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4 Ethekwini Design Manualmay 2008
4 Ethekwini Design Manualmay 2008
DESIGN MANUAL:
GUIDELINES AND POLICY FOR THE DESIGN OF STORMWATER
DRAINAGE AND STORMWATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
(Vade Mecum)
Issued by :
R. KASSERCHUN PrENG.
DEPUTY HEAD : CSCM
MUNICIPAL CENTRE
166 OLD FORT ROAD
DURBAN
4001
ETHEKWINI MUNICIPALITY
DESIGN MANUAL: GUIDELINES AND POLICY FOR THE DESIGN OF
STORMWATER
DRAINAGE
AND
STORMWATER
MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS
INTRODUCTION
These guidelines and policies are applicable to the design of minor stormwater reticulation
and collection systems and for the management and control of stormwater runoff from sites
by means of soakpits and attenuation tanks and runoff discharge controls.
These guidelines include recommendations for the sizing and design of stormwater soakpits,
attenuation structures/ponds, outlet discharge controls/overflows, kerb inlets, manholes, road
edge channels, watercourses, underground pipelines and small channels. These must be
designed to effectively collect, control and convey run-off from storms to larger or major
drainage systems.
The design of all major stormwater systems (whether culverts, pipes, canals, including road
crossings, bridges etc.), for catchments greater than 1 km where hydraulic analysis of the
waterway is necessary, should be carried out by checking by a registered professional
engineer proficient in this field for approval by Coastal, Stormwater & Catchment
Management Unit.
Limited information related to the drainage and storage facilities to be used in a major
drainage system for the control of floods has been included in these guidelines.
These guidelines should be read in conjunction with the Stormwater management section of
the Guidelines for the provision of Engineering Services and Amenities in Residential
Township Development (the Red book) issued by the National Housing Board.
Rail and highway crossings and jacked pipes normally require special measures and should
be referred to the Deputy Head: Coastal Stormwater and Catchment Management.
CONTENTS
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Provision of soakpits
Provision of attenuation and other storage structures
Brief outline of minimum information required in a stormwater management plan
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
Restriction on usage
Area of catchment 'A'
Time of concentration 'Tc'
Run-off coefficient 'C'
Rainfall intensity 'I'
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15
3.16
3.17
3.18
Critical points
Rainfall intensity at critical points
Minimum diameter
Minimum velocity and gradient
Materials
Anchor blocks
Curved alignment
Servitudes
Layout of stormwater sewers in servitudes
Layout of stormwater sewers in road reserves
Manholes
Manhole covers
Benching in manholes
Channels
Minimum cover
Bedding
Invert levels at manholes
Inlets
page 20
page 20
SUBSOIL DRAINS
page 20
STORAGE PONDS
page 20
page 21
page 21
10
page 22
11
page 24
12
GENERAL METHODOLOGY
page 24
13
WORKED EXAMPLE
page 27
Revision Date: May 2008
page 5
page 10
page 14
14
page 33
15
page 34
LIST OF APPENDICES
page 35
page 36
page 38
page 39
page 40
page 41
page 42
page 43
page 44
page 45
page 46
page 47
page
page 49
page 50
page 51
Provision of soakpits
In general, where a site was originally developed with attenuation structures/ponds or
soakpits controlling runoff, these systems should remain. These sites are also
required to maintain and upgrade their systems to accommodate both existing and
any new additional hardening on the site.
Any application for approval of development on any open site without access to
municipal stormwater will be required to provide a stormwater management plan
based on a rational design method demonstrating that the soakpit/attenuation and
other proposed controls controlling the additional stormwater runoff generated due to
all the development of the site will not adversely affect downstream and neighbouring
areas. All designs are subject to the approval of the Coastal, Stormwater &
Catchment Management Department of the eThekwini Engineering Unit.
Revision Date: May 2008
Drawings must table the extent of the hardened areas to demonstrate that the
required soakpit volume/s provided is adequate (i.e. 1 cubic metre of volume for every
40 square metres of area hardened).
Soakpits should be constructed 3 4 metres (minimum) from any structure or
boundary to prevent damage to buildings, foundations and to reduce a risk of piping
under boundary walls etc. Any reduction in this distance must be supported by a
geotechnical report.
All soakpits provided shall be drawn to scale in position on the plan view, labeled as
"new" together with the volume and overall dimensions.
The pipe drainage must collect and drain the rain water from collection points, (eg.
down pipes) to the soakpits and sized to ensure that the soakpits will fill during
significant storm events.
