B GIO DC V O TO

B XY DNG

TRNG I HC KIN TRC H NI

Ng Quc Trinh

NGHIN CU S LM VIC CA CC
CHU TI TRNG NGANG V TI TRNG NG T

LUN N TIN S K THUT

H NI 2014

B GIO DC V O TO

B XY DNG

TRNG I HC KIN TRC H NI

Ng Quc Trinh

NGHIN CU S LM VIC CA CC
CHU TI TRNG NGANG V TI TRNG NG T

Chuyn ngnh

: K thut xy dng dn dng v cng nghip

M s

: 62 58 02 08

LUN N TIN S K THUT

NGI HNG DN KHOA HC:

1. PGS.TS VNG VN THNH
2. TS. TRN HU H

H NI 2014

LI CAM OAN

Ti xin cam oan y l cng trnh nghin cu ca ring ti.

Cc s liu, v kt qu trong lun n l trung thc v cha tng
c ai cng b trong bt k cng trnh no khc.
Tc gi

Ng Quc Trinh

LI CM N

Tc gi lun n xin by t lng bit n chn thnh i vi PGS.TS Vng

Vn Thnh v TS Trn Hu H tn tnh hng dn, cho nhiu ch dn khoa hc
c gi tr v thng xuyn ng vin, to iu kin thun li, gip tc gi trong
sut qu trnh hc tp, nghin cu hon thnh lun n v nng cao nng lc khoa
hc ca tc gi.
Tc gi xin chn thnh cm n cc Gio s, Ph gio s, Tin s, cc chuyn
gia, cc nh khoa hc trong v ngoi Trng i hc Kin trc H Ni, c bit
GS.TSKH H Huy Cng tn tnh gip , ch dn v ng gp kin lun
n c hon thin.
Tc gi xin trn trng cm n cc cn b, ging vin B mn Cng trnh
ngm- a k thut, Khoa Xy dng, Khoa sau i hc Trng i hc Kin trc
H Ni; cc phng, ban, khoa, cc bn ng nghip v lnh o Trng i hc
Cng ngh GTVT to iu kin thun li, ng vin, gip v hp tc trong
qu trnh nghin cu v hon thnh lun n.
Cui cng tc gi by t lng bit n i vi ngi thn trong gia nh
ng vin khch l v chia s nhng kh khn vi tc gi trong sut thi gian thc
hin lun n.
Tc gi

Ng Quc Trinh

MC LC
LI CAM OAN
LI CM N
MC LC
DANH MC CC K HIU C BN S DNG TRONG LUN N
DANH MC CC HNH, TH TRONG LUN N
DANH MC CC BNG BIU TRONG LUN N
M U
1 L do la chn ti ......................................................................... 1
2 Mc tiu nghin cu .......................................................................... 3
3 i tng v phm vi nghin cu ...................................................... 4
4. Ni dung nghin cu .......................................................................... 4
5 Phng php nghin cu.................................................................... 4
6 B cc ca lun n ............................................................................. 4
7 Nhng ng gp mi ca lun n....................................................... 6
Chng 1: TNG QUAN CC PHNG PHP NGHIN CU TNG
TC GIA CC VI NN T CHU TI TRNG NGANG
1.1 Tng quan v ng t................................................................................ 9
1.1.1 ng t ..................................................................................... 9
1.1.2 Ngun gc ng t ..................................................................... 10
1.1.3 Sng ng t ............................................................................. 13
1.1.4 Cc thang nh gi cng ng t ......................................... 15
1.1.5 Nhim v thit k khng chn cho cng trnh v cc thng s
chuyn ng nn t ............................................................................. 16
1.2 Tng quan cc phng php nghin cu tng tc gia cc vi nn t chu
ti trng ngang.................................................................................................. 18
1.2.1 Nhm cc phng php da trn m hnh nn Winkler ................ 18
1.2.2 Nhm cc phng php da trn m hnh n hi lin tc ........... 28

