1

Prom

WIPt

XL

tlI1KI1[)WM

= d3r7 + (.kL +1..0 )(S2.b) (~, P2~S' ~J) 2.

;:.;,. 12. Z'i (b)

-tnt.

J/4/Y(

w()"JA

obi:tJln -In 11. IeL

/2-3'f

be

/3% ~'pel?

t:o

/2.2.7
A centrifugal pump having an impeller diameter of
I m is to be constructed so that it will supply a head rise of
200 m at a flowrate of 4.1 m3 / s of water when operating at a
speed of 1200 rpm. To study the characteristics of this pump,
a 1/5 scale, geometrically similar model operated at the same
speed is to be tested in the laboratory. Determine the required
model discharge and head rise. Assume both model and prototype operate with the same efficiency (and therefore the same
flow coefficient).

F;'w

~;m;Jllrl:';~

+/()W

the 1YJ~c/e/ flll11f Inllst t)J>fya"ie at thii'

~e.pflcie;,t .,) t?'1.
p /2.32. .) ..so thai:

St1l11e

(~3L : ( UJ~3)f
wheye

tJ,e SU;'~CYI;t

? roiot!:J,ce.

re-HrJ to The

(/'M)

fnodel

and

(p)

-k

-the

Th U5)

Q,

tV,

rm

?vmr =~

::.

(D,m)J ~
DI'

tv/'.J

(I)

'

b".,. / Of'::"

Yb)

(;)3 (if: ) ~ 3)

2l ( h~) 2.(~
$11?'f

df> = ;

"'h1 .)

Vp

tv.m:='

D,.

tJfJ) ])/m

/2-35

ll.",

l'

j)P:= YS".J t1 J1 II

-t.~ = ltJo In.l

/2.2.g

! 2.2S
Explain how Fig. 12.18 was constructed from t~st
data. Why is this use of specific speed important? Illustrate with
a specific example.

A variety of pump configurations like the ones shown in

Fig. 12.18 were tested over a range of flow rates.
Performance data like those shown in Fig. 12.17 were
acquired. For each pump configuration, the operation at
maximum efficiency was noted and the specific speed, N.s '
(Eq. 12.43) was calculated for that condition of flow.
These specific speed values calculated at maximum
efficiency operation were then used to distribute the
different pump configurations as shown in Fig. 12.18.
Specific speed is important because from desired design
operational data ( UJ , Q, and ha. ) a specific speed value can
be determined. With that value of specific speed and Fig.
12.18 the designer can decide what kind of pump
configuration to use for maximum efficiency operation.
F or example, at lower values of specific speed, a
centrifugal pump is generally best. At higher values of
specific speed, an axial-flow pump may be best. In between
values of specific speed may suggest that a mixed-flow
pump would serve most efficiently.

/1-36

12.29
Use the data given in Problem 12.15 and plot the
dimensionless coefficients CH , C<;ih 7J versus C Q for this pump.
Calculate a meaningful value of specific speed, discuss its usefulness, and compare the result with data of Fig. 12.18.
trPI11

P/"/)/:; /em

Q (jpm)

.(;, /I~td '"j

1h~

/Zf/'5

2-0

Jfo

bo

dllt.1L

tVef"e

80

~b-b/;'~d

.'

j~o

/20

lifo

~~ eft)

1Z.~

12.;

87. '7

t~.S"

77,3

69.S

59.S"

~ (010)

2.'17

YI.l

'ff.i

s7.S"

'I.

(.o.,/-

S2.L

/.S-8

22.7

7.... (, 7

2.1~'"

;,. )CJ

J./f9

If, () 0

PD/()er
Inpu.t(hp)

D= .J
Jz..

(/!~3 ~~)

- Z. 88 X /~

-s

Q ("

!t) ;'1-

(if ft.):?

m)

lAtA. = (32.2 ~) ~Ik{.ft)

eH = UJ}..Dl.

(/8'3.3 r:d)l(J~ k)2

= 1,70 X If3
C(J

1..

;L

(ft.)

WshAft. -- W~h6ft (hp) ( ~b~ ~:~; )

fUJ3 DS

(I.11f W:)(183J r;t!)2.~~~ftf

- /. qIf )(
/he dak
2..0
Lf

/53/
-If

3,1)7 Y-JO

217

4-

W.s hAft Chf)

botle .'
bO

?to

5. 76'(ID~.

)D-

-3

jO

lot')

/./SX I~

I. 73 ..(lb-3 1. 3~t)D-3

~.IS7t

~.Nf3

'f. 'foxJb
If]. 2-

-If

6.//f2J

J;J!i Ib- If s'7U J/)

'f9.1

57.7

( ~o" 't)
/z- 37

-~

1'10

I2-D

-.3

-,3

Z.~J>x J(;

3./fI.XID

o./3J 7

0.1/ gil-

().Jo/f

t. 77 i/O

?7~f Jo

/,0.'1

5"2.6

-s--

h.J1xf~

tJ.3

11.o3XIO-J

12.2-1

(COYJ't)

W (ff-)

(bJ.. (9f""')

[ha(ff) ] "'t

frrr

50

6/.3%

>a
IS'

In

wiftr,;'

F/J .

tA~

12 ./~

1;2.-38

12.3 0
A centrifugal pump provides a ftowrate of 500 gpm
when operating at 1750 rpm against a 200-ft head. Determine
the pump's ftowrate and developed head if the pump speed is
increased to 3500 rpm.

h>Y

I{np

tt

~ll/el1

~ii. /.J

ptfm p
"llIe n

the

efflci:

b!:J

E$s.

t:J/
/2.

t:t

iJ6

C-hl{n~e

4/11'(

/;-/

/2.37.

s~~d on

tp

ih/.t5)

cg 43. And

WI1J.t

tB

5"()OJpm/ ~

=-

;:; ... W.2..

Lv I

Lf'z - -

/(){)~

/J. fz.

/7~7) Y~mJ 4rlP'

/!')

1..(")

!ptn

Wz- l.

~IL =- z..~o ft.

I

goo

It

toz =-

3 S"P"

rfM) /

/757)

rpm)

SS"oo rpm I

(51) 0

.J1m

-JheJ1

/2.31

I
12.3/
A centrifugal pump with a 12-in.-diameter impeller
requires a power input of 60 hp when the fiowrate is 3200 gpm
against a 60-ft head. The impeller is changed to one with a lOin. diameter. Determine the expected flowrate, head, and input
power if the pump speed remains the same.

Ft>r Je(!)/)1e 'Y'/~a Ib SI ~//tll' PI.{ mp.s 6>,t::eva-t1l1' ai -!he same sfeeJ. 1ke
el-tec:/; of- tt CMnge In IInp:z//PY' d//fme-ter" J.] t:jJIIRJIJ };, ~Is. /Z..39)
12.'1-0 /

/2ft/

ThIlS,)
(j), -

tVL

=-

{j?z
Hpl'Y1

Eg.

I)..

= (!i;2. ) 3 9/

'fo

Ja../

D,
==

~azSo

thflt

WJ1"k

2-

1)2.]..

Jz.~/::: 6~ -f'i-

-Itt{'Z : :-

(!l
)2
'0,

t.~1

(If) ~ n. ) ~1-6 -Ii )

lZ J n

(b ~.

. tV 5hllfiz.

W~jI4ItJ

IV

.JhtJ#;z..

= fl. 7 f-t

::-

60 h p

::

(B-)
Sf,j
PI
.5h4i

/).. -J.f.[)

::- (/0/ ~
I z. Jn.

)!Iao hI') .: -

J. if.

JZ.lI_I)

np

12..32
12.3-2.
Do the head-ftowrate data shown in Fig. 12.12 appear
to follow the similarity laws as expressed by Eqs. 12.39 and
12.40? Explain.

f::i~. /2. /2

z/z"w ihe el+~c' 6f CAlIl1fJn,j

hetltl- ./Nt()tA-te Cht:ly~cie1"/~hC:s. A-ccord;d.f

Ih e dalA In
dlt-/mebr 6>/7
S/ff1J'JI/YI7fj

eA./YeSsfl'l

If/WS

tP, _
4J2.

TIt US J
~~

-!he

E3.

/Z. 3'1

"nd

1..5

In CY'etl:;e....s

-!he

(~t. 1l.3&J)

:,

jl1cyet1.s~d

ff&ffI

tiC C 6 rdlny

1:-0

c:P, __ (D;a )3 ~/

bJI? 10 7Ii?)

-to

1:tg. /2.. f-.o

,/),3

till/me t:ft

f/()WYI2-i:e

(f-~In
t(

4.5

by

Impel/~Y

=:

PI

~/h.

.f",.

-k

71n.

/2.3'1

tfS

(~.)
)~/
bJn.

t6 Jln.

= /.'>'1 cPt

no(

(frOJrt

t/n. if) !l I;'. )

5/';1/ /4rJ.J) fy"l11

E'j.

fl;p~ ~j~. ~v 7In.)

t:iI'I C(

(fr~m

61n.

to gin.)