1.2
www.durban.gov.za/eThekwini/Services/Engineering/CSCM
This data is listed based on a latitude and longitude grid for a variety of recurrence
intervals from 2 to 1000 years for storm durations from 5 minutes to several days. The
data is given as point data (i.e. In mm of rain falling in the storm time period shown)
and must be converted to the rainfall intensity (mm/hr) corresponding to the Rational
formula.
Storage or attenuation/infiltration measures must provide for the difference between
the Pre development and Post development 50 year storm runoffs
generated/calculated.
The attenuation storage required can be assessed on a simple plot of the peak runoff
values Q calculated for the pre and post scenarios versus the Time/s of concentration
(Tc) for each scenario. i.e. plotting superimposed pre and post hydrographs as
simplified triangles.
For small catchments runoff is assumed to be zero at both Time = zero and at 2 x Tc
minutes. The volume of attenuation storage is represented by the area of the post
dev hydrograph which lies outside/above the pre dev hydrograph plotted. In effect any
runoff greater than that of the pre dev plot (50 year RI storm) must be
attenuated/retained.
The rate of outflow for any recurrence interval storm must be restricted to the predevelopment runoff. For example: runoff/outflow for the Post-developed site in a 10
year RI storm is not to exceed the 10 year pre-development runoff peak. The static
water head generated in the attenuation tank when the 10 year post development
calculated storage volume is reached should not result in a greater discharge from the
attenuation tank than the 10 year Pre-development runoff calculated. Similarly, the 50
year storm storage/outflow relationships must be attained.
The stormwater Management Plan must demonstrate with sufficient detail that the
proposed measures/structures/ponds can be provided and are practical and workable.
Where sites are steep the extended cut and fill banks which may result in providing a
pond or structure should be shown. Cut and fill banks obviously cannot extend into
building platforms or neighbouring properties and the drawings should demonstrate
that this has been catered for in the design.
The drainage system provided must be capable of delivering the volumes associated
with the attenuation structure. There is no point in providing for an attenuation pond or
other structure when the site layout and stormwater system is incapable of channeling
or conveying the increased and excess runoff generated. The increased runoff may
not bypass the attenuation provided and flow offsite/downstream without being
reduced to predevelopment rates of discharge.
Depending on the individual site characteristics and the location of the attenuation
feature, a degree of over-design may be inherently required to satisfy the requirement
of limiting runoff to pre-development conditions in the larger recurrence interval storm
events. Competent design can resolve such problems and minimise costs.
The use of level parking or flat areas as shallow attenuation tanks, creating wet or dry
lined or unlined ponds are all alternatives to costly conventional retention structures.
The objective is to maximize groundwater infiltration and/or to reduce peak runoff
from artificially hardened development further eroding streams and further
exacerbating the potential for flooding lower down in any catchment.
Revision Date: May 2008
All Final stage/Construction drawings or building plans must include complete details
of all storm-water structures, all outlet controls, reticulation layout and pipe sizes and
all erosion protection measures required for construction. The architects submission
must incorporate the approved engineered stormwater management layout.
1.3
All of the above should be tabulated for both the Pre and Post development for at
least the 10 and 50 year recurrence interval storms.
2.1
Restriction on Usage
The Rational Method is still probably the quickest and most commonly used method
of estimating the peak runoff value of stormwater run-off generated from urban and
rural areas in spite of its limitations in application and accuracy. Municipal
guidelines/policy based on the National Building Regulations presupposes at least a
Rational method of determination.
The formula used in this method is
Q = ft x C x I x A/360 cumecs
Where
Q = the maximum/peak rate of run-off in cumecs (m3/s)
ft = an adjustment factor for the recurrence interval storm considered.
C= run-off coefficient (see applicable tables for determination)
I = the rainfall intensity (mm/hr)
A = area of catchment in hectares (1 ha = 10 000m2)
2.2
2.3
significant in terms of determining the overland flow path to assess the time of
concentration. The flow path length must be assessed appropriately. The runoff
hydrograph for a long thin catchment differs significantly from a square catchment
with the same area and characteristics. The rates of runoff will differ and be
spread over longer periods of time. The total volume of runoff will tend to differ
also depending on the time surface water has to infiltrate into the ground. The
initial rates of infiltration depends on soil, moisture content and innumerable other
considerations.
(b) In assessing any flow-path when confronted with irregular shapes use your
engineering judgement to apportion a flow length that is appropriate, i.e. that
conforms to the runoff for the bulk of the area of the site to the point being
assessed. Similarly when assessing the slope of a catchment use a slope
conforming to the bulk or major portion of the site and use this in the Kerby
formula (see later). (NB. the slope component of the runoff coefficient is not what
is being considered here).
