Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Elisabeth Kasih
Definisi
Infeksi
parenkim paru
Dibedakan
menjadi:
HCAP
Klasifikasi Pneumonia
Berdasarkan
CAP
HAP
VAP
etiologi
Klasifikasi Pneumonia
Berdasarkan
tempat
Interstitial pneumonia
Lobar pneumonia
Bronkho pneumonia
Patofisiologi
Edema terbentuk
eksudat mengandung
bakteri di alveoli
Red hepatization tdp
eritrosit & neutrofil pd
eksudat intra-alveolar
Gray hepatization eritrosit
yg ada lisis & terdegradasi,
tinggal neutrofil & deposisi
fibrin, bakteri sdh mati
Resolution makrofag
membersihkan debris
neutrofil, fibrin & bakteri,
reaksi inflamasi (-)
Etiologi
Infe
ksi
daer
ah
sekit
ar
Aspir
asi
orofa
ring
Ud
ar
a
Dro
ple
t
End
okar
diti
s
reflex
batuk
flora
normal
Manifestasi Klinis
Febrile
Takikardia
Keringat
dingin
Batuk
Nafas
Gangguan
GIT
Terdengar
Pemeriksaan
Kultur sputum
Kultur darah
S. pneumonia
S. aureus
Bakteri gram ()
Diagnosis
Riwayat
Pemeriksaan
klinis
Pemeriksaan
laboratoris
Pemeriksaan
radiografi
CAP
Bakteri Penyebab
Note:
M. Pneumoniae,
C. Pneumoniae &
Legionella spp.
resisten thdp lactam solusi:
macrolide/
fluoroquinolon/
tetracycline
Bakteri Penyebab
akibat bakteri anaerob
ditemukan jika aspirasi yg terjadi sdh
berhari-hari s/d berminggu-minggu
sebelum tanda-tanda pneumonia
muncul
Infeksi
Staphylococcal
Methicillin
resistant S.
aureus (MRSA)
Sensitif thdp:
cotrimoxazole,
clindamycin,
tetracycline,
vancomycin,
linezolid
Bakteri Gram
()
Enterobacter
spp resisten
cephalosporin
Sensitif thdp:
fluoroquinolon/
carbapenem
(trmsk solusi u/
extendedspectrum
lactamase)
Antibiotika empiris
Antibiotika definitif
Catatan
Riwayat
penggunaan macrolide/
fluoroquinolon dlm waktu < 3 bulan
berpotensi menimbulkan resistensi
lakukan kombinasi Tx
Severity
Faktor
CURB-65
criteria:
Septic
Criteria:
Respiratory
rate > 30
PaO2/FiO2 ratio < 250
Multilobar infiltrates
Confusion
BUN > 20
Leukopenia, thrombocytopenia
Hypothermia
Terapi KRS
Px
(azithromycin)
Doxycycline
Terapi KRS
Px
+ macrolide/ amoxiclav
+ macrolide
-lactam
Untuk
Pseudomonas gunakan:
-lactam
+ fluoroquinolone/
-lactam
+ aminoglycoside + azithromycin/
+ aminoglycoside +
fluoroquinolone
-lactam
Stabil
hemodinamisnya
Mengalami perbaikan klinis
Mampu meminum obat per oral
Px
5 hari
Tanda-tanda
HAP
Gram (+)
coccus
S. aureus
MRSA
Bakteri Penyebab
Patogenesis HAP
Underlying disease Px
Pembedahan sebelumnya (bila ada)
Paparan antibiotika/ obat-obatan lain
Paparan terhadap alat-alat yg dipakai
Pemeriksaan
Demam
Leukositosis
Sekresi trakhea purulen
Temuan infiltrat pd radiografi
Minimal 2
temuan
Ditemukan juga
bahwa linezolid
lebih superior &
aman u/ ginjal
resistance is increasing in
the US
national statistics:
Susceptibility
60%
Intermediate
resistance 20%
Resistant
20%
Amoxicillin
Cephalosporines
Semisynthetic
B-lactams
derived from chemical side
chains added to 7aminocephalosporanic acid.
Generally
Cephalosporines
Adverse
reactions:
5-10%
cross-sensitivity with
penicillin allergic pts.
1-2%
hypersensitivity reactions in
non-penicillin allergic pts.
Broader
spectrum leads to
opportunistic infections
(candidiasis, C. difficile colitis).
First Generation
Cefazolin,
Cephalexin
Spectrum:
Use:
Second Generation
Cefuroxime:
Increased
Not
Cefpodoxime
Third Generation
Spectrum:
Fourth Generation
Cefepime
Active
Aminoglycosides
Neomycin,
Gentamicin,
Tobramycin, Amikacin.
Binds the 30S subunit.
Only active against anaerobes
because an oxygen dependent
system is required to transport
the molecules into the cell.
Synergism with cell wall
inhibitors is seen because they
increase the permeability of the
cell.
Aminoglycosides
Antibacterial
spectrum:
Gram
Neomycin
S.
Pseudomonas
Resistance
Aminoglycosides
Adverse
effects:
Ototoxic
and vestibular.
Concentrates
in endolymph and
perilymph.
Nephrotoxic.
Proximal
tubule damage.
Referensi
IDSA/
ATS Guidelines
Clinical
TERIMA
KASIH