7h 145 6,. 41'1J

!tt<.. =- l..S-D H
j

4ft/meter'
Ivl::- (8)

;/lIdl1

(S~e

IIn;e//Pfj
tvh eY'e.

l"ln i I .5t(c.h
h5. /~. JZ ~n

-!he

CR.

a()

(It) lJ here

"'1/OkJll1~ fa9~)

(/J =- IZ~ :I,m

~r

CtPrr-l'.spfPJ1r/Ir;,9 pr"etll,-+e/ POIJ1 i

= (;. S1 )

(/ 2

1 lun)

It = (;. 3b) (2S0 Ii)

'til.

( CO~~)

/2.-

tfj

-=-

4lfd

1htt. b-1n.
/,u"lA/P(

be

;2,

~2

~,/t)

40

80
Cotp.xily, &JUmin

/01'
W

IP

8-/n. 4tAfJ1ebr /11'}~e I/ey

1J,e

u t v(

at:

be

=(2..37)

(IZt!) Jptn)

fr,4 : (;. 78) (2- 5""() ft)

z.

P!9/;ifJ (13)

;:;~.

-/here 1:;,

)2./2.

#J!f)W
lJo~
CUrv~

0,6-/:(11 'n

/InA (C)

1/ze
.fh4. l5

the

fred(c-k~ jJo/;'i,J

-/he

::- 2-8lf- #-pm1

- 'ftfS-~-t

ih( 6Prre.sjJ()l'/dl n3 C!urlle.s

tI~m()/1strltt./l1,g -Ih~i. 1h~'1 do a.ppeAY
hI; near

~/';'I'J4rt't!:J

/lftvS.

law.s

inl115 Ja -6e t:I. 1::-0 the

he~d-,f/~tJr~~
~ rre5poJ1dln.!}

right

-k

17u

.fo

fe.5'
SI;"; ltlYl1-!1

ei CL~rd/l1!I

In

simp}:;

tin.

CltrJles

6'-1 n. dltfm'etfJr fWl11p 5 . I f /s cAetlv frfJJI11

1hu i j 1tr7er4//,!J ht?w -Ih(!. i'hrR ell,. lies

/2- 2.

The

6,-Irl. QI4rnef:eY'
tA.

p k)4 yoIJi -i.e

ivy ~
h'9- /2. / 2-

~ye

re LtL-beP(.

7-/V].

'ik,d;

t/{J1t:1

/2,33
A centrifugal pump has the performance characteristics of the pump with the 6-in.-diameter impeller described in
Fig. 12.12. What is the expected head gained if the speed of
this pump is reduced to 2800 rpm while maintaining a flowrate
equal to 200 gpm?

;:;'7.

Frpl'h

cp::

/2. / 2-

17~ :Jpt1

( See

1t,1II"t

e ff.lc../enC!1

Pr

~r

~-I;'. rlltll11ebr 1m/tiler

the

o/erlLt/~;7 ~I:- -!.;,-~O rjM1.)

hi...=- 230 Ii. wh(n f!);f".~iJnj J peak.. e ff/~ ,eHc:;

I;elow). Th U~) ,:f 17te ;lIm; /J st/I/ o;tY'/L-bd a.:t pt'ak:.
411;(

the

fA.) J -th

yeduted ~

SleeP{

Koo rpm

'1hfl1

-11"01+1

12.~~

( l?j.
c5 c> -ftt.a.A

~L
FrtJm

tt):z.

:-

tv,

23DO

d:f'tJo

rpm
rp'"'

)r./70.J!~)

I~b ! PI'trl

k~. J2.'S7

l~J
iii 2..so iktJ.. t

cPt

/2. if:;)

tv

2.

(l?t.

tvZ.1..

-it< :; (~2.
) ~f~I
W,
L

2.3~o rpm
=- ( gs{)O
rpm

y(2 (; h) .:
3

,-,- -,
-,-_OJ
I

O+--t--f--l--+.l"

00

lW

1~

200

C:lpxily. &.lUmin

12 -

13

2~

Ilt7

/2."37)

12.3Jf12.3'JIn a certain application a pump is required to deliver

5000 gpm against a 300-ft head when operating at 1200 rpm.
What type of pump would you recommend?

,t:;r

(f==

6?e CI "fIC

5'000

sred

3 ptn) ~,(..:: ~OO /-f.. I

dnd

tV

=-

J2C)O

rpm

1.5

UJ (rpm)

Yq? (Ipm)

[I~ (.ft.)) 3/,/(;2.&0

YSt;~ Ipm
(3 ~c It )31y-

I'Pfrl)

II g()

From Fij. 12. /t/ d 1h~ .:5!ec/ltc ~!.eed a. rtf.d/~J

fhcu pClm; (Cf'nfn1u9"/ !tI,I')1p) tu~tlJd P( rec.~()1meY1dfd.

/l.-/flf

the

12..35'

I
12.35

A certain axial-flow pump has a specific speed of

5.0. If the pump is expected to deliver 3000 gpm when
operating against a 15-ft head, at what speed (rpm) should the
pump be run?

Ns

tJ (Y'tldh)

reP (I-t%)

[~(kIs2) J/LL.ft:3

/'IWIth

(7.13 f/3) (bD ~t1 )

(S:o) [c?ZZ

Itjq

.s

)+eflce

I!fDD

rpm

;::)(I';-h~

3/'1-

/2,~~

I .
A certain pump is known to have a capacity of 3 m 3 I s
when operating at a speed of 60 radl s against a head of 20 m.
Based on the information in Fig. 12.18, would you recommend
a radial-flow, mixed-flow. or axial-flow pump?

Ivs =
.;;,,.

0 :. ~o

Y"n' /s)
Iv

.s

;t:i~.

t.;

Ycp ~o/S)

(Yilt/is)

&fm/s~) /,~ ?"'Jj3/cr

cp::- 3
( ~o

YA 4

Is ) d:!

/WI)

r. 8/ /s;
I'M

t1I1A

-the...

P" mp

'::

h) V3 ~31.s '

[ (UI ""Is ~)(2~ "" t/~

/2, /~

/2- '16

1..5

ZCJ"Wt

.1.2..37

f Open

12.37
Fuel oil (sp. wt = 48.0 lb/ft3 , viscosity = 2.0 X
10- 5 lbs/ft 2 ) is pumped through the piping system of Fig.

(Z)

-::B:'.;:.;:-:-~-::ar-:-:-:--:---~j

P12.3/with a velocity of 4.6 ft/s. The pressure 200 ft upstream

Exit

from the pump is 5 psi. Pipe losses downstream from the pump
are negligible, but minor losses are not (minor Joss coefficients
are given on the figure). (a) For a pipe diameter of 2 in. with a
relative roughness e/D = 0.001, determine the head that must
be added by the pump. (b) For a pump operating speed of 1750
rpm, what type of pump (radial-flow, mixed-flow, or axial-flow)
would you recommend for this application?

5 psi
:i:

rD = 2 in.

(l)

__ e

~r-{K...,..,'-

1.0)

-1

'r

v = 4.6 ft/s

1---200 It - - - 1

FIGURE

P12."3r

(I)

( 2.)
Z

Th e head Il!>ss ..t:erJ11

T--RL

=:

(3Z.. 2.~
,Sa.

CJ4n

[~
va/tI(

-+I.~-+

............

1.0
~

eJb()w

e';(' ~

/;

. ~ ft:.J ) (
( 1f6'
BZ. Z 1$
If. ~
JiJ-.

tln f)(

tv;fh

MUS.J

-t...L

elb = ~, /) 0/
=

13.

i,

-f ==
tlhd

~.~ Z'f
~

4)(az. t7../
(/)

~71;(/()'f

(/Jhrl hI_ ,j.z~) .

Ff.

(2.)

if::: 18. B -f-t

~= YIt =- ('It, ~ fT)~! ft)2 -=

or

hY

().It/o

rr = (~.I()~ f/3) (7 '/~ !It{ ) ~~,:,;,)

th/J

::1fecl'll c..

re C f!:)m 111 PI"? de d

.{;; yo

==

;)pf>etJ. a. radla/-flow
Pump w()uJd b~
-fh d 4.'p)JJ I ~J,() ~ (s~e;:;j.. / Z.I a) .

/2- 7

/23'1

12.39
The axial-now pump shown in Fig. 12.19 is designed
to move soon gal/min of water over a head rise of S ft of water. Estimate the motor power requirement and the VI VOl needed
to achieve this 1l0wrate on a continuous hasis. Comment on any
cautions associated with where the pump is placed vertically in
the pipe.

E,. /2.Z~

rrdJ1lf
IlYlti

hf!tJa Y/$e

fldWra1e, I"vtl/v~d. Thi$ i.r fJ,e WI;~i/'I'Ju~ P()wer Yejll/~etI '"

()clll~1Ie

f~ ~rlwWtaHce.

p ::

10

~ (jet file pDwe'l ef/l,'vltk",-I- -!rJ fhe.

7 (;(

hA.

e$n~Q-/~ fhe

~S~UI?I~ fJ,e

p(}VtkN

fhfl{f (1y "."fI'It,., {JdWev ~~ (/Y~,"e,.,f"

~f-h(;/en':Y

1':'1-0

fhe

~/etif/e".

fhe

pf

5 / J,f

~ t. If lap

--

So

12.- tf8

n~d h

(J{ skill! IH ~

;ump pe'1w1lf1~~ce s"e~i-hi.cI.

-?P'
(J."

CfMver.r;tJl'J

/Nt.