Guidelines suggest the use of the height difference on the 1085 method or equal area
methods. The 1085 height is the elevation difference measured from downstream at
the 10 and 85% points along the full length of the flow-path.
Whatever method is used it must be representative of the bulk of the catchment area
considered.
Since the methods used are subjective and inherently provide an estimate only it is
not necessary to exhaustively analyze most catchments in a municipal environment.
In large complex catchments the best method though laborious, is to break the
catchment down into smaller areas and individually assess and cumulatively add each
component areas runoff to derive a better estimate of the peak runoff of the whole. In
the municipal environment with generally small catchments or developments being
assessed, it is not necessary to exhaustively analyze but a sensitivity check should be
done.
Generally sheetflow only occurs in the first or initial say 200m portion of the upper end
of the catchment. Thereafter, a further time of flow in conduits/streams/gutters etc
becomes applicable and then Manning type equations or charts providing typical
velocities for various terrain types or lined conduits can be used to estimate the
balance of the travel time to the point under consideration.
There may be several different catchments contributing flow to the point under
consideration. The longest travel time calculated of all the different contributing runoff
routes to that point is assumed to be the time of concentration.
Similarly the area A used in the formula Q=CIA to determine the peak flow at that
point is the sum of the areas of all the catchments contributing runoff to that point.
Since the bulk of development in the city/metro region takes place where catchments
are relatively small (< 1 km square) we advocate using a minimum time of
concentration of 15 minutes for all undeveloped/rural/residential type sites. In other
words if the calculated time of concentration for a residential site is less than 15
minutes use 15 minutes, and where a site is predominantly hardened i.e. fully
developed commercial/industrial sites) then use a minimum of 10 mins if the
calculated time of concentration is less.
2.4
11
The run-off coefficient is a factor ranging between 0 and 1 which compensates for
variations in rainfall over the catchment, infiltration and overland flow velocity during a
storm, the shape of the catchment, ground slope, etc. Because of various
indeterminate factors including ground moisture content, vegetation, permeability of
soils, varying slopes, rainfall intensity etcetera, the coefficient 'C' is difficult to assess
and a widely diverging range of estimated runoff coefficients can result. To minimise
widely disparate results and allow for uniformity and consistency in approach, the
table method used by the Dept of Water Affairs & Forestry (DWAF) is to be used and
an excell version is available (shown below).
C can be derived from applicable tables for determination. Where several catchments
or sub-catchments contribute runoff to the point under consideration then unless C is
uniform for all (i.e. the same slopes and vegetation etc exist) then a modified C
applies which must be calculated as follows:
Coverall = (Sum of Ci x Ai)/(Sum of Ai) for all of the differing sub-catchments i.
For undeveloped sites the value for C must be derived from the sum of the
contributions of the ground slope Cs, the vegetative cover Cv and the permeability or
soil type Cp. In urban/industrial areas a combination of the percentage area
contribution of the hardened areas and the balance of the site area assessed in terms
of Cs, Cy and Cp above is logical/appropriate:
Ci for the catchment i = Csi + Cvi + Cpi
Ci may be considered to remain constant during any particular storm for smaller
catchments (<5 km2). However we do advocate using a modification factor ft to
reduce the runoff for lower order storms.
RI Storm year
2 year
5 year
10 year
20 year
50 year
100 year
Reduction
Factor ft
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.67
0.83
1
But in a Pre and Post development assessment of runoff to estimate the attenuation
storage required to reduce post runoff, the difference in C between pre and post
development values of C determines the volume to be attenuated. The allowable
discharge should be determined by applying the above reduction factor in order to
obtain a lower value for the predevelopment peak flow since the rational peak flow is
generally considered to be conservative (high) for design of systems.
Values of 'C' for different types of catchment conditions and surfaces are shown
below. A spreadsheet calculator for estimating the C value is included in the later
examples in these guidelines.
12
In determining the value of 'C', the effect of both the present and future land use on
run-off must be considered if upgrading or new stormwater infrastructure is being
considered.
The Mean Annual Precipitation (MAP) for Durban/eThekwini region is predominantly
>= 900 mm MAP and even if the MAP is lower, we advocate using 900 MAP as a
minimum.
2.5
13
3.1
Critical Points
The effectiveness of stormwater design depends largely on the identification in a
catchment area of those areas or points where flooding cannot be tolerated more than
once in 10 years due to the likelihood of heavy economic losses or social
inconvenience. Such points are termed critical points, and while they can sometimes
be pinpointed on a topocadastral map, they should always be identified during a field
inspection.