1.3 Tm tt v nhn xt chng 1 .................................................................... 34

Chng 2: NGHIN CU TRNG THI NG SUT BIN DNG CA
NN T CHU TI TRNG TNH NM NGANG
2.1 Cc phng trnh c bn v phng trnh truyn sng ca mi trng
n hi ............................................................................................................. 36
2.1.1 Cc lin h c bn ca mi trng n hi .................................... 36
2.1.2 Xy dng cc phng trnh vi phn cn bng v phng trnh
truyn sng theo PPNLCT Gauss .......................................................... 38
2.1.2.1 Phng php Nguyn l cc tr Gauss ............................. 38
2.1.2.2 Xy dng phng trnh vi phn cn bng ........................ 41
2.1.2.3 Xy dng phng trnh truyn sng ................................ 44
2.2 Cc li gii i vi khng gian v hn n hi v na khng gian v hn
n hi ............................................................................................................. 47
2.2.1 Li gii khng gian v hn n hi .............................................. 48
2.2.2 Li gii na khng gian v hn n hi ....................................... 49
2.3 Xy dng bi ton tng tc gia khi t vi na khng gian v hn
n hi.............................................................................................................. 50
2.3.1 H so snh l na khng gian v hn n hi .............................. 51
2.3.2 H so snh l khng gian v hn n hi ..................................... 54
2.4 Gii bi ton bng phng php phn t hu hn ...................................... 57
2.5 Kim tra kt qu v cc nhn xt ............................................................... 61
2.5.1 Bi ton h so snh l na khng gian v hn n hi .................. 61
2.5.2 Bi ton h so snh l khng gian v hn n hi......................... 66
2.5.3 Bi ton tnh khi t c xt n trng lng bn thn ................. 68
2.6 Kt lun chng 2 ..................................................................................... 70
Chng 3 NGHIN CU BI TON TNG TC GIA CC VI NN
T CHU TI TRNG TNH NM NGANG
3.1 L thuyt dm Timoshenko ....................................................................... 71
3.2 Xy dng bi ton dm chu un c xt bin dng trt ngang theo

Phng php nguyn l cc tr Gauss ............................................................... 73

3.2.1 Phng php th nht ...................................................................... 73
3.2.2 Phng php th hai ........................................................................ 75
3.3 Phng php phn t hu hn i vi dm c xt n bin dng
trt ngang.. .................................................................................................... 78
3.4 Xy dng bi ton tng tc gia cc n vi nn t
chu ti trng tnh nm ngang .................................................................. 82
3.4.1 Trng hp dng h so snh l na khng gian v hn n hi. ...... 82
3.4.2 Trng hp dng h so snh l khng gian v hn n hi ............. 85
3.5 Kho st mt s trng hp kim tra tin cy ca chng trnh tnh. ....... 88
3.5.1 So snh kt qu theo li gii ca chng trnh MstaticP1
khi cho m un n hi ca h so snh khc nhau .................................... 88
3.5.2 So snh kt qu ca hai li gii theo hai chng trnh tnh MstaticP1
v KstaticP1 khi lc ngang t ti chn cc .............................................. 89
3.5.3 Kho st bi ton so snh vi phng php ca Zavriev(1962)
da trn m hnh nn bin dng cc b..................................................... 90
3.5.4 Kho st bi ton so snh vi phng php ca Poulos (1971)
da trn m hnh nn n hi lin tc ....................................................... 92
3.5.5 Kho st bi ton so snh vi kt qu nghin cu ca Kim,
ONeill, Matlock da trn phng php dng ng cong p-y ................. 93
3.6 Kho st cc thng s nh hng n s lm vic ca cc n
chu ti trng tnh nm ngang ........................................................................... 96
3.6.1 Kho st cc ngn v cc di trong nn n hi ng nht............... 96
3.6.2 Kho st cc n ta trn lp cng ............................................. 98
3.6.3 Kho st nh hng ca cng t i vi s lm vic ca cc .... 100
3.7 Kho st s nh hng ca cc ti chuyn v nn t ................................. 101
3.8 Kt lun chng 3 ...................................................................................... 102