/7. 31

I(COn't

7ht m~lIi?

is" ~ tio

,h-/Ah pi'pl!.

fJ,t:,
C (J

ClZUI/on In plac/ny fJe,. pUPlf veY"h'c~/& I~

In

vi -1-4 -f,iln

$"0

a ~ay ~

In

pV4id

~1J//a(J.rt.. of' c.a V/*h~n

rAe pump. the.

pu 6/,le..J Ii, the pump e41!? -8'ryd~ pLlWI! 6/ael~ Ahtl ~I/,e~

wetted

JUf-k~S.

J,,e+WUJ'1

t-k #ef..

-Ihe ~n~.J

lip!,!!"

.J/'&r'c~ (I) tMtt:l-

e., uIl 'hm.1

,.!:S/f)

~ pu~p e)lt~n(-t! (2.) INe

qef
).

~
-P,.+
?f

;;''1

?.l.

- P.

'l.

f-

V, ;-2- -I,
1
L

1.9

50

').

.&.:: 3.
'I

~, -

?.,. -

"

'6

fD

and

of

/#11~/W,f}e.-

-y

hJ,.

w-e m/n/WI'le

~/-~J.' To ()'hie~

n,. it we place the /Jump h"" verh"utl't I~ /he, I;' itJ:G

P,,,e..

!hi! w,-II -k~uJ -h ~

ellV; /anfJ..",

,f" Ik
fh~

fumf

wk ic.IA

()(;GUrJ

kCl/YYle,

If:.S~

hif'" enllkjh

Wh~n

P,.

tlr4j11t

f1re

flw,id ..

12 - '19

Q1"1I1/tI"

aVA/a'

rdake1 ptesruYeJ

Jlo/lrP /,YeS,Itt."e

of

Il.Jf /
A Pelton wheel turbine is illustrated in Fig. PI2A!.
The radius to the line of action of the tangential reaction force
on each vane is I ft. Each vane deflects fluid by an angle of
135 0 as indicated. Assume all of the flow occurs in a horizontal
plane. Each of the four jets shown strikes a vane with a velocity
of 100 ftl s and a stream diameter of I in. The magnitude of
velocity of the jet remains constant along the vane surface.
(a) How much torque is required to hold the wheel stationary?
(b) How fast will the wheel rotate if shaft torque is negligible
and what practical situation is simulated by this condition?

T= n mrm
(a)

W/-!h

(u-V,)(J-cos~)

wheel staTionary

fhe

Tc:Jfti; rm

~ (I-c().S~)

FIGURE

where no:: If.

U-:::O so

where
~

I. OS7 .s~f~

Thvs, T= - 'I ( /.0.51 !~f.s) (J fl) (/oo1}) (I-cos

Ef (j)J whel) T=o.l the/}

Thvs,

V = CAJ rm = ~

01'

tv

:=

11..:::
r",

J3S0) '= - 722

fIlb

U=~

=-

/00!J.

/11

The ?/e- YO .Jvy~ ~ ca se- yep -reseYlis

~hq f+

(I)

fh4t

ni = pfJ V= (/ll'f :'~If) 1(1 FIt (/00 g.)

(b) FNm

P12.41

s ilvta-hb-n .

/;J.. -

so

100

raJ ( 60,S) (
S

=9SS rpm
c<

hn k..e Y"l

min

I rev

2.11'

rad

12.42
Consider the Pelton wheel turbine illustrated in Figs.
12.24, 12.25, 12.26, and 12.27. This kind of turbine is used to
drive the oscillating sprinkler shown in Video V 12.4. Explain
how this kind of sprinkler is started, and sUbsequently operated
at constant oscillating speed. What is the physical significance
of the zero torque condition with the Pelton wheel rotating?

As

795 bel4w

()n PIJ!t!

s-nIJwI

E<j.

12. >"0

,..; ~ (tJ -'1 )(1- (IJ~ t! )

of

"'4~{f wife. c~,,'j ~ /1 /J'y,u-r.

~.,{1' i~

Wh'fl n

jll~f. /lJHfey fj,al-1 Ik, yeSisf,', -hrrllfe rnJrI"rJ~d

f~~ ~1'1"nAJe r ~ The

f'e/~ Wheel

'lite o.fci//(rhol'l

#te fI'Y/nlcl~r.

df

t"tJ~hfm /)NtJ S-IYi)?HkAr

tvn.fJa"J

vtt/ue of 0-

also

AlI?d

YOfrJ:Ht-s IJntl e/YIVtf

A.f16v w~et!1

()scil'af/m b,9';'.1/

4"Y

a"'~ ~tl# Ttsul-h I~ ~

VAlue (){ h,

~h;

by

(J~~illa.-I;1n'I

IUVJ

#lit.!

YD!A!i",. 5"1'('&::/

~Y;or/.

IF tJt! fJ,a.ff Cl/HJ1~c,h';J ~ (Jlc;I/t:f~~ S,ylnWw

-h

ft,~ It /-Iw, w/'eel IJY~4h duY/'Y o)lUntf,;,." ~

fJ,~

~pY/~k./ey

wil)

OSlillQ

(t.tl It!

n,?

al1d fl,e,

R/~

wJ,erl I#i il ru" 4:1 l4~.r~f r~htf.,.,Y)

~jJ~"

~r'(/l17,j'j

-h

',--5/

= V,

12.43
A small Pelton wheel is used to power an oscillating
lawn sprinkler as shown in Video VU.4 and Fig. P12.43. The
arithmetic mean radius of the turbine is 1 in. and the exit angle of the blade is 135 degrees relative to the blade motion. Water is supplied through a single O.20-in. diameter nozzle at a
speed of 50 ft/s. Detennine the flowrate, the maximum torque
developed, and the maximum power developed by this turbine.

iI FIGURE P12.43

For the Pelion whee I .shown

II -]I. 2.V,_1Z(-O'')..!1..f')2.( o H)
I v, - If D,
I - trI;J.. T S '1:
Q-A
or

Q~

O.O/oq

.ff

!n

From F,9. II, Zl

&half == mrm ~ (I-co.rp)

0,;: 0.20 in.

V, :::50 f.l,~

max

and

~hQN

~@=13S~

= 0,2.5 mV/2..(1-C .5(1)

max

where

m:: eQ == /.9-1'- ~~ (o.OJOq If) '" 0.02 /)

_ 0.0211

=!:?S (I~ f.I)(5 0 fjl(t-c:os 1.35') == 0.150 :!v:;;ft

= 0, /50 fl, Ib

and

~haN :::

0, '-5 (0,02-1/

~:tM) (so 1}-/-( /- c os /3.5

m4>:

or:

~ha(f
max

:::: 22.

H.Jj,

.:s-

I
.5'So

hp

f!.:Jk. ::;

0, oif. 09 hp

..s

J2-S2

0
)

/2,JfLf
A water turbine wheel rotates at the rate of 100 rpm
in the direction shown in Fig. PI2.44. The inner radius, r2' of
the blade row is I ft, and the outer radius, r j , is 2 ft. The absolute
velocity vector at the turbine rotor entrance makes an angle of
20 with the tangential direction. The inlet blade angle is 60
relative to the tangential direction. The blade outlet angle is
120. The flow rate is 10 ft 3 /s. For the flow tangent to the rotor
blade surface at inlet and outlet, determine an appropriate constant blade height, b, and the corresponding power available at
the rotor shaft. Is the shaft power greater or less than the power
lost by the fluid? Explain.

ptMl&y- C/Alwlake-/
less Itta" Me rtJdweY

fhat #te .slr..ff

NDk.

b~/fM/)

W5nQ f f
l

.J

if

bl.l th~ -flu/ol bec~.J(! Jtlme- of

./
Section (1)
the- PQWW //).$ f- by 1t,c, 1/1A1~ is clJJe FIG U REP 12.44
h -flu /()( ~ 5haIJ. be4?'ln; /;;(;'17'oY)
While Ih(... Ye.Jf is ~f,~e.'I'ed()-f hu 5i,(JH ..
/OJf.

Section (2)

Q:::: 21T'/j b ~ cos 30(J where r; =: 10!f3 (mri" = 2 II

II/s()J w/lh w::Ooo!Y..
)(llfliA)(2.7l'rarJ)
--/0
'f7 rarl
milJ ~().S
rev
,
oS

;/ fo//ows that
U, == r; /));:: (2f1)(IO.Jf7 q!) : : 20,9
U2.::: r,. W=(J II) (10,117
/0. '17!

!/

f!l.) -:

From the Law 01 Sines (see (jovre):

or ~ :: 1/./2

b_
-

p.

T
c1

so

and

~'."'~2'oo
oJ "

fhal from Eq. fI)

_
lofj3

2.1l'r, k!,co.s50o -

':'

_2_()_,9_fj~_ _
Sin (90'-ZOtJ-300)

2.1T(2f1)(II,IZj.) C(}.f30(J

=0.0826

Also) Ve, : : ~-I- WI, sih30 20.9 +/1.1'2 sin,30' l: :2.6. #Ulshf4(' == pQ (02. V9 2. - U, Ve,) where Q :: :L1l'r2. b Wz
or ~ _
~
_
10 -3
tJ

::::

2,-

2.Tl'r~bco.s30(J

(I)

u,::: 2.0,9

if

o;]d
(1.)