Critical points may occur:
(a) at low points in a road (where ponding will occur) and ponding water may overflow
the verge on the fill side, thus eroding fill embankments and flooding low-lying
property;
(b) at the intersection of a steep road with a flat road where water flowing down the
steep road could flood the intersection or overshoot the opposite verge;
(c) at the site of an important drainage structure eg. The confluence of a road with a
major stream. Where potential flooding of a development may cause high
economic losses.
Any design or planning for the overall system must entail an assessment of what if
scenarios. For example: ensure that you allow for an overland flood route below low
points in a system considering that the pipe system could fail. This may be allowing
for an access way or a footpath below such points.
3.2
3.3
Minimum Diameter
Note that downstream pipes should never be smaller in diameter than the upstream
pipe notwithstanding that hydraulic considerations (such as steeper hydraulic
gradelines or slopes) may support/allow this. Downstream pipes will obviously tend to
be blocked by any debris/objects transported down larger upstream pipes. The
minimum diameter of pipe shall be as follows:
300 mm in a servitude; and
Revision Date: May 2008
14
3.5
Desirable Gradient 1/
80
110
140
170
200
240
280
320
350
440
520
Materials
In general, stormwater pipes shall have rubber ring joints, be spigot and socket spun
concrete pipes complying with S.A.B.S. 677 but fibre reinforced cement pipes are
permissible provided they comply with S.A.B.S. 819. Ogee type pipes are NOT
acceptable.
Other acceptable/suitable pipe types are : Weholite and Ribloc type pipes for use
where steep grades or to maximise the use of labour but their use is NOT
recommended in road reserves and road crossings .
3.6
Anchor Blocks
20 mPa concrete anchor blocks to details shown in Appendix 5 should be provided as
follows :
Grade (%)
Over 50
30 to 50 inc.
20
10
Curved Alignment
In normal circumstances straight alignment between manholes should be used, but
curved horizontal alignment is acceptable subject to the following limitations:
(a)
15
450
525
600
675 to 900 inc.
1 050
1 200
1 350
1 500
(b)
3.8
93
93
112
140
186
186
278
278
curved alignment is only permissible with pipes having approved flexible joints.
Servitudes
The width of sewer and drainage servitudes is dependant upon the diameters of pipes
to be laid within the servitude area and should not normally be less than 2m.
However this width may be reduced at the discretion of the Deputy Head.
3.9
3.10
3.11
Manholes
Manholes should be placed at every change in horizontal and/or vertical direction or
at a maximum spacing of:
100 m for pipes up to and including 900 mm diameter;
150 m for pipes over 900 mm up to and including 1 200 mm diameter;
200 m for pipes over 1 200 mm in diameter.
Details of standard precast concrete ring manholes and brick manholes are shown on
drawing nos. 38570/1/2/3 and 38850/1/4.
Manholes may be constructed using 1 000 mm internal diameter class A precast
concrete ring units in accordance with SABS. 1294 to a maximum depth of 5 m for
pipes up to 375 mm diameter where a junction occurs and up to 600 mm with no
junction.
In all other cases including changes of direction and for manholes deeper than 5 m, a
specialised design is usually necessary. Provision is to be made for a landing in all
manholes deeper than 5 m in compliance with the requirements of the relevant
regulations including the Occupational Health and Safety requirements. Step irons are
considered unnecessary and should not be provided.
3.12
Manhole Covers
Where manholes occur in roadways, standard D.C. heavy duty cast iron covers and
frames in accordance with SABS. 558 Type 2B as shown on drawing number
Revision Date: May 2008
16
DMW1281 should be used. Heavy duty precast concrete covers should be provided
in footways and verges and wherever vehicular traffic may be expected other than in
roadways. In all other cases light duty precast concrete covers are acceptable.
A new composite polymer specification manhole cover and frame has been field
tested and approved for use. Contact the CS&CM catchment or stormwater managers
for details.
Details of heavy duty and light duty precast concrete covers are shown on drawing
nos. 38853 and 38852 respectively.
Where manhole covers are to be sloped to suit road gradients, they should be laid on
shaped brickwork or in-situ concrete.
3.13
Benching in Manholes
All manholes should be benched with a smooth concrete channel formed to the soffit
of the pipe and every attempt should be made to streamline the "inlet to outlet" flow of
water.
3.14
Channels
The minimum roadway cross fall on any black top surface should be 2,5% and the
minimum longitudinal gradient should be 0,5% for concrete channels and 1% for
asphalt channels.