Chng 4: NGHIN CU BI TON TNG TC GIA CC VI NN

T CHU TI TRNG NG NM NGANG V TI TRNG NG T
4.1 Li gii xung n v ca khng gian v hn n hi ................................... 104
4.1.1 Li gii xung n v trong min thi gian ....................................... 105
4.1.2 Li gii theo bin i tch phn Laplace ......................................... 106
4.1.3 Li gii theo bin i tch phn Fourier ........................................... 106
4.2 H s gim chn vt liu ca t ................................................................ 107
4.3 Li gii s ca bi ton ng lc hc .......................................................... 109
4.3.1 S liu trn ng t El Centro, 1940 v bin i Fourier
ri rc DFT(Discrete Fourier Transform). ................................................ 109
4.3.2 Tch phn Duhamel trong min thi gian v min tn s.................. 111
4.4 Xy dng bi ton tng tc ng lc hc ca cc khi chu ti trng ng
nm ngang ........................................................................................................ 113
4.5 Kho st dao ng ca khi t v ca cc chu ti trng ng nm ngang . 115
4.5.1 Kho st dao ng khi t. ............................................................. 115
4.5.2 Kho st truyn sng ct (sng Love) trong nn t ....................... 119
4.5.3 Kho st dao ng ca cc n ........................................................ 123
4.6 Kho st dao ng ca cc chu ti trng ng t ..................................... 125
4.7 Kt lun chng 4 ...................................................................................... 131
KT LUN- KIN NGH ............................................................................. 132
DANH MC CC CNG TRNH CNG B CA TC GI ................ CT1
TI LIU THAM KHO ............................................................................... TK1
PH LC (Quyn 2)
Ph lc 1:

Gi tr chuyn v ngang ca im nm gn tm khi t khi lc

nm ngang P tc dng b mt v ti chn khi t trong
trng hp m un n hi, h s Poisson ca h so snh bng
m un n hi, h s Poisson ca h cn tnh

Ph lc 2:

Gi tr chuyn v ngang ca im nm gn tm khi t khi lc

nm ngang P tc dng b mt v ti chn khi t trong

trng hp gi nguyn E1 nh trng hp 1, thay i E0 ca

h so snh
Ph lc 3:

Gi tr chuyn v ngang ca im nm gn tm khi t khi lc

nm ngang P tc dng b mt v ti chn khi t trong
trng hp gi nguyn E0 ca h so snh nh trng hp 1,
tng E1 ca h cn tnh ln gp hai ln so vi trng hp 1

Ph lc 4:

Gi tr chuyn v ngang ca im nm gn tm khi t khi lc

nm ngang P tc dng b mt, gia v ti chn khi t trong
trng hp tnh theo 2 chng trnh Mstatic1 v Kstatic1.

Ph lc 5:

Gi tr chuyn v ngang, chuyn v ng ca im nm gn

tm khi t khi lc nm ngang P tc dng b mt khi xt v
khng xt trng lng bn thn

Ph lc 6:

Chng trnh tnh khi t chu ti trng tnh nm ngang

Mstatic1

Ph lc 7:

Chng trnh tnh khi t chu ti trng tnh nm ngang

Kstatic1

Ph lc 8:

Chng trnh tnh cc chu ti trng tnh nm ngang MstaticP1

Ph lc 9:

Chng trnh tnh cc chu ti trng tnh nm ngang KstaticP1

Ph lc 10:

Chng trnh tnh cc nm trong nn n hi nhiu lp chu ti

trng tnh nm ngang KstaticPLs

Ph lc 11:

Chng trnh tnh khi t chu ti trng ng nm ngang

KdynaS

Ph lc 12:

Chng trnh kho st truyn sng Love trong nn t KdynaL

Ph lc 13:

Chng trnh tnh cc chu ti trng ng nm ngang KdynaP

Ph lc 14:

Chng trnh tnh cc chu ti trng ng t KdynaPE.

CC K HIU C BN S DNG TRONG LUN N

A

Hng s ph thuc vo ti trng tnh hoc chu k chm

Chiu rng tit din cc

H s cn nht

Cy(f), Cx(f),Ch(f)

Bin i Fourier ca hm y(t); x(t) v h(t)

DFT

Bin i Fourier ri rc

M un n hi ca t

Ec

M un n hi ca cc

Din tch tit din cc

FFT

Bin i Fourier nhanh

Tn s

fN

Tn s Nyquist

fD(t)

Lc cn nht

fI (t)

Lc qun tnh

fS (t)

Lc n hi

M un trt ca t

Gc

M un trt ca cc

Gia tc trng trng

Chiu cao tit din cc

IFFT

Bin i Fourier nhanh, ngc

M men qun tnh ca cc

cng l xo

kh

H s nn Winkler (m un phn lc nn theo phng ngang)

Kx, Ky

cng phc i vi chuyn v ngang

Kry , Krx

cng phc i vi gc xoay

Kx-ry hoc Ky-rx

cng phc hn hp chuyn v ngang- gc xoay

Chiu di cc

Khi lng

M men un cc

N1, N2, N3, N4, N5, Cc hm ni suy

N6, N7
p

Phn lc ca t trn mt n v di ca cc

pu

Sc khng ngang ti hn ca t

Ti trng tc dng

PPNLCT Gauss

Phng php nguyn l cc tr Gauss

peff(t)