CQs300

!i

Z7J(J11)(0.082.l>lf)cos30(J =22 . .2..r

~}.

From the L4W of Cosines (see fo/vre):

142.= (lO.1f7)2+(2.2..2.1"-2..(J0,lf7)(2.2.2)cos60() or ~ =lfl2!/

Thus) 142.::: IO.lf7 - 2.2.2. sin 30' -:: - 0, 63!) (lnd Fl(. (1J hecomes
WshQ(t ::(1,9~ -!~fS) (lofj3) [001 Jf7f1) (-0. 63

Uz.:: /0,'1 7

3d

fl.) -(.20.9 #)(;z.t.s )] : : - I. 08x 10'1 t!s:!9.

::: - /9.8 hp

1:2..- 53

12.1.f5
12. Lf5
A sketch of the arithmetic mean radius blade sections
of an axial-flow water turbine stage is shown in Fig. P12HS.
The rotor speed is 1500 rpm. (a) Sketch and label velocity triangles for the flow entering and leaving the rotor row. Use V for
absolute velocity, W for relative velocity, and U for blade velocity. Assume flow enters and leaves each blade row at the
blade angles shown. (b) Calculate the work per unit mass
delivered at the shaft.

--~

1500
rpm

. / fia. tV

Blade sections
at the arithmetic
~
mean radiUS

. /

45V

7450

FIG U REP 1 2 . '+5

(")
U.I = 'i tAl an d U.2::: r.zlJ} were
h
~.I = (15 00 .!!jt.)(J!!!j!!.)
raJ):: 157 ~
'"
min 60S (2""
rev
.s
so that wilh rm-=O's HI
t..v

V, =(0.5 H)(JS7 !~J) ~ 78.5!t

The inlei and extf velocdy irianq/e s

are as shown.
Nofe: U, -= 02 (same rodilJs)
and
J')

U2. :::78.5

~ -= W2. (from conT/fwdj efn.

(b) ~Qff = ~

1/,;2 - ~ l4, =V(v~n. - Vel)

rrom fhe fi9/Jres: ~ cos 70()

o/JrJ from Law of Sines

W,

0)

~ c ~s 'f,s0

78.s

sinJ..Oo - sin (70 0 -IfS tJ )

.1L.

so Tlla

f V. =

or

(63.S

#) C-f)S~sl1

cos 70

11

:::

Or

W,

/3/. 3 Ji.
. s

II

V9 ,=V;cos20 ::/ 23 $

AIso,;

Vel.::: V2.. - ~ sin~.5t1

= 78,~ f

- 63.51- sil'J'fS~= 33.~ 1/

Hence; from Eq. (I)

JUShafl:::

{t2.
=
702.0--:..
78,S Ji[ 33.,{ # - /2.3 i ]
s

/;2- S If

=63.S!l

j 2.46
An inward flow radial turbine (see Fig. P12.46) involves a nozzle angle, ai' of 60 and an inlet rotor tip speed,
VI' of 9 m/s. The ratio of rotor inlet to outlet diameters is 2.0.
The radial component of velocity remains constant at 6 m/s
through the rotor and the flow leaving the rotor at section (2) is
without angular momentum. (a) If the flowing fluid is water
and the stagnation pressure drop across the rotor is 110 kPa,
determine the loss of available energy across the rotor and the
efficiency involved. (b) If the flowing fluid is air and the static
pressure drop across the rotor is 0.07 kPa, determine the loss
of available energy across the rotor and the rotor efficiency.

U 1 = 9 m/s

( a)

loss =

so fhai

Ioss

--

Po J - jJfJ2.
~

.ld.shaH

preSSfJre
drop Qcross roi(' -=AI!s

qqq ~"S

( /I 0 x103-4'2.)

( 999

P12.4'-&

h
were POI-fo2. :: s+a9f'J41i on

3 N
I JOX/O m:l

FIGURE

- 0.8Lf9

.lj;3)

12- .53

'" . '-I'

( ot)

(Cd lI't )

IOSS = If) I f>- 1f)2.

-I- .J:sht.tll

were 101 - 'fn.. ;:: sra9lJa1Jon pressure aro!

aero.; S

alJd

floif)f' :: A

JP;h411 ;:: liz Vel. -"0 VOl:: - ~ 14, since Vel. ~O

ThIlS) ~hafl:: - (q q-)( /1-

'f cos .30

::: -

Q3,S

f.."l.

II/so)
.I:J

fJs

== II

-f,. +t p( V, 1:.. V~~)

=0.07 kPa + -}(i.23 ~)((f2

pi1- -(6'!'f) (
m

=(0.07 +O.066)AP4;:: O./3~'fkPr.f

T/Jus
loss

3N
1
O,/31'1-X/O;;;;. _ Q3. ::: /Z if ~

(1123 ~)

and

..d

93.S .s~

13PfR)
111~
(

1.23

O.8Lf3
==
=

.!J1s

J~-S6

'!fa)

10

Is

12,47
For an air turbine of a dentist's drill like the one
shown in Fig. E12.8 and Video VL!.5, calculate the average
blade speed asociated with a rotational speed of 350,000 rpm.
Estimate the air pressure needed to run this turbine.

1() esf,~.,.,,,/e, ..fhe..

air ,reI/lAiC I

p,,)

Ylt.ed~d ~

YUn

Mil

.Ju"'~;Yle ~ wt. esnMAk 1},a;! t1te nPJ?/e etif ve!oti,

;$ fJ.htnNi -Iw;c,o(..
VWnA ~

~'1~

At

IA!

ft,e, ~aI.t.

blAde

(JY

V = 2 U =

918

f'Vs

~1I>td.1~ MttcJ,.,. nu... 1..r I N) if ~;nrttlely

50 /

V _ '/8

IIOt)

f-Ih

wilt. C

f1~

~J'n~"k"loJ. fi~,.J l/fJliJ:.

J

(Vte (}.eJ
~

F,9 D. I

tN.. V~'uJ. 'f-

1$

.e.. --

d. /

/0 (I'1~

A.;

;v

f: ::: Z. -:::
'

ffJ

1~

~d

r. {ffrrl~'hlt/liJ -h M= d.13

I'd

/01'

(). J

7If/If) :::: .:;t7 fJi~

/2-57

12AS
A high-speed turbine used to power a dentist's drill
is shown in Video V L!.S and Fig. E 12.8. With the conditions
stated in Example 12.8, for every slug of air that passes through
the turbine there is 310,000 ft lb of energy available at the
shaft to drive the drill. One of the assumptions made to obtain
this numerical result is that the tangential component of the ahsolute velocity out of the rotor is zero. Suppose this assumption were not true (but all other parameter values remain the
same). Discuss how and why the value of 310,000 ft lb/slug
would change for these new conditions.

Ex~Je 12. I w(.

PYvw,

= -VVh f 1J~

W-,-,

$n~"'1-

fo

IN J, e,-1J"e",-

/;,~/.I

wfA41f

less ILwhl'nlJ
J

btl.

\/f/;/1

:&..

17~

cfwll0 no! 3WD ,/ fl,e JIr d~,e.J1dJ' ~

Vt'll..

/#4f1

be

$MIVIlle~

{1,4""

iJ Iht.

IH
()v'

{..4.(e.

fhe dl'Hc..:h~Y) IJ~ rD~~

I~.

If' /'/4. tie $ do

I~ E~~/G /2. r~

In.

,... -fJ,~ dl~c,-h;", If Ytlh:Ii""",1 !he !'If ~e

/es.! ,/ ~JIt" les! ww/c. iJ ex-!w.cferl

~ the, 1-{f/tN/~ 1lfA.-t',J. Jiu t the t:JPfJ~$;-Ie.;.$ /vt.L~
OVi

eG.~

(J.

hfJf

()Y'

f7/

ViJ)' i5

if

ha v-e.

wI.e '"
+h_~

f1.t.

if

blt4.cle

If

(,LAd r.s
fJ,~

tk

Ct4J-i.

wu,.,e ..;..""
I;'

'J

[X/l,IM,/(

1').-58

of tt,c fl..,; 0/

'2.3.

1250

12.5 a
A Pelton wheel has a diameter of 2 m and develops
500 kW when rotating 180 rpm. What is the average force of
the water against the blades? If the turbine is operating at maximum efficiency, determine the speed of the water jet from the
nozzle and the mass ftowrate.

VI.Sna
L

'"

Thvs
J

= T =f
(JJ

Fw or 500 x10 !!.;.!!J.

S

=(~In)
r(JeO~)(!
mi,,)(2.1l'rev
raJ)
~
m,n
60s

F= 26 too N
==J===

Also)
Wshatl :: pQ(J(U-~)(J-cos~)

Sf) fh41 af maxihllm efficiency

with ~::;/80o and V= ~ fhis qiVes

W.shaN ::; \or.>1.f:J..'" (- 2-V,)( 2.) == Q2. Vt2. = Zn1 ~{L

0)

BvIII

VJ

= 2 rJ =2 I 2.
Jl = fA.) D= (!80J:!f.
)(1.min) (311'
raJ) (.2.m) = 3 7 b !!!..
mJfl &o.s
rev
s

2. (SOOXlrf

~)

{37.6 ';')2.