3.15
Minimum Cover
The minimum allowable depth of cover to the outside of the barrel of the pipe for
stormwater sewers is as follows:
(a)
(b)
(c)
in servitudes 0,8 m
in footways and verges 1,0 m below final kerb level
in roadways 1,2 m below final constructed road level
If the required depth of cover cannot be achieved by importing additional material and
a lesser depth of cover is unavoidable, the pipe should be protected from damage, at
the discretion of the Deputy Head, by means of:
the placement of case-in-situ or precast concrete slab(s) over the pipe, isolated from
the pipe crown by a soil cushion of 100 mm minimum thickness. The protecting slab
(s) should be wide enough and so designed to prevent excessive superimposed loads
being transferred directly to the pipe (see Appendix);
the use of structurally stronger pipes able to withstand superimposed loads at the
depth concerned;
Where the depth of cover in roadways or footways and verges is less than 600 mm or
where the depth of cover in servitudes is less than 300 mm, protection of the pipe
from damage must be provided.
3.16Bedding
Bedding shall generally be in accordance with the requirements of Standard
Engineering Specification Part "DB" : Earthworks for Pipe Trenches.
Revision Date: May 2008
17
The various bedding classes and their relevant load factors for rigid pipes are shown
in the appendix.
In saturated ground, steps should be taken to provide adequate drainage in trenches
with a minimum layer of 150 mm of 19 mm stone placed under the pipe. Should site
conditions warrant, filter fabric may be placed between in-situ material at the trench
bottom and the stone mat. A cut-off drain placed at the seepage side of the trench
bottom and connected to a stormwater manhole may be necessary. Further
information on bedding of pipes is contained in the "Concrete Pipe Handbook"
published by the Concrete Society of Southern Africa, a copy of which is available in
the Technical Library of the Engineering Unit.
3.17
where the velocity head from the inlet pipe is destroyed e.g. at a drop manhole;
where a relatively large inflow enters a manhole from an inlet or from one or
more subsidiary lines.
When considering (a) and (b) above, the following criteria should be taken into
account in calculating the required invert level of the outlet pipe:
(i)
full pipe flow at entry to outlet pipe;
(ii)
the water level in the manhole is not to be above crown level of the pipe
carrying the major incoming flow and the crown of other incoming pipes should
not be lower than this level.
The velocity head required at the entry to the outlet pipe above the crown (the top or
soffit) of the pipe =V/2g
where V = required velocity at entry to outlet pipe in m/s, and g = 9,81 m/s, and in
order to satisfy conditions (i) and (ii), the difference in invert level, between the inlet
and outlet pipes = V/2g + difference in diameter of pipes.
Note: the downstream pipe should not be a smaller diameter than the upstream pipe
notwithstanding that the available grade may allow for this. This is to prevent
potential blockages where an obstruction enters the system upstream).
Revision Date: May 2008
18
Bend Losses
Bend losses should be taken into account where there is a change in horizontal
direction greater than 4 and although opinions vary on the extent of such losses in
manholes, a loss of 50% of the velocity head of the inlet pipe is considered
reasonable.
For a 90 bend
Velocity head at inlet pipe = Vi/2g
Bend loss = 0.5 x Vi/2g
Velocity head at outlet pipe = Vo/2g
Available velocity head downstream of the bend = Vi/2g - 0.5 Vi/2g= 0.5 x Vi/2g
The difference in invert level between inlet and outlet pipes equals the difference in
pipe diameters plus the difference between required and available velocity head.
=difference in pipe diameters + Vo/2g - 0.5 x Vi/2g
For a 45 bend:
From the graph in Appendix 12, the available velocity head downstream of the bend
=Vi/2g - 0.75 x 0.5 Vi/2g = 5/8 x Vi/2g
and the required difference in invert level
= difference in pipe diameters + Vo/2g -5/8 x Vi/2g
Where a substantial inflow from a subsidiary line occurs at a bend, the conditions
detailed in clause 3.17.3 apply.
3.18
Inlets
Where the grade of a road is flatter than 0,5%, graded channels are used and single
inlets are provided at 30 m intervals. In this Service Unit, for roads having grades
steeper than 1 in 200, the usual practice is to provide inlets at 40 m with depressed
channels extending 1 m on the upstream approach.
A more economical design could be obtained if more detailed investigations were to
be conducted into inlet opening length, upstream channel length, road grade and the
width of stream flow in the road and to encourage such analysis, Charts have been
included in the appendix to these guidelines.
These charts are based on the following:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(N.B. A 2 bay inlet consists of 2 No. 1.2 metre wide units but after deducting the
thickness of brickwork i.e. 0,2 m, the waterway area is reduced to 2 m).
4
19
The class of pipe to be used can be obtained from the "Concrete Pipe and Portal
Culvert Handbook" issued by the Concrete Manufacturers Association.
