COLLOQUIAL Arabic of Egypt RUSSELL McGUIRK ROUTLEDGE 9 9The Colloquial Series * Colloquial Arabic (Levantine) * Colloquial Arabie of the Gulf and Saudi Arabia * Colloquial Chinese Colloquial Czech Colloquial Dutch * Colloquial English Colloquial French Colloquial German Colloquial Greek Colloquial Hungarian Colloquia! Italian Colloquial Japanese Colloquial Persian Colloquial Polish Colloquial Portuguese Colloquial Romanian Colloquial Russian Colloquial Serbo-Croat Colloquial Spanish Colloquial Turkish Accompanying cassette available Colloquial Arabic of Egypt Russell H. McGuirk Routledge & Kegan Paul London, Boston and HenleyFirst published in 1986 by Routledge & Kegan Paul ple 14 Leicester Square, London WC2H 7PH, England 9 Park Street, Boston, Mass. 02108, USA and Broadway House, Newtown Road, Henley on Thames, Oxon RG9 TEN, England Phototypeset in Linotron Times 9 on 11 pt by Input Typesetting Ltd, London and printed in Great Britain by Cox and Wyman Reading, Berks © Russell H. McGuirk 1986 No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except for the quotation of brief passages in criticism Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data McGuirk, Russell H., 1946 Colloguial Arabic of Exypt ‘(Colloquial series) Bibliography: p. 1. Arabic language—Dialects—Egypt—Grammar, 1. Title, PIOT™I.MSS 1985 492°.770952 247 Unitivh Library Cataloguing in Publication Data also asailable ISIN 0-7100-9936-3 (pb) 0-7102-0581-3 (cass) CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INTRODUCTION PRONUNCIATION THE ARABIC ALPHABET ROOT LETTERS AND GRAMMATICAL PATTERNS ABBREVIATIONS LESSON ONE LESSON TWO LESSON THREE, LESSON FOUR LESSON FIVE LESSON SIX LESSON SEVEN The definite article; Nouns and gender, Plurals; Subject pronouns; Simple sentences. Adjectives Construct phrases; Pronominal suffices; “To Demonstratives Numbers; Telling time; Months; Days of the week; Seasons Interrogative words; Active parti- ciples; Adverbial phrases with ‘bi-? Comparative and superlative adjec- lives; Colous Perfect tense (simple verbs); Verbal negatives; Active participles (simple verbs); Passive participles (simple verbs) 10 u 2 18 24 31 40 4 a7LESSON EIGHT Imperfect tense (simple verbs); ‘ga’ LESSON NINE Doubled verbs; Hollow verbs; Verbs with weak third radical Pronominal suffixes as direct objects; Relative ‘The derived forms; Vert II and IV; Participles forms II, LESSON TWELVE Goha stories I and IT LESSON Verbal forms V, VI and VIL THIRTEEN Participles LESSON Verbal forms VIII, IX and X; Parti= FOURTEEN ciples; Quadriliterals LESSON FIFTEEN Verbal nouns; Nouns of place; Collec tive nouns; The professions: Conditional sentences LESSON SIXTEEN Goha stories IIT, IV and V PROVERBS READINGS KEY TOE ERCISES, ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY UNGLISH-ARABIC GLOSSARY 68 75 n 81 85 92 95 102 us 164 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ‘Thanks are due to my Egyptian friends and colleagues Nagdi Madbouli Ibrahim, Hosni Abdul Aal, and Fat’hy Farouk for their unstinting help in answering my questions about the fine points of, their native language; to Mahmoud Said Mansour who, in addition to checking the earlier lessons, provided the Goha stories and proverbs; and to Professor F. H. Megally, who kindly went over the finished manuscript The reading passage ‘il-itneen ahmadaat’ is adapted from a broadcast of the kilmiteen wi-bass series by Fouad El-Mohandis, and is included by the kind permission of the Egyptian Radio and TV Union, Finally, thanks are also due to Al-Aliram newspaper for their permission to reproduce Salah Gahin’s cartoon, which appears on page 94.INTRODUCTION ‘The purpose of this handbook is to introduce the Colloquial ~ or ‘spoken’ ~ Arabic of Egypt. Specifically, it aims to provide easy access to the Arabic which Egyptians, particularly the educated of Cairo and Alexandria, learn in the home and use in everyday life. It is important to realise that spoken Arabic differs considerably from written Arabic. The Arabs call their written language ftigHa or ‘pure’; this volume refers to it in English as Classical Arabic.* It will suffice to mention here that Classical Arabic is the same for Arabs everywhere and that they learn it in school, much as Euro- peans once learned Latin for literary and formal purposes. Egyptians call Colloquial Arabic il-higha d-déariga, which means “the common language’.** Two important features are: that it is hardly ever written except for modern theatre scripts and cartoon ‘captions; and that it differs from country to country. The forms of Colloquial Arabic spoken in Morocco, Egypt, Lebanon and Iraq represent distinct and quite different dialects, though in fact it ‘would be difficult to find clear boundaries to divide one dialect from another. Colloquial Arabic changes almost imperceptibly from town to town, and usually becomes clearly different only with distance, Egyptian Arabic is generally understood by Arabs everywhere. It is the colloquial form spoken natively by about a third of all Arabs and is therefore the most widely used of the dialects. More- over, its stature among the dialects is further enhanced by the fact that Egyptians play a leading cultural role in exporting their films, TV programmes, and popular songs - in their own dialect — as entertainment for the entire Arab World. One should not consider any important aspect of Egyptian life without some mention of history. Certainly the forces that caused Egyptian Arabic to evolve from the kind of Arabic spoken by the Arab army that conquered Egypt in AD 639 are of historical interest evoking, as they do, names like Tbn Tulun, the Sultan *Other English names ate Modern Literary Arabic and Modern Standard Arabi **Or ibighs ¢LSammiyya, which means the same thing2. inrropuerion invaders Kurdish, Turkish, Albanian, French, and (not least!) has also resulted in 4 most colourful and expressive language. ores THE TAPE There « re is an optional cassette accompanying the book. A conside able amount of the Arabie material has been recorded, ‘hie fs marked @ in the text Sots PRONUNCIATION The correct pronunciation of some of these letters, for example Zand € . itis scarcely possible for a European to acquire. except by Jong intercourse with natives. "A Grammar of the Arabic Language (1859) by W. Wright The problems of mastering Arabic pronunciation have often been greatly exaggerated, The truth is that the various sounds which you as a beginner are about to encounter, some of which are undeniably ‘exotic’, are not all that difficult so long as you /tear the sounds in question, and do not rely solely on written descriptions. If you cannot find a ‘native’ to help you, you may use the cassette that has been especially prepared to accompany this volume. You should realise the degree to which good pronunciation is the key to success in the study of any new language. Without it a good ‘grasp of grammar and vocabulary can seem pointless. The corollary is that with good pronunciation habits even a beginner, possessing only the rudiments of grammar and a small vocabulary, will be impressive. WARNING: Do not assume that learning Egyptian Arabic is easier if approached through the Arabic alphabet. Quite the opposite! The Arabic alphabet suits Classical Arabic perfectly, but the sounds of Egyptian Arabic are actually more easily and efficiently represented by Latin letters. Nevertheless, learning the Arabic alphabet can obviously enrich your study of the language and if you are tempted you may refer to the table of Arabic letters given at the end of this introductory section, ‘The system of transliteration set out below is purely phonetic that is, each symbol represents only one sound, VOWELS. ‘The two-lettered symbols are the long vowels and diphthongs. They have about twice the duration of short vowels, ie. the single- lettered symbols.4 PRONUNCIATION symbol English equivalent a (the ain ar (ii) the first a in aha!* aa G) the ain man i) the a in far* i the i in bir ii the ee in deep u the w in pull uu the 00 in pool e a short clipped ¢ as in her ° a short clipped o 8s in yo-ho-ho ee (a diphthong) the ay in day 0 (a diphthong) the o in open Pronunciation exercise 1 aa alif Calif an Arabic letter) a alt (a thousand) ii miin (who?) i min (from) uu fuul (fava beans) ull Gasmine) ee beet (house) © béna (our house) oo yoom (day) © yoméen (two days) CONSONANTS The following Egyptian consonants have approximate English equivalents, b asin English pronounced forward in the mouth like the d in dental “The quality of vowels, particulary a" and “a is fluenced by the proximity ofan emphaii consonant the emphatic ae intoduced later Inthe pronunciation section) This means that where one OF more Cmphatie consonants oocut isa word, both at anda" ake pronounced ‘as in the second alternatives given for each above. , 1 asin English always hard like the g in go like the fin house 1s in English | pronounced forward in the mouth like the {in late m as in English asin English as in English (foreign words only)” like the sh in ship pronounced forward in the mouth like the (in tea Pp slike the s in soup t yas in English (foreign words only) w like the w in wolf y like the y in yer z like the = in zebra % like the s in measure ‘The following Egyptian consonants have no English equivalents: gh a vibrating gh sound like that made by yargling: like the r in French Ha strong H pronounced with a rush of air from the throat Pretend you are trying t blow out a flame with an H sound qa sound pronounced far back in the throat slightly trilled ras in Spanish and Italian the so-called “glottal stop’, which is the stop in the middle of, ub-oh" of in the Cockney word *bo"le™ (For bottle). This symbol is also used at the beginning of a word to indicate that its first letter was originally q. no longer pronounced. Anywhere ee in a word it might represent either this suppressed q or the hamza of Classical Arabie (see p. 9) 9 the sound made when the throat muscles are clenched. Try swallow the sound “ah’, When you sound as if you are being strangled. you will have mastered the “voiced pharyn geal fricative"t “The p is rather difficult for Arabs to pronounce. You will often hear Egyptians pronounce it us b. ¢.g. "in for a benny. in for 2 bound!6 PRONUNCIATION 2 guar, agéaza, tale 2 dildati, garaBéat, beed gh gharb, Sughl, dimaagh fhindak, paahiz, nabih (neighbour, holiday, ice) (ice-cream, garages, beige) (west, work, brain) (there, ready, intelligent) Hi Haiwdan, fatéaHa, ruuH (Helwan, opener, go!) k kaam, réakib, sabbéak (how much, riding, plumber) 4 quréan, agséam, yigéarin (Koran, departments, compare) réagil, érnab, naar (man, rabbit, fire) x xébar, baxt, moxx (news, luck, brains) 9 Dali, sada, rugiiud (Ali, hour, return) + dia, da’dayi’, saa (minute, ninutes, former) The emphatic consonants are d,s, 1, z. There are also emphatic versions of | and r, but these will only be marked emphatic before a long ‘a’ sound. Emphatic letters sound thickened and heavy. Although they are not difficult, you must hear them correctly pronounced to get them right. Bither ask a native Egyptian to help you or refer to the cassette recordings especially available to accompany this book Pronunciation exercise 3 non-emphatic emphatic durg. dubr (drawer, back) daas déani (he trod, mutton) saab saam (he left (something), he fasted) sah sabr (easy, patience) war tar (revenge, it (m.) flew) zaad zaabit (he increased, officer) zann (like, he was of the opinion) Husdan (account, horse) bad béeda (suit, egg) baat baat (he stayed the night, underarm) PRONUNCIATION 7 msgid magr (mosque, Egypt) baad baad (after, some) alléah (God) ras. (head) DOUBLED CONSONANTS The general rule is that doubled consonants are prolonged to twice the duration of single consonants, ion exercise 4 doubled yiaixxar (steam, he delays) awwil (medicine, first) amma (hope, as for) Here are some colourful words and expressions to practise pronouncing: biladi local, ‘native galabiyya galabia, traditional garment of ‘male Egyptians vyausif afindi tangerines xawéaga foreign ‘gentleman’ in Saa’ alliah God wilting bars clover gamal camel ba'siis baksheesh Safriit demon, imp; mischievous child sa commotion, usually a shouting match in the street masrabiyya old. style projecting latticework window walldahi-L-Sazfim By God! ~ a common oath ya rab O Lord! ya régil 0 manS_ PRONENCIATION fulduka fard6oni zaghariit sabia ‘ti Hamaiam Ham) murazzin sakisH ideaiin abl il-9 aan il-xalil il-qathira itmwittam imiiari_girgis Siri) bmuvize fidiin itfaah it-azbakiyya it-tawitivya felucca, i lateen suil Pharaonic long trilfing sound, usually of joy mute by Arab women, €.g.. at weddings Upper Egyptian Coptic of Nile boat with pigeon bath Coptic New Year nawezzin, caller to praver Saladin Abdul Aziz Khan al-Khulili, a Cairer bazaar Cairo Mugattum, bills to Cairo’s east « Coptic chureh in Old Cairo a: main street in Old Cairo Ezbekivya, a quarter of Cairo Tawfikivya, a quarter of Cairo Zagazig. « town in the Delia THE ARABIC ALPHABET. _ (1 = beginning of word; 2 = middle; 3 = end of word; alone) standing 4 32 1 Name Classical Egyptian pronunciation pronunciation a alif ° - ee te baa b > Seo ba ta t t Bebe thaa (hin) th tors cen aim i (hard) SSDS tae i 4 SERS aa x 5 a8 2 daal d d 3 4 4 3 thal (those) th dorz poe no Te r ' 330550 zaay z 2 BEDS sin 5 5 Dia ee saad $ $ Ba a aad 4 4 TR RL ta L ' Bh RS za z zord Ce te teen 9 9 tess hi gh gh SS 45 faa f i 3 4 5 gaat 4 qor’ SS kat k k Sob 4 3 lam 1 1 ee ne mii m m tot ge ha h h ee ort yaa y y “inv w used (i) as a written symbol for the aa (long a) sound; and also (w) wo beat the hamza mark (e.g., | ), Which signifies the glottal stop0 ROOT LETTERS AND GRAMMATICAL PATTERNS Like other Semitic languages, Arabic is characterised by a system Of triliteral roots, each of which indicates a concept’. In other words, the vast majority of Arabic words consist of three root letters embedded in a fixed pattern. These root letters indicate the general concept with which the word is associated, while the pattern gives the precise meaning within that general concept, By way of example, consider the three consonants KTB, which signify the general idea of ‘writing’. By putting these consonants into specific patterns Arabs derive all the words they need that have to do with the concept, in this case, of ‘writing’. The pattern CaaCiC (where C = consonant) means the doer of the action, so kdatib is the word for ‘writer’. Similarly we have: CiCaaC— = kitéiab, book maCCaC = miktab = ‘office’ or “desk? maCCuuC = maktdub = ‘written’ ete ‘As you pursue your study of Arabic the consistency and predict- ability of the language will become increasingly obvious. You will begin to guess correctly the meanings of words you have never seen before just by recognising their root letters and patterns. ABB VEN TIONS. ! feonine vl lial v sah va Sebal noun adj slyeetive cad ulverb ¢ collective trans teansitive intrans uotransitive os. oneself pers pesson perf. perfect impert. imperfect impera, imperative voe vocative lit literally so. someone sath something resp. response Vv vowel c consonant cA Classical Arabic12 LESSON ONE (id-dars il-Awwil) 1 COMMON EXPRESSIONS 1 saldamu Saléekum Hello (esp.)_Saléekum is-salam Hello sabdalH il-xeer Good morning (resp.)—_sabaaH in-nuur Good morning 3 izzayyak? (to ms.) How are you? or — izzdyyik? (to f.s.) or _izzayyikum? (to pl.) (resp,) —_kwayyis, i Hamdu lillich Fine, thank you (by ms.) or kwayyisa, it Hamdu lilléah (yfs.) or kwayyisiin, ie Hamdu lllaah (by pl.) Notes By ‘resp.’ is meant the standard response to the preceding phrase. (1) A traditional formal greeting. Lit. = ‘peace upon you’ and (resp.) ‘upon you peace’. The original CA expression is is-saléamu Saléekum but Egyptians often drop the definite article from the opening phrase. saldamu Yaléekum may be used, for example: (i) when entering a room; (ii) passing an acquaintance in the hall of on the street; and (iii) to mean “good-bye” (by the person departing). (2) Lit. = ‘morning of goodness’ and (resp.) ‘morning of light’. Some pleasant variations to the response are sabaaH il-ward (morning of roses’) and gabéaH il-full (‘morning of jasmine’) (3) iazéay means *how’ and izedyyak ‘how are you?’ Other ways to say ‘how are you?” are: izeday siHHitak fit. = “how is your (m.) health?’ izziay siHHitik “how is your (f.) health?" izday siHHitkum “how is your (pl.) health?” LESSON ONE 13 anc izzday iy-yiHHa lit. = ‘how ts the health? Note also: izzday il-awliad ‘how are the children? izzéay il-maddam ‘how is madam?" (i.e. your wite) is the usual word for ‘good’. kwayyisa is the feminine, and in the plural iL-Hamdu lilkiah is 2 CA phrase used whenever something or someone is said to be good, in good health, or improving. Lit. = praise (be) to God’ 11 GRAMMAR ‘The Definite Article The definite article in Egyptian Arabic is ilk, There is no indefinite article in Arabic. beet house, a house i-beet the house Before certain consonants the 1 of the definite article is assimilated. These are d, dyn, ry 5, $58, t,t, 2 ¢ and (optionally) g and k. ir-raagil the man issitt the woman il-gurndan or ig-gurndan the newspaper ii-kitéab or ik-kitéab the book Nouns and Gender In Arabic nouns are either masculine or feminine. They are gener- ally easy to differentiate. The best approach is to learn how to recognize feminine nouns, which include (2) those which clearly refer to females (b) the vast majority of nouns ending in -a14 Lesson one (©) most cities and countries (d) certain parts of the body (c) a small group of miscellaneous nouns Nouns which do not fit in any of these categories are almost always masculine. Some feminine nouns (by category) a b e Sit woman, ‘arabéeza table iskndviyys Alexandria lady ™ bint girl gingena garden mase Egypt, Cairo daughter ” uxt ser madina city Tandan London umm mother Saraiyya car inglira England 4 ¢ reas head dams sun Seen eye Harb war iid hand ard and tel foot eg naar fre Some masculine nouns réagil man baab door giam9 mosque walad boy, son muftéaH key tam restaurant axx brother Sibbéak window “élam pen abb father Séari9 street nah river gurndan newspaper beet house the Nile kursi chair kabri bridge ram — pyramid kitéab book sawwia’ driver baHr sea miktab office, desk midian city falléah farmer, square peasant Plurals Arabie plurals may be divided into ‘sound plurals’ which are regular ‘and predictable; and ‘broken plurals’ which follow numerous unpre ‘ilsqaahira, the CA word for *Cairo’, is also common, LESSON ONE 15 dictable patterns. The masculine sound plural is made by adding the suffix ~4in to the singular noun or adjective [ef. Lesson Two] and shortening any preceding long vowel. falléaH = fallaFitin farmers, peasants sawwaa’ > sawwa'tin drivers The feminine sound plural is made by adding the suffix ~aat with a shortening of any preceding long vowel. This is the plural form for many nouns and some adjectives bearing the feminine ending in the singular. For these the ~aat replaces the ~a farabéeza > tarabezdat tables Sarabiyya > Sarabiyydat cars Sometimes the feminine sound plural ending occurs together with some structural change to the single form of the noun, Notice the illogical use of the feminine plural ending for ‘brothers’ and fathers’ sitt = sitdat women bint > bandat girls, daughters axx and uxt = ixwaat brothers, sisters umm > ummahéat mothers abb »abbahdat fathers Here, grouped by pattern, are the broken plurals for the singular nouns given so far. “élam pens baab doors walad boys, sons, children haram pyramids nahr rivers beet — buydut houses Harb + Hurdub wars Seen = Suysiun eyes righ > rugdul feet, legs “In Egypt the feminine sound plural suffix is usually added to this broken plural (= ahramsat) when referring to the ancient pyramids, while ik ahréam tends t0 be used to mean the Al AAram newspaper.mat9am = matéadim restaurants — mafatiiH keys From now on the plural will be given with the singular for new vocabulary. Subject Pronouns ; singular plural ana 1 iHna we inta you (m.) inti you(f) — intu you (pl hhuwna he, i ” hiyya she, it hhimima they “iden isthe dual form [cf. Lesson Four] but is used in Egypt asi it were 4 plural. LESSON ONE 17 Simple Sentences The structure of the Arabic equational (simple) sentence could hardly be easier. It requires only a subject and a predicate ~ you dlo not need the verb “to be’ in the present tense, fen is-sawwéa"? Where is the driver? is-sawwda" hindak The driver is over there. Additional Vocabulary Ww no. min from aywa yes fi~t in here ma9a~ ma9 with there on there is under mafiis there is not over wi~wa~ wo and beside mis not in front of fen? where? behind minéen? from where? coffee house Ill EXERCISES 1 Reading practice Read the following sentences aloud, then translate them: 1, feen maHammad? 2. hdwwa fi masr 3. inta minéen? 4. dina min ingiltira 5. feen ik-kitéab? 6. ik-kitdab dla t-tarabéeza 7, itmuftéaH fil-baab? 8 9, 0, la’, ilemuftéaH mis fil-baab il-muftéaH hindak, gamb il-“élam *udddam il-matamIs Wh 2 Translation exercise Translate the following: 1. feen il-walad? 2. hiiwwa taHt il-kibri ii-ginéena wara L-bect. fiih kuitub dla t-tarabéeza? ywa, fiih kitub wi "lam 94la t-tarabéeza, Where are they from? . They are from Egypt. ‘You (f.) are beside the window. Is there a restaurant in Saad Zaghloul Scuare? ‘There is a restaurant there, and a coffee-house also LESSON TWO (id-dars it-taani) 1 COMMON EXPRESSIONS 1 ahlan wa sablan Welzome. Good to see you (resp.) han bik (to m.s.) Good to see you too or alan biiki (to fs.) or hian biikum (to pl.) 2 Sikran Thank you (resp.)—_94fwan Dor't mention it 3 ‘ma9a s-saliama Good-bye (said by person staying) (resp.) allah _yisallimak Gocd-bye (said by (to ms.) person departing) or alléah_yisallimik (to fs.) Lesson two 19 or alléah_yisallimkum (to pl) ' in das allah God-willing Nees (1) ‘The traditional expression of welcome. abl is a noun meaning lamily’; sahl, a noun meaning ‘level ground, easy to walk on’, ie plain’, The accusative ending -an, present in both nouns, occurs only in expressions taken from CA. In the desert environment where travel was often difficult and dangerous, the original meaning ww:is ‘you have reached your family and easy ground’. (2) The CA accusative ending -an is also present in sikran and Safwan (3) Lit. = ‘with safety’ iLe., ‘go in safety’ and (resp.) “May God ve you safety’ IW the person departing is the first to say goodbye, he or she may say, for example: saStida (resp.) maa s-saldama or simply saliamu Yaléekum, (resp.)9aléekum is-saldam (4) Should be said upon any reference to the future, ¢.g., ‘I'm travelling to Alexandria tomorrow, God-willing’. If you do not say in Saa’ aliah in making any statement or expressing any wish or hope about the future, the Arab you are talking to will probably supply it. The underlying assumption here is that not to say it is to disregard God's control of events. 