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Consortium: Critical State Soil Mechanics
Consortium: Critical State Soil Mechanics
CRISP
Consortium
SOIL MODELLING
model assumed relationship between stress and strain for a soil.
Underlying conventional design calculations in geotechnical engineering are different soil models based on
concepts of elasticity and plasticity.
Underlying most methods of calculating ground movements is the assumption of a linear elastic soil model.
E = Youngs modulus
= Poissons ratio
Drained
E,
Undrained
Eu, u
Underlying most stability calculations is a soil model which assumes rigid, perfectly plastic behaviour.
Strength parameters:
Drained
c,
Undrained
cu
provides soil models which can be used as the basis of numerical predictions (using finite elements)
provides the basis for reviewing data from soil tests and selecting strength and stiffness parameters
for design
Deviatoric stress
Specific volume
p, q, V
Total stresses
a, r
Effective stresses
a = a - u
r = r u
p' =
a + 2 r '
3
a + 2 r
u
3
= p-u
q = a - r
= a - r
Ratio of volumes
Water
Volumes
Vw
Solid
Vs
is void ratio
is moisture content
Gs
Ratio of weights
Weights
Vww
VsGsw
Now
e =
and w =
Vw
Vs
Vw w
e
=
Vs Gs w
Gs
So e = Gs. w
and V = 1 + e = 1 + Gs w
bulk unit weight of soil,
Vw w + Vs Gs w
e
=
Vw + Vs
Gs
(e
+ Gs ) w
e + 1
(often called bulk density, although units are force / volume, not mass / volume.)
ZERO
V = N - ln p
isotropic NCL
V = V - ln p
q = Mp
V = - lnp
Summary
, , , , are soil constants
p, q, V (and V) vary during a test.
(b)
(c)
failure condition
(a)
STARTING POINTS
An over-consolidated sample is
prepared by drained isotropic
compression to point A and then
drained unloading to point B.
Vc
V
V
=
=
=
N - ln pc
Vc + ln pc
Vo + ln po
(1)
(2)
(3)
(b)
pc '
po '
TEST PATHS
The total stress path is always controlled by the way in which the soil sample is loaded.
Initial State
p = po
During Test
p = po + A + 2B
3
q = 0
q = A-B
Compression Tests
Extension Tests
The pore pressure is zero (i.e. atmospheric pressure) or held at a constant back pressure, say uo.
So the effective stress path (ESP) is parallel to the total stress path (TSP), or coincident with (when uo = 0).
WORKED EXAMPLE
Two identical samples of clay are isotropically normally compressed to an all round effective pressure of 100
kPa and are then allowed to swell back to an effective isotropic pressure of 50 kPa.
The first sample is then subjected to a standard drained compression test. What is the deviator stress at
failure and what is the volumetric strain experienced by the sample at failure?
The second sample is subjected to a standard undrained compression test.
What are the deviator stress and pore pressure at failure, if there is initially a back pressure of 50 kPa?
Assume that the soil has the following critical state properties:
= 0.95, = 0.093, = 0.035, = 2.06 and = 2.118
(a)
Sample preparation
VA
V
V
=
=
=
N - ln 100
VA + ln 700
VB + ln 50
VB =
2.118
(N)
-0.093 ln 100 + ln 2
()
(0.035)
(b)
(1)
(2)
(3)
Drained test
q = - 150 + 3p
q = 0.95 p
(4)
(5)
pF ' =
(4) - (5)
150
= 73.2
2.05
=
=
=
- ln 73.2
2.06 - 0.93 ln 73.2
1.661
10
Vol strain
1.714 1661
= 3.1%
1.714
(c)
Undrained test
VB
Undrained
so VF = VB
also
VF = - ln pf
2.06 - 1.714
ln p F =
0.093
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The critical state line in (a) (p, q) plot and (b) (p, V) plot (isotropic normal compression line is shown dashed
in (b)).
q
p'
= 0;
= 0;
=0
The critical state line in (p, V, q) space is given by the intersection of two planes: q = Mp and a curved
vertical plane V = - ln (p).
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