5
SUBSOIL DRAINS
A subsoil drain should consist of either of the following:
(a) for small volumes of seepage water, 19 mm or 25 mm grade single size stone as
per SABS 1083 wrapped in drainage grade filter fabric with a 200 mm overlap at
the top of the drain to form a nominal 200 mm by 200 mm square section with a
100 mm layer of coarse clean sand placed on either side of the 200 mm x 200 mm
section;
(b) for regular and high seepage flows, subsoil pipes wrapped in drainage grade filter
fabric with a minimum overlap of 100 mm situated at the top of the pipe and
covered with a clean coarse clean sand compacted to 95% Mod AASHTO.
It is often convenient to incorporate a subsoil drainage system in the same trench as
the stormwater sewer, running alongside or in the road. This technique allows for
easy interception of transverse subsoil drains from under the road. If a subsoil drain
is piped using perforated pitch fibre, slotted concrete or no-fines concrete pipes, it can
be connected to a stormwater manhole or inlet but it is advisable to use fibre cement
or spun concrete pipes for the connection through the brickwork.
Where subsoil drainage is required to cut off seepage, e.g. under a road, it may be
connected into a conveniently situated stormwater manhole or catchpit by means of a
no-fines concrete block built into the side wall of the brick chamber instead of bricks.
20
15 mins
15 mins
15 mins
10 mins
Units
Tc - Mins
L - Distance (m) not greater than 200m
s - Slope (m/m)
r - roughness value for type of surface
EXAMPLE
The above table is not to be used for an overland distance (L) where L is a lot greater
than 200 m. Here streamflow would be well established. Use stream flow equation
and/or the manning equation and/or table values below in combination with the Kerby
equation where L exceeds 200m.
Bransby Williams Streamflow equation -Natural Watercourses only
Tc (in minutes) = 60(.87L2/1000000000/S)0.385
This table gives a guide to the time taken with slope and distance shown
The units are the same as tabulated above and yield the following typical results
% slope
Slope
length (m)
m/m
100
200
400
500
800
1
0.01
4.0
6.8
11.6
13.7
19.7
2
0.02
3.0
5.2
8.9
10.5
15.1
15
0.15
1.4
2.4
4.1
4.8
7.0
1000
23.4
17.9
8.3
21
30
50
0.3
0.5
1.1
0.9
1.8
1.5
3.1
2.6
3.7
3.0
5.3
4.4
6.3
5.2
The following table can be used to estimate the lower limit of the flow time because
the table gives relatively high velocity values for large catchments indicative of
established runoff/flows.
% slope
1
2
5
10
15
20
25
sheet flow
paved (m/s)
0.6
0.8
1.4
1.9
2.4
2.7
3
grassed
waterwa
y (m/s)
0.45
0.65
1
1.45
1.8
2.05
2.3
near
bare
ground (m/s)
0.3
0.4
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.4
lawn (m/s)
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
cultivated (m/s)
0.15
0.2
0.3
0.45
0.55
0.65
0.7
forest/me
adow
(m/s)
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.35
As examples:
the depth of sheet flow to achieve the paved velocities shown above would be approx
20 mm.
the depth of flow in a natural stream sloping at 1 % would be some 200 mm deep to
reach a velocity of 0.45m/s.
the depth of flow would be approx 50 mm in the case of the grassed waterway to
reach the velocities shown
10
22
DWA METHOD
PRE/RURAL Runoff Coefficient
POST/URBAN Runoff Coefficient
MAP
%
Catchment MAP
URBAN
0
0.08
Catchment Slope CS %
> 900mm Lawn sandy<2%
< 3%
20
0.05 Lawn sandy>7%
0
0.18
3-10 %
50
0.11 Lawn heavy<2%
0
0.15
10 - 30 %
15
0.20 Lawn heavy>7%
33
0.30
> 30 %
15
0.30 Residential single
0
0.50
100
0.14 Flats/dense townships
0
0.60
Industry , light
0
0.65
Soil Permeability Cp %
Very perm (Dunes)
0
0.05 Industry , heavy
0
0.70
Perm (light soil)
10
0.10 Business local
0
0.60
Semi (most soils)
80
0.20 Business CBD
0
0.85
Imperm (rock, paving)
10
0.30 Streets/roofs
67
0.95
100
0.20
100
0.74
Vegetal growth Cv %
Dense bush, forest
10
0.05
AREA WEIGHTING FACTORS
Cult land, sparse bush
5
0.15
%
DWA
Grassland
75
0.25
RURAL
40.00
0.57
Bare Surface
10
0.30
URBAN
60.00
0.74
100
0.23
LAKES
0
0.00
Rural Catchment coeffCt =
0.57
Cdesign
100
0.67
Identify the catchment area on a topographical plan and locate the natural
outfall.