1 GRAMMAR Adjectives ‘An adjective may be masculine or feminine, singular or plural, singular plural m. fi big kibiir kibtira kubsar small sughayyar sughayyara —sughayyariin20 Lesson Two good kwayyis kwayyisa kwayyisfin bad, ugly wikis wiFa wiFiftin beautiful gamiil eam guméal ® An adjective follows the noun it qualifes. When it qualities a Singular noun, the adjective must also be singular and agree in nder. beet kibiir 4 big house madiina kibtira 4 big city (i) An adjective qualifying a plural noun should also be plural when that noun refers to humans banat sughayyasiin line girls awléad kwayyisfin good chileiren An adjective qualifying a plural noun that refers to things (cither tangible or abstract) should be feminine singular, buydut kibiira big houses afkéar kwayyisa good ideas lughéat sahia easy languages ('s) An adjective qualifying a noun in its dust form must be plural regardless of whether that noun refers to humans or things, The dual will be introduced in Lesson Four. (The student should note that rules (ii) and (iii) are not universally followed by native speakers. For example, some Egyptians use a feminine singular adjective to qualify even certain ‘human’ nouns, €.8. ikbandat ig-yughayyara; and some use the plural form of the adjective to qualify nouns referring to things, particularly tangible objects, e.g. il-buytut il-kubaar, Nevertheless, the student will find it easier in the fong run always to use (i) a plural adjective to refer to humans in the plural; and (ii) a feminine singular adjective to qualify all non-human’ plural nouns.) Lesson two 21 If the noun is definite (i.e. preceded by the definite article), the adjective must also be definite. iebeet il-ki the big house itmadiina [-kibiira the big city ilawliad ik-kwayyisiin the good children If the adjective is left indefinite, an adjectival phrase is turned into aan equational sentence. i-beet kibiir The house is big Lear the following adjectives in pairs singular plural f new gidiida gudiad old" *adiima “udéam tall, tong tawiila tuwéal short “usdyyar “usayyara ‘usayyariin expensive ghdlya ghalyiin cheap rixis ixfisa ruxéas clean nit nigiifa nudéat dinty** wisix wisxa awsdax, lightweight ——_xafiif xaffifa xufiaf heavy wil ila tu'éal near “urayyib “urayyiba “urayyibiin far bigiid bidiida budaad easy sahl sila sahliin difficult sab si9ba sa9biin generous karim karfima kurama miserly) baxiil mila baxala thin rufiyya® rufayyéa ——rufayya! fat tixtin’ tixiinal tuxéan ibir oF the phrase kibiir *When referring to an “old” person, Arabs use fissinn (= "big in age’), Similarly "young" is $a “Egyptians ofter prefer to say mig nadiif (= “Tot clean’), Teaving wishx to mean filthy or “morally dirty22 Lesson Two The following adjectives are of two common patterns not represented above. They take -a in the feriinine and, with one exception, the masculine sound plural. When adding the -iin for the plural remember to shorten the preceding long vowel, kasléan lazy ta9bdan tired Sayyaan sick za9ldan angry xarbaan broken (down) magnéun (pl. magantin) crazy mabsiut happy magghiul busy Nisba adjectives Another type of adjective is that formed by adding ~ito the related noun, We do something similar in English when from ‘oil’ we derive the adjective ‘oily’, or from ‘Iraq’ its adjective ‘Iraqi’. In Arabic these are called ‘Nisba’ adjectives. The adjectives below are all Nisba-type, though the original noun may te slightly modified to form the stem for the adjectival endings, Note also that not all the plurals are of the masculine sound type. Place names Adjectives m, f Egypt ma masri masriyya Syria stirya stiuri suriyya suriyy Lebanon ibnéan —libnéani_——_tibnaniyya__‘fibnaniyyiin traq iLSiréa’ —irda’i Sira'iyya —Sira’iyytin England ingiltira —_ingiliizi ingiliziyya —ingitiiz “Don't be surprised to hear any of all of the following from native speakers iLbandat ibmasriyya randat_i-mastiyyfin vandat il-masrivyéat ‘The last, where the adjective has a feminine sound plural ending. is a ditect borrowing from CA. LESSON Two 23 America amriika —amvikéani—amrikaniyyaamrikéan the East i®Sar° Siri Sariyya—— Sar'iyyfin the West ikgharb — ghérbi gharbiyya — gharbiyytin Also important in the context of Nisba adjectives are the words for Arab(ic)": Sérabi (m.s.), Sarabiyya (f-s.) and 9arab (pl.) ingliizi and Sérabi also mean the languages English and Arabic. bikingitizi in English bil-9érabi in Arabic Note that any adjective can be used as a noun. iggiai the new [one] i-masriyya the Egyptian woman ibinghiz the English Additional vocabulary kilma (kilméat) word very guimla (gimal) sentence very Ttigha (lughéat) language extremely viygara visit or ziaréat) tsk but la... lanier nr innaharda today ya voative artical xadlddam servant used before a ‘xaddamiin name wa mamgund = when addressing mig hina not present someone directly IIL EXERCISES 1 Reading practice: a dialogue tiydara “usayyara “ai 4. ahlan wa sdblan, ya samira! 8, aban biik, ya maFimdud.|. izzayyik innaharda? 8. kwayyisa, I-Hémdu lilliah, w-inta? A. kwayyis, il-Hmdu lilkiah, 3B. ndgwa mi hina? a. la, hiyya Eiskindiriyya nnaharda Sikkran, saSiida, mada s-saléama, 2 Translation exercise 1. ikmasriyyfin_kerama, 2. in-niil nahr gamiil wi tawil xéalis! 3. ibahramdat bi9fida min hina? 4, 5 inta sduri walla libnéani? na la suri wala libndani, dna mésri 6. The word is easy 7. In Egypt restaurants [= the restaurants] are inexpensive. 8. War [= the war] is bad, 9. The sentence is not difficult 10. ‘The table is dirty [= not clean], but the servant is not here. LESSON THREE (id-dars it-téalit) 1 COMMON EXPRESSIONS i miséa’ il-xeer Good evening (resp.)—_miséa’ in-nuur Good evening 2 itfiddal (to m.s.) Please, yo ahead or itfaddali (to fs.) or itfaddalu (to pl.) (resp.)—Sakran Thank you firsa.sadfida (resp.) fHna asad Pleased to meet you My pleasure LESSON THREE 25 ‘ sallimli 9éla ~ (to m.s.)_ Remember me 10 ~ or sallimfili 9éla — (10 fs.) or sallimiuli 94la ~ (to pl.) Notes (1) Lit. = ‘evening of goodness’ and (resp.) ‘evening of light’ There are no variations to the response. (2) A more literal translation would be “be so kind’. It may be used to mean ‘after you’ (at the door); or ‘please be seated’; or “please take some’ (of whatever is being offered). (3) Lit. = chappy occasion’ and (resp.) ‘we are happier’. The response is always in the first person plural (‘we’) even when the person responding is speaking for him or her self alone. (4) Or “give my regards to —". Arabs everywhere know the line 2 singer 9abd ul-Haliim Hafiz: w-in ta’éakum Habiibi, sallimduli 9aléeh (‘if my love should meet you, give her my regards’) 1 GRAMMAR Construct Phrases The term ‘construct phrase’ denotes two words juxtaposed in what may be considered a direct ‘possessed-possessor’ relationship. Only the second noun can carry the definite article even though both may be definite, In English this relationship could be indicated by putting the word ‘of’ between the two nouns, as in ‘the book of the girl’ (ie. ‘the girl's book’). In Arabic this would be kitdab il-bint When the first noun in a construct phrase is feminine and ends in -a (e.g. Sarabiyya), the -a changes to «it, Sarabiyyit is-sitt the woman's car Proper nouns (e.g. names of people or places) are definite without ceding the definite article. Note, however, that the definite article is retained if it forms part of the name, as in ibqaahira.26 LESSON THREE kitiab maHémmad mediinit aswaan mediinit il-qaahira Muhammad's book the city of Aswan the city of Cairo To say ‘the book of a girl’ (i.e. ‘a girl's book’) one drops the definite article from the second noun. kitéab bint Adjectives modifying either noun must follow the construct phrase, baab il-beet il-kibiir the big door of the house or the door of the big house If the meaning is not clear from the context, ambiguity can be avoided by using the alternative to the construct phrase described in the following section. “biti” A common alternative to the construct phrase is the use of the word bitsa9 (of) (fem. = bitéadit or bita9t, pl. ~ bitdud) il-kitdab bitéa9 il-bint the girl's book ilYarabiyya bitdadie is-sitt the woman's car ab il-kibiir bitia9 il-beet_ the big door of the house il-baab bitéa9 il-beet il-kibiir the door of the big house il-awléad bitdu9 il-falkéalT the farmer's children Pronominal suffixes Pronominal suffixes may be attached to nouns, prepositions, and verbs. In translation the suffixes appear as possessive pronouns, objects of prepositions. or direct objects. They differ slightly depending on whether the words to which they are added end in @ consonant of a vowel (but not the feminine --a), after consonants, ‘i béeti my house ak béctak your (m.) house ik béetik vour (f.) house uh béetuh his howe ha betha* her house na betna* our house kum: bétkum* your (pl.) house fur: béthum* their house stier vowels va maSiaya with me or I have k madaak witht you (m.) or you have ki maQdaki with you (f.) or you have h ma%éah with him or he has maQaaha with her or she has madéana with us or we have kum madéakum with you (pl.) or you have hum maddahum with them or they have Note the lengthening of the final vowel of the base word. This lengthening occurs in all base words ending in a vowel to which a Suffix is added. ‘A common alternative to the 2nd pers. pl. suffix kum is ku. Feminine nouns ending in --a take their ‘construct form’ (i.e it) before the pronominal suffixes. Varabiyyitha her automobile The various forms of bitia9 may also be used in combination with the pronominal suffixes. it-beet bita9na our house iI-Oarablyya bition my car il-awldad bitdi9ha her children “To have’ ‘A combination of the preposition Yand and one of the pronominal vuffixes is the usual way of saying ‘to have’ andi T have Sandina™* we have Sandak you (m.s.) Yanddkum** you (pl.) have have “Egyptian Arabic does not allow VVC. Notice the extra vowel added to prevent a three-consonant cluster28 LESSON THREE Sandik you (f.s.) have Sandihum"* they have 9anduh hhe, it has Sandiha** she, it has ‘The negative forms are: madandiis maYandiniias madandaks ma9andukiims madandikiis madanduhims maSanduiu’ maSanduhdas Examples: Sandak fildus? Do you have [any] money? maSandfis: Haga I don't have anything Demonstr: (i) da (ms.) thisithat di (Es.) thisithat dool (pl.) theselthove ‘These words may occur after the noun (as demonstrative adjectives) or before the noun (as demonstrative pronouns) Examples: da kitdab kwayyis iI-kitdéab da kwayyis di bint masriyya This (or that) is a good book. This (or that) book is good. That is ar: Egyptian girl il-bint di masriyya That girl ss Egyptian dol sawwa'fin wiHSiin Those are bad drivers. issawwa’iin dool wiHsiin Those drivers are bad. (i) Usually classified with the demonstratives are: ahé(m.s.) here isithere is ahé (f.) here isithece is alii (pl.) here areithere are LESSON THREE 29 These words may precede or follow the noun, or occur in isolation, F samples leon iFlukinda? Where is the hotel? she Hukéinda There is the hotel. lokiinda hé ahé! There it is! een ig-gurndan’? Where is the newspaper? abo! There it is! i-fallaHiin feen? Where are the peasants? sham! There they are! IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER: Non-human plural nouns, both tangible and abstract, should, unless dual (explained in Lesson Four), always be treated syntactically as if they were feminine singular. il-buytint di kebitra Those houses are big iGarabiyydat bitda9it i8-Sirka Where are the company's cars? feen’? UYarabiyyaat ahé! There are the cars! Additional vocabulary ism (asdami) name Haga (Hagéat) thing Aldus (F) money lukanda (lukandéat) howe! find’ (fandadi") hotel (Classical Arabic) utéel horel Sirka_(Sirkéat) company Sinta (Sanat) suitcase, briefease, lady's bag borg (buriug) tower ima (gamdéat) university gumhuriyya (gumburiyydat) republic bawwaab (bawwabiin) doorman muir (mudiriin) director, manager ra'fis (rasa) president, chief misfit (misafriin) traveller tayydara (fayyardat) airplane30 LESSON THREE ‘matéar (matardat) airport borg ilqaahira Cairo Tower middan ittaHrtir Liberation Square mast ig-gidtida Heliopolis (1 Cairo suburb) yyib min near (s.th.) bi9tid San far from (.th.) bass only, just: bur ech? what? Il EXERCISES 1 Reading practice ismak eeh? ismi David Smith. béetak fen? béeti “urdyyib min borg il-qaahira, fen il-muftéaH bitéa9 baab il-maktab? muftéaH il-baab da mada l-bawwaab, il-Sarabiyya di bit hiya bitéadit ra’tis gdmdit il-qaahira fig-giiza wig-gim9a |-amrikaniyya fi midéan it- taHrir i8-Santa di gidiida Séntit il-misdafir gidtida. Santit il-miséafir il-Gayysan fit-tayyéara 2 Translation exercise ismuh ech? beet il-mudiir fi masr ig-gidtida il-fallaHiin dool ta9baniin. innaharda dna Sandi kitdab wi “élam, ldakin hiyya ma9andahdas la kitdab wala “alam iI-Yarabiyya bitaMak abé bass il-Sarabiyya bits feen? Where is your (pl.) house? We don’t have a house, That university is extremely expensive. 1 ‘There is the hotel, but where is the restaurant? IW. ‘The director's new suitcase is at the airport |.ESSON FOUR (id-dars ir-réabi9) 1 COMMON EXPRESSIONS. 1 min fédlak (to m.s.) Please or min fadlik (60 fs.) cor min fadhikum (to pl.) , fasif (10 ms.) Sorry or asta (to fs.) or asfiin (to pl.) It doesn’t matter; never (resp.) mind ‘ vyalla Let's go Notes (1) Lit. = “from your kindness’. If someone uses this expression ‘when asking for something (e.g. at the table), the response, when handing the thing over, would be itfaggal. You will also hear the response Héadir, particularly from waiters, meaning ‘at your Service’. This is invariably masculine (2) Also mit'éssit (m.). mit'assifa (F.), and miassifiin (pl.). Note that ma9I86 is one of the commonest expressions in Colloquial Arabic. used when something petty goes wrong or when someone does not get his or her way (3) Originally an invocation ya alléah (O God), the connotation has changed to mean “let's go’; also said in the form of yalla biina villa by itself may also mean ‘hurry up!32. LESSON FOUR GRAMMAR Numbers ( aSdiiad) Cardinats 1-100 1 wéaHid, waHida 20° Rein 2. itméen 21 wéaHlid wi-Sisriin 3 taldéata 22 itnéen wi-9isriin 4 arbaa 23 taldata_w-9i8riin 5 xémsa 24 frba8a w-9isriin 6 sita 25 xdmsa__w-i5riin 7 sib9a 26 sitta w-isriin 8 taménya 27 sib9a w-9isriin 9 tisda 28 tamanya w-9igriin 10 9a8ara 29 tisbaw-Sisriin I Hida’ 30 talatiin 12. itnaasar 31 wéablid wi-talattin ete 13. talat 40 arbi 14 arbaStaasar 50 xamsfin 15 xamastaasar 60 sittin 16. sittéasar 70 sat9iin 17 sabaStaasar 80 tamantin 18 tamantdasar 0 tissiin 19 tisadtaasar 100 miyya Number ‘one’ is the only number which has two forms to show gender. It is also the only number that generally follows the noun, Saskari waaHid one policeman sitt waHda one lady le may, however, precede a noun referring :o humans in which case the meaning changes WaaHlid Saskari 4 policeman, or some policeman (1 don’t know who") waHda site @ woman, some woman or other ‘To indicate “two' of something Arabic usually uses the dual form of the noun without use of the numeral. The dual consists of the LESSON FOUR 33 oun plus the suffix ~een, Feminine singular nouns ending in ~a Lake their construct form (~it) before the suffix waladgen two boys betéen two houses oxltéen [for oditeen] wo rooms Nouns ending in a vowel (other than the feminine ending --a), take ay’ between that vowel and the dual suffix, kursiyéen two chairs There are rare exceptions where the dual is generally not used with a particular noun, For example, with the word sitt the numeral “pvo" is used before the plural form of the noun, itnéen sittéat two women As noted in Lesson Two an adjective qualifying any noun in the dual form must be plural. kursiyéen kubdar wo big chairs For the numbers ‘three’ to ‘ten’ Egyptian Arabic has a ‘short form’ used before nouns, which must be plural 3 tilat 7 Sibu 4 arbay 8 timan 5 xmas 9 tisad 6 site 10 9isar Examples: télat bandat 3 girls Sagar marraat 10 times ‘A few counted nouns, including those denoting drinks ordered (in a restaurant, for example) are always in the singular, while the numbers stay in their regular ‘long form’ itnéen gingeh 2 pounds taldata “dhwa, min fadlak 3 coffees, please rba%a kfilu mooz 4 kilograms of bananasSSON FOUR From number ‘eleven’ on the counted noun must be in the singular form. Hiddasar mérra I times tis9a_wetalatiin ins 39 piasters waaHlid wiexamsfin kitéab 51 books Although the usual word for hundred’ is miyya, “100 of something’ is expressed using miit before the counted noun instead, Note that this only applies to ‘100 . ..", not to *101/102/110 ete iit yom, 100 days miyya w-xamsiin_ yoom 150 days Beyond 199’: 200° mitéen 300 tuluniyya 400 rubSumiyya 500 xumsumiyya 600 suttumiyya 700 sub9umiyya 800 wnnunivya 900 tusdumivya 1,000 alf 7,000,000. milyéon 1,000,000,000 — bilyéon Examples mitéen wicOisara sna 210 years tultumiit.péagil 300 men xumsumiyya tis wetis9¥in $599 duldar alf tusSumiyya sitta wexamsiin 1956 xdmsa milydon 9arabi 5,000,000 Arabs bilyéon barmiil zeet 1,000,000,000 barrels of oil Ordinals m, f awwil ula Jirst ani uinya second LESSON FOUR 35 ah talta third sabi rab9a fourth Sani xdmsa fifi walis sidsa sixth sai) sab9a seventh amin timna eighth oo) és ninth ai agra tenth iy form ordinals for numbers higher than ‘ten’ just prefix il- to the cardinal form of the number. WA idéasar eleventh arbi wetalatiin 34th m t awwalani awwalaniyya The first [one], the former wastéani wastaniyya middle (adj); average axiit axiira last axrdani axtaniyya the other fone]; the latter ir also means ‘last’, but it must occur before the noun, ir-ragil iwastdani the man in the middle il-kilma Lax the last word vaxir waaHlid the last one (note that in the Arabie the article is implicit but rot expressed) Hasy fractions nus n2 ult 3 rubs lid xums US suds v6 sub9 W7 tumn U8 usd 1936 LESSON FoUR Suse tintéen xumséen talat arbaad ‘Telling the time ia kaam min fadlak? isssda9a waHda issia¥a waHda w-xdmsa is-sda9a wiHda w-9asara isssiaa wiHda w-rub9 is-sda9a wéHda w-tilt is-sia9a wiHda w-nuss ila is-sda9a wiHda w-nu isssiaYa ada w-nuss wi xamsa is-sda9a tnéen illa tilt is-sda9a tnéen ila rub9 is-sdaa tnéen illa is-siaa tnéen illa xdmsa is-sda9a tnéen biz-zabt is-sda9a taldata etc Months (i3-Suhuur) yandayir fibraayir abril méayu yanyu yailyw aghustus sebtémber uktdubar 10 23 34 What time is it, please? W's 1-00. Ws 1:05, Ws 1:10. Me's LIS, Hes 1-20. Ws 1:25, W's 1:30. Ws 1:35. W's 1:40, Wes 145. Ws 1:50, Irs 1:55, It's 2-00 exactly. It's 3:00. January February March April May June July August September October wuvsimbir isimbir Islamic months muHfarram, sitar abiid ilsiwwal rabid i Sabian ramadan Sawaal zurb-qida aurbHigga The 12 islamic months are Iu the western calendar LESSON FOUR 37 November December and so do not correlate at all to The lunar "year’ is eleven days shorter than ‘ours, so the months move forward every year. Days of the week (ayydam il-usbiu9) yoom ilitnéen yoom it-taldat yom ilarba yoom. il-xamiis yom il-gim9a yom is-sabt yom il-Hadd Seasons (il-fugtiul) is-geet il-narit is-sita irrabii9 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday ‘autumn, fall winter spring38 LESSON FOUR More time expressions innahdrda bukr: imbéariHt badd bukra awwil imbéaril dilwa'ti badd swayya is-subH id-duhr badd id-dubr il-9asr miséa’an bikleel russ il-leel Additional Vocabulary Saskéri (Pasdakir) mutérgim (mutargimiin) 6da (owad) marta (marréat) “ins Curius) ginéeh “ahwa Say ‘mooz séada (sa9dat) dia (da’éayi’) sinya (sawéani) yom (ayyaam) uusbiu9 (asabiid) Sehr (4Shur or Suhur) séna_(sinfin) Sadtad (a%déad) nimra_ (nimar) fast (fustul) barmiil (baramil) today vesterdas the day afer tomorrow the day before yesterday in a little while (in) the morning (at) noon afiernoon ‘mid-afternoon in the evening at night midnight policeman; soldier translator room time (as in ‘two times’); once plaster pound (Egyptian or Sterling) coffee tea bananas (collective) hour; watch, clock second day week month year number number barrel Lesson rour 39 eet (zuyiut) oil stars (durtius) lesson teatad (f.) (bikiad) country tazkéra (tazdakir) ticket uss half sub9 quarter wit third ia minus; except big-gabt precisely hass only a for ligna (igaéan) commission II EXERCISES W / Reading practice Alf tus9umiyya xdmsa_w-tamar maQsiana mutargiméen kwayyisiin innahdrda, -awwaldani min haghdiiad wil-axrdani min dims waaHlid ‘dhwa w-itnéen Saay min faidlak, is-sia9a sitta w-nugs {lla xdmsa_is-subH. Yasara “urdus, xsimsa ginéeh masri xamastdagar ginéeh sterliini fis-sana tndaSar Sabr lughitéen sa9biin, Bi 2 Translation exercise il-xdmas kitub di ghalya leela Sanka ingen wisisetn sina Snduh dars badd id-dubr yom ilitnéen fith Hafla s-séaYa sab¥a w-nuss missia’an maandinsias mitéen duliar littazéakie, 6. Where are those five kadies? There are twenty servants in that villa 8. The eleventh man is not here40 9. Lebanon is a small country, but it has lit: in it are} six million {sitts milydon] Lebanese 10. Those two big ears belong to the president of the Commission. LESSON FIVE (id-dars il-xaamis) 1 COMMON EXPRESSIONS 1 tisbaHl 94la xeer (to m.s.) Good night or tisbaHi Yala xeer (to fs.) or tisbaHu 9ila xeer (to pl.) inta min ahluh (10 m.s.) Good night or w-inti min dhluh (to fs.) or w-intu min ahluh (10 pl.) (resp,) 2 mabriuk Congratulations (resp.)__alliiah yibsarik fik (to m.s.) Thank you or alléah yibdarik fiiki (to fs.) or allah yibaarik fiikum (to pl.) 3 HiHla sadiida Have a good trip 4 Hamaila 9as-satiama Welcome back resp.) Alléah yisallimak, ete. Notes () Lit. = ‘may you wake up in the morning to [lit. un] goodness and (resp.) ‘and you are one of [lit: from] its people’ (i.e. people ‘of goodness). (2) Lit. = “blessed” and (resp.) ‘God gives blessing in you! (3) Lit, = “happy trip’ (4) A condensed form of il-Hamdu lilliah 9ata s-saléama, Lit, = praise [be] to God for {your} safety. LESSON FIVE 41 GRAMMAR Interrogative words woh? what? teen? where? weiay? how? wniin? who? imta? when? lech? why? kam? how many? ud eeh? how much? izzaay changes to izzayy before sullixes iweayyak? How are you? When kaam immediately precedes a noun, that noun must be singular, yandak kam walad? How many children do you have? Interrogative words often come at the end of a sentence. 2 What's her name? What time is it? ismaha is-sda9a kam? Active Participles Active participles are like adjectives in that they are inflected for gender and number, but they have verbal meaning. They may stand alone or in equational sentences, m. f. pl wi vawza Sawatin wantling) Saayiz 9ayza Sayziin know(ing) Saarif Sara Sarfiin understand(ing) faahim fahma fahmiin goting) réayiHl rayHa rayHiin doting) Saami amla Samitin42 LESSON HVE stay(ing) or sitting) stop(ing) or standing) see(ing) live (livingy* sleepting) come (coming) Examples: (interrogative) (negative) (negative: interrogative) Adverbial phrases with “bi A common way ( form adverbs is to prefix: th appropriate noun, bi-su9duba bi-suhdula in the sense of “residing! “iadid wila'it sdayit sfakin ndayim, gaay féahim féhma fahmiin fiahim? mis féahim mis faahim? "i9da addin wa'fa wa’ Siyfa sayfiin sikna sakniin ndyma nay! Bayya yin You (m.s.) understand He understands You (f-s.) understand She understands We understand You (pl.) understand They understand Do you understand? ete, 1-do aot understand ete. Don't you understand? ete. | T understand with difficulty easily Lesson Five 43 hava quickly huaees stowly | the last expression naturally falls with the others although there | ¥- no noun 3wees existing independently.) 1 carn also the following adverbial phrases: bt tayydara by plane val Sarabiyya by automobile a gal by bicycle tal ate by eran pal-utubfis: by bus \altional vocabulary sinc case shia difficulty ugala (Sagat) bicyele str Caturdat) train utublis (utubisdat) bus iva Qa’) apartment salir (sifaray ambassador sitar (sifardat) tmbassy 102 (aga) husband mnirdatue his wife fighdayit sini wall Hidaga everything U1 EXERCISES. @ / Reading practice ayiH fen? riayiHl is-sifaara Lbiritaniyya sh dilwarti? i-awldad Samifin naymiin, “The original word is mara (‘woman’) Which is somewhat vulgar in Egyptian Arabic unless used with a pronominal suffix or in construct, cg, migdati (my wile’) and mirdat 94li CAIs wife’),44 Sali sdakin fid-do"i w-inti sikna fen? na w-g6ozi sakniin fi Sa gidiida fi S 119 Hasan sabri ‘iin gay min il-matdar innahérda? walldahi, mis 94rfa isirka di 9ayza kaam Sarabiyya gidfida? mi ma9"dul! 2 Translation exercise inta réayiHl izzday? bit-tayydara? Yawzfin “add eeh? na mis Séarif nimrit it-tilifiun bitdadit is-safir. miréatuh wa'fa fis-Séari9 wi-Sarabiyyitha xarbéana. mustafa “éa9id Sandina lighdayit yoom il-xamis, They are coming by bus. My wife wants three kilos of bananas, Does Mustapha live in Doggi or in Giza? Do you understand everything? 