- 707 Ns
tyJ

1~-5q

=707

kf/

/2.S I

12.5 I
Water for a Pelton wheel turbine flows from the headwater and through the penstock as shown in Fig. P12.'?I . The
effective friction factor for the penstock, control valves,and the
like is 0.032 and the diameter of the jet is 0.20 m. Determine
'the maximum power.output.
-

1
T

D=0.90m
I = 1020 m

~h4f1 = pQU(U-V,)(f-C;()S@) or for rnaxilTJ()m power ~::./80oJ

U::-!-

Thvs)

=- p'-f:l\' 2:'\1,2-

\:J

Wshaft

max.

0)

:z.

:l

'1

By! f!.{ + ~ u. '" Ii.j~ +Z, +f I> ~ where p. '" " '" OJ z. ~ Q7,s1'J'l,
&, ::::2.S011'J and Vo=-o
'7

Hence

fi +f l !j.2.

"2 () ;::

or
so

]X
tI-

z, +

where Il ~ ::: /I V

d/ V, = -i D2.V ThtIT_J is V=(rJ)2.

-d- ~

(0.2
m)2
0.9 m V;

('J)

== O. OJf9'f

V,
I

fhal '1- (2.) hecomes:

97Sm'" UOm +

or ~ ;:: /lif.3

2(f.~;)[1 +O.032( 1:~:;yo.o~9f]

where

~~f

t;-

lienee J
Q = II/V, ::: *(o.').hJtY//~3';) = 3.S~!f3

Thel'efore frofh '1' tlJ:

J

'NshQIf
max.

=-(q9?.&i.
)(3 st.!!t)
IfJs
I

oS

(11'1.3
2

iff)2 - 232 x/o6 !!:!!J. -:: 232.00 /rW

.
.s
=J===

I).. - 60

/2..5'2..

I
12.52.
Water to run a Pelton wheel is supplied by a penstock
of length e and diameter D with a friction factor f. If the only
losses associated with the flow in the penstock are due to pipe
friction, shown that the maximum power output of the turbine occurs when the nozzle diameter, D 1, is given by Dl =
D/(2fe/D)I/4,

WshaN = ptf U(u- ~) (J -Co~p) so the 1fJ4ximvIYI power ovlpui

w/lh ~:: /BO O and Tf = ~. TlJvs,

WshClN :::::

OCC()Y'.s

l-{2.

per i:

(0)

where

(J)

D,

~------

(I)

(2.) (3)
~

12--6/

/2.53

I
12.53
A Pelton wheel is supplied with water from a lake at
an elevation H above the turbine. The penstock that supplies
diameter D, and friction
the water to the wheel is of length
factor f. Minor losses are negligible. Show that the power developed by the turbine is maximum when the velocity head at
the nozzle exit is 2H/3. Note: The result of Problem 12.52 may
be of use.

e,

(0)

~D
J

fI

(I)

_ 3

~2.

ij.

or
\1,2

2.1-

= til
--

/2 -62.

12.5'1

J
12. {;J./.
If there is negligible friction along the blades of a
Pelton wheel, the relative speed remains constant as the fluid
flows across the blades, and the maximum power output occurs
when the blade speed is one-half the jet speed (see Eq. 12.52).
Consider the case where friction is not negligible and the relative speed leaving the blade is some fraction, c, of the relative
speed entering the blade. That is, W2 = cW I Show that Eq.
12.52 is valid for this case also.

The inler and otJiJef veJoc/fy

frianq/e.s tire as shown.

inlef

Thlls)
VOl

= l0 and

V62 ==

oullef

U + W:z. cos ~

bvt W,,==cW', :::c(v,-V)

So

fhat

V8~: r;+c(~-u)c()S(1

Therefore J
WslJatt ::: til

u[ u+ c("" - U) co.s~ - v,] ::: m[U( I-c cosp) - V, (I-c

==

For

maXilll{)hI lJowefJ

s h411
dW
(1 U

m(/-cc~~)[2U-~];:;O

()r

::" 0

m(/- c co.s~)[u2._ lJ~]

rJr

u==-:

/2-- 63

CIS

~)]

12.

.;1
12. SS

A hydraulic turbine operating at 180 rpm with a head

of \ 70 feet develops 20,000 horsepower. Estimate the power

and speed if the turbine were to operate under a head 0(100 ft.

ru, =180rl'''' ho
J

hr:z.

= /701/ ,
= / 170 II

!ls.s/Jllle fhe efliciellcy remQillS cons/ani;

So wifh D, = D.. and ~ =v .. ;
170
(/80)"'-

100

all- or

aJ:z.= Z3't q'"

IIssume Ihe SQ"'e powercoefficie#:

so wiih D, =D. and fl '" f.:

2~ 000

(t BOr
11. .56

WShg/i.
(23'f)'

or

lIt.h.fl2

'f~ '{oo hI'

'-----

1-

..../

~~ 1)~

12. 56 Drafl tubes as shown in Fig. PI2.% are oflC:n installed at the ex it of Kaplan and Francis turbines. Explain why
such draft tubes are advantageous.

'@7

t1 .'

:~:f;W/

,)

rc

\:;:

">on I,,,,

",\r,.,;w.,

c~~222a

FIGURE

P12 .5t

i;J,1ho.n +he dra/f lobe there Ulollid be a relative/y 1ii9h steed. exd jel
( speed V, J f"Bssure 111=0). Wdh Me draff ItJj,e (which at;fs as a
ddfwer ) the nif .rpee" is "'''vh smaller (I{,"O,/,1<#0). FrOI11 Bernou/k
e?Jl4/10!J ,y Mlows fhal fJ, <0 (wdh ihe draN Me). lienee fheN is a
Joryef head OII41/a6/e fo fbe fJll'bine. "ore ellcf'?! can be removed
fro", fhe Iluid.

12.57 Turbines are to be designed to develop 30,000 horsepower while operating under a head of 70 ft and an angular
velocity of 60 rpm. What type of turbines is best suited for this
purpose? Estimate the ftowrate needed.

IJ. - 65

1.2.53

12.SS
Show how you would estimate the relations~ip ~e:
tween feature size and power production for a wmd turbine !Jke
the one shown in Video V 12. 1.

+h~ ve/a-honrh'f k:lwtev, kluy(' $'3e Pi'll! f()wer--'

p'r'rIdAAcfio", f'w t; vv/".,d ~.,b/ ~~ wt. u.$-e +he d;~YlJ;".."IeIJ
pi 1eYWf! dl
1229 &tNvJ 1230 whh,t, ate. ~"/;CAbk ft.".
ft, iIi'" u'" flus; ble flow. F(". {,";,/a(" .furl>:I'Itf a~'" '~A-h', (A 4; -I;",,)

10

(!sf/lh1l1tic

Err.

-w:J Dr
WfhfJff

~I

--

WS-haf-f 2-

Ds-

f'L ~

J.

()/&Ad

qha~

(#"p1I
I
5i~cL

q hA1..

~01

il =!'~

co

Wr4qfll

71JV11-W"

w<- um1/' ivae

Po"'"

l.

tJy

....

ha I = hal..

~~4If

)..

wlJ D).

VAY/~J

P,

pl2-

w;/i,

~,,-~"e

/2 - 66

{11~

sflAMtd .

ref

!2.~C[

I
12. 5'1 Water at 400 psi is available to operate a turbine at
1750 rpm. What type of turbine would you suggest to use if the
turbine should have an output of approximately 200 hp?

/1501[2iO'

:: If. 86

( Q2-3)S/I{-

wh ic h /s in fh e ralJr e

approprtale for an impulse

ftlfhine.

/;;'-67

/260 I
12.6~)
What do you think are the major unresolved nuid dynamics problems for gas turbine engines?

5~ ,n~qo/ (.YIrero!ve,) Fluid mect,QT1icr !'#.bI_ J

..ftv.

Jf Iw.Th/~~

enJ1;'e.f

In cluk.-

I.

ct)mpY~.!.JtJY st-ahi 1/) pwd,'c.:j,~ a~'" ~ I

2.

-Pa.-n

anGl

C8W1fJY'tSS~ bla4-e al?d 4J,r1:...

vi6 y,a -b'trn J

J.

n();Je - - .rnf and 6tlck.. ent/J'

If.

sea /

s:

hij ),
of

/ eaM ge
prffJU re

-fluJd

./u d:7) ~ eM hj (c ifh?h,"",a';';'"

}?It ~C~~CI
~ kI ~s,,,)

?.. ftJ//l(-/ttni ~i.r.lIPn.J

mlU hII. ",'cf

'7.

h/fh w

()A-101

(r

Ctm? bu f

pyn

b/YM.-n~ 01

~~ cJ, ~/.r-fo!l )

bl"pfe 10M, f"~J,,,,,,f

.fluid

12.6Jf The device shown in Fig. PI2.fif-is used to investigate the power produced by a Pelton wheel turbine. Water supplied al a constant flowrate issues from a nozzle and strikes the
turbine buckets as indicated. The angular velocity, w, o f the
turbine wheel is varied by adj usting the tension on the Prony
brake spring. thereby varying the torque, T'''-fl' applied to the
output shaft. Th is torque can be determined from the measured
force, R, needed to keep the brake arm stationary as T"'./\ =
Fe. where e is the moment arm of the brake force .
Experimentally detcnnined values of wand R are shown
in the following table. Use these results to plot a graph o f torque
as a function of the angular velocity. On another graph plot
the power output, Wollafl = TollaR w. as a funct ion of the angular
velocity. On each of these graphs plot the theoretical curves for
this turbine. assuming 100 percent efficiency.
Compare the experimental and theoretical results and discuss some possible reasons for any differences between them.