At this stage the field inspection should be done. After the network has been
checked and adjusted, if necessary, to suit local conditions, the stormwater
lines are surveyed in order to establish levels, lengths, grades, etc.
Mark on the plan the position of those inlets which are obviously necessary
(e.g. at local low points, intersections, critical points, etc.) And judge where
intermediate inlets are required. Rough calculations of local flows and
Revision Date: May 2008
23
reference to the Kerb Inlet Charts : Appendices 13, 14 and 15 should be made
to assess spacings.
6
Establish the critical flow paths; i.e the flow paths from each critical point to the
outlet point of the catchment. These define the spinal system of critical
pipelines which is required to carry the 10 year storm flows from each critical
point to the outlet point.
Code the reticulation system so that each branch of the network and each
length of pipe between manholes or inlets of any branch is indentifiable : for
example A-B would represent the pipe length between manholes or inlets AB on Figure 1 of this Appendix.
N.B. The longest time of flow for all of the catchments (upstream catchments) that
contribute runoff to the point considered must be used when calculating the design
runoff at that point. If two or more catchments contribute runoff to the point in
consideration, then the flow time for each catchment should be assessed. The
flowtime will generally consist of an overland flow time, any streamflow (in larger
catchments) and or any conduit flowtime (in pipes or channels etc). The longest time
estimated for all of the catchments draining to the point will be the Tc used to
determine the rainfall intensity to be used in the formula Q=CIA/360. The area used in
the calculation will be the cumulative areas of all of the upstream catchments which
drain to the point in consideration.
12
GENERAL METHODOLOGY
Label each catchment eg Area 1, Area 2 etc.
Determine the overland flow length and average slope for each catchment.
Determine the time of overland flow (use Kerby but L not > 200m) + time of stream
flow (for distance > 200 m if applicable) + time of flow in conduit (if applicable then
use chart or use Manning equation).
For subsequent downstream catchments the time of overland flow (length not >
200m) + time of stream flow (if applicable) + time of flow in conduit must be
determined when considering the design flow.
NB. If Tc < 15 mins (rural/parks/residential) use 15 mins
OR
If Tc < 10 mins (commercial/industrial/largely hardened sites) use 10 mins
Calculate the relevant runoff co-efficient C for each catchment and for the design of
pipes downstream, the area and longest time of concentration for all the contributing
catchments must be used.
Where more than one catchment contributes flow and the runoff Coefficient differs for
each contributing Catchment then a mean or representative C value must be
determined on a proportional area basis i.e. C = ((C1 x A1) + (Ci x Ai) etc.) / (A1 +Ai
etc)
Revision Date: May 2008
24
Identify the Latitude and Longitude of the site. (This can be located using the GIS)
and obtain the relevant intensity of rainfall for the appropriate storm return period from
the municipal website or the accompanying rainfall intensity excell spreadsheet.
www.durban.gov.za/eThekwini/Services/Engineering/CSCM
Then calculate the PEAK runoff from Q = CIA/360 cumecs
Using the field information, pipe inverts between manholes/inlets are used to calculate
pipe gradients and a nomogram or manning formula can be used to establish the
following information:
theoretical pipe diameter;
selected pipe diameter;
capacity of selected pipe diameter; and
velocity of flow
All the above data should be tabulated for each step in the calculation but do not
proceed downstream of a junction until all the adjoining branches have been dealt
with.
When the first leg below a junction is considered in the calculation, the areas of each
catchment area for each branch leading to the junction are added together to give the
total area for this leg. This procedure of summing the areas ensures that critical lines
are carrying the 10 year runoffs from the full contributing catchment areas to the
critical point considered.
Using the flow value, you can derive the most suitable inlet from the Kerb Inlet Charts
given in the Appendix bearing in mind the following:
(a)
unless the position of an inlet is fixed by physical conditions, the limiting factor
to be used is the maximum allowable stream width of 2,5 m (3,2 m at critical
points) which will often lead to greater spacing between inlets and, as a result
a more economical design but care should be taken that the intervening
spacing is carefully considered in areas where resulting flood damage could
occur.
(c) the bypass flow should normally be about 20% of the calculated runoff unless total
collection is desired (e.g. at a critical or local low point) and the appropriate inlet
for approximately 80% interception is selected from the relevant Kerb Inlet Chart.
The information should be tabulated on your sketch plan of the site for ease of later
reference and for review.
At low points select an inlet for a flooded width of 3,2 m (see examples on inlet
charts).