10. Is the bus coming quickly or slowly? LESSON SIX (id-dars is-sdadis) 1 COMMON EXPRESSIONS 1 Ia mu'éxsa Excuse me (resp.) ma9Iis8 H's nothing 2 ismaHli (t0 ms.) Excuse me or ismaHiili (to 1.5.) or ismaHiuli (to pl.) resp.) itféddat ete. LESSON SIX. 45 San iznak (to m.s.) Excuse me or San iznik (to fs.) for 9an izntikum (to pl) resp.) itfddal ete Notes 1) Lit, = “no resentment [I hope’, ie. “I hope you have not taken olleace.” Used, for example, by someone who is the cause of a minor accident such as stepping on someone else's foot or spilling something on or near some person. (2) Lit. = ‘permit me’ and used. ¢-g. if someone is blocking the speaker’s way, or if the speaker wants to politely interrupt (3) Lit. = ‘with your permission’. Can be used like ismaHli but has the additional meaning of “Excuse me. have to leave now.” This later meaning may also be conveyed by the verbal form asta’zi i) GRAMMAR Comparative and superlative adjectives The comparative (and superlative) form of the adjective is invariable, ie. not inflected for gender and number. For most of the adjectives given so far, the pattern for the comparative is aCCaC, kibiir akbar bigger sughayyar asghar smaller gamiil Ggmal more beautiful When the second and third root letters of the adjective (cy. xafiif), the comparative pattern is usually aCaCC occasionally aCCaC safiit axatt lighter (in weight) idiid agdad newer Adjectives ending in -w or -i form the comparative according to the pattern aCCa.46 LESSON six Hilw ghéali sweeter, preter more expensive The comparative of kwayyis (‘good is aHsan (‘better’) The word for ‘than’ in Arabic comparative structures is min, ana akbar minnak I'm bigger than you Colours (ilalwaan) m, f red 4Hmar Hamra green axdar xidra blue aera’ zir'a yellow séfra white béeda black s6oda brown biinni grey raméadi raméadi orange burtu'éani ani Of the same basic pattern (aCCaC) are adjectives denoting certain physical disabilities. blind 9ma Samya Sumy deaf ‘tras tarsa turs dumb, mute éxras xdrsa xurs. lame a9rag 9arga Surg one-eyed a9war Gora uur It is worth noting that an Egyptian would probably say ‘he cannot see’ rather than “he is blind’; ‘he has one eye’ rather than ‘he is one-eyed’, etc. There is a definite preference for using what is considered a polite circumlocution to direct mention of an adjective of physical disability. On the other hand. a9war might be considered an appropriate insult for a bad driver! Ml EXERCISES 1 Reading practice ana akbar minnak bi-télat siniin, i-ba'liawa aHsan min i2-2ildati run sdakin flebeet ilabyad da? umnira gam, Léakin fariida égmal arabiyya LHamra agdad min ilSarabiyya Lxddra. oh ikashal, 94rabi walla ingiliizi? odtéen doo! sughayyartin “awit * Tuunslation exercise 1. Hlisan dgghar min réamiz 2. isssiwwaa’ da a9war. hiwwa sawwéa’ wIHis 3. inrabid Fla Lfusul 1. ittuffiall kwayyis Iiakin iLburtu'éan dFlsan, 5. ilekitabéen dool ruxias 6. Tam lighter (in weight) than Hassan 7. Summer is nicer than winter. Those two girls are beautiful, but his sister is more beautiful 9. Alexandria is one of the [from the] most beautiful Egyptian cities. 10. How much for those two blue pens LESSON SEVEN (id-dars is-sdabi9) 1 COMMON EXPRESSIONS i wala yhimmak (to m.s.) Don’t worry! or wala yhimmik (to £s.) or wala yhimmikum (to pl.) xilli béalak (to m.s.) Be careful or xalli baalik (10 fs.) or xallu balkum (to pl.) Haasib (to ms.) Look out! or Hésbi (10 fs.) or Hasbu (to pl.) 4 ya xséara What a pity!48. LESSON SEVEN Notes (1) Lit. = and] tet it not worry you." (2) Also ‘pay attention’. Takes the prepesitions min or Séla, (3) May convey a sense of urgency or imminent danger (e.g. a fast approaching et something about 10 fl et. xasdara = loss. The particle ya introduces vocative express Lit. = 0 loss!" meses 1 GRAMMAR Perfect Tense (Simple Verbs) There are to basi tenses in Arabic. The perfet, denoting ation which is finished, corresponds to the English Past tense. The imper fect refersto ation which incomplete (ether om ping or face) and corresponds to our presen, progressre and haar fone There is no infinitive form of the ver) im Arabic. A sea is tsferred toby the 3rd person masculine singular of it perfect ense This is also how the verb appears in dctonary. LESSON SEVEN 49) The shape of the simple verb is not always CaCaC. Sometimes ws CICIC, but the suffixes and stress patterns are the same. For \nnple, the conjugation of fihim *he understood’ is bana tanta) nti) inewa) hiya) Shine (ina) fhinna fihimt (intu) fihimtw fim (imma) fimo fim fihimit Verbal Negatives The negative structure for the perfect tense is ma + verb + &: makatabtis rmakatabtis makatabtis makatabs makatabité makatabnéas makatabtius makatabiius I didn’t write you (m.s.) didn’t write ‘you (f.s.) didn't write hhe didn’t write she didn’t write we didn’t write you (pl.) didn't write they didn’t write The simple verb kétab she wrote” is conjugated in the perfect tense as follows: (Gna) katabe (Gnta) katabt (inti) katabti (hiiwwa) kétab (hiya) katabit (itina) katébna (ntu) katabtw (himma) kétabu T wrote you (m.s.) wrote you (f.8.) wrote he wrote she wrote we wrote you (pl.) wrote they wrote ‘Taking katab as the shortest and simplest form in this conjugation, ‘one finds that the other persons are indicated by the addition of suffixes. Where the suffix causes a cluster ef two consonants there is also a change in stress, Note that where there is already a cluster of two consonants before the -& suffix, the vowel ~i is added between the cluster and the suflix (e.g. makatabtis). Where the addition of § creates a cluster of two consonants there is a shift in stress (e.g. kita but makatabs), And where the form of the verb (before adding the negative structure) ends in a vowel, that vowel is lengthened and stressed (e.g. makatabnaas) Learn the following verbs and practise conjugating them in the perfect tense. Then practise the negative forms divas 10 study Mi9 10 go-up SGmal 10 make, do darab to strike “éfal 10 close tdlab (0 ask for nizil to descend daxal 10 enter ibis 10 wear xdrag 10 go out Siig 10 know ‘aad to stay, sit fitaH to open sikan 10 reside, live50. LESSON SEVEN Active Participles (Simple Verbs) Active participles have been previously introduced [Lesson 5] as having the form of adjectives but verbal mearing, Active participles of this type are usually made plural with the sound plural ending , Active participles may also occur as nouns in which case the plural is often formed according to one of the broken plural patterns, Some can be used both adjectivally and nominally. For example: mo fk {adj.) 9éamil 9émla Yamin = [ivare] doing (n.) 9éamil_94mla_Summéal = labourer, workman adj.) kéatib kata katbiin islare} writing (n.)— kéatib —katha kuttdab = weer Compare the following in-naas dol Samliin Hiiaga Those people are doing some- ghariiba thing strange, in-naas dot 9umméal Those people are labourers. in-naas doo! katbiin asamihum Those people are writing their in-naas doot kuttdab Those people are writers Passive Participles (Simple Verbs) The pattern for forming passive participles from simple verbs is maCCuuC (m.s.): maCCuuCa (fs.); the plural is usually maCCu- Ciin, but sometimes a broken plural applies. maktdub written maftéuH open mamniiu9 forbidden masmduH permitted mabsiiut ‘happy mazbiiut all right masghdul (masghulfin) busy magndun (maganéin) crazy, mad LESSON SEVEN SI vwafhium, understood; of course! vwashiur famous \ulditional vocabulary Ins still; not yet (with neg.) iHib (asHéab) friend ahdar daytime ‘uul (n. oF prep.) length ‘ual in-nahiar all day hvilad town, downtown nil to descend, go down nizil_ mage 10 go (0 Cairo nizil il-bélad 10 go downtown vizil i luknda 10 stay in a hotel fustéan (Fasatiin) dress Hariir silk maHall (maHalléat) store Yaséan because sidwwa (prep.) in, inside hawa (m.) air nuluxiyya, ‘Mulukhiyya, Jew’s mallow (an Egyptian vegetable) bani again ssanséer lift, elevator sign (sugiun) jail Sidr poetry magdala (magaldat) article HI EXERCISES 1 Reading practice it-tulkiab darasu id-dars il-xamis dwwil imbéariH. Liss madarastius id-dars is-saadis. Yamattu ech filemaktaba? Aatdbna gawabéat li-asHabna fi masr. aadti fil-beet tuul in-nahéar? abadan! ana nizilt il-bilad wictalabt télat fasatiin Harr min‘maHiall gidfid fi Ssari9 silimaan béaga, iL9umméal ma‘afalius i-baab kimma xé-agu i-94rab mashuriin 18-519" bita9hum, id-dukt6or tili9 foo" bil-asanséer 2 Translation exercise 1. Iéela fataHit i8sibbsak 9a8dan giwwa -bect ma fhus héwa 2. ihawléad mabsutiin Satan it-tabbiax Smal 3. daxdlna I-mét9am wi-Sabdiillah talab & ma talabtis Héaga, Hasan nizil magr ma9a saHbuh [siaHib + uh] sakéntu fi fardnsa ‘abl il-Harb walla ba9déha? We entered the room at 9:30. Why didn’t you study the lesson? He's crazy! He struck a policeman and now he’s in jail Our teacher wrote an article about [9an} the pyramids, He didn’t stay because he's busy muluxiyya téanil ‘aay min ig-garséon. éna LESSON EIGHT (id-dars it-taamin) 1 COMMON EXPRESSIONS 1 idedinya Harr Wes hos 2 id-einya bard Its cold 3 iddinya daima I's dark 4 idedinya bitmattar Wes raining 5 hiyya di d dinya Thar’s fe! (Cest la vie?) 4.5) id-dinya = the world. It derives from a roo! meaning “to be low", 0 in the literal sense it means “the world down here on earth’ and is opposed to the world up theze. i.e. heaven. Hence LESSON FIGHT 5: ‘nese phrases mean literally “the world is hot, cold, dark, etc.’ You std noe i th efor does ave obs erenue a the outdoors. It can be said of the temperature, ete, indoors, i propriate. 1. GRAMMAR Imperfect Tense (Simple Verbs) The imperfect tense of simple verbs is formed on the patterns (i) NCCC (i) CCRC. and (Hi) yuCCUC. The oa! vowel of each presented in brackets beside the verb to indicate which pattern should be followed Using Kitab, fihim, and xarag as paradigms for the three patterns, we have: 1 katab (i) ‘0 write (ina) siktibs Tvrite, am writing, shall write (inta) wiktib ‘you (m.s,) write (inti) tiktibi you (£.s.) write (hnawway —yiktib he writes (hivya) wiktib she writes (tina) niktib we write (intu) tiktibu ‘you (pl.) write (hiimma) ——_yikuibu they write iktib Write! (m.s.) iktibi Write! (E-s.) iktibu Write! (pl.) 2 fihim (a) 10 understand (ans) atten 1 umdersiand, am understanding shall understand (inta) titham ‘you (m.s.) understand nti) tifhami you (F.s.) understand (hiwwa) yifham he understands (hiyya) tifham she understands (Hina) nifham we understandSd LESSON EIGHT (intu) tifhému, you (pl.) understand (himma) ihm they understand ffham Understand! (m.s.) ifhmi Understand! (f.8.) ithama Understand! (pi.) 3 xdrag (u) 10 go owt (ana) axrug 1 go out, am going out, shall go out (inta) tuixrug you (m.s.) go out (inti) tuxrugi you (f.8.) go cut (hiwwa) ixrug hhe goes out (hiyya) tuxrug she goes out ‘ ic) nuxrug we go out Antu) tuxrigu vou (pl.) go out (imma) —_yuxrigu they g0 out dixug Go out! (m.s.) uxrégi Go out! (fs.) usrigu Go out! (pl.) Note that the inta and hiyya forms of the imperfect are identical In Egyptian Arabic the imperfect is usually preceded by b(i)- to denote the present and by H(a)- to denote the future bintktib Haniktib: biyiktibu: Hayiktibu The negative of the imperfect can be formed in three ways: maktibs or mabaktibs! maHaktibs matiktibs ete, matiktibiis or mis béktibimis: Haktib ete, LESSON EIGHT maviktids rntiktbs snoniktibs natiktibaus. aviktibaus, IMPORTANT: the negative imperative is based not on the impera- sve but on the imperfect indicative nti ktidS Don't write! (m.s.) sna tibAS Don't write! (£.) natiktibaus Don't write! (pl.) ere again are the verbs that appeared in Lesson Seven, this time tollowed by the vowels which indicate the pattern each verb follows (or the imperfect. Carefully work through the list putting the verbs nto the imperfect, negative imperfect, imperative and negative imperative, skiras (i) 19 (a) vamal (i) drab (a) ital (i) tilab (uw) wizil (i) daxal— (u) bis (i) ‘Wad (u) ‘iif (a) sékan (uw) ital (a) Vhe basic imperfect form of the verb (Lc. without prefixes bi- and Ha-) may be used (a) after certain active participles: I know how to write Arabic She wants 10 take the lift down. viarif aktib Sdrabi viyaa tingil bil-asanséer ind (b) after certain invariable auxiliaries like kigzim and darduri itis necessary), mis Kazim and mis darduri (it is not necessary) kin, yimkin and gaayie (itis possible), mafraud (supposed to) You must get dressed in a hurry You are supposed to sit here. hiazim tilbis. bi-sir9a matrdud ud hina56 LESSON EIGHT e There are very few irregular verbs in Egyptian Arabic. Here is an important one: ga (to come) Perfect tense Negative Imperfect Imperative (ana) geet magits agi Cinta) geet magits igh t9éala (int) geet magitis igh taal (hiwwa) ga magia’ yi (hiyya) gat magits tigi (Hina) géena maginsas—nigi (intu) geet rmagitius tig vada (imma) — gum magius— yigu Additional vocabulary tariix history riyagiyy mathematics sim @ulium) science Hantiur buggy, carriage (horse-driven) durg. drawer wéagib tury: homework dyya’ narrow; short (time) badd each other rigid (a) (without prep.) to return (to) sirib (a) to drink simi9 (a) to listen to, hear datas (a) to push; to pay Some new expressions based on the above vocabulary are: drab tiliféon fi Samal tilif6on li 10 phone |s.0.] sirib sigaara 10 smoke Lesson e1GHT $7 IL EXERCISES, ! Reading practice va bitham faransdiawi Swily Hatitinb ee fil-mé@am? dna Fiitlub gibna béeda wiedecs hiladi wifuul wi-zatiiun vata wiemrdatak bitidrisu ech fig-gim9a, tariix walla lughéat? sina mabnidris la tart wala lughéiat. dna bidris riyadiyydat wi- wuciati bitidris Sukium, itowa't diya’. irkab il-Mantdur w-frga9 il-tukinda ‘l-Hissab? wala yhimmak. mis dariuri tdfad il-Hiséab innaharda Miimkin tidfa9 bikra aw bad bukra law samt, Gdxul ibméktab bitdadi wil iddurg Hhumma lissa mabyi9rafius badd 2 Translation exercise 1. dna basma9 musiiga Yarabiyya. 2. hiyya bititham Sérabi kwayyis 3. gtizha mabyu'ids fil-maktab bitéadu, mis 9arfa hiwwa feen. 4. it-tulldab biyiktibu -wéagib bité9hum. inta Hatiktib il-wéagib bitdaYak imta? 5. di kmaliétta bité9tak. inzil bi-stinSa! 6. What do you (f.) want to drink? 7. ‘They will live in Egypt for [a period of] three months. 8. I's not possible for me to return home before Friday. 9. Don’t hit that boy! He's smaller than you are. 10. She went out a little while ago, but she will return in [after] five minutes.58 LESSON NINE (id-dars it-tdasi9) 1 COMMON EXPRESSIONS 1 Kull sina weinta tayyib Season's greetings (to ms.) kull sina w-inti tayyiba (to Es.) ull sana w-intu tayyibiin (t0 pl.) (resp.) ta tayyib Same to you etc. 2 Hagg mabritur Congratulations on your recent pilgrimage 3 ramadan karim (See Note 3 below) alldahu akram Notes (1) Used by Muslims and Christians at any time of festive annual holiday, public or personal. Lit. = “Every year and you are good! 2) Pilgrimage to Mecca is one of the so-called Five Pillars of Islam. Muslims should go on pilgrimage at least once in a lifetime. Lit. = ‘Blessed pilgrimage’ (3) Another Pillar of Islam is the annual fast for the month of Ramadan. Muslims observing the fast do not eat, drink or smoke from just before dawn until just after sunset for the whole month, Since the Islamic calendar is lunar, with a y shorter than our fixed solar year, Ramadan gradually moves through the seasons. When it fails in summer the fast is longer and more difficult, but whatever the deyree of severity it is always downplayed with the expression ramadan karim, which means “Ramadan is generous’. alfdahu dkram means “God is more generous’ about eleven days LESSON NINE 59 The three other Pillars of Islam are: iSahdada Lit, = ‘bearing witness’. This is the profession of faith by saying: laa jldaha ila |Jaah, wa muHammadun rasiulu-Haah, iy-yaldah The set prayer required five times daily (dawn, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset, and evening) i-zakiah Almsgiving 1 GRAMMAR Doubled Verbs In the perfect tense, simple doubled verbs take the form CaCC. the last two consonants being identical. The variable vowel for the imperfect may be w or i Hatt (u) 10 put perfect imperfect imperative (ana) Hattéet Hatt 5 cinta) Hattéet tiHate Hutt (inti) Hattéeti wit Hutti (huwwa) Hatt yiHoaty r Hattit wiHlatt (iHna) Hattéena niFtatt Gintu) Hattéetu tiFhutt Hatta (lhimma) Harta yiFlastu = Conjugated like Hatt id (u) 0 reply 10 (Bala) xa (u) to enter bass (u) to look aatt— (w)——t0 jump60 LESSON NINE add (i) 10 count perfect imperfect imperative (ana) Yaddéet adidd Cinta) 9addéet vididd Side inti) 9addéeti ti9iddi Sidi (hiiwwa) add vyididd - (hiyya) addi ti9idd - (Hina) Yaddéena nididd = Gntu) 9addéetu tididdu Siddu (himma) daddy yididdu - Conjugated like 9add Habb (i) ta like or love rann @) wring Hage (i) t@ go on pilgrimage ghass (i), to cheat Hollow Verbs Hollow verbs take the form CaaC in the perfect. The aa takes the place of a middle radical (either w or y) which is suppressed in conjugated forms of the simple verb (Form 1), but which does appear in the active participle and some of the derived forms. Notice particularly how the vowels change in the perfect. The variable vowels in the imperfect are wu, taal (u) 10 go perfect imperfect imperative (ana) ult ardul Cinta) rut tirduH raul (anti) rat tirdubli iui Chniswwa) ral yirdull - (huyyen reat tirdutl (tiny riHna nirduH = Garay ral tw tirduHu rduHu Claumnnay iat I yirdubtu LESSON NINE 61 Conjugated like ral wal (uu) tansy sam (u) 10 fast saul (u) to see (w) 0 visit (wy) 0 be gaab (i) 10 bring perfect imperfect imperative (na) wibt agiib : (inta) sie tigi ‘ib inti) ati tigibi iibi (iuivwa) ab vitib wiabit tigi z i iba nigitb atu) sxbta tigiibu (humm) giabu yigibu : Conjugated tike gab: Saal (i) to carry baa? i) to sell naam (a) fo sleep, go to sleep perfect imperfect imperative Gina nimt naam : nta) nimt tindéam naan (inti) nimti tindami néami (nuiwwa) naam yindam = «hiyya) nidamit tinsiam - tina) nim nina : (intu) nim tinéama nar (inimma) ——ngamu yiniamu - A variation on the above pattern is xaaf (a) min ‘to be afraid of, which takes u instead of fin the first syllable of the perfect: xuft “ feared’. The imperfect is regular: axial. tixdaf, etc62 LESSON NINE Verbs with Weak Third Radical \uldivional vocabulary rama (i) t0 throw “yn il-miéad iid i-iydama perfect imperfect imperative id ihr ana) raméet Sirmi Gita) raméet tirmi imi TROT Gti) raméeti tirmi irmi (huiwwa) rama yirmi ; a (hiya) amit i : (Hina) raméena nimi : ndolid in-nabi (ntu) raméet ‘imu irmu Samm inaisfim (imma) ram yirmu = Conjugated like rama: (Hugéag) kawa (i) to iron Higa. sdayim A variation is “éra (a) "to read’, where there is an a in the place of iieaioay the final i of the imperfect and imperative: ra, tra, yfra, ete seat isan | heer nisi (a) 10 forget | HLEXERCISE imperfect imperative na) finsa Verb transtation (Cinta) tinsa ins We! Verb ransta a a i Translate the following: (huiwwa) nisi yinsa ~ i. ziuru abu I-hool! Chiyya) nigyit tinsa : 2, magabies itHatéawa (itina) nisiina minsa 3. biyndam bad (int) nisfit tinsu insu + bass hindak! (imma) nisy visu : 3. “anit kida Conjugated like mi 6, matrublis liwibfdik! 7, bitSuufi 9dadil. Hi (2) 0 wake up 8. bistla want Verbs like mii to walk go and gir (to run ke an inthe 9. binEHbD mage second syllable of both the imperfect and the imperative (perfect 10, ‘uult misiit, but imperfect: 4msi, timsi,, etc.), 11. mansiia’ il-asiami. LESSON NINE 63 Christmas Easter Feast on 1 Shawwaal celebrating the end of the Ramadan Fast The so-called Feast of Immo lation on 10 Zu t-Hijja Ashura, on 19 Muharram, a voluntary fast day the Prophet's birthday an Egyptian spring holiday on the Monday following Coptic Easter pilgrin: pilgrimage fast fasting the Citadel the Islamic Museum the Sphinx field12, radi 9a t-tilifoon! 13, matnamiig 94la Lard! 14. Hardull ispaanya, 15. biysfil is-sabat 16. Hanimii sawa. 18, “arcetsbmagiala, 19. dna xuft-minnuly 20. igi! 21. méasi 22 Haat 23. rayHtiin 24. séayim 25. naiyma M2 Translation exercise 1. ig-garséon gaab fingdan ‘ahwa 2. laazim aSiuf id-duktor wi hiwwa fil-mustasta. 3 il-bint di fig-g4m9a wi ba9¢ Swayya dina Suft nats il-bint fil-mat9am, 4. nagiib biyHibb in-noom - biyndam bacri wi-biyisHa waxri. 5. raddéeti 94ta gawéabuh walla Lissa? 6. Did you visit the Islamic Museum or the citadel? 7. They fasted in the month of Rama 8. The farmer carried the boy to the fields. 9, Bring your suitcase with you 10. Where do you (pl.) want to go on Saturday afternoon? LESSON TEN (id-dars il-94asir) HE 1 COMMON EXPRESSIONS 1 bil-hana wid-sita (resp) allah yihanmiik (See Note 1 below) LESSON TEN 65 allah yihanniiki alléah_yihanniikum 2 haniyyan (See Note 2 below) (resp.)——hannak allah 3 stifra ddyma (See Note 3 below) (resp.)——_-yidtium Sizzak Notes (1) Said by you as host when a guest compliments you on the food you ate serving. Lit. = To [your] happiness and health’ and (resp.) ‘May God give you happiness’ (2) Said by you after someone drinks. Lit, = ‘In happiness’ and (resp.) “May God give you happiness’, an alternative to allah yihanniik (3) Said by guest after eating at someone's house. Lit, = “May your dining table be always thus’ and (resp.) ‘May your honour and good standing] last always’ 1 GRAMMAR Pronominal Suffixes as Direct Objects We have seen the pronominal suffixes used as possessive pronouns and as objects of prepositions. They may also be attached to verbs, as direct objects, in which case the suffixes are the same with the exception of the Ist person singular which changes to -ni fhimni he understood me Sifni he saw me fihimak he understood you (m.) Siafak etc fihimik he understood you (f.) Séafik fthimuh he understood himiit Séafuh filinha he understood heritt saha fihimna he understood us fihimkum he understood you (pl.) fihimhum he understood them When the basic verb already ends in two consonants, a suffix that begins with a consonant must be preceded by a helping vowel66 Lesson TEN fhimtini you (s.) understood me fihimtak T understood you (m.) filimtike Tundersiood you (f.) fibimtuh Tor you understood himiit fbimtaha Lor you understood herlit fihimtina you (s.) understood us fihimtikum J undersiood you (pl.) fihimtihum Lor you understood them When the basic verb ends in @ vowel, that vowel must be made long when adding a suffix. fihimndah we understood him Safuukum, they saw you (pl.) biyithamiuha they undersiand her mayithamuhias they do not understand her Study the following paradigm for the 3rd pers.m.s. suffix (-uh) attached to the complete conjugation in the perfect of katab (ana) katabtuh (iHnay katabnéah (inta) katabtuh (int) atabtauh (inti) katabttih (himma) katabiuh (huwwa) katabuh (hiyya) katabituh ‘This 3rd pers. m.s. suffix changes when attached to a negative verb and itself followed by the negative suffix -8, The following patterns are both common among native speakers. (na) makatabtabhius or makatabnius (inta) makatabtuhius mmakatabtius (inti rmakatabtihius rmakatabeis (hawway —-makatabhiius makatabuius (hiya) makatabithinus makatabitaus Giina) smakatabnabius mmakatabné (int) rmakatabtuhivs mmakatabttius (humma) ——-makstabuhuus makatabaus Itis recommended that you learn to understand both patterns. For your own speech the first pattern may be preferable as there is less inherent ambiguity. For example, makatabous (from the second LESSON TEN 67 pattern) might mean “he did not write it, “they did not write it or they did not write’ Relative clauses In English a relative clause is a dependent clause that begins with that’, “which’, “who', ete. (e.g. The book which I read was expensive,). The structure of Arabic relative clauses differs depending on whether the antecedent is definite or indefinite, If it is definite the relative pronoun is ili, ie-rdagil fli katab il-gawaab The man who wrote that da letter ‘sssitt ili i-beet The lady who is at home Ifthe antecedent is indefinite the relative pronoun must be omitted. luzimna waHda sitt Hatitbux We need some lady who will lina Lakl cook for us. ih mudarris biyidrab There is a teacher who beats his talamiizuh students If the antecedent is the object of a verb or preposition in the telative clause, a pronominal suffix agreeing with the antecedent ‘must appear in the relative clause, id-dars fli dardstuh ildukinda li nizilt fiiha The lesson that I studied The hotel where I stayed | EXERCISE Read carefully the example sets of questions and answers, then continue the exercise by completing the answers for I to 4 yourself (example) daf9t il-Hisdab bitdad il-kabraba? aywa, dafadtub, Ja, madafa9tuhdus, (example) Salt Hilm ig-gidiid fi sinima ‘age in-niil? dywa, Sufnah, la, masufmahius.a Sultiina filemasraH imbéariH? aywa, Suttuku, Ja, masultukius, (example) (example) ilmakwagi Kawa Mami? aywa, Kawah, makawahdus, 1 faust sibbsak? i 2 btu gawéab? ia, 3 uring 6S aw irabi9isséna Mi Cui? fisita ina fi rabi9, 4 ibaa rma Lam? ia, LESSON ELEVEN (id-dars il-Hiddasar) COMMON EXPRESSIONS 1 Sida Heclak (to ms.) Be strong or Siddi Héelik (to Es.) or fiddu Hélkum (to pl.) (resp.)