FIG U REP 1 2. fo/f

w (rpm)

R (Ib)

2.47
1.91

360
450

1.84
1.69
1.55
1.17

600
700

940
1120

0.89

1480

0.16

(Q)EXflerimenlal: T- Rl =(O.sfl) R or T= o.sR rUb, where R-/h

rai)
rev) (.1m!/!.)
(1;JI'rev
and Wsilo" -- r W T ( l<i mn.
6 os
;<

Or

W&h.f/ '"

Valves of

W, TJ

rhr((J-V)(I-('ls~)

Ji'

- O. 5'12 ~
- 53 7 11
- Zl(o.'IJ ,\2. S
'I

m= pf=
HeflC8,

TW H;'J, , wheN T-fllb, W~f'pHl

and ~h.rl are 9iVefl ill fh faDle and ,!/'aIA below.

Te

(bJ Thelrldico/:
Q
V.,-- 7r,

0./01/1

Jj;' f'I;

11

where I1ssvll18 ~=180',

fld

lJ= 0./05 sips

(1.9'f S71/)(o.SJf:J. f

wdh U=wg e(;'..ff)(!~:;'(,J ~oi) =0.OU2W#, (J}-rpll1

T= (0. /05 S~"9f)(F.:fI)[O.OU2W -53.7]

or

T =

1.'11 ['f,88XI0 '"

-I]

rI//;,

where "'~rprn

(con 'I)
12-6q

(3)

J2,6lf

(crJII11)

IIlso)

~hQfl =

T(~f (I)) ::: O. lOll- 7 T

T tJ) =

tJ)

t~:Jj ) where T,., fl-Ib, o;-I',jt

Values of T and Ufhalf frtJdJ rs. (3) and (fl.) are ploiled if) fhe 9r4/);
helrJw~

e~periment
T ) fl.1 b W.,LJI
:1;J!
Snarr)
s

1.235

360

0.9S.5

l/-5o

o/ltO

.36.0
'13.3

600
700

O.8'fS
O. 77.5

9Jf(J

Iheory .
-7: F//b -~h4If

l.lI-l
/./6

1/-.3.8
5/.g
62..6

/./00

0.595

53.1
.5 6. 8
57.6

o.QQ7
0.92.8
0.763

1/20

O.I/IIS

52.2.

O.63Q

75./
7S.0

IJfBO

0.080

12.'1-

0.392-

60.7

68.0

80

1.6

WshoU

J.~

H.Jh

/.2-

--~

60

"'
JC

1.0

D.S

0,6

experiment
~
Jl.Q

"

"
2.0

0.40.2-

/000

w, rpm

/'2- 70

2000

~
.s

APPENDIX A
Listing of Standard Programs

It -/

EXPFIT.BAS

100 cls
110 print "***************************************************11
120 print ,,** This program determines the least squares fit **"
130 print "** for a function of the form y = a * e ~ b*x
**"
1'*0 print "***************************************************"
150 dim x(101l,y(101l,logy(101l,ybar(101l
160 print
170 input "Number of points: ",n
180 print "Input X, yl1
190 for i=l to n
200 input x(il,y(il
210logy(il=log(y(ill
220 next i
230 sx=O
250 sy=O
260 sxy=O
270 sxsq=O
280 for i=l to n
290 sx=sx+x(il
300 sy=sy+logy(il
310 sxy=sxy+x(i)*logy(i)
320 sxsq=sxsq+x(il~2
330 next i
3'*0 loga=(sxsq*sy-sxy*sx)/(n*sxsq-sx~2l
350 b=(n*sxy-sx*syl/(n*sxsq-sx~2l
360 a=exp(logal
370 print
380 print using "a = +*.*~Ht~~~~II;a
390 print using "b = +jt.***~~~~II;b
'*00 print
'*10 print"
X
Y
Y(predictedl"
420 for i=l to n
430 ybar(il=a*exp(b*x(ill
'*40 print using "+#.####~~~~ +*.*###~~~~ +#.####~~~~II;x(il,y(il,ybar(i)
lj,.50 next i

A-2.

LINREG l.BAS

5 cis
10 print "***************************************************"
20 print "** This program determines the least squares fit **"
30 print "** for a fun c tion of the form y::;: b .. x
**"
~O print "***************************************************"
4.5 print
50 dim x ( 1011,y(lOl),ybar(101)
60 input "Number of points : " ,n
70 print "Input X, yll
80 for i"'1 to n
90 input x (ll ,yCi )
100 next i
110 5XY=O
12 0 5x3Q=O
130 for i=1 to n
14.0 5 Xy= s xy+x(il*y(il

150
160
170
180
190

sxsq=sxsq+x(i)~2

next i
b=sxy /s xSq

print

print using "b ::;:

200 print
2 10 print 11
X

+* ....

220 for i"'1 to n

230 ybar(l ):b*x{i )
2lj.Q print using " + . U
250 next i

~~ A A

Y
A
---

..

;b
Y ( predicted)tl

+ . UU" """

A-3

+1t.UU .. _ .... ";x(il.y(il.ybar{il

LINREG2.BAS

5 cis
10 print "***************************************************"
20 print "** This program determines the least squares fit **"
30 print "** for a function of the form y = a + b * X
**"
~O print 1'***************************************************"
50 dim x(101).y(101),ybar(101)
55 print
60 input "Number of points: ",n
70 print "Input X. Y"
80 for i=l to n
90 input x(i),y(il
100 next i
101 sx=O
102 sy=O
110 sxy=O
120 sxsq=O
130 for i=l to n
131 sx=sx+x(i)
132 sy=sy+y(i)
1~0 sxy=sxy+x(i)*y(i)
150 sxsq=sxsq+X(i)A2
160 next i
A
161 a=(sxsq*sy-sxy*sx)/(n*sxsq-sx
2)
A
170 b=(n*sxy-sx*sy)/(n*sxsq-sx 2)
180 print
190 print using "a = +*.***AAAA";a
200 print using "b = +i.i*iAAAA";b
210 print
220 print"
X
Y
Y(predicted)"
230 for i=l to n
2~0 ybar(i)=a+b*x(i)
250 print using "+~Lii**AAAA +~L****AAAA +*.i***AAAA";x(i) ,y(i) ,ybar(i)
260 next i

A-If

POLREG.BAS"

100
110
120
13 0

cIs
print "***************************************************"
print "** This program detennines the least squares fit **"
print 11 ** for any o rder polynomial of the form:
**"
l~O print "**
y :: dO + d1*x + d2*x"2 + d3*x"3 + . .
**"
150 print 11***************************************************"
160 print
170 dim b(21),d(211,s(21),x(lOll,y(lOl),f(101)
180 dim errf(101),pj( 1 01),pjml{lOll,ybar(101)
200 input "Enter number of terms in the polynomial: ",nterms
210 input "Enter number of data points: ",npoint
22 0 print:print "Enter data points (X Y)"
230 for i:1 to npoint
2~O input x { i ) ,y(i )

250 d(i)=Q
260 f(i)"'y{i)
270 next i
280

print

290 print "The coefficients of the polynomial are:"

300
310
320
330
3lj.0
350
36 0
370
380
390
400
410
42 0
430
440
450
460
470
480
490

for i=1 to npoint

f(i)=f(i)-d(nterms+1)*x(i)~(nterms)

next i
for j=l to nterms
b( j)=O
d(j )=0
s{j)=O
next j
C(1)=0
for i=l to npoint
d(1)=d(1)+f(il
b(11=b(1)+x{i)
s(1)=s(1)+1
next i
d(1 ) =d(1)/s (1)
for i=l to npoint
errf(i)mf(i)-d(l)
next i
if nterms=l then goto 750
b(ll=b(l)/s(l)

,f-s

(con't )
POLREG.BAsa

500
510
520
530
5~0

550
560
570
580
590
600
610
620
630
6~0

650
660
670
680
690
700
710
720
730
7~0

750
760
770
780
790
800
810
820

for i=l to npoint

pjm1(i)=1
pj(i)=x(i)-b(l)
next i
for j=2 to nterms
for i=l to npoint
p=pj(i)
d(j)=d(j)+errf(i)*p
p=p*pj(i)
b(j)=b(j)+x(i)*p
s(j)=s(j)+p
next i
d(j )=d(j )/s(j)
for i=l to npoint
errf(i)=errf(i)-d(j)*p(i)
next i
if j=nterms then goto 750
b(j)=b(j)/s(j)
c(j)=s(j)/s(j-1)
for i=l to npoint
p=pj(i)
pj(i)=(x(i)-b(j*pj(i)-c(j)*pjm1(i)
pjm1(i)=p
next i
next j
print using "d# ::: +#.####AAAA";nterms-1,d(nterms)
nterms=nterms-1
if nterms)O then goto 300
print
print II
X
Y
Y(predicted)"
for i=l to npoint
print using "+#.####AAAA +#.##1t#AAAA +4L####A~AA";x(i),y(i),y(i)-errf(i)
next i

aThis program is based on an algorithm described in Conte, S.D. and de Boor,

C., Elementary Numerical Analysis: An Algorithmic Approach, 3rd Ed., McGrawHill, New York, 1981, p. 2.59.
'

