Homework 1.2, 2.1, 2.

2
Shawn Paul Smith
Math 307 - Diff. Eq.
January 9, 2011

Chapter 1.2
Question 13
In this problem Q is the quantity of material, r is the decay rate, is the halflife, and t is the time variable.
Q0 = rQ
dQ
= rQ
dt
dQ
= r dt
Q
Z
Z
dQ
= r dt
Q
Since Q is always positive we can omit the absolute value sign.
ln Q = rt + C
ln Q
+C
r
The halflife is the time when the quantity of material is halved minus the initial time...
 


ln Q
ln(Q/2)
+C
+C
=
r
r
t=

r = ln(Q) ln(Q/2)


2
r = ln Q
Q
r = ln 2

Question 17(a)
In this problem Q(t) is the charge on a capacitor, C is the capacitance, R is the resistance, and V is the
voltage. We are given:
dQ Q
R
+
=V
dt
C
We are asked to find Q(t) given that Q(0) = 0.
R

dQ
Q
=V
dt
C

dQ
V (Q/C)
=
dt
R
dQ/dt
1
=
V (Q/C)
R
dQ
dt
=
V (Q/C)
R
Z
Z
dQ
1
dt
=
V (Q/C)
R
We do a u substitution where u = V (Q/C) so du = (1/C) dQ and dQ = C du.
Z
Z
du
1
C
dt
=
u
R
Let N be the constant of integration.
C ln u =
Undo the substitution...

t
+N
R

Q
t+N
|=
C
R
Q
(t + N )
ln |V | =
C
RC
(N +T )
Q
= e RC
V
C
N
t
Q
= V e RC e RC
C


N
t
Q = C V e RC e RC


1 N t
Q = CV 1 e RC e RC
V


N
t
Q = CV 1 e RC +ln(1/V ) e RC
C ln |V

Let P be a new constant such that P = e RC +ln(1/V ) .



t
Q = CV 1 P e RC
We are given that Q(0) = 0 so...


0
0 = CV 1 P e RC
We assume that C 6= 0 and V 6= 0.
0=1P
P =1


t
Q = CV 1 e RC
See graph attached.

Question 17(b)
Find the limiting value QL that Q(t) approaches after a long time.


t
QL = lim CV 1 e RC
t+

QL = CV



t
1 lim e RC
t+

QL = CV (1 0)
QL = CV

Question 17(c)
Given Q(t1 ) = QL and at t1 the battery is removed. After this time V = 0 so...
R

dQ Q
+
=0
dt
C

dQ
Q
=
dt
C
dQ
dt
=
Q
RC
Z
Z
dQ
1
=
dt
Q
RC
N t
ln Q =
RC
R

N is the constant of integration.

Q = eN t/RC
Q = eN/RC et/RC
Let P be a new constant such that P = eN/RC , then...
Q = P et/RC
This applies at all times t t1 . When t = t1 , then both equations have the same result QL , that is
QL = CV = P et1 /RC
We can solve for P
P =

CV
et1 /RC

P = CV et1 /RC
So we can write our equation for t t1 as
Q = CV et1 /RC et/RC
Q = CV e(t1 t)/RC

Chapter 2.1
Question 5(a)
See attached.

Question 5(b)
It seems as the t that the slope y 0 gets progressively steeper. The direction field is split by the equation
y = (3/2)et , where y 0 is 0, and the slope is always flat. The graph of that function decends exponentially
at t . It seems that for functions above y = (3/2)et that limt y 0 = and for functions below it
limt y 0 = .

Question 5(c)
y 0 2y = 3et
Finding the integrating factor
(t) = e2

dt

(t) = e2t
y 0 e2t 2ye2t = 3et e2t

(ye2t )0 = 3et
Z
2t 0
(ye ) = 3 et dt

C and D are constants of integration. On the right side, substituting u = t such that du = dt so dt = du.
Z
ye2t + C = 3 eu du
ye2t + C = 3eu + D
Let E be a new constant such that E = D C. Undoing the substitution.
ye2t = 3et + E
y = 3et e2t + Ee2t
y = Ee2t 3et
How does this behave as t +?
yL = lim Ee2t 3et
t

yL = lim et ( lim Eet 3)

t

Informally...
yL = (E 3)
Which means that yL = + if E > 0, or yL = if E 0.

Question 13
Given y 0 y = 2te2t and y(0) = 1.
(t) = e1

dt

(t) = et
y 0 et yet = 2te2t et

(yet )0 = 2tet
Z
t 0
(ye ) dt = 2 tet dt

Integration by parts on the right side with u = t and dv = et dt.