—-Sidda 9éla aah May our Lord make it] easy 2 rabbina Mey our Lord make you strong allah yi'awwiik, ete LESSON ELEVEN 69 4 salamtak I hope you feel bewer saakimtik salamitkum (resp.) allah yisallimak, ete. Thank you Notes (1) Said to someone facing difficulty or mental anguish — anything from too much work to a situation of mourning. More literally Pull yourself together’. Resp.: ‘Strength [depends] on God’, ie we leave the dispensing of strength to God, (2) As (1) above, said to someone facing difficulty. (3) As (1) above. (4) Said to someone who is ill. saliama here means “good health 1 GRAMMAR The derived forms Verbal forms Il to X are called the ‘derived forms’. You should recognise many of the same root letter combinations that appear in the simple form of the verb (Form 1). AA given set of root letters may appear in one or several verbal forms but hardly ever in all ten forms patterns examples Form IL CaCCaC fikkar 10 think; to remind (or) CaCCiC — fahhim 10 make s.0. understand Form IT CaaCiC — siatie 0 wavel Form IV aCCaC drab 10 go on strike Form V itCaCCaC itférrag Yala 10 Look ar (or) itCaCCiC ith assin 1 get beter Form VI itCaaCiC itfiahim ma%a fo reach an_under- standing (ith) Form Vil inCaCaC inbisat 10 enjoy oneself70 LESSON ELEVEN Form VII iCtaCaC_ibtésam to smile Form IX iCCaCC im 10 become red Form X, istaCCaC istighrab to be surprised (01) istaCCiC istamil to use Verbal Form If (CaCCaC or CaCCi Often denotes: 1 causation (e.g. maat “to die’; mawwit to cause to die, to kill) 2 intensity (e.g. “tad “to cut’ “4a “to cut into many pieces’) alli 10 teach perfect imperfect imperative (ana) Sallime adaltim - (Ginta) Sallimt 1i9allim gaillim (anti) Yallimti 1i9allimi allimi (hiwwa) 9allim yiallim = (hiyya) Sallimit 1i9atlim (iHna) Sallimna niallim - (Cinta) Sallimtw ti9allimu alii (imma) Sailimu yigaltimu Form IT verbs which have a as the second vowel are conjugated the same Way (e.g. fikkar ‘to think” (Perfect; fakkart: and Imperfect afikkar, etc.) Like 9allim and fakkar: katlim 10 speak to kaibbar 10 enlarge sila 10 repair Madar 10 prepare tad to prefer rat to kill ahha to explain LESSON ELEVEN 71 Form TT verbs with a weak third radical have a conjugation in the perfect similar to that of the simple doubled verbs, The impertect and imperative are regular: warra to show perfect imperfect imperative (ana) warréet awairi : Cinta) warréet tiwarri wa (anti) warréeti siwarti wart (hawwa) warra yiwarsi = (hiyya) warrit tiwrri (Ha) warréena niwarri : (intu) warréetu tiwarru warrw (imma) warra yiwarru Like warra! abba 10 raise, bring up sila 0 pray xibba 10 hide (s.th.), conceal widda 10 take (10 a place), deliver Yiddda to cross; exceed Verbal Form III (CaaCiC) Usually denotes effort, often effort to do something to or for séafir 10 travel imperfect imperative (ana) safirt asdafir : Cinta) atiet tisdafir siatie (inti) safirti tisafri (hawwa) séalir yisdafir (hiyya) sitrit tistatir = (Hina) satirna nisaafir Cintw) safirta tisafru sifru (himma) sifu yisafraLike sdiatir: ‘abil to meet ziakir to study said to help Hatawil to wry, atterspt giiawib ‘0 answer ‘The pattern for Form {11 verbs with a weak third radical: nada to call out 10 perfect imperfect imperative (ana) nadéet andadi ota) nadéet tinaadi ndadi (nti) nadéeti tindadi ndadi (hiwwa) ndada yindadi (hiya) ndadit tindadi : (iina) inadi - (intu) tindadi ndadu (himma) yindadu : Like néada, lia’a 10 meet s.0. Verbal Form IV (aCCaC) Form IV verbs are generally causative in Classical Arabic. Colloquial Arabic prefers Form TI to denote causation which makes Form IV rare in the Colloquial. However, you will encounter many Form IV active participles. drab 10 go on strike perfect imperfect imperative (ana) adrabt ‘idrib : (Cinta) rat dri idriby (inti) adrabti tidribi idribi (hiwwa) drab yidriby (hiyya) adrabit tidrity : LESSON ELEVEN 73 (iftnay adrabna nidrib canta) adrabtu tidribu idribu (himma) adrabu yidribu - Like adrab: Jishat (yisbit) 10 prove sikram (yikrim) 10 be hospitable 10 aslam_(yislam) 10 become a Muslim (Note the a in yislam) The following words are all participles of derived verbs. In Classical Arabie the first syllable of the participial patterns is always mu-; in some Colloquial words this becomes mi-, Active participles take i as a final vowel. Passive participles take a Form II mudallim teacher mudirris teacher mufittis inspector mufiddal preferred Form Hl muséa9id helper, assistant travelling, traveller accountant Form IV muslim Muslim mudiir director, manager mufiid useful madhis wonderful IL EXERCISES I Substitute the forms given below, making any necessary changes fo the sentence: 1. inta bitfakkar fi ech? hawwa ? humma ?"4 LESSON ELEVEN ana bafiiddal il-biira 93la n-nibiit inta iHina liazim aghdyyir hudiumi bi-sirda. (hiyya) (intu) waldituh séfrit aswan yoom i-itnéen, mis Kida?” walduh, ? agdéaduh ? nddya bitdarris 9érabi walla ingilizi? Hasan 2 nadya wi-Hasan ? Additional vocabulary Hayya (Hayat) viper 1 ESSON TWELVE (id-dars il-itndaSar) \ principal character of Middle Eastern folk literature is Goh. Usually depicted riding a donkey or quarrelling with bis nay wile, Goba plays the fool but always Stories are ideal for learning Arabic so sce if you by heart, The translations are included in the Exercise Key I mera kaan gH “éoSid taltt S4garit bindu’, wa “iad yitikkar fi eh ib-Hikma innu rabbina yixall Sgara kibfira ttrall bindu’ hiyyar wiyinalt Mbattiy fli howwa akbar min i-bsnd” uh far sughayyar mayidars yistuh. min kutr ittatkir gGHa naam, wicbaddéen siHi manduud ila bundu'a wT'Sit Sita riasuh. fa al i-Hamdu lilliah ya rabbi. 9infe Hikmitak’ inn is-Sdgara 1 Kibvira df mabsitrals bagi kaan zaméani rub fas Vocubulary a beer huddum clothes waalid = abb) father walda mm) mother 2 Make the appropriate changes to the sentences below: 1, ifalldakt Heiawil yimawwit il-Hayya iLfallaFhin 2. imudarrisa bitfahhim it-tulldab id-dars, ilemudarrisiin 3. it-tabbiay biyHiddar i1-968a, it-tabbaxiin 4. ik94amil da mis Hayidrib, i umméal dool “aid igara (agar) banda’ baindu'a “sad yiftkkar Hikma rab sali, yal iaH yitraH battiix lh {a9 (Furi?) “dir, ydar saul yisil sitting tree hazel-nuts (collective) hhazel-nut (s.) hhe went on thinking wisdom that Lord to let 10 give forth vwater-melon ithhas branch to be able76 LESSON TWELVE kutr large quantity tafkiir (v.n.) thinking baddéen afterwards maxciiud la surtled by wii, yw'ad 10 fall Kaan zamdani ruHt fasuus (very idiomatic) “ir would have been cumains for me’ WW marrawi-giHa miasi, iliyéal “dada yidakstiuh, fa-Jasian pity minum “llahum smu ih Siecuma fi beet saan il Hogg 94h. ib*iyéal mi sadda'u réatta ta9in gira dethum fi sindnbum. badd ma réalTw gia fakkar “aal ma gayi yiktun fi Sigduma bisablill witli signi huwwa Kaman 9sla beet il-Hag ii Vocabulary Siydal (= wilsad) children Saakis, yidsakis to tease aad yivakstiuh [they went om teasing him itxéllas,yitxallag min to get rid of ‘alléhum (= ‘aal + la + hum) he said 10 them Siztiuma (= Hafla) party ma saddiu ‘no sooner believed than deel ail there the hems of their galabias sinn (sindan) teeth ma gaayiz yikuun fiih maybe there is bisa HH, truly, really ivi. yigri Site 10 run to n LESSON THIRTEEN (id-dars it-talattdaSar) 1 COMMON EXPRESSIONS 1 nadiiman You look refreshed (resp.) nam alldah Yaléek, Thank you ete (See note below) Notes (1) Said to someone who is looking refreshed after a shower. shave, hair-cut, ete. Lit. = [May you be] in comfort’ and (resp.) ‘May God give you comfort’ (2) or ma Saa" alldah Said when one sees something beautiful or admirable. Perhaps by now it has been said to you of your Arabic. Tewill certainly be said if you have a large family (a Negyptienne) of your own. Lit, = "That which God wills fis beautiful or admirable)’ HGRAMMAR Verbal Form V (itCaCCa€ or itCaCCiC) The reflexive of Form IL Yallim “to cause to know, to teach’ + it94 know, to learn’ to cause oneself to in9allim to learn perfect imperfect imperative (Gna) it9allime at9ailim, - Cinta) ieallime it%aillim 04llim (inti) it9allimti titVallimi itGallimi (hiwwa) invaillim yitvaltinn : (hiyya) in9atlimit lim (Hina) it9allimna sngallim - (intuy it9allimeu ttVallimu invaltimu (imma) it9allimu yitdallima =78 LESSON THIRTEEN like it9allim: itgawwiz, yitgawwiz 10 get married itkallim, yitkallim ma9a to speak (wit) ivéxxar, yit'axxar to be late itgawwar, yitsawwar 0 imagine itxarrag, yitxarrag to graduate Form V verbs with a weak third radical: to have lunch to have dinner itghddda (itghaddéet), Verbal Form VI (it: Usually the reflexive of Form III, often conveying an idea of reciprocity. itféahim (maida) to reach an understanding (with) perfect imperfect imperative (éna) itfahime atfdahim (Cinta) itfahimt titfaahim itfiahim (inti) itfahimti titfahmi itfahmi (hnawwa) itféahim yitfaahim (hiyya) itféhmit titfahim = (iHina) itfahimna nitféahim (intu) itfahimeu sithshmu itféhmu (himma) itfahmu yittihmu = Like itftahim: iesabil, yit'dabit 40. meet (intrans.) itnda’is, yitnda'is 10 discuss itxdani’. yitxdani to quarrel Sometimes the ‘t’ of the pattern is assimilated into the first root letter. iddaayi to be annoyed LESSON THIRTEEN 79) Verbal Form VII (inCaCaC) Reflexive of Form 1 inbisat co enjoy o.s perfect imperfect imperative (ana) inbasaitt anbisit Canta) inbasatt tinbisit inbisit (inti) inbasatti tinbisti inbists (hawwa) inbasat yinbisit - (hiya! inbasatit tinbisis = (Hina) inbasitna ninbisit, Gintu) inbasattu tinbistu inbistu (huimma) inbésatu yinbistu = Like inbasat inkasar, yinkisir to break (intrans.) infataHl, yinfitiHt ‘0 open (intrans.) insalab, yinsiFtib ‘to withdraw (intrans.) Participles, Form V— mitgawwiz married mit axxar laue, delayed mitghayyar changed mitghddi have) tunched mitSakkir thank you mit assif sorry Form VI mitséarim pessimistic mitféa'il optimistic midday’ annoyed Form VIL muni upset, agitated mundshis surprised80 1 6 a 8 9 hhiyya txdrragit is-sdna Ii féatit yimkin at'éxxar Swayya, asHabna nbasatu kitir. itkallim madaah. matit'axxartius! il-baab infatal 1a wi hiiwwa Léazim nitféahim ma9a bad miréaya nkasarit, 0 LESSON THIRTEEN III EXERCISES I Translate the following éazim nitVéllim faransdawi Hatit'ablu feen? Make the appropriate changes. murdad* hnida™ himma 1 dayman bi dina Hatxdrrag min ig-gimda ssandadi, in Sa alléah int hiwwa ifallain Kéacim yit'abla i-subH gam ini ina léazim fntu Iiazim inta bitHibb tit948%a badri walla waxri? humma ? nabiila 2 it-téalib ibingitiizi da ga magr 9aSian it-taaliba it-tulliiab Birl's name 8 LESSON FOURTEEN (id-dars il-arba9taaSar) 1 COMMON E: PRESSIONS 1 ixs Galéek, ete. Shame on you! Hardam 9aléek, ete You must not do that. It's wrong? la siimaH allah May God not permit it to happen! 4 bi9d i8-Sare May evil be far away! Notes (1) May be a light-hearted as well as a serious admonition, (2) Haraam = that which is forbidden by Islam. The opposite is Halal, that which is allowed by Islam. (3 -& 4) One or other of these expressions is used whenever any potential evil or unpleasantness is mentioned, GRAMMAR ‘Verbal Form VIII (iCtaCaC) Ako reflexive of Form I with the difference that Form VIII verbs may take a direct object. ibtasam to smile perfect imperfect imperative (ana) ibtasamt abtisim = Cinta) ibtasdemt ribtisim ibtisim (inti) ibtasamti tibtismi ibtismi (hw ibtdsam yibtisim - Chiyya) ibtésamit tibtisim, (Ha) ibtasémna nibtisim = (intu) ibtasémt ibtismu ibtismu (himma) ibtisamu yibtismu -82 LESSON FOURTEEN Like ibtasam: iHitéram, yitlurim 10 respect kar, yiltikir 40 think yistlim, to receive With a weak first radical: fghal to work (as) intafa’, yi" maa to agree with igtésal, yi With a weak second radical: intdar, yintdar 10 choose With a weak third radical istdra (istaréer), yitiri to buy ibtada (ibtadéet), yibtidi to begin Verbal Form IX (iCCaCC) sil bi 10 contact, get in touch with ‘The rarest of the derived forms; associated with adjectives denoting colour and physical disability (amar +) iHimarr to become red; blush; get sunburned perfect imperfect (ana) iHmarréet aHmarr (anta) iHmarréet tiHmarr (inti) iMmarréeti Harri (hiwwa)— iMmarr yiHKmaer (biyya) iHimarrt timate (Hina) iHmarréena iH (int) iHmarréew ——tiHmarru (imma) iHimarra yiFimirra Like iftmarr: (oxdar >) ixdarr, yonder (isfar +) state, yistire (ésmar >) ismaer, yismare (ateas +) ce) imperative iHmarr iHmarri iHmarra fe turn green to turn yellow to get tanned to become deaf to become tame LESSON FOURTEEN 83 Verhal Form X (istaCCaC or istaCCiC) | ually denotes asking or doing for oneself’ its least common use. vousidering (s.th. or s.o.) t0 be (s.th.) might also be its most sankey ( cana) cinta) (iti) (huwwa) (hiyya) «ltna) (antu) hdimma) Like isté9mil: hollow) (doubled) (inal weak) Participles borm VIL Horm 1X. Horm X Humaar). uiHmar, yistéimar to consider (s.0,) to be & ista9mil 10 use perfect imperfect imperative istaSmitt astamil istamilt tisti9mil ista9rmil istamiti tistadimili stam istamil vista9mil istamilit tista9mit - istadmiln nistadmil = istadmitu tistadmilu——_istamitu istamiu yistadmilu = istaOgil, yistaOgil 10 hurry isté'zin, yista’zin 10 excuse os istaleaf, yistiltaf 10 consider (.0.) nice ista'dal, yista’il to resign ista9add (istaddéer), 10 be ready yistadidd sté9la (ista9lée), tobe stuffy or vista pompous snub ftéram respected uxt different (rare) mistadgil in a hurry mista9mal used, second-hand mustadidd readyS4 LESSON FOURTEEN Quadriliterals Quadriliteral verbs have four root letters instead of the usual three but their conjugation is perfectly consistert and regular. They follow exactly the pattern of Form II verbs (see Lesson Eleven). Lirgim, yitargim ixbat, yilaxbat itkéxbat, yitkaxbat 10 translate to muddle (derived) 10 be muddled Cultural note The word for ‘translator’ is mutargim (mutargimiin). The now archaic word targumaan derives from the sime root, of course, and was the source for the also archaic English word “dragoman? meaning “guide/interpreter MI EXERCISES I Translate the following: absuya biyistaghal siiHlafi 2. Hatistiri eeh fi xan il-xalili? 3, ISela iHmérrit min Sams 4. Idazim nasta'zin dibwarti 5, Hasan istira 9Sgala gidjida 6. miimkin asti9mil il mus bitia9ak, 7. ikemuséa kulldhum mista9gilfin Vocabulary musia pedestrians muHéami lawyer a9daa’ il-maglis masraHiy Sex (Suyuux) a'iis tweets the members of the Council (theatrical) play old man; Senator Prime Minister 2 Make the appropriate changes ne bastaghal muHaami hiiwwa int il-mudiir Hayista'il bukra. mudarrisa ada’ il-maglis dna istakimt ib-fildus min i-bank, hhiyya buimma { naglibistéra tazkara lil-masraHliyya miréati > iSSeex muHftdram isSsuyuux ralfisit ilwizara LESSON FIFTEEN (id-dars il-xamastdaSar) 1 COMMON EXPRESSIONS. ' Sarraftina (10 ms.) or Sarraftiina (to £8.) for Sarraftiiuna (to pl.) Very pleased to see you (resp.)allih yisirraf mi'diarak Thank you (to ms.) et. 2 nawwart il-beet (As above) (io ms.) for nawwarti Lbeot (to £8.) or nawwirtu Lhe (vo pl.) resp.) alldahyindwwar Saléek (wo ms.) ete.86 LESSON FIFTEEN 3 anistina (to m.s.) or anistiina (to f.s.) or anistiuna (to pl.) (resp.) allah yiténsak (10 m.s.) or allah yitinsik (As above) (to fs.) or alléah_yianiskim (to ph) 4 wallisni I miss you (to m.) walissani I miss you (to £.) waHlasti I missed you (to m.) waHlaini I missed him wablasauni T missed them I shall miss you (to m.) (resp) (See below) matsufiis willis Notes G) Said to your guest. Lit, "You have honoured us’ and (resp.) “May God honour you" 2) Same as (1) above, Lit. “You have brought light to the house’, i.e, t0 our house: (resp.) ‘May God give you light’ (3) Same as (1) and (2) above. Lit, "You have cheered us up" and (resp.) ‘May God cheer you’. (4) Notice how the Arabic really says this the other way around: “You are missed by me’, Resp. = “May you not see [anything] bad!" 11 GRAMMAR ‘Verbal Nouns A verbal noun, called ‘maydar’ in Arabic, is a noun derived diteetly from a verb. When translated into English such a noun may appear asa gerund (i.e. the form of the verb which ends in ing’ and is used as a noun, as in ‘Running is good exercise’). Verbal nouns can be grouped by patterns. but for simple (Form 1) verbs these LESSON FIFTEEN 87 are too numerous to try to memorise, Each new example should simply be learned as a new item of vocabulary. verb verbal noun meaning kitab ——_kitdaba writing awe riyiara visiting; visit diixal ——duxtiul entering xitag —xurdug going out wisil wusiul arriving: arrival tulius ascending nuztiul descending ars lesson arb striking fahm understanding sakan dwelling Surb drinking aki eating; food oom, sleeping mésy walking ramy throwing Verbal noun patierns for the derived forms of the verb tend to be regular and predictable. The following examples give the basie patterns for “Sound” derived verbs. i llim taditim sallaH tasliF UW siadid musi9da Hosa muHiwla Vv idraaby ikriam v i9antim, ta9allum itnagsas taxiggus VI itfaahirn it0siamil88 LESSON FIFTEEN: VIL insiFtab insiFidab inbisat inbisay VIE iHttaram Htiréam istirak iStirdake IX iltmarr iMmiréar x istamil isti9msal Nouns of Place Nouns of place generally occur on the patterns maCCaC, maCCiC, and maCCaCa. The plural is usually maCaaCiC for all three patterns, Kitab méktab (makéatib) place of writing —> office: desk tabax matbax (matdabix) place of cooking —» kitchen daxal_madxal (madéanil) place of entering —> entrance xérag méxray (maxdarig) place of exiting —> exit sigad —mésgid (maséagid) place of kneeling —» mosque wif mawif (mawaa'if) place of stopping —> (parking) place dara madrasa (madiaris) place of studying — school katab maktaba (maktabéat) place of writing —> library: bookshop Hakam maHkéma place of judging > law-court (matliakim) The following are also nouns of place, but based on root forms possessing weak or doubled radicals. tar matiar (matariat) place of fying > airport aan makin (amiakin) place af being place Han matfatta place of puting station (maHattéat) down* “From Classical Arabie where Hatf has the additional meaning of| lighting, or putting down. LESSON FIFTEEN 89 Collective Nouns Certain nouns (¢.g., fruit, vegetables and animals) have a ‘eollec- tive’ form in addition to the usual singular and plural forms. The collective is general in scope in that it refers to the class of items as a whole (e.g. I ike apples) as opposed to the specitie or “coun- table’ plural, which is used with numbers (Bring me three apples, please). The singular for these nouns is always formed by adding the fem. sing. ending -a to the collective form, collective singular plural bed béeda bediat eggs) bidingéan —bidinggana_—_—_—bidinganat_—_aubergine(s) burtu‘aan —burtu'dana_—burtwandat_—_orange(s) gamdus gamniusa gawamiis water- buffatotes) Hagar Hagara Hagaréat stones) Hamam Hamaama——Hamamaéat_—_pigeon(s) lamdun Jamun lamundat lemons, na nda nabldat heels) rnamdius namiéusa namusiat —_-mosquito(es) axl axa naxiat palm-tree(s} tummdan —rummiana——rummandat_—_pomegranate(s) Sagar Ségara agian tree(s) tuffdalt tufféaHa tuffaHléat applets) ‘The professions ‘The ‘professions’ are usually formed either with the Turkish ending -gi or on the Arabic pattern CaCCaaC: ageaxiiana* > agedgi (agzagiyya) pharmacist, chemist busta” > bustégi (bustagiyya) postman sdizma" — gazmagi (gazmasiyya) cobbler makwa* = makwagi ‘one who irons laundry (amakwagiyya) sifra® — sufrégi (sufragiyya) — bualer Séraba* = Sarbigi (arbagiyya) driver of a horse and carriage “meaning: pharmacy, mail, shoe, iron, table-cloth, carriage90 LESSON FiFTEEN bawwéab (bawwablin) doorman farrias (farrasiin) office-boy, attendant garréaH (garraHhiin) surgeon haggtiar (naggariin) carpenter sawwia’ (sawwa'iin) driv sarréaf (sarraffin) money changer Sayydial Gayyaliin) porter (to carry bags) tubbiax (fabbaxiin) ‘cook xaddiam (xaddamiin) —servaar xattiat (xattatiin) ——culligrapher Conditional Sentences Arabic commonly uses three words to say “if: in, iza and law. Examples: Q) in Sua allah Godewilling 2) faa ubilak i-Ha'iia If Hold you the ruth, you'd Hatizdal et angry. (3) Taw kunt makéanak kunt If J were sou, I'd be very inbasatt kitiir happy (4) law Hasan maSamals kida if Hassan iad not done so, fnta kunt Hatiz9al you would have gotten ‘angry, There are no hard and fast rules governing the use of the three Particles meaning “if in Colloquial Arabic (though there are in Classical Arabic), but the following may be considered general guidelines, in used_more in expressions borrowed from Classical Arabic fra + usually used if the proposition stated in the “if clause is Possible oF probable; the verb following iza is usually perfect and the main clause verb usually imperfect law: usually used if the proposition stated in the ‘if’ clause is totally hypothetical, or at least unlikely; the verb following taw is perfect and the main clause verb usually compound with the perfeet tense of kan, LESSON FIETEEN 91 B® AL EXERCISES Translation exercise garb il-Habiibs zayy ak} iz-zabiib [Proverb] id-diltk min gheer sabab “lit adab (Popular Saying] wu'iud il-bala wala ntizdaruh’ yani wu" dud i-bala aHsan min intigdar iba sordyya bitHibb is-sibiaHa wi-ruktub il-xeel, iddiini télat rummandat min fadlik . We ate apples and oranges. Smoking is forbidden at the cinema ‘There is no mutual understanding between the members. Walking in that street is dangerous. Drinking lots of wine is not good. eemaae Additional vocabulary Habib loved one zai raisins gittk Laughing illit édab lack of good manners wu' td falling: befalling, happening bla misfortune intizéar expecting ruktub, riding xeel horses xatar danger: dangerous2 LESSON SIXTEEN (id-dars is-sittaasar) Here are three more Goha stories. mérra wiaHlid ida diraab hidiyya li-gdHa, wicba%d usbiu9 gatuh waaHlid Sizam néfsuh 9induh bi-Higeit innuh siaHib saablib ile 4mab, géHa ‘addimiuh mayya saxna 9ila inniba Sirba. fa-étlub ir-réagil - eeh da ya gala, “alluh gdHa di Sdrbit Surbit ikairnab, Vocabulary fda, yiddi ‘0 give Grnab (ardanib) rabbit hidiyya (hadéaya) sift galuh [g: +11 + bul came to him Sézam, yidzim to invite nafsuh himself bi-Higgit on the pretest sdaHlib (agHéab) friend; owner siaHib sdaHib iirnab ‘a friend of the owner of the rabbit addimluh offered to hin mayya sixna hot water Sala innaha Ipretending] that it was Sirba soup fa 50 (an introductory particle) Vv swalu guHa 9an ig-gawéaz “alldhum: 19an allah man taziwwag gabli wa- man taziwwag baddi. “alduluh leh ya giHa? ‘alluhum. illi gawwiz “abli H'dnnuh manasaHnAs inn il-gawéiaz zift. “aliuluh fab welll tgawwiz bé9dak? “alldhum alasian ma simi9S Kakiami! LESSON SIXTEEN 93 Vocabulary sal, yis'al (an) 10 ask (about) ila marriage Yan aliah man tazéwwag qabli wa-man tazawwag bi9di ~ Goha pompously says this is Classical Arabie: ‘May God curse those who Hit: the one whol married before me and those who married after ‘aliuluh they said to him Wannuh [li'énna + bu} because he nagall yinsaH 10 advise managaHnis they didn't tell me [lit.: he did rnot advise me] ait {idiom.) terrible, awful tab = ¢ayyib kaldam talking, speaking; words Kaliami that which 1 said wialtid mitgawwiz sal goHa Yan céyub fil-gawaaz. “élluh gdHa inn ig-gawaaz 9iamil zayy il-birmiil (ll min too" Psat wi-baddéen tila’ kulluh basal, “dlluh ir-raagil, walléahi, dna min séa9it ma tyawwizt wi-kdlluh basal. ‘alluh giHa Léazim fata il-birmdil min tH Vocabulary mitgdwwie married ra'y (arda’) f opinion (on) arma (bara) barrel isl honey Waa, yitaa’i to find kal all bisa onion walléahi by God! from the moment [lit ‘hour'] shut min siaQit ma94 LESSON sixTEEN nA eS PROVERBS Yaa tesa tt it is-sabr_gamiil ilvird fi Seen immuh ghazal 4 mafiig duxxéan_ min gheer ma aghla min ibwild la wild iFwild fli ma9indius mayilzamdus ee ydaxud ir-ritHt mil-baliat 8 ili fat maat tisammiiha mizaniyya tisammfiha muwazna maltig dé9wa, dna Sawea Lfidyu! 9 ibn i-wiez Sawwéam (You can call it your ‘budget’: you can call it ‘balancing the books’ I don't care. 1 WANT THAT VIDEO!) 