POWER1.BAS

5 cls
10 print "***************************************************11
20 print "** This program determines the least squares fit **"
30 print "** for a function of the form y = a * x h b
**"
4.0 print "***************************************************"
50 dim x(101),y(101),logx(101),logy(101),ybar(101)
55 print
60 input IINurnber of points: ",n
70 print:print "Input X, Y"
80 for i=l to n
90 input x(i),y(i)
98logx(i)=log(x(i))
99 logy(i)=log(y(i
100 next i
101 sx=O
102 sy=O
110 sxy=O
120 sxsq=O
130 for i=l to n
131 sx=sx+logx(i)
132 sy=sy+logy(i)
14.0 sxy=sxy+logx(i)*logy(i)
150 sxsq=sxsq+logx(i)h2
160 next i
161 loga=(sxsq*sy-sxy*sx)/(n*sxsq-sx h 2)
170 b=(n*sxy-sx*sy)/(n*sxsq-sx h 2)
175 a=exp (loga)
180 print
190 print using lIa = +#.###hhhAllja
200 print using lib = +#.###hhhhll;b
210 print
11
220 print
Y(predicted)II
X
Y
230 for i=l to n
2~O ybar(i)=a*x(i)-b
250 print using 1I+#.####hhh- +#.####_h_h + # # # # # h h h h " j X ( i ) , y ( i ) ,ybar ( i )
260 next i

SIMPSON. BAS

100 cls
110 print "*",,,,,,,,,,*,,,,,,*,,,,,,,,,,,,** *,,,,,,*,,,**,,,,,,,,,**,,,,,,,,,,,,***********,,,,,,***"

120 print It** This program performs numerical inte gratio n **"
130 print ,,** over a set of an odd number of equally
**"
1t..0 print "** spaced po ints using Simpson I s Rule
"'."
150 print 11.**************.******",***********************",*."

16 0 print
170 dim x{101J,y(lOll
180 input "Enter number of data points:

", n

190 print "Enter data po ints (X Y)"

200 for i 1 to n
3

210 input x (il, y (i)

220 next i
23 0 h : (x(nl-x ( l )/( n - l)
24 0 5"'0
250 for i=2 to 0-1 step 2
260 sEs+4*y(i)+2*y ( i+ll
2 7 0 next i
28 0 intgrl:h/3*(s+y(1)-y ( n
290 print

300 print using "The approximate val ue o f the integral is: +*.UU ........ ";intgrl

TRAPEZO I.BA S

100 c ls
110 print

"*****************************************************"

120 print "** This program performs numerical integration

**"
130 print u** over a set of points using the Trapezoidal Rule **"
litO print u**** *******.*******************.*******************"
150 print
160 dim x(lOl),y(lOl)
170 input "Enter number of data points: ",n
180 print "Enter data points (X , y)"
190 for i=1 to n
200 input x(i),y(i)
210 next i
23 0 intgrl=O
2 ~ 0 for isl to n-l
250 intgrl=intgrl+O .5* (x(i+l' - x ( i)*(y(i ) +y(i+l
2 60 next i
280 print
290 print using "The approximate value of the integral is: + . - -- - ";intgrl

A- -8

CO LEBROO.BAS

100 cIs
110 print

120
130
140
150

,,*.*** *** ****.* ****.**.* * *.************* ****.11

print "** This program determines the fri ction factor. f. for **"
print "** pipe floW' for the case of laminar or turbulent flow ."
print "*'* (solving iteratively Colebrook's equation), given
*. "
print "** the Reynolds number and the relative roughness of
**"

160 print ".* the pipe

**"
17 0 print "* **
*.********.***.*.*.*.**** ****.****.****** *"
180 print
190 input "Enter Reyn olds number, Re = tItre

**

200 f"6/j./re
210 if re < 2100 then goto 260
220 input IIEnter relative roughness, rr = ". rr
230 fp f
240 f~1/(-2.0*log(rr/3.7+2.5 1 /(re*fp~.S)l/log(lOA2
250 if abs(l-f/pO.OOl then g o te 230

260 print
270 print us ing "The friction factor is f

;0

+1t . UAA ...... ";f

CUB IC.BAS

100
110
120
130
l(,j. O
150
160
170
18 0
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
3(,j.0
350
360
370

cIs
print
print
print
print
print
input
input
input

"******************* ***************************************"
It ** This prosram determines the real roots of a
**"
"** c ubic equation of the form x 3 + a*x " 2 + b*x + c '" 0 **"
"************"'**"'*"' ****************************************"
A

"
"
"

a ",a
b " b
c " ,c

'Check if the equation h as complex roots

p"'(3*b-a'"'2)/3
q={2*a A3-9*a*b+27*cl/27
if q'"'2/(,j.+p"3/27{=0 then go to 250
print:print "The equation has complex root s ll:stop
xO= - a/3+2/3 *( a"'2-3*bl"0 . 5
for i=1 to 20
x1~(2*xO "' 3+a*xO "' 2-cl/( 3*xO"'2+2*a*x O +b )

if abs (x1 / xO-1 )<0 .0001 then goto 310

xO "'x1
next i
rn"'a+x1
n=b+a*x1+x1"'2
x2 z ( -m+(m ... 2-(,j.*n) ... . 5)/2
x3 -( -m -( m... 2-(,j.*n) ... . S )/ 2
print
print "The roots of the cubic e quation are:"
pri n t using "x1::: +*.UU ... ...... ... x2 .. +It . tUI
x3=+It . U, ........... ";xl.x2,x3
A

.......

'-

~o o

110
120
130
1'0
150
160

CLS

PRINT "**********************************************************"
PRINT ,,** This program computes the one-d imensiona l Fanno or *:*,.
PRINT

PRINT
PRINT

"** Rayleigh flow functions f or a gas with constant

**"
"** s pecific heat and molec ular weight. (NOTE: k > 1 ) **"
"**********************************************************"

170 ' Fann o flow f unctio ns

180 DEF FNFTTSTAR (K, MAl = (K + 1*) / (2* + (K - 11 )
190 DEF FNFVVSTAR (K. MAl = SQR(FNFTTSTAR(K. MA l * MA

200 DEF FNFPPSTAR (K. MAl

I MA
220 DEF FNFLD (K. MA) = (11
K. MAl ~ 2) I (2 *
K)
230
~)))

2 ~O

260
270
280
290

MA

2) /

' Rayleigh flow functi o ns

DEF
DEF
DEF
DEF

FNRPPA (K, MAl =

FNRTTA {K, MA l :
FNRVVA (K, MAl =
FNRTOTOA (K. MA l

+ UI

1* + (K - 11 )

(K

3 10
320
330
300
350
360
310
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
45 0
460
410
480
490
500
510
520
530

MA

MA

MA
2)

K + 111 / (21

2)

2 /

2) + (K + 1.)

(2*

(K - 1

* LOG (FNFVVSTAR(

2*

( 11 + K) / (1# + K * MA 2)
(FNRPPA(K. MAl * MAl
2
FNRPPA(K. MAl * MA ~ 2
= 2* * FNRPPA(K, MA l
2 * MA

300 DEF FNRPOPOA (K, MA l = FNRPPA(K, MAl

I ( K - U) )

SQR (FNFTTSTAR{K. MA l) / MA

210 DEF FNFPOPOSTAR (K , MA l : ( 1* / FNFTTSTAR (K, MA l)

250 DEF FNRTMP (K. MA l

FNRTMP(K. MA ) /

FNRTMP(K, MAl / (K + 111)

, Get functions desired

LOCATE 8 : PRINT ItProgram options 11
LOCATE 9: PRINT" (1 ) Fanno flow cal c ul a tions"
LOCATE 10: PRINT" (2 ) Rayleigh f lo"," calcul ations"
r,.OCATE 11: INPUT "Enter the number of the option desired: ". OPT
IF (OPT <> 11 AND (OPT <> 2) THEN LOCATE 11: PRINT SPACE$(79): GOTO 360
'-- - Disp lay banner specif ing which fl ow calcul ation is being performed
CLS

= 2 GOTO "80
PRINT 11**********************************************************"
PRINT "** Computing the one-dimensional Fanno fl ow functions **"
PRINT u** for a gas with constant specific heat and molecular **11
PRINT It** weight. (NOTE: k > 1)
** "
PRINT "**********************************************************"
GOTO S,.,O
PRINT It*************************************************************"
PRINT "** Computing the one-dimensional Rayleigh flow functi ons **"
PRINT "** for a gas with constant s pecific heat and molecular
**"
PRINT "** weight. (NOTE: k > 1)
**"
PRINT "* **** ********** ***** ": ************ ******** ********************"
IF OPT

5~O '--- Get the user specified specific heat rati o

550 LOCATE 7: INPUT "Enter the specific heat ratio. (k

(cont)

>

1 ): "

(K

(K

(Cf!)/')Z)