When necessary calculate energy losses at manholes using the information given in
Paragraph 3.17 above and tabulate the information on your design sketch plan layout.
It is important to note that the basic method of runoff calculations, pipe and inlet
design shown in this text, may be adopted for use in designing extensions to existing
drainage systems or upsizing of pipes in existing networks.
However, it is imperative that the design of extensions or relays should not overload
the capacity of existing downstream pipes. If this situation occurs, please consult the
Revision Date: May 2008
25
26
13
WORKED EXAMPLE
27
In the above layout, the low point is a critical point inlet C, the critical path is C-D-EF.
Consider point of entry at A
Area drained/Catchment Area is Area 1= 2 ha (= 20 000 m2)
Flow Length =150 m
Height of Fall = 4 m
Average Grade = 4/150 = 0.03 or 3 %
Tc (Kerby formula in minutes) = 36x (r x L/1000/S0.5)0,467
Tc (Using S=0.03, r = 0.4; L = 150) yields Tc = 22.5 minutes
For rural/residential areas Tc should be >= 15 mins therefore Tc = 22.5 mins is
in order.
Estimate Runoff Co-eff for Area 1 ie. C1 = Cs + Cp + Cr = 0.05 + 0.2 + 0.25 =
0.5
Design is normally for a 3 year storm.
NOTE:
In this example rainfall for a 5 year storm return period has been used
but the same principles otherwise apply for a 3 year storm with the
proviso that storm rainfall intensity would have to be interpolated
between the 2 and 5 year data since 3 year data has not been included.
The site is at Latitude 29 deg 44 min longitude 30 deg 50 min
To find the rainfall intensity we must interpolate for the Tc calculated of 22.5
mins between the values shown in the table for the above Latitude and
longitude between 15 min and 30 mins. The formula used is of the form ITc =
(Tc - 15)/(30 - 15)*(I30 - I15) + I15
Tc = 22.5 minutes gives I = 98.5 say 99 mm/hr
The recurrence interval adjustment factor ft for 5 year storm is 0.55 from the
table in paragraph 2.4 above.
Q = ft x CIA/360 = 0.55 x 0,5 x 99 x 2/360 = 0.151 cumecs
From information obtained in the field, the grade between A & B is 1 in 42.
The slope S is therefore = 0.024
From Manning equation Q = V x A = 1/n x (R)2/3 x S0.5 x A = 1/n x(D/4)2/3 x
S0.5 x Pi x D2/4
The manning n value for a concrete pipe is between 0.011 new to 0.013 for an
older pipe
The theoretical pipe diameter = 300 mm using Manning or find the diameter
using the pipe flow charts.
The capacity of the selected pipe (new and flowing full) = 0.180 cumecs
The headwall depth required for overland flow to enter the pipe can be found
in the appendix chart or estimated in the following spreadsheet calculator:
Revision Date: May 2008
28
slope
0.001
0<h/d<0.8
0.8<H/D<=1.2
h/d>>1.2
Consider MH.B
29
30
Consider Inlet E
Flow Length = 70 m
Height of Fall = 3 m
Average Grade =3/70 = 0.04 = 4 %
Revision Date: May 2008
31
Tc (Using Kerby Formula S=0.04, R= 0.4; L = 70) yields Tc = 14.4 minutes say
15 mins minimum
Estimate Runoff Co-eff for Area 4
= Cs + Cp + Cr
= 0.11 + 0.2 + 0.25
= 0.56
For Total Flow at E
Area = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 = 4.5 ha
Tc = 24.7 mins
C
= (C1xA1+C2xA2+C3xA3+C4xA4)/(A1+A2+A3+A4)
=(0.5*2+0.56*0.5+0.65*1.7+0.56*0.3)/(2+0.5+1.7+0.3)
= 0.57
32
14
33
15
34
APPENDICES
PART R Stormwater Disposal SABS 0400 - 1990
Hydraulic elements of circular sections
Bend losses
Details of anchor blocks
Discharge through box culverts : inlet control
Discharge through pipe culverts : inlet control
Kerb Inlet chart 1: cross fall 2%
Kerb Inlet chart 2: cross fall 2,5%
Kerb Inlet chart 3 & 4 : cross fall 4% and 6%
Pipe bedding details
Protection of pipes at reduced depths of cover
Recommended layout of services - 9.5 metre reserve
48
Recommended layout of services - 12 metre reserve
Recommended layout of services - 16 metre reserve
Recommended layout of services - 19 metre reserve
page 36
page 38
page 39
page 40
page 41
page 42
page 43
page 44
page 45
page 46
page 47
page
page 49
page 50
page 51
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50