10 ikfi 1-idra ala fummha: titlad il-bint -ummaha j 11 ana weaxxiluya Yala ba Sammi; sna weibn Yémmi Yala I-ghariiby 95 [Choose] the neighbour before the house Patience is beautiful, i.e. is a A monkey, in the eye of its mother, is a gazelle No smoke without fire Nothing is dearer than one’s chit- dren, save the children of one’s children If you do not have it, you do not need it What can the wind sweep from a tile (= you cannot have what is not there) That which is past is dead (Don't ery over spilled milk) The gosling knows how to swim (= like father like son, in a posi five sense) Turn the clay pot on its mouth, the daughter turns out like her mother (= like mother, like daughter) My brother and I against my cousin; my cousin and I against the stranger (worth thinking about in the context of Arab polities)96 pRoveRRS 12 Sila ‘add tiHléafak mid rigléek 13 ama béasa w-inta béasa; ‘niin yisuu il-Humaar 14 darb iL-Habiib zayy aki zibiis 15 i-9een matidléas 9al-Héagib 17 in ghaab il-utt s19ab ya fear 18 abbis il-buusa tib’a Yardusa 19 waaHlid Sdayil_dd’nuh: wit. tdani za9lian leh? 20 umm il-Sariusa, fadya w- masbiiuka D1 Habiibak yibla9ak iz-zalar: wi-Sadiwwak yitmanndalak ileghalat 22 kul illi yi9gibak; w-ilbis ll yi9gib in-naas Spread your quilt according 10 the measure of vour legs (= cut Your coat according to your loth) T'm a Pasha and you're a Pasha; so who drives the donkey? A blow from your loved one is like eating risins (ie. something ‘good. The loved one referred to is usually the wife) The eye does not rise above the brow fie. one should know ‘one’s place) A white piastre will be useful on 4 black day (= a penny saved is a penny eamed) If the cat's away, go play O mouse (=... the mice will play) Dress up a reed and it will become a bride (like the English “Clothes make the man’ but applied 10 the female of the species) One man is carrying his beard; so why is the other one angry (i.e, it's none of his business) like a bride's mother: doing nothing but acting busy Your friend will swallow stones ‘for your sake; your enemy hopes ‘you'll make a mistake Eat that which pleases you; dress according to what pleases others (i.e, conform at least externally) 2 3 it-ta0liim fis-sighar zayy in- nna’s Yal- Hagar vital iatil isi fil gandztuh illi y8Gfni bi-Seen asiufuh b- itnéen gibtak ya Yabd il-mu' ini; la’éetak ya Yabd ile musiin ci9san il-markib ili fitha rayyiséen ighra’ ib-bi9Hid Yan i-9een bi9tid an ilextatir ‘aliil iebaxt yilda't i-9adm fil-kirga yiddi 1-Hfila’ Lali bala n maHaddis wéaxid minha Haga darabu La9war 9a 9éenuh; “aal xastéana xasréana mala'éusfilward —Seeb; “aliuh ya 4Hmar ilexaddéen PROVERHS 97 Learning in youth is like engraving in stone He kills the man, then walks in his funeral (ie. hurts s.0. then pretends to be his friend) He who looks at me with one ye, Pl look at him with nwo (= ‘you scratch my back, I'l scratch Yyours ~ twice as much) I brought you here, Abd it- Mudiin, 10 help me: I found you, Abd il-MuSiin, needing help (i.e, even more than I needed it) The ship which has nwo captains sinks (= 100 many cooks spoil the broth) Literally: Out of sight, out of mind So unlucky that he finds bones in tripe He gives ear-rings to someone without ears No one takes anything from it [the world] (i.e. You can't take it with you) They hit the one-eyed man on his {bad} eye; he said ‘what is bad is bad! (i.e. So what? Don't be concemed about what's already damaged) They found no fault with the roses, 0 they said they had red cheeks (ie. some people will always try t0 find fault)98 PRoveRAS 34 it-ga%’an yiHlim bi-suu* ile Sees 35 Sumrid-damm — mayib'a maya 36 ihmaktiu —94la— Lgibiin léazim tisuufuh il-Seen, 37 yimiut —iz-zamméar wie sawab9uh biti!9ab 38 ill i iduh fil-mayya mis zayy iduh fin-naar 39 ili yéakul 94a dirsuh vyinfa9 ndfsuh 40 id-diHk min gheer sibab “illit adab A id-dinya 2 mitra foo" yy issdaviya, marra taHt 43 isssirr fii biir 44 basalit il-mubiibb xarduf 45 wu'tud —ibila—widaa ntigdaruh 46 il-atfaal aHbaiab ulléah 47 darabni wi-bika wi-sabi'ni weittika A hungry man dreams. of the bread marker Blood will never become water (used in the sense of: Blood is thicker than water) That which is writen on the brow the eye must see The player dies, but his fingers keep on playing One whose hand is in warer is not like one whose hand is in fire He who chews on his own molar is self-sufficient Laughter without reason is impolite He's telling the story of Abu Zeid (ie. he'll go on and on talking for ages) The world is like a water-wheel; ‘up one minuce and down the next The secret is in a well (i-e., you can tell me and I won't tell anyone) An onion from a loved-one is like mutton The actual happening of disaster is not as bad as waiting for it 10 happen Children are much loved by God He hit me and cried, then he ran off 10 complein before I could 99 Is rabbina rab ilubiub Our Lord is the lord of the heart: He knows our thoughts and intentions 49 ill yixtiSi min bint 9ammuh He who is shy with his father-in- maygibs minha Siysal law's daughter won't have children 50 ilmubiami zayy i-minsdar A lawyer is like @ saw; he eats ‘Hiali9 wéakil ndazil waakil when he's up, he eats when he's down (ie. gets paid win or lose) READINGS inéen allmadsat iLitnéen aHmadiiat. wéaHlid Siayis filarydaf. wit-dani Odayi8 fi masr. wiaHlid biyi8tighal falldafl. wit-téani biyistighal sindaSi wiaHlid biytallad tia ginéeh. wit ndagar ginéch Hsibma yidghat dla riuHuh fisSughl. ibitnéen mitgawwiziin wi-mixal- lifin, abu Huméed sili 94ayi8 fir-riif mivallif arbs9a. wi ayy fissikka, wi-saPhibna Ili 9aayis fil-quahira mixalif itnéen wit- tdalit gayy fis-sikka. t'dabil ilawwaldani ti'dlluh axbéarak ech? yi'ullakil-Hamdu lilldah, ahé masya. t'lluh maya izzday? yall yoom sal wi-yoméen basal. ti'tlluh Sid héclak. yi'illak iS-Sidda SaLalldah, allah yikassibha, id-ddaya, bagsit fi wi8S mirdati badd iLSeel it-alit wi-alithiha fih fi wiSSik walad. lissa Hatgfibi walad. kaan xaltif wélad wi-bintéen, “alithéha lissa fi wissik walad. Haakim idediaya di Svalima rufliyya. fii naas tra tadaris il-kaff wie hiss tea tadariic iwi rhOan mirdamh saddait. mis diaya wallidit “abl kida alt marra tib‘a Yara. fidlit tizinn Yala dimdagh wizha Yayza kamdan walad gamb ibndha Yalasian mayib'das lie wikiduh Yala bintéen, darduri yigiiluh axx 9asian yisa9duh, fidlit ixllif kimma ba'u arbada. télat handat wi-walad. wil-xdamis gay fisssikka, dlartiuri i-xaamis walad, in Saa’ allah, wicia magitas ile xdiamis walad wi-gat bint, yib'a s-sitadis in Saa’ allah darduri100. READINcs Hayfigi walad. in magdas bé’a, yib’a daniuri is-séabi9. walad. tifdalis-silsilla. masya ida [iHadd ma bu Huméed_ yib'a diméaghuh tiwgi9uh. wi-bédal ma yib'a yom 9ésal_wi-yoméen basal, yib'a yoom Sisal wi-xdmsa basal. aba Huméed ili fi masr Hasalitluh nafs il-Héaga, is-sitt il-Hakfima ‘dalit limrdatuh badd iL-silf it-tdnya win-nébi w-inti gayba walad. ‘alitkéha imta? “alitlaha mrra ggayya. “alitlaha i&mi¥na? “alitkaha Yalasdan diméagh ite bint ili xalliftéha midawwiira, law kéanit mitiwla kaanit_gat baddaha bint. innima maddam dimaghha midawwara yib’a li gayy wardaha wélad, garrabit wi-giabit bint. “éatit file Haktima di gat bint. ‘aalithiha mahiwwa mi8 min awwil mirra, min tani marra w-isma9i kaléam. tisabil ilabb, izzdyyak? mayirtiddis, axbarak ceh? lisdanuh yit'al lech? maasi yiHsib wi-yifikkar yigfib filus minéen Yalasdan yisrif 9ala Lgabiila Hi Kull sina biyitafid wéaHid. wil-mirdttab Kull sana mabiyizidS bisnafs ine nisba, wil-as%dar kull sana titla9 Kiha sillima wal c ma kaan abu Huméed ili hingak, weilli bina 9a) bau Saystin fi nakad. bad ma kaan il-waaHid minhum biyidHlak ‘min “élbuh ba'a mis 9garif Hatta Sakl id-diFtk eeh. il-9iydal Yayziin sandadit wichucium wi-akt wi-diwa wil-ginéeh ya axxi baa Saamil zayy ma yiktun sibirtu. yaddubsk iHittuh fil-gaww tibuiss tilaith itbixxar. kull i-masia%ib di gat alasian kilma ‘alitha id-ddaya aw il-Hakiima aw il-9’imma aw ilexiala. diinti lissa Yaiéeki walad, wi-wissik walad, dimaagh il-bintmidawwara: ytb'a gayyilik walad. kilma réaHit fil-hawa kilma gibla malahéas mé9na. bass sabbibit masiakil wi-humdum wi-ilam. (uul ma -xurdafa Saysa f- mugtama9na wi-bitiakul wi-bitiirab wayyéana wistuul ma |-gahl mudaasirna wi-Samdal yifékkar lina tuul ma Hanifdal maznu iin dawla, in-naas biyitetid fiiha zayyina wistibia n-naas fiiha murtiaHa. darduri tit9ab witis'a, darduri cimsi tikallim nafsiha fiS-Siari9. mis kida walla eeh? They are both called Ahmed. One lives in the country; the other lives in Cairo. One works as a farmer; the other works as a labourer, One is paid nine pounds; the other twelve pounds working only as the spirit moves him Both are married and have offspring. Abu Humeed who lives in the country has had four ~ and the fifth is on the way. Our friend who lives in Cairo has had two — and the third is on the way READINGS 101 [When] you meet the fist {Ahmed and] you say to him “What's the news?” he says to you “Praise be to God. things are all ight” You sa) 10 him ‘How al ight? and he says“One day of honey two days of onion You say to bien “Pull yourself toucther and ho says to you “Strength to pull oneself together] comes from God ‘Aud as for the mii muy God make her prosper. she looked sty wite’s face afer the third ehild and seid In your face l See “som, You're sil going to have a son." He already ad son and two daughters, and the mid-wife says to bis wife, "You're going to have another son!” You see, this mid-wife was a teller of fortunes. Some people read the features of the palm of the band, Other people read the features of the face. So, of course, his wife believed [it all]. Was she not a mid-wife who had presided over births a thousand times? For sure she would know. The wife kept on at her husband, her words ringing in his head that she wanted another son so that her frst son would not be all alone with two girls. He needed a brother to eome help him Anyway, she had another child, making four in all ~ three girls, and a boy. Now the fifth is on the way. The fifth one for sure will be a boy... God willing! And if the fifth is not a boy, but a gil then, God-willing, the sixth will surely be a boy, And if he still does not come... THEN THE SEVENTH WILL SURELY BE A BOY!!! And so the chain continued like this until Abu Humeed, instead of having one day of honey and two days of onion, had for every day of honey five days of onion AAs for Abu Humeed in Cairo, the same thing happened to him. The lady doctor said to his wife after her second child, “By the Prophet, you're going to have a son.’ [The wite] asked "When? She said ‘Next time.” [The wife] asked, “How do you know?” She said “[I know] because the head of the gtl you've just had is round. Had it been more elongated, then your next child would have been a girl, As long as the head is round like this, the next one will be a boy She give i try. gave Binh... and hada gir. She sid othe lady-doctor, [Thad] a girl” The doctor said to her Is not the irs time. Next time listen to me102 ‘You meet the father [and ask him] *How are you doing?” He doesn’t answer. ‘What's your news?” Why has the cat got bis tongue? He walks around thinking and pondering. Where is he going to get the money to spend on this tribe which every year increases by one. His salary is not increasing every year at the same rate. Every yeur prices go up a step or two. After the Abu Humeed \who is there [in the country] and the Abu Humeed who is here [in Cairo] had both been living in [relative] comfort; they are now living in hardship. Where both had used to laugh from their very hearts, they now did not know what laughter was. The children need sandals, clothes, food and medicine. All the while the pound is like alcohol: you expose it to the air, and you see it evaporate. All these problems stem from the fact that the midwife or the lady-doctor or a paternal aunt or a maternal aunt said something to [the wife] - *You're going to have another son,’ “Your daughter's hhead is round,’ “The next one will be a boy’ ~ words that just g0 into the air, ignorant words without meaning; yet they cause problems, concern and even pain. So long as superstition is alive in society, so long as it eats and drinks among us, and so long as ignorance is our contemporary and doing our thinking for us — that's how long we shall be hard-pressed. There is no country in which people increase as in ours [dramatically in number] where you find people comfortable. They can't heip but be tired and suffering. They can’t help walking around the streets talking to themselves. Is it not so? What do you think? KEY TO EXERCISES Lesson One Exercise | Where is Muhammad? He is in Egypt Where are you from? KEY TO EXERCISES 103 Tam from England. Where is the book? The book is on the table 1s the key in the door? No, the key is not in the door. The key is there, beside the pen. here is no car in front of the restaurant. Exercise 2 1. Where is the boy? 2. He is under the bridge 5. The garden is behind the house 4. Are there [any] books on the table? 5. Yes, there are books and a pencil on the table. 6. hhimma minéen? 7. imma min mast 8. inti gamb is-Sibbiak. 9. ih mat9am fi middan sa9d zaghhiul? 0. fit mat9am hindak, wi- rt Lesson Two Exercise 1 ‘A very short visit” Hello, Samira! Hello, Mahmoud. How are you today? Fine, thank you. And you? . Fine, thank you. Isn't Nagwa here? No. she is in Alexandria today’ Thank you. Guodebye. Good-bye. Exercise 2 1. Egyptians are generous. 2. The Nile is a beautiful and very long river.10d KEY To EXERCISES 3. Are the Pyramids far from here? 4. Are you Syrian or Lebanese? 5. Lam neither Syrian, nor Lebanese. I'm Egyptian. 6, ibkilma Sabla 7. fi: magr il-matdadim sixfiga 8. ikHarb wiHSa 9. ib-gimia mis $49. 10, it-tarabeeza mis nidiifa, dakin iF-xadddam mis mawgind Lesson Three Exercise 1 What's your name? My name is David Smith. Where's your house? My house is near Cairo Tower. Where's the key to the office door? ‘The key to that door is with the doorman. Whose is that car? It belongs to the President of the Republic. Cairo University is in Giza and the American University is in Liberation Square. That case is new. The traveller's case is new. ‘The case belonging to the sick traveller ison flit. in] the plane. Exercise 2 What is his name? The Director's house is in Heliopolis. Those farmers are tired today. Thave a book and a pen; but she has neither book nor pen, ‘There’s your car, but where is mine? béetak fen? KEY To EXERCISES 105 7. maYindindas beet 8. ikegdm9a di ghiilya xdalis. 9. ibhikanda he, Makin feen ilsmat9am, 1, Séntit il-mudiir ig-gidiida Sind il-mataar. Lesson Four Exercise 1 198s With us today are two good translators. The first one is from Baghdad and the other is from Damascus. One coffee and two teas, please. I's 5:25 a.m. 10 piasters. 35 piasters. 5 Egyptian pounds 15 pounds sterling. There are twelve months in a year. ‘Two difficult languages Exercise 2 1. Those five books are expensive. 2. Leila is twenty-two years old, 3. He has a lesson Monday afternoon. 4. There’s a party at 7:30 pm, 5. We don’t have $200 for the tickets. 6, ilexdmas sitéat dool feen? 7. filh 9isriin xaddéam fil-villa di. 8. ir-rdagil il-Hiddasar mis mawgiiud 9, libnéan bélad sughdyyar iaakin filha sitta milyéon libndani, 10, il-Sarabiyyitéen il-kubsar dool bitiu9 ra’tisil-Wégna Lesson Five Exercise 1 Where are you going? Tm going to the British Embassy.106 KEY To EXEReisrs What are the children doing now? ‘They're sieeping. Alli lives in Doggi ‘And where do you (f.) live? Who's coming from the airport today? TF.) really do not know. How many new automobiles does that compary want? Te wants 200. Incredible. Exercise 2 1, How are you going? By plane? 2. How much do they want? 3. Ido not know the Ambassador's telephone number. 4. His wife is standing in the street, and her automobile is not workin; 5. Mustapha is staying with us until ‘Thursdey. 6. gayyiinbil-utubi 7. miraati 9éwza takiata kiilu moo 8. mustifa séakin fid-d6"i walla fig-giiza? 9. inta féahim kull Haga? 10. iutubiis gaay bi-stira aw bieswees? Lesson Six Exercise 1 Tm three years older than you The baklava is better than the ice-cream. Who lives in that white house? Mounira is beautiful, but Farida is more beaut fu ‘The red car is newer than the green car Which is easier, Arabic or English? Those two rooms are very small! KEY TO EXERCISES 107 Exercise 2 Hassan is smaller than Raamiz, 1 2. That driver is blind! He is a bad driver. 3. Spring is the nicest season 4. The apples are good. but the oranges are better. 5. Those two books are che: 6. ina axaff min Hasan 7. igseef Hla min isita 8, ii-bangat doo! guméal, Iéakin dstuh gmat 9, iskindiriyya min égmal ilmédun il-ma 10, ilalaméen iz-zur’ doo! bi-kaam. Lesson Seven Exercise 1 ‘The students studied the fifth lesson the day before yesterday. ‘They still have not studied the sixth lesson. What did you (pl.) do in the library? We wrote letters to our friends in Egypt. Did you ({.) stay at home all day? Not at all! I went to town and ordered three silk dresses from a new shop on Suleiman Pasha St ‘The workmen did not close the door when they went out. ‘The Arabs are famous for their poetry. The doctor took the lift upstairs Exercise 2 1. Leila opened the window because inside the house there is no fresh air. 2. The children are happy because the cook has made ‘mulu- hiya’ again 3. We went into the restaurant and Abdullah ordered three teas from the waiter, I didn’t order anything. Hassan went to Cairo with his friend. Did you live in France before the war or after it daxilna boda s-siaa tia wisnuss108 KEY To EXERCISES 7. madardstisidedars feeb? 8. hdwwa magnduin! dérab Saskari wi dibw'ti hdiwwa fis 9, ilemudaaris biti9na kitid magiala Yan 10, maa9ddis Yasian hawwa masghuul Lesson Eight Exercise 1 understand a little French ‘What will you order in the restaurant? 1 shall order Feta cheese, the local country bread, Fava beans and olives. What do you and your wife study in the university, history or languages? We study neither history nor languzges, 1 study math- ematics, and my wife studies science [sciences]. ‘Time is short. Get in the carriage and get back to the hotel. The bill? Don’t worry. You don’t have to pay the bill today. You can pay tomorrow or the day after. Please go into my office and close the drawer. ‘They don’t know each other yet. Exercise 2 1. Tam listening to Arab music. 2. She understands Arabic well. 3. Her husband is not sitting in his office. {(f.) don't know where he is. 4. The students are doing [writing] their homework. When are you going to do your homework? ‘This is your station, Get off quickly. Sayza tisrabi ech? Hayusktinu fi masr onidait tat Suhuur mis muimkin arga9 ‘abl yom il-gimoa, matdrabis il-wélad da! hiwwa dyghar minnck hiya xiragit min swayya liakin Hatirga9 bad xémas da'dyyi KEY TO EXERCISES 109 Lesson Nine Pyercise 1 1. Visit the Sphinx. 2. She didn’t bring the dessert 5. He goes to sleep early. 4. Look over there. 5. She said so, 6. Don't go by yourself (f.) 7. You see Adel 8. Twake up late. 9, We love Egypt. 10. Say [it]! 11, [don't forget names. 12, Anywer the telephone. 13. Don’t sleep (f.) on the ground 14, I shall go to Spain. 15, He's carrying the basket 16. We'll walk together. 17. T sold the flat 18. I read the article. 19. 1 was afraid of him. 20. Run! 21. Walking 22. Putting 23. Going (pl.) 24. Fasting 25. Sleeping (F.). Exercise 2 1. The waiter brought a cup of caffee 2. I must see the Doctor while he’s in the hospital. 3, Hussein saw that girl at the University, and after a while I saw the same girl in the restaurant. 4. Nagiib likes to sleep ~ he goes to bed early and wakes up late. 5. Have you answered his letter or not yet? 6. zurt il-matHaf ilisliami walla 19a?110 Key To EXERCISES 7. sdamu fi8-Sahr ramadan, 8. ibfalldaH Saal il-walad lilegheet 9. wiib i-Sinta bits%ak madiiak 10, Sayaiin tirduHu feen badd id-duhr yom is-sabt? 1. aywa, fatatttah a, mafataHtuhdus, 2. dywa, gibniah Ja, magibnahiius 3. zurtakum mazurtuktims 4. diywa, ramiah la, maramahiius, Lesson Eleven Exercise 1 L. hdwwa biyfikkar fi hiimma biyfakkaru fi ech? 2. inta bitfiddal il-biira Yala -nibsit. fina binfiddal i-biira 94a n-nibiit léazim tighayyir hudimha bi-sirYa, Jdazim tighayyiru hudimkum bi-stirda, 4. wildub saatir aswea agdaaduh séfru aswian 5. Hasan biydarris 94rabi walla ngliizi? nédya wi-Hisan biydarrisu ? key vo exercises 11 | ibfallaHiin Hawlu yimawwitu |-Hayya, 2. ikmudarrisiin biyfahhimu (-tulkiab id-dars, 3. it-tabbaxtin biyHaddaru L9%sa 4. ikSummdal doo! mis Hayidribu. Lesson Twelve 1 Once Goha was sitting under @ hazel-nut tree, and he began to wonder why God [lit. = in what the wisdom that our Lord...) let a big tree give forth small nuts while He let the watermelon, so much bigger than a hazel-nut, have a small branch which cannot carry it, From so much thinking Goha fell asleep. Then he suddenly awoke startled by a hazel-nut which had fallen on his head. He said: "Praise be to God. My Lord [have understood Your wisdom that this big tree doesn’t give forth watermelon. [Had it done so. that] would have been the end of me!” Wn Once Goha was walking along and children began to tease him. In order to get rid of them he told them that there was a party at the house of his friend, Hagg Sali, The children believed him and ran off as fast as they could [li. = their tails in their teeth]. After they hhad gone, Goha thought that perhaps there really was a party, and off he ran {he too} to the house of Hagg Yai Lesson Thirteen Exercise 1 1, We must learn French, 2. Where will you meet?112 KEY 10 EXERCISES: 3. She graduated last year 4. It's possible that I may be a bit lat. 5. Our friends enjoyed themselves a lot 6. Speak with bim, 7, Don't (pl.) be late! 8. The door opened. 9. He and 1 must understand one another. 10. The mirror has broken. Exercise 2 1. huida diyman bititaxxar ‘humma dayman biyit’axxaru 2. inti Matitxarrégi min ig-zim9a hiwwa Hayitsarrag 3. iHna Mazin nit‘éabil intu Kéazim tiv'ablu 4. himma biyHlibbu yitd4ssu nabjila bitHibh tit94séa it-taalfba L-ingiliiziyya di gat masr Yasin tit¥éllim 94rabi it-tulldab ilingiliz dool gum masr Sadan yit9allimu 9arabi Lesson Fourteen Exercive 1 » My father works as a journalist What will you buy in Khan al-Khalil Leila got sun-burned, ‘We must ask to be excused now, Hassan bought a new bicycle, May I use your dictionary, Al the pedestrians are in a hurry A nt i a , 1 KEY TO EXERCISES 113 sercise 2 hawwa biyistaghal muHéami inta bitiStaghal muHiéami il-mudarrisa Hatista'il bikra adda’ il-maglis Hayistaflu baikra hiya istalamit illus min il-bank hdmma istalamu bildus min il-bank 4. dna WStaréet tazkara lil-masrabliyya smigsati tart, 5. iSSuytiux muHtarami ralfisit iLwizara, muHtarama Lesson Fifteen 1. Being hit by one’s beloved is like eating raisins. 2. Laughing without reason is rude. 3. ‘wu'dnd il-béla wala ntizdaruh” means that the happening of misfortune is better than expecting misfortune {to happen]. 4, Thoraya likes swimming and horseback ti 5. Give me three pomegranates please. 6, kdlna tufféaHl wi-burtw’dan, 7. 8 6 it-tadxiin mamndud fis-sinima maffis tafdahum been il-a9dda’, il-masy fé-Saari9 da xatar, 10. Surb nibiit kitiir mis kwéyyis, Lesson Sixteen ut Once someone gave a rabbit as a present to Goha. A week later someone invited himself to his house on the pretext tha friend of the owner of the rabbit [saHib yaaHib i14 KEY To Exercises offered him hot water [saying] that it was soup. The m: him, ‘what's this, Goha?” Goha said to him, th soup of the rabbit [Surbit Suirbit il-arnab]! an said to. iat is soup of the Ww They asked Goha about marriage. He said to them: ‘May God curse those who married before me and those married after me. “Why, Goha? “Those who married before me because they did not advise me that marriage was so awful Well, and those who martied after you?” “Because they didn't listen to what I said! ua One who was married asked Goha for his opinion on marriage. Goha said to him: ‘Marriage is like a barrel which has the top, and then underneath you find nothing but onion,” The man said to him: “I swear, from the moment I married it's all onion, oney in be Goha replied: “You should have opened the barrel from underneath!" 