560
570
580
590
600
610
620
630
6~0

IF K (= 1 THEN GOTO 550

LOCATE 7: PRINT SPACE$(79): LOCATE 7
PRINT USING "The specific heat ratio is k=##.###"; K
I

Get Mach number to solve for

FOR I = 8 TO 16: PRINT SPACE$(79): NEXT I
LOCATE 16: PRINT SPACE$(79): LOCATE 16
INPUT "Enter a Mach number to solve for (999 to quit): ", MA
IF MA = 999 THEN END
IF MA > 0 AND OPT = 2 THEN GOTO 710
IF MA > 0 AND OPT = 1 THEN GOTO 830
LOCATE 9: FOR I = 1 TO 6: PRINT SPACE$(79): NEXT I: LOCATE 1~
PRINT "Valid Mach number range: Ma > 0"
GOTO 620
I

650
660
.670
680
690
700 I
710 I Solve Rayleigh flow functions for specified k and Ma
720 LOCATE 9: FOR I = 1 TO 6: PRINT SPACE$(79): NEXT I: LOCATE 9
730 PRINT USING"
Ma
#.####~~~~"; MA
7~0 PRINT USING"
P/Pa = #.####~~~~"i FNRPPA(K, MA)
750 PRINT USING" T/Ta = #.####~~~~II; FNRTTA(K, MA)
760 PRINT USING" VIVa = #.####~A~A"; FNRVVA(K, MA)
770 PRINT USING "To/Toa = #.####~~~~II; FNRTOTOA(K, MA)
780 PRINT USING "Po/Poa = #.fi:fi:#fi:~~~~II; FNRPOPOA(K, MA)
790 I
800 I Loop back for another Mach number
810 GOTO 620
820 I
830 1 Solve Fanno flow functions for specified k and Ma
8~0 LOCATE 9: FOR I = 1 TO 6: PRINT SPACE$(79): NEXT I: LOCATE 9
850 PRINT USING"
Ma = #.####~~~AII; MA
860 PRINT
"f(l*-l)/D = ";
865 PRINT USING "#.####~~~~"; FNFLD(K, MA)
870 PRINT
"
T/T* = ";
875 PRINT USING "*.###*~~~~II; FNFTTSTAR(K, MA)
880 PRINT
II
V/V* = ";
885 PRINT USING "fi:.fi:###~~~~"; FNFVVSTAR(K, MA)
890 PRINT
II
P/P* = ";
895 PRINT USING "#.####~~~~II; FNFPPSTAR(K, MA)
900 PRINT
II
Po/Po,* = ";
905 PRINT USING "#.###*~~~~"; FNFPOPOSTAR(K, MA)
910 PRINT
920 '
930 I Loop back for another "Mach number
9il-0 GO TO 620

It -II

ISENTROP.BAS

100
110
120
130
14,0
150
160
170
180
190
200
210

CLS
PRINT "***********************************************************"
PRINT "** This program computes the one-dimensional isentropic **"
PRINT "** flow functions for a gas with constant specific heat **"
PRINT "** and molecular weight.
(NOTE: k > 1)
**"
PRINT 11***********************************************************11
'
I
Isentropic flow functions
DEF FNITTO (K, MA) = 2# / (2# + (K - 1~) * MA ~ 2)
DEF FNIPPO (K, MA) = FNITTO(K, MA) ~ (K / (K - 1#) l
DEF FNIRRO (K, MA) = FNITTO(K, MA) ~ (1# / (K - 1#))
DEF FNIAASTAR (K, MAl = (2# / ((K + 1#) * FNITTO(K, MA))) ~ ((K + 1#) /
* (K - 1#))) / MA
220 I
.
230 ' Get user specific heat ratio and display
24,0 LOCATE 7: INPUT IIEnter the specific heat ratio, (k > 1): ", K
250 IF K (= 1! THEN GOTO 2~0
260 LOCATE 7: PRINT SPACE$(79)
270 LOCATE 7: PRINT USING "The specific heat ratio is k=##.###"; K
280 r
290 ' Get Mach number to solve for
300 FOR I = 8 TO 15: PRINT SPACE$(79): NEXT I
310 LOCATE 15: PRINT SPACE$(79): LOCATE 15
320 INPUT IIEnter a Mach number to solve for (999 to quit): ", MA
330 IF MA = 999 THEN END
3~0 IF MA > 0 THEN GOTO 390
350 LOCATE 9: FOR I = 1 TO 5: PRINT SPACE$(79): NEXT I: LOCATE 13
360 PRINT "Valid Mach number range: Ma > 011
370 GOTO 310
380
390 ' Solve isentropic flow functions for specified k and Ma
~OO LOCATE 9: FOR I = 1 TO 5: PRINT SPACE$(79): NEXT I: LOCATE 9
~10 TTO = FNITTO(K, MA)
~20 PPO = FNIPPO(K, MA)
~30 AASTAR = FNIAASTAR(K, MA)
~~o RRO = FNIRRO(K, MA)
~50

~60

r Display computed results

4,70 PRINT USING"
Ma = #.####~~~~II;
~80 PRINT USING"
T/To = #.####~~~~";
~90 PRINT USING liP/PO = #.####~~~~II;
500 PRINT USING "RHO/RHOo = #.####~~~~";
510 PRINT II
A/A* = "i
515 PRINT USING "#.####~~~A";AASTAR
520 PRINT
530 '
54,0 ' Loop back for another Mach number
550 GOTO 310

MA
TTO
PPO
RRO

A--/;2.

(2#

SHOCK.BAS

100 CLS
110 PRINT "************************************************************"
120 PRINT H** This program computes the one-dimensional normal-shock **/1
130 PRINT 11** functions for a gas with constant specific heat and
**11
14,0 PRINT 11** molecular weight.
(NOTE: k ) 1)
**11
150 PRINT "************************************************************"
160 I
170 I Normal-shock functions
180 DEF FNSTMP (K, MAX) = (2# * K * MAX ~ 2 / (K - 1#)) - 1#
190 DEF FNSMAY (K, MAX) = SQRMAX ~ 2 + (2# / (K - 1#))) / FNSTMP(K, MAX))
200 DEF FNSPYPX (K, MAX) = 2#
K * MAX ~ 2 / (K + 1#) - (K - 1#) / (K + 1#)
210 DEF FNSVYVX (K, MAX) = (K + 1#) * MAX A 2 / K - 1#) * MAX ~ 2 + 2#)
220 DEF FNSTYTX (K, MAX) = (1# + (K - 1#) * MAX ~ 2 / 2#) * FNSTMP(K, MAX) / (
K + 1#)
MAX) A 2 / (2#
(K - 1#)))
230 DEF FNSPOYPX (K, MAX) = K + 1#)
MAX ~ 2 / 2#) A (K / (K - 1#))
FNSPYPX
(K, MAX) A (1# / (1# - K))
24,0 DEF FNSPOYPOX (K, MAX) = (K + 1#) * MAX ~ 2) / (2# + (K - 1#) * MAX ~ 2))
A (K / (K - 1#)) / FNSPYPX(K, MAX) A (1# / (K - 1#))
250 I
260 I Get user specific heat ratio and display
270 LOCATE 7: INPUT "Enter the specif ic heat ratio, (k ) 1): ", K
280 IF K <= 1! THEN GOTO 270
290 LOCATE 7: PRINT SPACE$(79): LOCATE 7
300 PRINT'USING "The specific heat ratio is k=##.###"; K
310 I
320 I Get Mach number to solve for
330 FOR I = 8 TO 17: PRINT SPACE$(79): NEXT I
34,0 LOCATE 17: PRINT SPACE$(79): LOCATE 17
350 INPUT "Enter a Mach number to solve for (999 to quit): ", MAX
360 IF MAX = 999 THEN END
370 IF MAX )= 1! THEN GOTO ~20
380 LOCATE 9: FOR I = 1 TO 7: PRINT SPACE$(79): NEXT I
390 LOCATE 15: PRINT "Valid Mach number range: Ma,x)= 1"
~OO GOTO 3~0
4,10 I
~20 ' Solve normal-shock functions for specified k and Ma
~30 LOCATE 9: FOR I = 1 TO 7: PRINT SPACE$(79): NEXT I: LOCATE 9
~~O MAY = FNSMAY(K, MAX)
4,50 PYPX
FNSPYPX(K, MAX)
4,60 VYVX = FNSVYVX(K, MAX)
~70 TYTX = FNSTYTX(K, MAX)
~80 POYPOX = FNSPOYPOX(K, MAX)
~90 POYPX = FNSPOYPX(K, MAX)
500 '
510 t Display computed results
520 PRINT USING"
Max = #.####AAA~ft; MAX
530 PRINT USING II
May = #.####~~~~II; MAY
5~0 PRINT USING"
Py/Px = #.####AAAAft; PYPX
550 PRINT USING "RHOy/RHOx = #.####~~AAII; VYVX
560 PRINT USING"
Ty/Tx = #.####A~AAII; TYTX
570 PRINT USING II Poy/Pox = #.####A~~~II; POYPOX
580 PRINT USING"
Poy/Px = #.####AA~A"; POYPX
590 PRINT
600 I
610 I Loop back for another Mach number
620 GOTO 34,0

~-------------------------------------~,,--------------------------------~