Lc kch thch c hiu

Lc phn b u

Lc ct cc

Thi gian

Chu k

Chuyn v ngang nn t

uc

Chuyn v ngang cc theo chiu x

Th tch khi t

Th tch khi t m rng xt iu kin bin

vp

Vn tc sng dc

vs

Vn tc sng ct

Chuyn v ngang ca cc

su dc theo cc

Phim hm lng cng bc

ZAB

Thnh phn lng cng bc xt ti iu kin b mt AB ca

khi t na di

Zc

Thnh phn lng cng bc ca cc chu un

Zd

Thnh phn lng cng bc ca khi t

Gc ni ma st

Trng lng th tch

Gc trt ngang do lc ct Q gy ra

Bin dng tng i

Bin dng th tch

H s Poisson ca t

Thi im t xung

H s xt n s phn b khng u ca ng sut ct theo

chiu cao tit din cc

Tn s gc, tn s vng, tn s dao ng

Tn s dao ng ring khi khng xt nht

Tn s dao ng khi c gim chn

T s gim chn tng i

H s gim chn vt liu

x, y, z

Cc ng sut php

x, y, z, xy, xz,

ng sut, bin dng ca h cn tnh

yz ; x, y, z,xy,
xz , yz
x0, y0, z0, xy0,

ng sut php, ng sut tip bit ca h so snh

xz0, yz0

Du ly bin phn

(z)

Tha s Lagrange

Hng s Lame

Gc dc ca ng vng do m men M gy ra

Bin dng un ca cc

AB

Din tch b mt AB

Hm delta Dirac

ij

H s Kronecker

Khi lng n v ca vt liu

DANH MC CC HNH, TH TRONG LUN N

Chng 1:
Hnh 1.1

M phng tng tc ng hc ( kinematic interaction)

Hnh 1.2

M t mt trn ng t

Hnh 1.3

Cc loi t gy v chuyn ng ti t gy

Hnh 1.4

M phng thuyt bt n hi ca t gy gy ra ng t

Hnh 1.5

Quan h gia g m rng, vng ht chm v chuyn ng trt

ngang ti cc b mng

Hnh 1.6

Bin dng nn t do sng vt th gy ra

Hnh 1.7

S m t chuyn ng cht im khi truyn sng Reyleigh

Hnh 1.8

S m t chuyn ng cht im khi truyn sng Love

Hnh 1.9

Gia tc, vn tc v chuyn v theo thi gian tn ti theo hng ng

Ty ti GilroyCalifornia (1989) ca chuyn ng nn (a) v nn
t (b)

Hnh 1.10

S kt cu h mt bc t do

Hnh 1.11

Chu k t nhin khng gim chn T

Hnh 1.12

L tng ha ph thit k n hi ca Newmark v Hall (1982)

Hnh 1.13

Lp t trm tch nm trn nn cng

Hnh 1.14

Ph phn ng trung bnh (vi 5% gim chn ) i nhng iu kin

nn khc nhau

Hnh 1.15

ACT3 ngh s dng ph phn ng c chun ho trong tiu

chun xy dng

Hnh 1.16

ng x ca cc chu ti trng ngang

Hnh 1.17

M un phn lc ca nn t i vi ng cong p-y

Hnh 1.18

M hnh Winkler ca phn ng cc- t

Hnh 1.19

Tng tc ng lc hc gia t- cc- b mng- cng trnh: h y

Hnh 1.20

Tng tc ng lc hc gia t- cc- b - cng trnh: phn tch

phn ng ng hc

Hnh 1.21

Tng tc ng lc hc gia t- cc- b mng- cng trnh: phn

tch phn ng qun tnh

Hnh 1.22

Cc phn t ca m hnh ngh i vi phn tch ng lc hc phi

tuyn ca cc n phn ng ngang

Hnh 1.23

S thay i cc thng s h s nht, cng ngang; Su1, Su2 vi tn

s khng th nguyn a0 v h s Poisson ca t ( Novak v cc
cng s)

Hnh 1.24

ng sut tc dng ln cc (a), t (b) gn cc

Hnh 1.25 M hnh cc chu ti trng nm ngang trong nn t n hi

Hnh 1.26 M hnh ta 3 chiu (Quasi- 3D)ca phn ng cc- t.
Chng 2:
Hnh 2.1

Cc ng sut tc dng ln phn t t

Hnh 2.2

Lc v ng sut tc dng ln phn t c lin kt (a), phn t hon

ton t do (b)