11s ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY a *éabil, yPaabil to meet (irans.) ‘aal, yi'vul 10 say ‘am, yi'dum to get up: wake up ania (anisiat) Miss aus, yi'ily to measure: try on aaxir last ya (ayiat) Koranie or Biblical verse ida, ‘addin sit(ting); stayling) . ybaq to get paid ‘abad, yiTbud to arrest abadan never: ever; not at all abaviura (abazursat) lamp(shade) abb (abbahaat) father “abbad, yi'abbag 10 pay (wages) abl jofore abl ma + vb. before April pitcher abu gakimbu_ crab bu I-hool Sphinx Abyad, béeda, biid white dab (adkiab) literature, belles lettres; manners ‘ddam (Fdaam) foot add extent to spend (time) (ddim to present, put forward 1 adiima, “uddam old, ancient fal, $81 to close afréngi, afrangiyya, afrang foreign, ‘western ‘agdaza (agazsiat) holiday. vacation ‘iggar, yi'aggar to rent agzagi (ageagiyya) pharmacist agzaxiana (agzaxanaat) pharmacy aghlabiyya majority116 ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY aghisfus August ‘ahwa coffee; café Har, Himra, Humr red Alfrag, yiHlrig "to embarrass aHyéanan sometimes akl food ' akram, yikrim to be hospitable to } “ala, YP 10 fry “alam ca'haam) pen } ‘ila9, yi'la9 to undress, take off alf (aldaf) thousand ‘all, vil to decrease alléah God alméani, almaniyya, alméan German *al9a citadel mal (amial) hope ‘amar moon amiir (mara) prince ‘amH wheat “amiig Cumsian) shict amma but; as for émmin, yémmin to insure amr (awéamir) order amrikaani, amrikanfyya, amrikdan American mtar, timtir to rain ana I andani, ananiyya, ananiy; anf (unauf) nose ‘ara, yi'ra to read “aras, yii'rus 0 sting (e.g. insects); to pinch arba9a_ four aéar fourteen Caraayib) relative arpigiin forty arq (aréadi) land, ground; floor ' Grnab (ardanib) rabbit “arab, yi'drrab 10 draw near; be about to sad (usuud) lion sisar (asdar) ancient ruins disbat, yisbit 10 prove selfish astam, yi ARABIC-ENGLISH GtossaRY 117 to become a Moslem sowwsian Aswan id intent ase Cusdur) palace syanséer (agangeraat) lift, elevator wsfar, gifra, gufe yellow al) origin ‘in original 0 cut (e.g. with scissors) ‘ital, yPtiL to kill 449, yifad co cut: buy a ticket ‘alr Cufuraat) train atras, farsa, furs deat “attad, yi'at{a9 to cut (into many pieces) andar, xidra, xudr green air, axiira, axiriin last: latest axiiran finally, at last axréani, axraniyya, axrani aixras, xdrsa, xurs/ dumb, mute axxar, yi'éxxar to delay awwaldani, awwal vil ma + vas soon as wil, ula, awia’il first “awwim, yiawwim to cause to get up aygan also ayy which?; any azhar, yighir (0 show aura’, zar"a, zur’ blue “aad, yi'9ud_ to sit dow 49ma, Oimya, Sumy blind A9rag, Jairga, Yurg lame a9war, 9éora, 9uur one-eyed fin last stay b baab (abwaab) door baal thought. care118 ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY th, via baar (barat) béarik, vibsiarik 10 bless bias, yibuus to kiss béasa, basawaat pasha baat, yibsa baat (bat baayix, bs to exaggerate it {0 stay overnight 1) armpit iyxa, bayxtin unpleasant to become damaged, spoiled to sell , bé'ya, ba'yiin remaining (small) change dal min instead of badawi, badawiyya, bédu Bedouin badla (bidal) suit (of clothes) bidri_ early bhaHlas, yibHas to investigate; do research baFléar (baHlHaara) sailor halle (biFléar) sea balls research, inquiry baka, yibki to weep, cry balias” Never mind! baléat (c.), bakiata (s.), (balataat) tile(s) bilad (f:), (biléad) country; town baladi, baladiyya, baladiyyi Daladiyya municipality balall (c.) dates baltu (baldati) overcoat bamya okra banafsigi purple bank (bunduk) bank bansy6on (bansyonaat) pension’, boarding-house bantalion (bantalonaat) trousers baraka (barakaat) blessing bara, yibri_ to sharpen bara’, yabru® to glitter bard "cold bardéan, bardéana, bardaniin cold birdu also local, native ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY 119) ariid post, mail inarmil (baramiit) barrel barr land (opposite of 'sew’) hnérra outside basiit, basiifa, bustiag small; trifling bass only, just Inigal (c.), Baga (s:), (basalat) onion bags, yibuisg. to look hatdatis (C2) potatoes doatn (F.), buttium) stomach . la, battaliin bad: unemployed tal to stop, put a stop to (a habit) fiat) blanket hawwaab (bawwabiin) doorman hawwaz, yibawwaz to damage. spoil (irans.) bavi, baxila, buxala miser(ly) hhaxt “luck Dayyaa9 ¢bayyz9in) seller bayyad, yibiyyaq_ to whitewash badat, yib9at to send badd after badd ma + v. after adéen afterwards, later ba9q__ some; each other bia then, well bata, yib'a_ to become ba'diiunis parsley atliawa baklava bars baksheesh ba (c.), ba" saya (.), (baat) bugs ba'aal ¢ba"alin) grocer bbeog (ey béeda (s.). edaat) cues heen between beet (buytiut) house heed (v.) selling, sale ben bi bidi petrol, gasoline y. with aan (c.), bidingdana (5.), (bidingandat) eggplant120, ARABIC-ENGLISH GLossaRY biddun without bidiiaYa (baddayi9) merchandise, goods bibiima (bahiayim) beast (of burden) biiba (bibéat) pipe (for smoking) biir (abdar) well biira beer bingaya (binayaat) building bint (bandat) girl, daughter birndamig (baraamig) programme, course bisilla (c.) peas biswées slowly a9, bitaM, bitdud of, belonging to bitilla veal foleum iid, biStida, bu9dad far, distant borg (burdug) tower buHléyra (buHlayréat) lake buikra tomorrow buliis police bindu’ (c.), bundu’a (s.), (bundu’dat) hazel-ruts| bunn coffee binni brown burtw’an (c.), burtu’éana (5.), (burtw'andat) oranges burtw’éani orange (colour) biista_post bustagi (bustagiyya) postman butagiaz Butagaz buur said Port Said buuya (buydat) paint buxéar steam bu9d- distance bu” mouth a da, di, dool this, that, these, those daar (dur) house daas, yiddus (94la) to step on daawa, yiddawi to treat (medically) ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY 121 . yidiux to get dizzy inside to annoy, bother to taste (food) daball, yidbaH to slaughter (by cutting the throat) fa9, vida to push: pay diaf9 (V.n.) paying; payment ahah gold dahan, yidhin to paint dal, yidil to indicate dalla9, yidslla9 to spoil, be too nice to damm blood raga (daragiat) degree, class divas, yidris to study dieris, yiddrris to teach dars (durius) lesson ddawa (m.), (adwiya) medicine dala (diwal) nation dawsa commotion, noise dawwar, yidiwwar (Qala) 0 look for diwwa’, yidéwoa' (0 let s.o. taste dixal, yideul to enter dayman always dayya’, dayya'a, dayya'iin narrow dayya’, yiddyya’ 10 make tight da'n (£), (du'dun) chin; beard a”, yidii” to knock, ring bbian (c.), dibbsiana (s.), (dibbandat) fies (diyéabay wolf riumi turkey (adydan) religion diniyyiin religious wth now dimaagh brain a world irdasa (diraséat) study diréa9 (adri9a) arm imbir December 'a(da'dayi') minute122 ARARIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY dubaara string diighti straight duktéor (dakitra) doctor dukiab (dawaliib) cupboard durg (adrdag) drawer duxiul (v.2.) entering duxxdan smoke d qéani mutton aad, yidii9 10 be lost daiffa (difataf) —river-bank dahr (duhiur) back galiam darkness dalma darkness damiir (dam darab, yidrab to beat. hit garb (v.n.) hitting lirba (darbaat) blow dardiuri, daruriyya, daruriyyiin necessary: essential dayyad, yidayya9 to lose leef (duydut) guest against vidHak to laugh ik (v.11) laughing doo" light duhr noon e ech what? efit (trans.) in empty; unoccupied fadla, fadliin remain(ing) Fahmiinunclerstand(ing) AKABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY 123 faakir, fakea, fakriin remember(ing) faur (fan) | mouse fiarigh, firgha, farghiin cmpty fas, yifénsil to bargain fant, yifiut to pass fuddaan (fadadiin) feddan fidda silver to prefer to explain, cause to understand faHas, yifHas to examine falim (c.) coal fakahiani (fakahaniyya) fruit vendor fékha (fawaakih) fruit fakk jaw fakk, yifkk to untie; (o get change (money) fakka (small) change ifakkar to think; remind fallaall, falléalla, fallaHin farmer, peasant yifillis to be broke, bankrupt falséfa philosophy fann (funiun) art fanndan, fannéana, fannani fanni, fanniyya, fanniyyiin féram, yifrum to grind farénsa_ France faranséawi, faransawiyya, faransawiyyiin French fra’, yifris to spread (e.g. a cloth); furnish fardwla (c.) strawberries farHéan, farHiéana, farHaniin happy fareéas (farrasiin) office tea-boy and messenger Farrag, yifarrag_ to show fareaHl, yifirraHl to make joyful furs furniture férxa (firdax) chicken far9 (furdu9) branch far96oni, fardoniyya, fard9na_ Pharaonic far’ (furdu’) difference fassaH, yifassaHl to take on an outing flissar, yifassar to explain artist technical124 aRaBIC-ENGLISH Grossary fast (fusiul) season; classroom fayilya (c.) (green) beans fasssar (fasSariin) braggart fatal, yiftall to open fitas, yiftis (i-sire) to disclose (secret) | fattall, yitattaH to open eyes fattéaHla (fattaHliat) opener fatiiura (Fawatiir) bill Fawwit, yifiwwit to cau faz a (fawazi fair, fa'tira, £4 ) riddle February fidil, yifdal to remain, continue yifda to become empty, unoccupied figh (c.), figha (s.), (fighiat) radish yam to understand i there islare { fikra (afkdar) idea 5 ffi (c.) pepper filistiin Palestine fildus (f}) money fingéan (fanagiin) cup iH, yéfraH to feel joyful fiséal (v.n.) bargaining fitir, yiftar to eat breakfast, eat s.th. for breakfast 91 (afYaal) verb foo’ over; above fukéaha humour fuliuka (faldayik) fellucca (sailing boat) furn (afréan) oven fursa (fiiras) opportunity: occasion farsa (firas) brush fasHa excursion, outing tian (fasatiin) dress ftiur breakfast fuul sudéani (c.) peanuts ful (c.) fava (broad) beans fauta (fawat) towel; napkin ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY 1 saab, yigiib 10 bring vuahia, gahza, gahefin ready dami9 (gawami9) mosque yaar (girdan) neighbour udawib, yigiawib to answer gayle its possible guay, géaya, gayiin come (coming) gaz kerosine nad, yigiu9 to become hungry vabaan, gabéana, gibana coward(ly) gabal (gibsal) mountain sgahhiz, yigahhiz to prepare igi to come gillid, yigallid to bind (books) gamaal_ beauty gamal (gimaal) camel gama9, yigma9 to coll gamb beside gambari (c.) shrimp, prawn gamiil, gamiila, guméal beautiful gamii9 all ‘gamiius (c.), gambéusa (s.), (gawamiis) water buffalo gam9 plural gama (gam9dat) university ganna paradise gannin, yiginnin to drive mad gandub south gardaé (garazaat) garage garas (agréas) bell fra, yigra to happen newspaper garréaH (garaFhin) surgeon garr, yigdrr to drag garson (garsondal) waiter gatéoh cake gawaab (gawabéat) letter gaww weather gay (= gaay) come (coming) add126 ARARIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY Razar (c.) carrots giizma (gizam) shoe gazmagi (gazmagiyya) cobbler gazziiar (gazzariin) butcher ga%éan, ga9iana, ga¥aniin hungry gibna cheese gidd (gudiud) grandfather gidda (giddaut) grandmother giddan very gidiida, gudaiad new skin; leather ginéeh (ginehiat) pound, £ ginéena (gandayin) arden iri, yigei to run sgism (agsiam) body 007 (agwaaz) husband gumhuriyya (gamhuriyyéat) republie giimla (gamal) sentence gumruk (gamiarik) Customs gurndan (garaniin) newspaper giiwwa in(side) Srian (gaariin) scarab gh ghaab, yighiib 0 be absent ghéali, ghélya, ghalyiin expensive ghaar, yighiir (min) to be jealous of; (9ila) e jealously protective of ghxudayib, ghayba, ghaybiin absent ghaaz gas| ‘ghaaz, yighiiz to tease: make angry ghéda (m.) lunch ghddda, yighadat to give lunch ghélab, yighlab to beat (in a game) ghala, yighli to boil (inr.) ghdlta (ghilat) mistake, error ghaltiéan, ghaltéana, ghaltaniin mistaken; at fault ghammad, yighammad to close (eyes) ARAMIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY 127 yaniyya, aghniya mich ghénna, yighdnni) to sing gharad (aghraad) object, purpose zharb west gharbiyya, gharbiyyiin western(er) to wash ighiss to cheat, swindle ghaSSias, ghasséasa, ghassa ghéta (ghutysan) cover ghéyyar, yighayyar to change gharéal (ghizlian) gazelle ahi, yighlat to make a mistake zhi, yighla to become expensive hie", yighra’ to drown (intr.) ghubéar dust ghurdab (ghirbian) crow cheater haadi, hadya, hadysin calm haat, hdati, hdatw bring! hdayil, hdyla, hayliin superb haba’, yihbis to snatch hamm, yihimm to concern handasa engineering; geometry haram (ahrdam) pyramid hawa (m.) air hawwa, yihdwwi to ventilate hazear, yihazzar (mi9%a) to joke with iyya (hadiaya) gift here fak there hindi, hindiyya, huniiud Indian hiwdaya (hiwaydat) hobby hiyya she hudiium clothes12 ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY hiimma they huwwa he H Mandir, Hadra, Hagriin present; ‘yes, ect éafi, Mafya, Hafyiin barefoot aga (Hagaat) thing: something Haal (altwaal) condition, state Haalan at once asa . YiHtdasib tw add up; settle accounts with iHaawil to try fbb to like: love Habiib, Habiiba, Habéayib dear, beloved Hadd someone Hadd (Hudiud) border, frontier; limit iron (metal) isa, Hudias modern Mada (Hawdiadis) accident Hadéana kindergarten Hadéara, Hadardat civilization Hadar, yilladdar to prepare Hadrit(ak, ete.) you (formal) Hafar, yalHfur 10 dig; drill Hafla (Hafaliat) party (celebration) Hagar (c.), Hégara (s.), (Hagaréiat) stone Hagaz, yilgiz to reserve, book Hagg, yilligg to go on pilgrimage Haka, yiHki to relate (a story) Halaal (religiously) allowed Haliawa (Halawiyydat) dessert, sweet Halam, yiHlam to dream Hala’ (Hian)ear-ring Hala’, yillla’ to shave Halla (Hilal) (cooking) pot Halla, yitlalli to eat dessert, (s.th) for dessert Hall, yillill” to solve Hamam (c.), Haméama (°.), (Hamaméat) pigeon Hamd praise (of God) ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY — 129 Hammam (Hammamaat) bath(room) Hammil, yiHammil to load Htanafiyya (Hanafiyyaat) tap. faucet Mantaur (Hanatiir) ghacry, carriage Haraam (religiously) forbidden Vardami (Haramiyya) thief Haréara temperature: heat Hara’, yiHra’ to burn Marb (Huriub) war Marf (Hurduf) letter (of alphabet) Hariir silk Hari fire (out of control) flare beat Harrian, Harraana, Harraniin hot Hisab, yiHlsib to count Hass, yiHiss to feel Hagal, yiHlsal_ to happen Hasba measles HiiSara (HaSaraat) insect to stuff (food) Hassaas (Hassasiin) hashish addict Hatt, yiayy to put Hawaali approximately Hawwal, yiHawwal to transform Hawwis, viHawwis to save, hoard Hayéah (f.) life Hayawéan (Hayawandat) animal Hayy (aHyaa") neighbourhood, quarter Hazz_ luck, good fortune Ha’i'a (a’éayi") fact, Ha’ (Hu'iul) field Ha” (Hu'au’)right(s) Heet (Hetdan) wail Hibr ink Hidaasar eleven Hiddéaya (Hiddayéat) kite (bird) ir, yiHldar to attend Hifiz, yiHfaz to memorize13 ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY Higg pilgrimage Fila (Hiyal) trick Hikéaya (Hlikayéat) story Hikma (Hikam) maxim; wisdom Hilf, yiflit to swear (e.g. on one’s honour) Hilm (aHlléam) dream Hill, Hilwa, Hilwiin pretty, nic Hisdab bill; arithmetic Hitta (Hitat) bit, piece: place Hiziam (Hizima) "belt Hizb (aHzéab) (political) party Hoof (alwaa’) courtyard Hubb love Hukm judgement Hukiuma (Hukumiat) government Huktiumi, Hukumiyya, Hukumiyyiin governmental Humiar (Himiir) donkey, ass Hurrivya freedom Hurt, Mirra, aHfréar free (e.g. politically) Huséian (Hisina) horse Husdul (v.2.) happening “il, ybal to accept ibliis Satan, the devil ibn son btada, yibtidi to begin ‘ibti, “ibtiyya, a'b4ay Copt, Coptic ya, ib primary, beginning (adj.) to get upset to give “idim, y'dam to become ancient ‘idir, ydar to be able idraab (idrabéat) strike (political) iftakar, yiftikir to think igar (igaréat) rent igtiméaSi, igtimadiyya, igtimadiyyiin social ihtamm, yihtamm (bi) to be interested in ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY 131 iMmare, yiHmarr to be(come) red: get sun-burn) Mina we iHitaag, yitiag (0 need iMltéram, yiFitirim to respect fd (idéen) hand minus; except that imdan faith imbéarit yesterday imta_ when? imtiFléan (imtiHandaty exam in if inbasaf, yinbisif to be happy Bible ingiltira’ England illiz English to break (intrans.) inkésar, yinkisi inn that innahirda today insian human being, Man imta you (m.) intiag production imi you (f.) intu “you (pl) igtigad_ economics iqtisaadi, iqtisadiyy ‘irs Curdus) piastre dal diarthoea iskindiriyya Alexandria islam Islam istéami, istamiyya, islamiyy ism (asiami) name isra’iit Israel isra’ili, isra'iliyya, isra’iliyytin Israeli istaghrab, yistighrab to be surprised istalat, yistiif to borrow istilam, yistilim to receive yistinna to wait istarayyall, yistarayyalt to rest economic Islamic132. ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY ista9gil, vistagil to hurry ista9mil, yists9mil to use ista’dal, yista’ill 10 resign sta Yistd'zin to excuse o.s.: ask permission istimaara (istimarsat) form (to fill out) istivaana (istawandat) record isti'dala (isti’aldat) resignation isti’téal independence ‘wid, Sdoda, suud black iswira (aséawir) bracelet sara (Baraat) sign, signal raat supervision istaighal, yistaghal to work (as) ‘tara, yidtiri to buy ‘ita cream itférrag, yitférrag (ala) to have a look at, look around, watch litgddid, yitgaddid to be renewed igdwwiz, to get married itghidda, to cat lunch, eat for lunch ithhissi ) to improve hayya’, yithdyya’ (Ii, Iu) to seem, appear itkallim, yitkallim (maa) to speak marran, itnéasar "iwelve itnéen wo fa’, itt’ to agree ittittaad (ttiHadéat) union {t9allim, yit9allim to learn 88, yit98S8a_to have dinner ‘agzl, yi’aggil to be postponed iéwnar, yit'axxar to be late italya Italy ixtdar, yixtiar (0 choose aa it izéa%a broadcasting iziay how? to practice . dadiyyiin preparatory (e.g. school) i9léan ((9landat) advertisement ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY 133 mm how many?: a few ‘iainil, kina, kambiin complete. perfect avn, yikiun to be b (kuttab) writer: clerk taibbar, yiktbbar vw enlarge Aabb, yilibh to pour, spill Acari matches kaddaah, kaddaaba, kaddabiia liar kafa, yikafi to be enough AalIH, yikiHH to cough kahraba electricity Kahraméan kaliam ilk kalb (kildab) dog kallif, yikallif 10 cost kallim, yikillim to speak t0 kal, yadkul to eat kamaan also kamatiyyaat luxuries kémira (kamiraat) camera kammil, yikammil to complete, continue kanaba (kénab) sofa, couch Kinaka (kanakiat) Arabic coffee pot kanas, yiknis to sweep kariim, kariima, kirama generous Karkadéeh hibiscus kasar, yiksar to break kaslian, kastiana, kaslaniin lazy kassil, yikssil_ to feel lazy kasaf, yiksif to embarrass katab, yikt kawa, yikwi to iron kawkab (kawdakib) planet kawwan, yikéwwan to form (trans.) kazino (kazinohiat) ‘casino’ ~ open-air kazziab, kazziaba, kazrabiin liar ber134 ARAHIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY Kibda liver kibiir, kibiira, kubdar big; large kibir, yikbar to become large, grow Kida "so, thus kidib, yikdib (Pala) to lie (to) aya enough Kilo kilogram kis (akyéas) bag (paper or plastic) kilma (kilmaat) word Kilomite kilometer Kilwa (kaliawi) kidney sa (kansayis) church Kisib, yiksab to win; gain, profit kitdaba (v.n.) writing kitiab (katub) book itiira, kutéar many, much; a lot ib (ala) to lie (t0) Kéora (ktiwar) ball koasa (c.) squash korniis “Corniche” Kubbaya (kubbayiat) drinking glass kibri (kabéari) bridge ull every, all; each kulliyya (kulliyydat) college kummitra (¢.) pear kumsaari (kumsarfyya) ticket collector (on bas, train, ete.) kurraasa (karariis) notebook kisi (kardasi) chair kuramb (c.) cabbage kuttéab (katatib) village schoo! kwayyis, kwayyisa, kwayyisiin good laa no libsa, labsfin wear(ing) liaHliz, yiléaHliz to observe laakin but to play with s.o.; player ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY — 135 hia’a, yiléa’i to find: to meet (s.0.) fsban milk libbis, yilibbis to dress s.o laff, yiift to turn; wraps take a walk ligha, yilghi to cancel lahga abgaat) dialect : taHima meat imma when tamiun (c.), lamauna (5), lamunsiat lemon kindan London lati, laiifa, lutsaf nice (of a person) aw if Lixbat, yilaxbat to muddle, confuse laaiiz, Iaziiza, Iuziaz delicious Iw no lech why? eel night(time) lela (layaali) night Wi for: to ibis, yilbis to get dressed, put on libya Libya lighdayit until WHat quilt lisa not yet: stil W9ib, yi9ab wo play Wann because oon (alwaan) colour looz (c.) almonds lubnian Lebanon Iubniani, lubnaniyya, Iubnaniyyiin Lebanese Wigha (ughdat) language lukanda (lukandiat) hotel Misur Luxor m méagi, magya, madysin past maal (amwaal) wealth, funds, money maani9 objection136 ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY méaris March méasi_ okay. all right ‘maasi, masya, magyiin walk(ing) mat, yimiut™ to die méayu May mablagh (mabsaligh) amount mabriuk congratulations! mabsiiut, mabstiuta, mabsutiin happy, glad madd, yimidd to stretch, extend madiina (mtidun) city; Medina madrasa (madéaris) school mada, yimdi to sign mafhium understood mafraud supposed (to) mafrius, mafriusa, mafrusiin furnished ‘magalla (magalléat) magazine maghrib sunset, evening ‘maglis (magaalis) place of gathering and assembly magndun, magniuna, maganiin crazy, mad mallall (maHlalliat) "place maHlatfa (maHlattaat) station maHidiud, maHdduda, maHdudiin limited maliféza (malléafiz) wallet makéan (amiakin) place makaréona macaroni makka Mecca maknésa (makianis) broom maktab (makiatib) office, desk maktaba (makaatib) library; bookstore makwa (makiawi) iron makwagi (makwagiyya) one who irons mala, yimla to fill mall salt malik (muliuk) king malika (malikiat) queen malliim (malaliim) —milleme malydan, malyéana, malyaniin {ull ‘mamndun, mamniuna, mamnuniin grateful ména9, yimna9 to prevent; forbid ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY 137 mandiil (manadiil) handkerchief rmnga (c.), mangéaya (s.), (mangéat) mango manfi’a (mangati’) area, zone ménzar (mandazir) view, sight mara woman, wife (cf. miréatu) miad (ampéad) disease marHéla (maraaHil) phase, stage mariid, mariida, marga sick, ill mérkaz (mardakiz) position; centre; station markib (f.), (maréakib) ship mépra (marréat) time(s) marr, yimdrr to pass marwéHa (maréawiHt) fan ‘maséafa (masafaat) distance mésaH, yimsaH to wipe ‘miésal (amsial) proverb, saying masalan for example masgid (masiagid) mosque , masiFhyya, masiHiyyiin Christian a, masakiin poor, unfortunate, wretched masraHliyya (masraHiyyéat) play (dramatic) massil, yimassil to represent; act mastara (masiatir) ruler (for school, etc.) matter liyya (mas'uliyyaat) responsibility ‘mas‘tul, mas’dula, mas‘uliin (Yan) responsible (for) ia (magéaliH}) (Gov't) department ‘magna (masdani9) factory magr Egypt; Cairo migri, masriyya, masriyytin maightiul, maSghdula, magghulfin busy, occupied massa, yimassi to walk s.o. Swi broiled matHaf (mataaHif) museum matin, matiina, mutéan strong ‘majdar (mafardat) airport ‘mifar rain matbax (matdabix) kitchen ‘maf9am (matéadim) restaurant138 ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY ‘mawdiu9 (mawadii9) subject, matter mawgiud, mawguuda, mawgudiin present mawliud, mawhiuda, mawhudiin born mawwit, yimawwit to kill maw'if (mawaa’if) stand, rank maxgtius, maxgtiusa, maxsusiin special maxzan (maxaazin) place of storing mayya water mayyit, mayyita, mayyitiin dead miizza, ‘mezzeh’ appetizer mazbiiuf, magbiufa, mazbufiin correct maa with ‘maYéad (mawa%iid) appointment maY%aas (ma9asdat) pension mé9bad (ma9abid) temple mi9dan (ma9iadin) metal ‘ma9li'a (ma9ial’) spoon ma9hium known: ‘mi9mal (ma9iamil) laboratory mana (ma9éani) meaning ‘ma’éala (ma’aldat) article (e.g. in newspaper, journal) ‘ma’éas (ma’aséat) Size t) scissors ‘of course! city square bankrupt (li) need(ing) trade, occup: liag, miHtiaga, mit who? fina (mawéani) harbour, port mikaniiki (mikanikiyya) mechanic miliad (mawalfid) birth lyon (malayiin) million min from minéen from where? miréaya (maraydat) mirror mirabba (mirabbaat) jam misa evening miséafie traveller isda'an p.m. in the evening eatin ARABIC-ENGLISH GLossaRY 139 misik, yimsik to hold, catch mis not i, yimsi_ to walk, go away migmis (c.) apricots ‘mist (amsiaf) comb mitgiwwiz, mitgawwiza, mitgawwiziin married miyya (miyyéat) hundred mizian (mawaziin) balance, scales mizaniyya (mizaniyyaat) budget ‘das in-niil Nilometer méolid (mawdalid) saint's birthday moot death ‘moor (c.), méoza (s.), (moziiat) bananas moxx brains mudarris, mudarrisa, mudarri miidda (midad) period mudiir (mudiriin) director, manager mudiriyya (mudiriyyéat) directorate muféttis, mufattiSa, mufattisiin inspector mufiid, muflida, mufidiin useful méfrad singular muftéaHl (mafatiiH) key mugémma9 complex; central building of Cairo bureaucracy mugawhardat jewelry mugtéma9 (mugtamadéat) society ‘muhdndis, muhandisa, (muhandisiin) engineer muhimm, muhimma, muhimm muHdami, muHamiyya, muHa muHiéasib, muHasba, muHasbiin accountant muHladra (muHagaraat) lecture a (mullafzsiat) governorate (muHlitéat) ocean mufitéram, muHtérama, muHitaramiin respected muluxiyya (veg.) Moloukhtyya, favoured Egyptian vegetable muimkin possible mumtéaz, mumtéaza, mumtaziin excellent mundasib, mundsba, munasbiin appropriate ‘mundsba (munasibéat) occasion murdur traffic teacher140 ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY musda9id, musa9da, musa9diin helper, assistant in fun, amusing méstim, muslima, mustimiin Moslem musta’fa (mustaifayaat) hospital mustiwa (mustawayéat) level, standard mustawrad, mustawrada, mustawradiin imported musti’bal future muskila (maséakil) problem, difficulty misrif, musrifa, musrifiin supervisor mutirgim (mutargimiin) translator mutasakkir, mutasakkira, mutasakkirfin thank you mutawassit, mutawassifa, mutawassitfin medium; average mut9ib, mutSiba, mut9ibiin tiring; tiresome muwallHad, muwalHada, muwaliHadiin united muwazzaf, muwazzafa, muwazzafiin employee muxtalif, muxtalifa, maxtalifin various, different mudéallim, mudallima, mudal teacher mu94"ad, mu9a"dda, mu9a"adiin complicated: complex(ed) mudtadil, mu9tadila, mudtadiliin moderate ma9zam_ most (of) mu'iddab, mu’addaba, mu'addabiin polite ‘mu’tamar (mu’tamaraat) conference néada, yindadi (0 call néadi (nawiadi) club to sleep, go to sleep, fire ndasib, yindasib to suit dasif, nasfa, naifiin dry nawya, nawylin intending) im, nayma, naymiin sleeping rna’sa, na’siinlack(ing), miss(ing) (nabatéat) plant aba’ (anbia’) news nabi (4nbiya) prophet ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY 141 nabiih, nabiiha, mibaha intelligent nadah, yindah to call by shouting nigdaf, yinigdaf to clean nafa9, yinfa9 10 be of use nafs same nafs (f.) self; soul nagéaH success naggiiar (naggariin) carpenter néggaH, yindggaH to give a passing grade nahdar day(time) nahr (anhéar) river naHll (c.), nda (s,), (naHlléat) bee nallya (nawaaHli) side aml (c.), némla (s,), (nambéat) ant ‘namiius (.), namiusa (5.), (namuséat) mosquito nasiim breeze nasal, vingaH to advise nasfib share, portion nasi, nasiifa, nusiat active, energetic naxsif, yinassif 10 dry (s.th.) nnatiiga (nataayig) result nafa’, yinfa" to pronounce, utter naff, yinitf to jump nawwar, yiniwwar to brighten, light up (s.th.) naxl (c.), naxla (5.), (naxkiat) palm-tree nayyim, yindyyim (0 cause to sleep nazzil, yinazzil_ to bring down nazariyyan theoretically nazzam, yinézzam to organise adam _ yes na9nda9 mint naSsian, na9séana, nasaniin sleepy nial, vin'il to transfer; transport na’aS, yiin’us to carve, engrave transfer; transport na’s decorating, decoration na'"éa3, naéada, na"aiiin painter i to decrease to choose, select142 ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY ‘nigma (nugdum) star niHas copper nihdaya (nihayéat) end nihaa’i, niha’iyya, niha'iyyiin final ime tige nimra (nimar) number ‘a (nisab) proportion, percentage nisbiyyan relatively yinsa to forget to descend, go down order, system trade-union noom sleep 1n009 (anwia9) kind, sort nufimbir November ‘aufiiuz influence iikta (nikat) joke uss. halt ‘auf’ pronunciation nuiubi, nubiyya, nubiyy nour (anwar) light Nubian da (6wag) room qa qéarin, yigéarin to compare gamiius (qawamiis) dictionary garya (qura) village qiwmi, qawmiyya, qawmiyyiin national gism (agstam) division: department (e.g, university) iss (aisas) story qur'éan Koran ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY réabi9 fourth réagil (riggdala) man raaHa rest, comfort raall, yirdull to go. go to réakib, rakba, rakbfin ride (riding) raas (rus) head réayiH, rayHa, rayHiin go(ing) rébat, yirbut to tie rab Lord rabba, yirabbi_ to raise, bring up rabfi9 spring (season) radd, yirédd (ala) to reply to rédyu (radyuhdat) radio réda, yirda_ to please, satisfy réfa9, yirfa9 (0 lift, raise raff (rufiuf) shelf g209, yirigga9 to return (s.th.), give back réHHab, yiralfHab (bi) to welcome rakkiz, yirdkkiz to concentrate ramdadi_ grey ramaddan Ramadan rama, yirmi_ to throw aml (rimdal) sand imma, yirsmmi_ (0 scatter, throw away ramz (Fumiiuz) symbol ann, yirinn to ring; clink (of a coin) smi, rasmiyya, rasmiyyiin official (adj.) rasiul (risul) Messenger (of God) rasfif (argifa) pavement Aitib, yirattib to put in order, arrang raf] (arféal) Egyptian weight = approx. 