Z
Z
t 0
t
t
(ye ) dt = 2 te e dt
yet = 2(tet et ) + C
yet = 2et (t 1) + C
y = 2e2t (t 1) + Cet
Finding for initial condition y(0) = 1.
1 = 2e0 (0 1) + Ce0
1 = 2 + C
C=3
2t

y = 2e (t 1) + 3et

Question 15
Given ty 0 + 2y = t2 t + 1 and y(1) = 1/2 for t > 0.
y 0 + (2/t)y = t2 t + 1
(t) = e2

dt/t

(t) = e2 ln t
(t) = t2
y 0 t2 + 2yt = t3 t2 + t
Z
Z

(yt2 )0 = t3 t2 + t
Z
(yt2 )0 dt = (t3 t2 + t) dt
Z

2 0

t dt

(yt ) dt =

t dt +

t3
t2
t4
+ +C
4
3
2
Safe to divide by t2 because t 6= 0. Let D = 12C.
yt2 =

y=

3t4 4t3 + 6t2 + D

12t2

Finding for initial condition y(1) = 1/2.

34+6+D
1
=
2
12
1
5
D
=
+
2
12 12
6=5+D
D=1
3t 4t3 + 6t2 + 1
y=
12t2
4

Z
t dt

Question 20
Given ty 0 + (t + 1)y = t with initial condition y(ln 2) = 1, and t > 0.
1
y 0 + (1 + )y = 1
t
(t) = e
(t) = e

1+(1/t)dt

R
dt+ 1/t dt

(t) = et+ln t
(t) = tet
1
y 0 tet + (1 + )ytet = tet
t
0 t
t
y te + y(te + et ) = tet
(ytet )0 = tet
Z
Z
(ytet )0 dt = tet dt
ytet = tet et + C
y =1

1
C
+ t
t
te

Finding initial condition y(ln 2) = 1.

1=1

C
1
+
ln 2 (ln 2)eln 2

Multiplying by ln 2 and simplifying eln 2 = 2.

ln 2 = ln 2 1 +

C
2

C
2
C=2
2
1
y =1 + t
t
te
1=

Chapter 2.2
Question 2
y0 =

x2
y(1 + x3 )

Note that for this to be defined, y 6= 0 and x 6= 1.

x2
y dy
=
dx
1 + x3
x2
dx
1 + x3
Z
Z
x2
dx
y dy =
1 + x3
y dy =

Performing substution u = 1 + x3 , such that du = 3x2 dx and dx = du/3x2 .

Z
Z 2
x du
y dy =
u 3x2
Z
Z
1
du
y dy =
3
u
y2
ln |u|
=
+C
2
3
Let D = 2C.

2
y 2 = ln |1 + x3 | + D
3
r
2
ln |1 + x3 | + D
y=
3

Question 3
y 0 + y 2 sin x = 0
dy
= y 2 sin x
dx
Note that if y = 0, the right hand side is 0 regardless of x. So y = 0 is a solution. If y 6= 0, it is safe to
divide both sides by y 2 ...
y 2 dy = sin x dx
Z
Z
2
y dy = sin x dx
y 1 = cos x + C
1 = y(cos x + C)
y=

1
cos x + C

Question 9(a)
Find for initial condition y(0) = 1/6.
y 0 = (1 2x)y 2
y 2 dy
= 1 2x
dx
Z
Z

y 2 dy = (1 2x) dx
Z
2
y dy = (1 2x) dx
y 2 dy =

Z
dx 2

1
= x x2 + C
y
Let D = C
1 = y(x2 x + D)
y=

1
x2 x + D

x dx

Finding for y(0) = 1/6

1
1
=
6
D
D = 6
1
y= 2
x x6

Question 9(b)
See Attached.

Question 9(c)
The function is defined where x 6= 2 and x 6= 3.

Question 12(a)
Find for initial condition r(1) = 2.
dr
r2
=
d

d
r2 dr =
Z
Z
d
r2 dr =

1
= ln || + C
r
1
r=
ln || + C
Finding for r(1) = 2.
1
ln(1) + C
1
2=
C
C = 1/2
1
r=
ln || 1/2
2=

or...
r=

2
1 2 ln ||

Question 12(b)
See Attached.

Question 12(c)
The function is defined where ln is defined, > 0, and also where the denominator is not zero, that is...
2 ln || =
6 1
ln|| =
6 1/2

6= e