MENG422 AUTOMOTIVE

ENGINEERING I
SPARK & COMPRESSION
IGNITION ENGINES

Presented by:Asst
by:Asst.Prof.Dr.Hasan
Prof Dr Hasan Hacisevki

PISTON-ENGINE BASICS

There are two kinds of piston engines:

1. Spark-Ignition Engine
2 Compression-Ignition
2.
Compression Ignition (Diesel) Engine

SPARK IGNITION ENGINE

INTRODUCTION

The actions in the spark-ignition engine can be divided

into four pparts. Each ppart consists of a ppiston stroke.
This is the movement of the piston from BDC to TDC,
or from TDC to BDC. The complete cycle of events in
the
h engine
i cylinder
li d requires
i
f
four
piston
i
strokes.
k These
h
are intake, compression, power and exhaust. The
crankshaft makes two complete revolutions to complete
the four piston strokes. This makes the engine a fourstroke-cycle
y
engine.
g
It is also called a ffour-stroke or
four-cycle engine.

SPARK IGNITION ENGINE OPERATION

Intake Stroke:

During the intake stroke of a sparki iti engine,

ignition
i
th piston
the
i t is
i moving
i down.
d
The intake valve is open. Air-fuel mixture
fl
flows
th
through
h the
th intake
i t k portt and
d into
i t the
th
cylinder. The fuel system supplies the
mixture.
i t
A the
As
th piston
it
passes through
th
h
BDC, the intake valve closes. This seals off
th upper end
the
d off the
th cylinder.
li d

SPARK IGNITION ENGINE OPERATION

Compression Stroke:
After the piston passes BDC, it starts
moving up. Both valves are closed. The
upward moving piston compresses the airfuel mixture into a smaller space, between
the top of the piston and the cylinder head.
This space is combustion chamber. The
mixture is compressed 1/8 or less of its
original volume. The amount that the
mixture is compressed is compression
ratio.

SPARK IGNITION ENGINE OPERATION

Power Stroke:
As the piston nears TDC at the end of the
compression stroke,
stroke an electric spark jumps the
gap at the spark plug. The heat from the spark
ignites
g
the compressed
p
air-fuel mixture. The airfuel mixture then burns rapidly. These high
temperatures cause very high pressure which
pushes down the piston. The connecting rod carries
this force to the crankshaft, which turns to move
the drive wheels.
wheels

SPARK IGNITION ENGINE OPERATION

Exhaust Stroke:
As the piston approaches BDC on the
power stroke, the exhaust valve opens.
After passing through BDC, the piston
moves up again. The burned gases escape
through the open exhaust port. As the
piston nears TDC, the intake valve opens.
When the piston passes through TDC and
starts down again, the exhaust valve
closes.

DIESEL ENGINE
INTRODUCTION

Diesel engines are similar to spark

ignition engines in construction. Both have
pistons, with piston rings, moving up and
down in cylinders. Both burn fuel in
combustion chambers in the upper part of
the cylinders. The high pressure produced
by the burning fuel pushes the pistons
down. This rotates the crankshaft and the
rotary motion is carried through shafts and
gears to the drive wheels.

Common Rail
System

DIESEL ENGINE OPERATION

Intake Stroke:
The diesel engine takes in air alone.
No throttle valve impedes the airflow.
In the spark
spark-ignition
ignition engine, a
mixture of air and fuel enters the
engine cyclinders on the intake
stroke. The throttle valve controls the
amountt that
th t enters.
t

DIESEL ENGINE OPERATION

Compression
C
i
Stroke:
S k
In the diesel engine, the upwardmoving piston compresses air
alone. On the other hand, in the
spark ignition engine, the piston
compresses the air-fuel
air fuel mixture.

DIESEL ENGINE OPERATION

Power Stroke:
In diesel engine, a light oil called
diesel fuel is injected into the
compressed
d and
dh
hott air.
i Th
The h
heatt
of compression
p
ignites
g
the fuel. In
the spark-ignition engine, a spark
at the spark plug ignites the
compressed air-fuel mixture.

DIESEL ENGINE OPERATION

Exhaust Stroke:
The exhaust stroke is the same for
both engines. The exhaust valve
opens
p
and the burned ggases flow
out as the piston moves up the
cyclinder.
cyclinder

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
SPARK & COMPRESSION
IGNITION ENGINES

The type of fuel used

used.
The way the fuel gets into the
cyclinders.
The way the fuel is ignited
ignited.
Compression
p
Ratios