1. rawa, yirwi to irrigate, water rawwall, yiréwwaH to go home rayy irrigation, watering riyyal, yiréyyaH to relieve ré’aba (ri'éab) neck riv'ad, yor'ud to rest, take a catnap 143144 ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY ri’as, yir'us to dance ra'fis (ri’asa) president, chief ra'tisi, ra'isiyya, ra’isiyytin principal, main ra’sa dance ra’y (arda’) opinion reriim diet right (arghifa) loaf rigid, yirga9 to return to righ (rugiuly foot: leg villa (riHflaat) trip, journey if (aryaaf) country(side) iH (aryaaH) wind riiHla (rawaayiH) smell riiia (riyas) feather to ride, mount rimé (rumdus) eyelash risdala (rasaayil) thesis riwdaya (riwaydat) novel (n.) » rixiiga, ruxiias cheap rixig, yirxay to become cheap riyiada sport(s); mathematics ria lung rub9 (arbéa9) quarter rufiyya9, rufayyd9a, rufayyadiin thin rugiu9 (v.n.) return (inir.) rilkba (rikab) knee rukn (arkdan) comer rukiub (v.n.) riding rumméan (c.), rummdana (s.), rummaniat pomegranate riisya Russia rupduba humidity ru (arwéaH) soul riumi, rumiyya, rumiyyiin European ru ‘a, ruus Russian riixsa (rixas) license ruzz rice ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY 145: sdabi9 seventh sdabi’, sib" preceding saab, ¥ séada’ (of coffee) without sugar dadis sixth siafir, yisdafir 10 travel (to) saagh piastre takin, sikna, sakniin live (living), residing sdakin, sikna, sokkéan inhabitant sikta, saktiin silent sdawa, yisiawi to equal sia¥a (sa9iiat) hour; watch, clock to help cold (e.g. drink) yisiu’ to drive sdbab (asbaab) reason, cause sdbagh, yisbugh to dye sabat (isbita) basket saba9{éaéar seventeen siba’, yisba’ to precede sabbaak (sabbakiin) plumber sab, yisibb to curse, swear séb9a_ seven sabSiin seventy sadd (sudiud) dam sida’, yisidda’ to believe sifar ‘travel safiir (sifara) ambassador saggil, yisiggil to record, register sahil, yiséhhil to make easy, faci sahl, sdhla, sabliin easy saHéab (c.), saHfdaba (s.), (siHub) cloud siaHlil (sawaallil) shore sdkan, yiskun to inhabit, live sakréan, sakraana, sakraniin drunk salam peace sakiama safety tate146 ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY sillim, yisdllim to deliver; (Yala) greet; (ot God) give peace or safety séma__sk sémaH, yismaH (li) t0 allow samak (C.) fish samméak (sammakiin) fishmonger sémma, yisimmi to name séna (sinfin or sanawéat) year sanawiyya secondary (school) sdnawi, sanawiyya, sanawiyyfin annual sandawits (sandawitsiat) sandwich sdnya (sawaani) second (of time) saqéafa culture sara’, yisra’ to steal sarii9, sarii9a, sari9iin fast siwa together sawwaal, sawwéaHa, sawwaHl sawwia (sawwa'iin) driver saxiif, saxiifa, sixafa silly, foolish séxxan, yisxxan to heat sdyyid (Sada) gentleman, Mr. sa9iida hello sa9udiyya Saudi Arabia sadtiudi, saudiyya, sadudiyy sal, yis'al to ask sa”éara Saqqaara seef (suyduf) sword sibéaHa (v.n.) swimming sibHla (sibaH) _prayer-beads, rosary sibtimbir September siféara (sifaaréat) embassy sigdara (sagéayir) cigarette siggdada (sagagtid) carpet sign (sugiun) prison sthir, yishar to stay up late siidi sir siina Sinai sikirtéera (sikirterdat) secretary sikit, yaiskut to be quiet n tourist Saudi ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY 147 a (sakakiin) knife (sakialim) ladder ina, sumaan fat to hear simsiiar (samasra) broker sinima (sinimaat) cinema sinn age sinna (sindan) tooth sir’a theft ir (sardayir) bed sitiara (satdayiry curtain (sittéat) woman sitta six sittdagar sixteen sixty ‘dasa (siyasiat) polities: policy iydasi, siyasfyya, siyasiyyiin political si9r (asda) price sudan Sudan stifra dining table sufragi (sufragiyya) butler suhdula ease suHliur daily pre-fast meal in Ramadan stikkar (c) sugar surdur pleasure stirya Syria irda speed stiuri, suriyya, suriyyiin Syrian sua’ evil su’ (aswéia’) suxn, stixma, suxntin hot suxxdan (suxxandat) water heater sw’dal (as"ila) question séafi, sétya, safyii siaHlib (agHaab) friend; owner sala (galdat) hall clear (c.g. wei148 ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY sfaliHl, yisdalill to make up with saam, yigdum to fast sabiaH morning sabdaHan in the morning, a.m. sébar, ydsbur to be patient sabb, yisibb to pour sabi, sabiyya (subyéan) young boy or girl sabr patience sabiun soap sédaf (c.) sea-shells sadr chest (anatomy) gaff (gufiut) row afar, yisiffar to whistle sifHla (gafalfdat) page safiila (saféayiHl) large tin siHHba (saHbdat) (f.) friend; (f.) owner SaHH, yis4HH to be correct (3rd pers. s. only) saHiiH correct saHn (suHun) plate, dish siHHra desert salHriawi, saHrawiyya, saHrawiy saw, séHwa clear (weather) sala prayer ilata salad sillaH, yisillaH to repair to pray to manufacture . sandal(s) a (sawsani) tray centimeter Ha frankness séraf, yigrif to spend sarrdaf (sarrafiin) money changer; cashier sardux (gawariix) rocket satH (sufduHl) roof satr (suftur) line (e.g, of text) séwwar, yisdwwar to photograph saxr (suxtiur) rock saydall (saydaliyya) pharmacist in desert (adj.) ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY 149 sayyif, yigiyyit to spend the summer sadb, s69ba, sa9biin difficult adiidi, sa9idiyya, ga9:iyda Upper Egyptian 3499ab, yig99ab to make (s.th.) dificult seef summer giHHa health sin Chin sinda9a (sima9aat) industry Sinsiadi, sinaSiyya, sinadi um (v.n.) fasting yoom fasting Soot (agwaat) voice; vote Subsiad (sawaabi9) fingers toe SubH_ morning suddin® head-ache siidfa chance sughayyar, sughayysra, sughay in industrial small; young, siiHlafi (guHlafiyysin) journalist Sul peace sultaan (salatiin) Sultan suf wool stiufi Sufi ’ war) picture, photograph sudduba difficulty Saab Gabsab) young man saat, visiuf to see Saal, yi8ill to carry; remove Séari9 (Gawaari9) street Séafir, Sra, Suffdar clever Sati’ Gawéati’) beach Saay tea wif, Séyfa, Sayfiin seeing Sabaka Gabakéat) net Sadd, yi8idd to pull Sifa, yiSfi_ to recover, be cured Sagia%a courage150 ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY Sagar (c.), Séigara (s.), (aSgdar) tree(s) Siigga9, yi8igga9 to encourage Saghghéal, Saghghéala, Saghghaliin working Séghghal, yisighghal to operate Sahiada Gahadéat) certificate SiHat, yisHat to beg SdHHat, yisdHHat to give to a beggar Salm grease SaHn (v.n.) loading Sahr (ashur or SuhGur) month Séhri, Sahriyya, Sahriyyiin monthly Sékar, yugkur to thank Sakk (Sukuk) doubt Sakl (adkéal) shape Sikwa @akéawi) complaint Saméal north Samm, yisimm to smell (s.th.) sams (f.) sun sam9 wax Sima (Samat) candle Santa (Stimat) suitease, bag, briefease Sardab (arabéat) socks Séraf honour Sérall, yisraH to explain Sariik (Siraka) partner Sarr evil Sérraf, yiSdrraf to honour Sart (urdut) condition Sar? east Sar'i, Sar'iyya, Sar Satarang chess Séwa, yiswi to grill Sawiis (Sawi8iyya) sergeant Saxg (aixiiag) person Saxsiyya (Saxsiyyaat) personality xsi, Saxsiyya, Saxsiyyiin personal, private Sayyaal Gayyaliin) porter 8a9b Gudiub) people, folk Sa9bi, Sa9biyya, Sa9biyyiin popular, of the common people eastern(er) ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY 151 Sar hair Sa"a Gia’) apartment Sex (uytux) sheikh e* (asyéa") thing dak (Sababiik) window Sibsib (Gabsasib) slippers Siik Gikéat) cheque ial left (-hand side) Sirib, yiSrab to drink Siriit Gardayit) tape; cassette Sirka (arikéat) company Sita winter Ir poetry Sooka (Siwak) fork Sugaad, Sugda9a, Sugdian brave ‘sugh! work sukr thanks, gratitude Sikran thank you surb (v.1.) drinking Sirba soup Swayya a little: slowly taag (tigdan) crown taagir (tuggdiar) merchant, trader taalit, talta third taamin, tmna eighth taani again tani, tinya second tanya, tanyiin other , bisa ninth, taba, yitba9 to follow tadriib training tadxiin smoking tafiahum (mutual) understanding tatkiir152 ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY taghyiir change (rrans.) (taHliyyaat) —greeting(s) liberation talisfin improvement taHt under takabbur haughtiness takmila completion takriir repeating; refining taks taxi taliata three talatiin thirty falaftdasar thirteen talg ice; snow talldaga (tallagéat) refrigerator taméam exactly taman (atmaan) price tamantaasar eighteen taménya eight tamriin (tamrinaat) drill, exercise organising (taqaltid) tradition, convention targim (0 translate targuméan interpreter, ‘dragoman tariix (tawariix) date; history (artiib arrangement tir’iya promotion recording (e.g. words, music), registering tashiil (tashiléat) facility; facilitating, making easy tawzii9 distribution taxdigguy specialization twxziin storing tazkara (taziakir) ticket ta9éala (i, -u) come! ta9béan, ta9biana, ta9baniin tired; sick taMlab (tadtialib) fox ta9iiim (ta9limsat) _instruction(s); teaching t29Itiq commentary ta9riifa half-piastre ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY 153 approximately vartir) report ra trade, commerce (figs ‘ilf6on (tilifondat) telephone (ilivizyéon (tilivizyondat) television titmviiz (talimza) pupil, student tilmiiza (itmizaat) (f.) pupil, student tilt (atliat) third timséal (tamasiil) statue tir9a (tira9) channel, irrigation canal tisadfiasar nineteen tis9a nine tis9iin ninety 1 tuxdan fat to get tired {i'ila, tw'aal heavy tom (c.) garlic fuffiall (c.), tufféaHa (.), (tuffaHéat) apple lugéari, tugariyya, tugariyyiin commercial turdab dust turkiiya Turkey turk, turkiyya, (atraiak) Turk(ish) turméay (turmayaat) tram(way), streetcar wil, ! {aabi9 (fawaabi9) stamp {ali ({ulléab or {alaba) student {alba ((aibéat) (f) student {aar, vit t0 fly taza (invar.) fresh (of food) tubax, yatbux to cook taba’ afbda") plate tabbiax, tabbéaxa, tabbaxiin cook tabiib (atibbaa’) doctor {abii9a nature {abiidi, fabidiyya, tabidiyyiin natural fabiur (fawabiir) queue. line (of people)154 ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY fabx (v.n.) cooking fab9an of course fafa, yith to extinguish, put out: turn off fafféaya (taffayaat) ashi: {alab ({alabaat) request, demand; application talab, yatlub to demand, ask for, order (in a restaurant) {alla’, yifatla’ divorce tama greed {ammda9, tammaa9a, fammaSil fags weather fariawa softness: coolness (weather) farabéeza (Jarabeziiat) table farbius (farabils) tarboosh, fez fard ({urdud) parce! tari’ (urw’) way farii’a (Qdew") means, method tawiil, {awiila, fuwaal ‘all, long fawla backgammon fawwéali straight ahead fayardan (v.1.) aviation, flying fayydara (Jayyardat) airplane fayyib all right, okay fayyib, tayyiba, tayyibiin good {a9miyya felafel, a deep-fried vegetable dish 1499am, yitd99am to inlay fib (the field of) medicine fill (agfaal) child 2 tahina, sesame paste mud itla9 to climb, go up fuul length greedy “uddiam in front of Sighniya (aghdani) song uigra fee. fare uukazyéon (ukazyondat) sale (at reduced prices) uktéobar October ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY *uliyyil, “ulayyila, “umdag cloth umm (ummahéat) mother unbuuba (anabiib) pipe (plumbing) uribba Europe rabbi, urubbiyya, urubl usbuud (asabii9) week ushiub (asaliib) lista (used to address taxi drivers, ete.) ustéaz (asitza) professor utubjis (utubiséat) bus diula (f.) first “urayyib near, soon usdyyar, “usayyara, "us ‘Guta (c.) tomatoes uxt (ixwaat) sister ayyilfin little (amount) yin European yyariin short waadi (widydan) valley waadiH, wigHa, wadHiin clear waaf’, yiwéafi’ (94a) to agree (on) waagib (wagibéat) duty; homework waaHlid (waHlda) one wdialid father waasi®, wiis9a, was9iin wide, spacious waati, watya, watyfin low waaxid, wixda, waxdiin (have) taken waif, wa'fa, wa'flin stop(ping); standing) wiiddad, yiwéddad to bid farewell, see off wadda, yiwaddi_ to take to a place, deliver waddab, yiwaddab to arrange; pack (2 suitcase) waffar, yiwaffar to save (e.2. money) wigad, yiwga? to hurt waHaé, yiwHas to be missed by wiilad (awléad) boy; son walda mother walla or walléada (walla9dat) (cigarette-)lighter156 ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY 157 1a9, viwalla9 to light, ignite: switch on x wara behind waira’ (c.) wara’a (.), (awrda’) paper ward (c.), warda (s.), wardiat flower warra, yiwarri to show warsa (wiras) workshop (waséa’il) method ini, wastaniyya, wastaniyyiin intermediate fa someone who can pull strings for you wassal, yiwas watan (awtdan) native country watta, yiwatti to lower (e.g. volume) to be afraid of; (94a) be afraid for éan) maternal uncle xdala (xaléat) aunt xdalig extremely xaam raw. crude xéamis fifth xdani’, yixiani" to quarrel xéarig outside xaass, xaassa, xagsiin special; private xdatim (xawéatim) ring (for finger) xéayif, xiyfa, xayfiin afraid xébar (axbaar) news xabbéaz, xabbiaza, xabbaziin baker xabbar, yixabbar to inform xiibbat, yixdbbat (9aléehum) to knock (at s.o."s door) xabiir (xibara) expert xadam, yixdim to serve xadddam, xadddama, xad xad, yéaxud to take xaff, yixi co become light (weight); to get well xafiif, xaffifa, xuféaf light(weight) to take somewhere, deliver to weigh (trans.) wariir (wizara) minister wazza9, yiwizza9 to distribute wa9ad, yiw9id to promise waa, yo'a9 to fall 4 wat time wa’'af, yiwa"al to stop and in servant idn (f.), (Widsan) car xaliag finished; agreed. okay His, wits, wiflin bad ugly ala yale? to create wildit, tiwlid (0 give birth xalifa (n.), (xtlafa) caliph wili9, yiwla9 to catch fire, be lit wisix, wisxa, wisxtin dirty wisil, yiwsal to arrive (at) wis (wusdus) face xaliig (xulgian) gull xall vinegar ixdllag to finish tw let, leave, allow vwizdara (wizaréat) ministry ' the Khamseen (wind and sandstorm) wies (6) goose i xamastiaéar fifteen Wi, yak to stop; stand up xaimra (xumaur) wine wicHiyatiak, ete.) please ramen five wuddull clarity xamsiin fifty wogiud presence, existence j xanai (xanaziir) pig, pork wwupial arrival i arag, yixrug {0 g0 0% ' xarbuan, xarbéana, xarbaniin broken (down); out of order i arbi, yindrbis 10 scratch158 ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY xariif autumn xariifa (xardayif) map xarduf (xirfian) sheep xags (c.) lettuce xass, yixiss to lose weight xaéab (c.) wood xasabi, xaSabiyya, xaSabiyysin wooden xaié, yixti8§ to enter xaitam, to stamp, frank xatab, yaxtub to get engaged to xatar (axféar) danger xaft (xufiut) hand-writing, calligraphy xafféaf (xaftatiin) calligrapher xawéaga (xawagiat) foreign gentleman xiwwif, yixawwif to frighten xayydata (xayya{dat) seamstress xayyat, yixdyyat (0 sew xayyim, yixiyyim to piteh a tent xeel (¢.) horses xeer good(ness) xibra experience xidma (xadamaat) service yixgal to be ashamed, embarrassed xilig, yixlag to end, be finished xiyaar (c.) cucumber x00x (c.) peaches xugéar vege! xums one-fifth xumsumiyya five hundred xuséara (xasaayir) loss xustiugan especially xustingi, xususivya, xususiyy y ya O... (vocative) yabéan Japan yabaani, yabaniyya, yabaniyyfin Japanese yadawi, yadawiyya, yadawiyytin handmade ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY 159 yada (= iid] (f) hand yahiiudi, yahudiyya, yahiud Jew(ish) alla let's go: hurry up! yandayir January Yyaréet_ would that it were so yatéra I wonder if ya9ni it means; in other words yimiin right (-hand side) yoom (ayyéam) day yilya July yunéan Greece uunaniyya, yunani yunyu June Greek zaad, yiziid to increase (intr.) xiakir, yizéakir to study zaar, yizdur to visit ziayir, zayra, zuwwéar visitor ziHma crowd; crowded (invar.) zamdan__ time; long ago zara9, yizra9 to plant, cultivate zatiiun olives ziwwid, yizdwwid to (cause t0) increase zayy like zayy ma just like 7a9al_ anger za9kéan, za9léana, za9laniin angry 799al, yizé99al to anger 24992", yizi99a" (li) to shout at 20”, yizw” to push zeet (zuydiut) oil zibiala garbage zibda butter zibiun, zibiuna, zabaayin customer aift tar; (idiom.) terrible zihi*, yizha’ (min) to get bored of 1a (zindat) decoration160 aranic ENGLISH GLOSSARY (rimala) colleague agricultural visit (min) to be angry with; (Béla) feel sorry for ‘zukiam (head-)cold ma’ alley raabit (ubbaat) officer zabat, yazbut (0 control; set (1 watch) zahar, yighar to appear ‘lam, yiglim or yiiglum to oppress, zann, yigunn or yigian to think (that); be of the opinion zarf (gurduf) envelope zulm tyranny 9 9a (= 9ila) on Séada (Sadéat) habit, custom Saadatan usually Saadi, Yadiyya, Yadiyyiin ordinary, usual Yaad, yi9iid to repeat, do again 9aag ivory Séakis, yi9aakis to tease, bother; firt with Séalam world Sali, 9alya, Dalyiin high Yam, yiSium to swim Saam (a9wéam) year Séamil (Gumméal) worker Saamnit, yi9samll 10 treat Faamil, %mla, Jambfin do(ing), make (making) Yaamm, Yiamma public, general Séarif, 9arfa, Yarfiin know(ing) Yaasita (Sawaasif) storm Saas, yi9ii8 to live ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY in wanting) oinyiz, Sayza, Sayziin want(ing) Yanz, yidiuz to want, need abiit, Sabiifa, 9ubt stupid. idiotic add (a9diad) number Yudddad (Qaddadiat) meter (e.g., of a taxi) adda, yi9addi to cross: exceed Yadd, yi9idd to count is lentils Sadduw (a9daa") enemy add, yi9tdd to bite (of animals & insects) adm (c.) bone Yat, yi9fi (min) 10 exempt from Yafriit (9afariif) demon, imp: naughty child 9afs luggage 9¥afwan Don't mention it (resp. to Sukran) Digab, vidgib to please Yiigaka (Dagakiat) icy Saguuz (Yawagiizy old man Saziim, Yaziima, Suziam great aks opposite Yala on Slam (a9liam) flag Yalasdan because, for. in order to 9Allim, yi9éllim 10 teach Samal "work Samaliyya (9amaliyyéat) operation Samaliyyan practically Samali, Samaliyya, Samal Samal, yimil to do, make Yamm (9imaam) paternal uncle 9mma amméat) paternal aunt 9an about Sand at, “chez” Sarabiyya (Darabiyyéat) car, automobile Yarabi, Sarabiyya, 9arab Arab, Arabic Sara? sweat Sarbagi @arbagiyya) driver (of horse and carriage) Yard (Suriiud) offer le fin practical 16t162 ARARIC-ENGLISH GLOS RY Sariis (Sirsian) bridegroom Sarraf, yi9irrat to introduc Sardusa (Yardayis) bride: doll 9ésal_honey Saskari (Yasdakir) policeman; soldier Sagab (a9siab) nerve Sasabi, Sagabiyya, Sasabi Sagar, yidgur to squeeze Sasiir juice Sage (Sugiiur) era 98a dinner Yasian because, for, in order to Sagara ten 9438, yi9SS8i (0 give dinner Stas thirst Satldan, Paftéana, Yatlaniin out of order SafSdan, Satséana, SatSaniin thirsty Battal, yi9Attal to obstruct Sawwim, yidwwim to cause to swim Sayyéan, Sayyaana, Yayyaniin sick, ill Sayyat, yidéyyat to cry, weep Sayyin, yi9iyyin to appoint Sézam, yi9zim (94a) to invite (for) Sézzil, yi9ézzil 0 move in (to a new residerce) 9a°d (Su'iiud) contract 9é°rab (9a’éarib) scorpion Seeb shame Sela Beléat) family Seen (uytiun) eye Sees bread Sibiara (Sibardat) expression Siid (a9yaad) festival, holiday Siléa’a (Sila’dat) relation 9itba (Oilab) small tin oF box Simi, 9ilmiyya, Yilmiyyiin scientific Siméara (Simaréat) building Sinab (c.) grapes Sinwian (Sanawiin) address, title irda’: i-Siréa’ frag ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY 163, Sirda’i, Sirw'iyya, Yira’iyyiin Iraqi Sirit, yiPrat to know twenty Sto get thirsty Siydada (Siyadiat) doctor's office ‘ya to get ill Yizz honour, glory Soom (v.n.) swimming Sudw (a9dia") member Stimda (9imad) headman (in village) Sumr tife(time) Sumiuman generally Suziiuma (Suzumdat) invitation: dinner party 9u’bial(-ak), ete.) May (you) be next =164 ENGLISH-ARABIC GLOSSARY, able “éadir; 10 be able about San ‘above foo" -oncerning); Havwaali (= approximately) absent ghéayib; to be absent _ghaab, yighit: to accept ‘bil, yi'bal accident Hadsa (Hawéadis) account Hisdab (Hisabsat) accountant muHéasib, mublésba, muHasbiin accustomed to mit9awwid, mitSaw , mivawwidiin 9éla to act (on stage) méssil, yimdssil acting tamsiil active nasiit, nasiita, nuséat actor muméssil (muméssiliin) address 9inwéan (9anawiin) administration iddara to advise nisaHl, yingalT afraid xdayif, xiyia, xayfi after bad; badd ma + v, afternoon badd id-duhr afterwards baSdéen again téani; mérra tanya against didd age sinn; 9umr to agree ituifa’, ‘ultural zirdaSi, ziradiyya, agriculture ziria9a alr hawa airmail bariid gawwi airplane {ayydara (tayyaréat) airport matéar (matardat) air-conditioner _mukayyif hawa Alexandria iskindiriyya all kull; gamii9 also bardu; kaméan although ma9' always diyman to be afraid xcaf, yixéaf ziradiyytin ENGLISH-ARABIC GLOSSARY 165, snbassador safiir (sifara) amber kahraman America amrika American amrikani, amrikaniyya, amrikian amount - mablagh (mabsaligh) ancient “adlim, ‘adiima, “wdsam and wi or wa angry z9lian, 299kiana, za9laniin; (Ho be angry =) 2iNil, yiz9al Hayawian (Hayawansat) simi, sanawiyya. sanavsiyytin another ani fanswer gatwiab (agwiba); to answer wiawib, yigéawib gue antika_ (antikiat) antiquities assar anyway 94la Kull Haal apartment S44 (Si'a") apples uffial (c.) application (form) istiméara (istimardat) appointment ma9éad_(mawaYiid) to approach “irrab, yi'arrab apricots mismis (c.) April abriil Arab 4rabi, Sarabiyya, arab area manti'a (mandati’) arm diréa9 (adri9a) armpit baat (bataat) army gees (guytiuS) to arrange _rittib, to arrest “abad. arrival wustul to arrive wil art fann (undun) ashtray tafféaya (taffa to ask (a question asleep ndayim, nayma, naymiin assembly mglis (magaalis) assistance musica assistant muséiaQid, musida, musa atti rad. (ala) ; (to ask for =) talab, yitlub166 ENGLISH-ARABIC GLOSSARY astonished mist sighrab, mistaghraba, mistaghrabjin at Sand atmosphere gaww fo attempt Heiawil, yiHaawil; (n. =) muHlawla to attend Hidir, yiFidar attractive gazzéab, gazziaba, gazzabiin August ughiistus aunt (maternal =) xdala (xatdat); (paternal =) 94mma (Samméat) autumn xarif awake siabli, séHya, saHyiin b back dahr (duhiur) backgammon tawla bad wis, wiHISa, wis bag (handbag, briefcase, suitcase (paperbag =) _kiis (akyias) baksheesh ba’ balcony balakdona (balakondat) bananas mooz (c.) bank bank (bunduk) bankrupt mifallis, mifallisa, mifallisin; to be bankrupt _fillis, yitallis bar baar (bardat) ) Sénta (aanat); barber Halléa’ (Halla'iin) barefoot Hiafi, Hafya, Hafyiin to bargain féasil, yitdasit bargaining fiséal barrel barmiil (baramiil) to base assis, yi'éssis basic aséasi, asasiyya, asasiyyiin basis asdas (\isus) basket sabat (isbita) bathroom | Hammdéam (Hammaméat); (toilet tobe kan, yikiun beans ful; fastilya beard da'n (f) (du'dun) itewalett ENGLISH-ARABIC GLOSSARY 167 arab, yidrib; (defeat =) _ghilab, yighlib hecause finn; YaSsan; Salasian: asl wo become baa, yib'a bed sirir (sa bedroom ot in-noom (wad i beer biira hhees nab (c.) before ‘abl; ‘abl ma (+ ¥.) to beg SiHat, beggar SablHéat abtHatiin) to begin ibtida, yibtidi beginning bidiaya behind wira to believe siclda’. yisduda’ bell garas (azrias) belonging to bitéa9, bité¥t, bitéud below. talit belt Hiziam (ab Izima) benefit faydla (fawéayid) to benefit (fr.) faa, yitids (intr) istafdad, yistaffid: min beside (next to =) gamb between been Dieyele 9igala (9agaliat) ig kibiir, kibiira, kubsiar Dill Hissiab (Hisabat) birth mildad (mawaliid) to bite (animal =) Yadd, vidas insect =) “drag, yerrus black iswid, soda, sud ‘black market” is-suu' is-sdoda to bless baarik, yibsarik blessing bairaka blind 9ma, 9amya, Sumy blood damm blow darba (darbiat) blue azra’, zir'a, zur’ boat mairkib (mardakib) ody _gism (agssiam) to boil ghiila. yighli 100m)168 ENGLISH-ARABIC GLOS bones Yadm (c.) book kitéab (kaitub) booking Hage bookstore maktiba (makéatib) boring mumél, mumitla, mumiliin born mawldud; (to be born =) itwalad, yitwilid to borrow istilaf, yistlif bottle ‘iziiaza (‘azdayiz) boundary Hadd (Huduud) box 9ilba (9ilab); sandiu’ (sanadii') boy walad (awldad or wiliad) bracelet iswira (asiawir) brain diméagh; muxx (imxéax) branch far9 (furtu9) bread Sees to break (ir.) kisar, yiksar; (imir.) inkisar, yinkisir breakfast futdur; to eat breakfast fitir, yiftar bridge kabri (kabéari) briefease Santa (Stinat) to bring gaab, yigiib: (bring!) haat, héati, héatu broadcasting izia%a broken maksiur broken(down) xarbaan, xarbiana, xarbaniin; Satlian, Yathéana. Satlaniin brother ax (ixwaat) brown biinni: asmar, simra, sumr brush farsa (firas) budget mizaniyya (mizaniyydat) bugs ba” building binéaya (binaydat); Simdara (Simariat) to burn Hira’, yiFfra bus utubiis (utubiséat) busy masghdul, masghdula, masghuliin but Jaakin butagaz butagdaz butcher gazzéar (gazzariin) butter zibda to buy istara, yistiri buying. Sira by bi ENGLISH-ARABIC GLOSSARY 169 cabbage(s) kunimb (c.) até “ahwa Cahaawi) Cairo mast; il-quahi to calculate Hisab, yiHlsib to call ndada, yindadi; (to telephone Ji; (Co name =) simma, yisimmi calm hadi, hédya, hadytin camel gamal, gimdal camera kimira (kamirdat) canal tira (tira) candle sma (Samat) car Sarabiyya (Sarabiyyaat) card bitda'a (bita’éat) carpenter naggdar (naggariin) carpet siggiada (sagagiid) carriage (buggy =) Hantaur (Hanatiir) carrots gazar (c.) to carry Saal, y cashier sarréaf_(sarraftin) cat “atta (état) to catch misik, yimsik cause sibab (asbéab) ceiling sat celebration iHtifial certain (sure =) muta'akkid, muta'akkida,muta‘akkidiin; (specific =) mu% chair kursi (karéasi) change ghayyar, yighayyar; (v.1.) taghyiir; (money =) fékka chapter fag! (fuyuul) cheap. rixfis, rixfisa, ruxday cheese gibna cheque Sik (Sikéat) chess Sataring chicken firdax (c.) children wildad or awliad; Yiyéal da’n (f.) (du’dun) ixtiysiar darab, yidrab ti170, ENGLISH-ARABIC GLOSSARY to choose ixtéar, yixtiar Christian” masiiHi, masiHiyya, masiHiyyiin church kiniisa (kandayis) cigarette sigiara (saga cinema sinima_(sinim: itadel il-'al9a city madiina (midun) ty square midéan (mayadiin) civilization Haddara (Hadaréat) Classical Arabie il-fiisHa clean nidiif to clean nddaf, yindddaf cleaning _tandiif clever Séatir, Satra, Satriin clock sia9a (sa%4at) to close “afal, yr'il cloth “unas clothes huddum; makiabis clouds saHiab (c.) lub (social =) nadi (nawaadi) coast saaFlil (sawiiaHlil) coat baltu (baléati) coffee “ahwa cold bard colleague zimfil_ (zimala) college kulliyya (Kulliyyaiat) Colloquial Arabic il-ligha d-diariga; il-ligha -9ammiyya colour loon (alwéan) comb mist (améaat) to come ga, yiigi coming gaay, gaya, gayiin commotion diiwéa company sirka (Sarikiiat) to complain itika, yistiki to complete _kammil, yikammil complex mi9a"ad, mi¥a”sida, mi9a”adiin to concentrate rikkiz, yirdkkiz Qala condition Haal (aHwial); (requirement congratulations mabriuk Sart (Surduy) ENGLISH-ARABIC GLOSSARY ITI continue istamérr, yistamirr; ad, yw'9ud + impert cook tabbdax (tabbaxiin) cooking tabx Coptic) “ibti, “ibsiyya. a’béat correct saHiiH cotton “uin council miglis (magéalis) to count Yadd, yididd country bélad (j.) (biléad) crazy magotiun (maganii cream "ta crescent bildal to cross 9idda, yi9dddi crow ghurdab (ghirbian) crowd ziHma crown tag (tigéan) cucumber xiyéar (c.) culture saqiafa cup. fingéan (fanagiin) cupboard dukiab (dawalib) curtain sitéara (satdayir) Customs guimruk (gaméarik) to cut ‘stad, yitad; (into many pieces =) “éttad, yi'sttad a dam sadd (suddiud) to dance ra’as, y dancer (f.) ra’"dasa (ra”asdat) danger xatar (axtéar) darkness dalam date tariix (tawarfix) dawn fagr day _yoom (ayyéam) daytime -nahdar dead méyyit, mayyita, may deaf strat degree déraga (daragéat)172 ENGLISH-ARABIC GLOSSARY to delay “axxar, yi'ixxar to deliver sallim, yislim; wassal, yiwassal to demand yélab, yutlub department ism (agséam) to descend nizil, yinzil desk maktab (makiatib) dialect lahga (lahgiat) iarehoea ishial dictionary gamiius (qawamis) to die mat, yimiut to differ ixtdlat, yixilif ifferentmuxtélif. muxtalifa, muxtaliffin fficult $29, s49ba, sa¥biin fficulty su9Guba inner Sia iplomatiie) diblumiasi, diblumasi irectormudiir (mudiriin) irty wisix, wiska, wisstin disease marad (amréad) dish taba’ (atbéa’) distance bud to disturb diay’, yidéayi to divorce fall’, yiilla i to do 9émal. yi9mil doctor duktéor (dakétra); tabiib (atibbéa’) dog. kalb (kiliab) } doing 9samil, 94mla, Samliin donkey Humaar (Himiir) door baab (abwéab) doorman bawwiiab (bawwabiin) down taht drawer durg (adréag) dress fustian (fasatiin) to drink Sirib, yisrab drinking Surb to drive saa’, yisiu’ driver sawwia™ (sawwa'in) drunk sakréan, sakréana, sakraniin mb axras, xirsa, xurs 1 duty _waagib (wagibaat) fa, diblumasiyytin ENGLISH-ARABIC GLOSSARY 173 ear widn (f.) (widdan) early badri earth ard (Ff) ease suhwult east kar eastern(er) Siri, Sar’ easy sahl, sdhla, sahliin to eat kal or kal, yéakul eggplant bitingéan (c.) eggs beed (c.) Egypt mast Egyptian maigri, masriyya, masriyytin electricity kahraba election intixaab, intixabsat elephant fill embarrassed makstiuf, maksiufa, maksufiin embassy sifdara (sifardat) employee muwazzaf (muwazzafiin) empty fiadi, fadya, fadyiin to end intaha, yintihi; (1) intihaa’ ngineer muliindis (muhandisiin) England ingiltira English ingiliizi, ingiliziyya, ingiiiz enough kifiays to enter dial, ylidvul: xa8s, yintiss centering (v.n.) duxiul envelope zarf, zuriuf Europe uruibba European urubbi. urubbiyya, urubbiyytin evening misa every hall exactly biz-zitbt examination »imtiFlian (imtiHandat) example miisal (amsila) except ila to excuse simaH, yismall existence wugiiud to expect intigar, yintizir fa. Sariyytin174 ENGLISH-aRABIC GLOSSARY expecting intizdiar expensive ghaali, ghilya, ghalyiin experience -xibra expert xabiir (xdbara) to explain féhhim, yifahhim extremely xialis; l-ghdaya eye Seen (9uytiun) fact Ha factory masna9 (maséani9) faith "imaan to fall wri, ya'a9 family 9éela (9eléat) famous mashiur, mashiura, mashuriin fan marwaHa (mariawill) far bi9iid, bi9iida, budiad farmer falliall (fallattiin) to fast saam, yistium fast (adv) bi-stirsia fasting (adj.) _séayim, siyma, saymiin fasting (7) sivaam; soom fat tixiin, tixiina. tuxdan father abb (abbahiiat) faucet Hanafiyya (Hanafiyyaat) to fear xaaf, yixdaf min fear (n.)_xoof feast Siid (a9yaad) February _fibriayir few Swayya field gheet (ghitdan) iim film (atlsam) final nihéa’i, niha’iyya, nihatiyyiin to find I4’a, yiléa'i fine kwayyis, kwayyisa, kway finger subiia9 (sawéiabi9) to finish xillas, yixillas isfin; (okay ENGLISH-ARABIC GLOSSARY 175 fire naar (niraan) first dwwil; awwaléani, awwalaniyya, awwalaniyysin fish samak (c,) flies dibbaan (c.) food aki foot righ (rugdul) for i forbidden mammiu9, mamniuda, mamnudin foreigner agnabi, agnabiyya, agdanib to forget nisi, yinsa France fardinsa freedom —Hurriyya French faransiawi, fara Friday yom ig-gim9a fried ma‘li, ma'liyya, ma’liyy‘in friend sdaPlib, s4Hba, asHdab from min from where? mingen fruit tékha (fawaakih) fruitseller fakahdani_(fakahaniyya) full malydan, malyéana. malyaniin sawiyya, faransawiyysin g game li9ba (al9éab) garbage zibéala garden ginéena (yandayin) garlic toom (c.) gas ghaaz gazelle ghazal (ghizkian) generally 9umduman: 9éla |-Sumium generosity kaéram generous kariim, karfima, kurama gentleman xawéaga (xawagdat) German alméani, almaniyya, alméan Germany almanya ift hidiyya (hada: girl bint (bandat) to give idda, yiddi )176 ENGLISH-ARABIC GLOSSARY lass : (drinking =) kubbéaya (kubbayéat) togo raaH, yirduH God allah going réayiH, r gold dahab good kwayyis, kwayyisa, kwayyisiin good (n.) xeer goodbye mada s-saléama government Hukduma (Hukuméat) fo graduate itxarrag. yitxarrag grandfather gid (gudiud) grandmother gidda (giddaat) Greece il-yundan greed tma9 greedy tammaa9, tammsaa, tammadiim Greek yundani, yunaniyya, yunaniyytin; igrtigi green axdar, xidra, xudr grey raméadi grocer ba"'éal_ (ba"altin) guest deef (duytiuf) gulf xalfig (xulgéan) Ha, rayHiin bh habit 9éada (9adaat) hair Sar (c.) half nuss hammer Saksus (Sawaki hhand iid (idéen) handkerchief mandiil (manadiil) to happen Hasal, yiHsal happy mabsiiut, mabstiuta, mabsutfin harbour mina (mawéani) hashiish Hasiis, he hiwwa hhead aay (ruus) headache sudia9 to hear simi9, yismad ) ENGLISH-ARABIC GLOSSARY heart ‘alb (‘uliub) heat Harr; Hardara to heat séxxan, yiséxxan heavy tu'éal to help séadid, yisdadid help(ing) misi9da here hina here isiare ah, ahé, abtim high 94ali, 9élya, Salyfin history tariix to hit drab, yidrab hitting arb to hold misik, yimsik holiday agdaza (aguziat) home beet (buytiut) honey 9ésal to honour _Sérraf, yiSarrat hope mal (améal) horse Huséan (Hisina); horses xeel (c.) hospital mustésfa (mustasfaydat) hotel lukanda (lukandaat) hour séaa (saat) hhouse beet (buydut); daar (duur) how many? kaam how? izziay huge daxm, déxma, duxéam humidity ruttiuba hungry gaan, ga9éana, ga%antin to hurry ista9gil, yistadgil hurrying (adj.) mista9gil, mista9gila, mistadgitin husband gor (agwaaz) 1 ana fice talg ice cream Zildati idea fikra (afkaar) 7178 ENGLISH-ARAMIC GLOSSARY idiot Yabiig, Oabliga, Dube if in; (a; law to imagine itsawwar, yitsiwwar immediately 9sla tuul important muhimm, muhimma, muhimmiin impossible mis mamkin to improve (1r.) Hassin, yi improvement ir.) taHsiin in fi, gawwa n front of “uddiam industry sinda9a (sina aut) inexpensive rixiis. rixfisa, ruxiias influence nufiuz séakin (sukkéan) isin: (imir.) itHissin, yitFhissin to inquire ista9lim, yista9lim Yan inquiries isti9tamdat inside giwwa; daaxil instead bédal; badal ma + » intelligent zéki, zakiyya, azkiya to intend nawa, yinwi interested in muhtimm, muhtémma, muhtamméin bi interesting (enj (exciting =) musiir interpreter mutargim (mutargimiin) to invite 9ézam, yi9zim 94la Iraq il-Sira’ Iraqi Sirda’i, Gira'iyya, Sira’iyysin to iron kaw mikwa (makéawi) irrigation rayy Islam isiiam Islamic isliami, islamiyya, islamiyyéin island giziira (gizur) Israel isra’iil it hiwwa (m.); Italy itdlya ivory Saag fyya (f) able =) mdmti9, munti9a, — mumtidtin; ENGLISH-ARABIC GLOSSARY 179 i jam mirdbba (mirabbaat) January _yandayir Jew(ish) yahdudi, yahudiyya, yahoud job sughl (asghal) joke nukta (nikat) journalist suHafi, suHat suHlafiyyiin journey riHla (riHléat); safar (asféar) joy faraH judgement Hukm juice Sastir July yalyu June yuinyu k key muftéaH (mafatiiHt) to kill mawwit, yiméwwit; (murder kilogram kiilu (kilubdat) ind (sort =) _n009 (anwéad) King miélik (muliuk) itehenmatbax (matéabix) knife sikkiina (sakakiin) to know 9iri9,yiSrif knowing darif, 9érfa, Sarfiin Koran il-quréan ‘ital, yitil lady sitt (sitdat) lame 49rag, 9irga, Surg land ard (aréadi); barr Tanguage ligha (lughéat) large kibiir kibiira, kubdar last daxir; ani, axiira; axrdani, axraniyya, axraniyytin fate waxri, waxriyya, waxriyyiin; mit axxar, — mit'axxara, mit'axxarin later baddéen180 NGLISH-ARABIC GLOSSARY to laugh diHlik, yidHak laughter diHk laundry man -makwagi (makwagiyya) Taw) gandun (qawaniin) lawyer multéami_(muHamiin) lazy kasldan, kasléana, kaslantin to learn leather in9sllim, yitOSllim alld (guldud) Lebanon _libnéan lecture mublidra (muHadréat) left simaal leg rigl (f.) lemons length lentils lesson lamdun (c.) tuul Sads dars (durtius) letter gawéab (gawabsat) lettuce xass (c.) Tiberation taHriir library maktaba (maktabéat) lift asanséer (asanseréat) light (n.) nour light(weight) xaffif, xaffifa, xufiat I=) sughdyyar, sughayydra, sughayyariin: (a little to like Habb, yiHfibb like zayy to listen simi9, yisma9 Tittle (sm to live (inhabit =) sakan, yuskun living siakin, sékna, sakniin local maHaili, maHlaliyya, maHfalliy London lindan Jong tawiil, tawiila, ruwsal to look (at) bass, vibuiss li lover Habiib, Habiiba, Habéayiby luck baxt lunch ghada to lunch itghidda, yitghadda Luxor hi'yur fin; baladi ) ENGLISH-ARABIC GLOSSARY 181 magazine magilla (magalkéat) maid Saghghdala (Saghghaliat) mail basta; bard mailman bustigi (bustagivya) majority aghlabiyya man réagil (viggsala) manager -mudiir (mudirtin) mangoes manga (c.) many kitir map xariita(xardayit) March maaris market su’ (aswae’) marriage gawiéaz married mitgiwwiz, mitgawwiza, mitgawwiziin matches kabriit mathematics riydada May miayu meat {ima mechanic mikaniiki_(mikanikiyya) medicine daiwa (m.) (idwiya) to meet (ir.) “éabil, yi'dabils(ine.) itaabil, meeting igtiméa9 merchandise bid:ia¥a (badaayi9) merchant téagir (tugedar) iB Sarg ildwsat minister waziir (wtizara) ry _wizdiara (wizardat) minus la minute di''a (da'éayi’) mirror mirsaya (mirayéat) er bavtil, baxila, baxula Miss aanisa.(anisiat) miss (lit: to be missed by mistake ghélta (ghaltéat) Monday _yoom i-itnéen money fiius month Sabr (ashur or Subiur) a, yiwHas182 ENGLISH-ARABIC GLOSSARY Moslem mastim, muslima, muslimiin mosque giami9 (gawéami9) mosquitoes namtus (C.) mother umm (ummahéat); walda (waldaat) mouse taar (liréan) mouth bu"; Hanak Mr issdyyid Mrs_ is-sitt; madam much kitiir to muddle Lixbat, yilixbat municipality aladiyya museum mitHat (mataat it) music mustiga name ism (asiami) napkin fiuta (twat) narrow dayya, dayya'a, dayya'tin dawla (dawa witani, wataniyya, wataniyyiin; gawmi, qawmiyya, gawmiyyiin; ahli, ahliyya, abliyytin mnality ginsiyya (ginsiyydat) native (adj.) biladi near “urdyyib, “urayyiba, “urayyibiin necessary darduri necktie karavitta (karavattéat) to need iHtiag, yiHtiag li neighbour gaar (giréan) neither ...nor la. . . wala never abadan new gidiid, pidiida, gudéad news xabar (axbéar) newspaper gurndan (garaniin) night Iéela (laydali); leel Nile in-niil no la’ nobody maHaddis ENGLISH-ARABIC GLOSSARY 183 noon dubr forth Samdal not mis notebook —kurraasa_ (Karariis) nothing wala Héaga November _nufimbir now dil" nowhere wiila Hitta umber add (a9déad); nfmra (nimar) (voe.) ya mn mundsba (munasbéat) occupied maighiul, maSghdula, maSghulfin October uktiubar fof bitiad, bitsOt, bitdud of course “tab9an to offer “addim, yi'éddim office maktab (makaatib) often kittie oil zeet (zuytut); (petroleum =) bitrool fold ’adiim, “adtima, ‘udkiam olives zatuun (c.) on Sala ‘once mérra syed war, 960ra, Suur ‘onion basal (c.) only bass fo open fatal, viftalt open (adj.) maftiuH, maftiuHa, maftub iin operation Yamaliyya (Samaliyyat) n'y (araa’ opportunity farsa (fray) or aw; walla ‘orange (colour) burtu’éani ‘orange (fruit) burtu'san (.) to order (ask for =) lab, yuitlub ordinary Sadi, Sadiyya, SadiyyiinIS ENGLISH-ARABIC GLOSSARY to organize nazzam, yindzzam organized mundzeam, munazzéma, munazzamiin origin ast (usiul) other taani, ténya, tanyfi out of order atlian, 9atléana, 9atlaniin outing fiisHa (fuisaH) outside barra oven furn (afrian) over foo" overcoat baltu (baléati) owner séaHib (asHiab) Pp to pack (suitea waddab, yiwaddab page sifHa (safHaat) pain wiga9 (awgda9) paint bauya (buyaat) palace ‘ast (ustiur) Paper wira’ party Hafla (Hafliat) pasha béasa (hasawélat) to pass fat, yifuut; marr, yimarr Passenger réakib (rukkiiab) Passport gawéaz sifar (gawazdat sifar) Patience sabr to pay data, yidfad paying dai (v.n.) peace salam peanuts fuul sudiani peas bisilla (c.) peasant falliaH, falldalta, fallabbin pedestrians musi pen “élam (a’kiam) people naas perhaps yimkin period nitidda (midad) permission iz to permit small, yimall ENGLISH-ARABIC GLOSSARY 185, personally Saxsfyyan pessimist(ie) mutassa“im, muta petrol benzfin petroleum bitrdol Pharaoh far96on (f Pharaonic far9éoni, faroniyy pharmacy agzaxéana (agzaxandat) photograph siura (siwar) piaster ‘irs urdius) picture siura (stiwar) piece Hitta (Hitat) pigeons Hamam (c.) pilgrim Hage (Hugaiiae) pilgrimage Higg: (to go on pilgrimage =) Hagg, yiHigg pipe (to smoke) biiba (bibsat) poetry si9r police bullis Policeman Saskari (Jasdakir) polite mu'éddab, mu'addaba, mu’addabiin poor fa'ir, fa'fira, fara port mina (mawaani) porter Sayysal (ayyalfin) possible mamkin post bariid; busta post office maktab bariid postman bustagi (bustagiyya) potatoes batiatis (c.) pound (£) ginéeh (ginehdat) to pray yisali to prefer faddal. yitiddal to prepare Haddar. yilladdar president rails (ri'asa) to prevent mina, yimnad price sir (as9éar) problem muskila_(masdakil) programme birndamig (baréamig) progress t’éddum proverb mcisal (amsél) put Hatt, yiFféte pyramid hiram (ahréam or abramsat) ima, mutasa'imiin ~ far9oniyysin186 ENGLISH-ARABIC GLOSSARY 4 quarter rubs question su’éal_(as'ila) queue tabsur (tawabiir) quickly bi-sur9a rabbit rnab (aréanib) radio radyu (radyuhdat) rain métar to rain mattérit, timattar to read “ara, yi'ra ready mustaSidd, musta%idda, musta9iddiin ti real He'ifi, Ha'iiyya, Ha'iyyiin reasonable maul to receive istlam, yistlim red éHmar, Himra, Humr refrigerator alliaga (tallagéat) relation Silda’a (Sila'aat) relatively nisbiyyan religion iin (adyéan) religious diini, dintyya, diniyyfin remaining béa'i torenew giddid, yigsddid torrent dggar, yiviygar; (n.) rent igaar to repair sillaH, yisallaH republic gumhuriyya_ (gumbutriyy research baHs reservation Hage to reserve Higaz, yiHgiz to reside sékan, ytiskun to resign ista’dal, yistail resignation istidala (istialdat) to respect iHitdram, yiHtirim; (1.) respect iHtiraam restaurant mt9am (matsaim) to ride rikib, yirkab right Chand side =) yimiin iat) ENGLISH-ARARIC GLOSSARY 187 ing _xdatim (xawéatim) to rise (get uy “gam, yidum river nahr (anhéar) river-bank daffa (diféat) road tari’ (juru’) room dda (6wad) to run giti, yigri Russia risya Russian rdusi, rusiyya, ruus safety sailor baHHéar salad sdlata (salatéat) same nafs Saturday yom is-sabt Saudi Arabia is-su9udiy schedule gidwal (gaddawil) school madrasa (mad:aris) science iim (9uldum) sea babi (biFléar) season fasl (fusiul) second sinya (sawéani) secondary school madrasa sanawiyya seeret sirr (astéar) to see Saal, yistiut seeing Siayif, Sayfa, Sayfiin self nats to sell baad, yibii9 seller bayy’a9 (bayya%tin) selling eed (v.n.) to send baat, yib9at sentence gémla (gimal) September sibtimbir serious gadd (invariable) servant xaddéam (xaddamiin) service xidma to shave Hila’, yiHlla’188 ENGLISH-ARABIE GLOSSARY she hiya shelf raff (rufauf) ship markib (mardakib); biaxira (bawaaxir) shirt ‘amis Cumsaan) shoe (pair of =) gazma (gizam) shop maHail (maHatléat) short “usayyar, “usayyara, “usayyariin to show wirra, yiwarri ick Yayydan, Yayydana, Yayyantin ghinna, yighdnni sister uxt (ixwéat) tosit “49ad, yi9ud sitting “aaSid, "s9da, “addin sky. séma to steep naam, yindam sleeping ndayim, nayma, naymiin slowly biSwées small sughdyyar, sughayyéra, sughayyariin to smell Samm, yisi to smoke Sirib, yiSrib.(Sagdayir) smoke (n.) duxxian smoking tadxfin soldier 9askari (9aséakir) some ba%d sometimes -aHydanan son ibn (awliad or wiléad) to speak itkéllim, yitkallim specially xustiusan speech kaléam speed stra (surSéat) spoon madlaa (ma%éali’) sports riyiada spring ir-rabi square (city-square =) midéan (mayadiin) stamp (postage =) dabi9 (tawiiabi9) to stand wif, yt'af station mabiatta (maHlattéat) to steal sira’, yisra’ ENGLISH-ARABIC GLOSSARY 189 steam buxiar still lissa stomach batn (f)) stopping wialif, wa'fa, wa'fiin straight dighri street Séari9 (Sawéari9) student (yn.) talib (culliab or gilaba); (f-) taaliba (aalibéat) to study daras. yidris: zdakir. yizéakir success nagdall sugar stkkar suit badla (bidal) suitcase (bag=) Santa (Stinat) summer is-seef Sunday yom il-Hadd sure muta'ékkid, muta’akkida, muta'akkidiin sweet Hilw, Hilwa, Hilwiin to swim Sam, yi9uum; sibiH, yisbaH system nizdam (anzima) ‘ table tarubéeza (tarabeziiat) tailor tirzi_ (tarziyya) to take xad, yéasud to talk itkallim, yitkallim fall tawiil, tala, tuwéal to taste dan’, yiddu? tea Saay to teach dicris, yidsirris; Yallim, yi9alim teacher mudirris, mudarrisa, mudarrisiin: muyallim, mudallim, -muSatlimiin to tease Siakis, yiDinkis technical finni. fanniyya, fanniyyéin telephone tilifoon (tilifondat) television _tilfizyoon (tlfizyundat) to tell “aal, yidul li fest _iotiHdan (imtiHandat) thank you Sukran190 ENGLISH-ARABIC GLOSSARY theatre masta (maséariFl) then bala there hindak there is. filh they hamma thie? Hardami_ (Haramiyya) thin rufayya9, rufayyada, rufayyad%in thing Haga (Hagéat) to think fakkar, yifikkar; iftdkar, yiftkir third tit thirsty SatSéan, SatSéana, 9atsantin this, that da, di, dool to throw rama, yirmi Thursday _yoom il-xamis ficket tazkira (tazsakir) to tie rabat, yurbut tiles baldat (c.) time wa't time(s) marra (marrdat) fired ta9béan, ta9biana, tadbaniin title Sinwéan (anawiin) today innaharda together séwa, mi9a badd tomatoes “wuta (c.); tamaatim tomorrow. bakra tonight iL-téela too kaméan towel fiuta (Fiwat) tower borg (burdiug) town bélad (biléad) traffic muriur train ‘atr Cuturéat) to translate térgim, yitérgimn translation targdma (targaméat) translator mutargim (mutargimiin) tw travel séafir, yisiafir travel séfar traveller misialir trees. Sigar (C2) ENGLISH-ARABIC GLOSSARY 19] trip riflla (ritMliat) trousers bantal6on (bantalondat) to try Héawil, yiHdawil Tuesday _yoom it-taldat turkey diik rGumi Turkey turkiiya Turkish tirki, turkiyya, atréak u unbelievable mig ma9‘dul under taHt to understand fihim, yitham understanding fahm; (mutual understanding understanding fahim, fahma, fahmiin United Kingdom il-mamlaka L-muttaHida United States il-wilaySat il-muttaHida university gma (gam9%Aat) until lighdayit Upper Egypt is-si9iid to use ista9mil, yista9mil use (benefit =) fayda used to (accustomed =) mitawwid, mitYawwida, mitYawwidiin useful muffid, muffida, mufidiin usually uadétan; filSaada tafdahum vacation agdaza (agazdat) valley wéadi (widydan) Valley of the Kings wadi |-muliuk veal bitillu vegetables xuddar very giddan: “éwi villa villa (vial) village garya (qira) visit ziyaara (ziyaréat) to visit zaar, yizdur visit ziydara voice soot (aswaat)192 ENGLISH-ARABIC GLOSSARY wanting 9awiz; 9sayiz war Harb (Hurdub) we in: weak da'fif, da'iifa, du'éat fo wear libis, yilbis weather gaww wedding faraH (afrdaHl) Wednesday _yoom ilirbad week usbiiv? (asabii9) to weep Sayyat, yiddyyat weight wazn welcome hlan wa séhlan well biir (abéar) well (adv.) kwayyis west gharb what? ech where? feen white abyad, béeda, iid who? miin why? leh wife sitt (sitéat); miraat (+ n.ipron.) window Sibbdak (Sababiik) min gheer woman itt (sitéat) wood xéSab wool suf word kilma (kilmdat) to work itighal, yistéghal work Sughl worker 9damil (Qumméal) world dinya to write Kitab, yiktib writer kéatib, kitba, kuttiab wrong (in error =) _ghaltdan. altdana, ghaltaniin ENGLISH-ARABIC GLOSSARY 193 year sana (sinfin) yellow dsfar, séfra, suf yes aywa yesterday imbéari vet issa you (f) inti you (m.) inta you pl.) intw