Hnh 2.3

S bi ton bn khng gian chu tc dng lc n v t ti im

nm trong nn t

Hnh 2.4

M hnh bi ton tnh khi t n hi nm trong na khng gian v

hn n hi

Hnh 2.5

H so snh l khi t nm trong na khng gian v hn n hi

Hnh 2.6

S tnh khi t thng dng

Hnh 2.7

M hnh bi ton tnh khi t chu tc dng lc thng ng khi

dng h so snh l khng gian v hn n hi

Hnh 2.8

M hnh bi ton tnh khi t chu tc dng lc nm ngang khi

dng h so snh l khng gian v hn n hi

Hnh 2.9

Chia khi t h cn tnh thnh cc phn t khi

Hnh 2.10

Phn t khi ch nht 20 nt

Hnh 2.11

S chng trnh tnh khi t

Hnh 2.12

M hnh bi ton tnh khi t

Hnh 2.13

Biu chuyn v ngang khi t khi lc ngang P tc dng ti b

mt (a) v chn (b) khi t, trng hp E1 = E0, 1 = 0

Hnh 2.14

Biu chuyn v ngang khi t khi lc ngang P tc dng ti b

mt (a) v chn (b) khi t, trng hp 1 = 0; E1 E0

Hnh 2.15

Biu chuyn v ngang khi t khi lc ngang P tc dng ti b

mt (a) v chn (b) khi t, trng hp 1 = 0; E1 E0

Hnh 2.16

Tng tc gia khi b tng v nn t

Hnh 2.17

Biu chuyn v ngang khi b tng.

Hnh 2.18

Biu chuyn v ngang khi t tnh theo 2 chng trnh Mstatic1

v Kstatic1 khi ti trng ngang P tc dng ti v tr c=0 (a); c=3m
(b); c=5.4m (c)

Hnh 2.19

Biu chuyn v ngang (a) v chuyn v ng (b), lc t ti mt

thong khi t khi xt v khng xt trng lng bn thn.

Chng 3:
Hnh 3.1

Cc chu lc phn b u q

Hnh 3.2

Phn t dm (a) v phn t dm t do (b)

Hnh 3.3

Minh ha ng vng ca dm khng xt bin dng trt ngang

(a), xt bin dng trt ngang (b)

Hnh 3.4

Phn t chuyn v ca dm

Hnh 3.5

Phn t lc ct ca dm

Hnh 3.6

S bi ton tnh cc nm trong na khng gian v hn n hi:

(a)H cn tnh; (b) H so snh

Hnh 3.7

S chng trnh tnh cc

Hnh 3.8

S tnh cc chu tc dng ca ti trng ngang tnh

Hnh 3.9

Biu chuyn v ngang (a), m men un (b) ca cc tnh theo hai

trng hp h so snh c E0 = 10MPa; E0 = 20MPa

Hnh 3.10

Biu chuyn v ngang (a), m men un (b) ca cc tnh theo

chng trnh Mstatic1 v Kstatic1 khi lc ngang t ti chn cc.

Hnh 3.11

Biu chuyn v (a), m men un (b) ca cc chu ti trng ngang

P=80kN khi tnh theo PPNLCT Gauss

Hnh 3.12

Biu chuyn v cc chu lc ngang P =89kN khi tnh theo

PPNLCT Gauss

Hnh 3.13

Biu chuyn v ngang (a), m men un (b) ca cc tnh theo

chng trnh KstaticPLs khi chu lc ngang tc dng ln lt:
200kN,400kN,600kN,800kN.

Hnh 3.14

Biu chuyn v ngang (a), m men un (b) ca cc tnh theo

Kim, ONeill, Matlock[51] khi chu lc ngang tc dng ln lt:
200kN,400kN,600kN,800kN.

Hnh 3.15

Biu chuyn v ngang ca cc tnh theo KstaticPLs, Kim,

ONeill, Matlock khi chu lc ngang tc dng ln lt: (a)200kN,
(b)400kN, (c)600kN, (d)800kN.

Hnh 3.16

Biu m men un ca cc tnh theo KstaticPLs, Kim, ONeill,

Matlock khi chu lc ngang tc dng ln lt: (a)200kN, (b)400kN,
(c)600kN, (d)800kN

Hnh 3.17

Biu chuyn v ngang (a), m men un (b) ca cc di L = 4m

Hnh 3.18

Biu chuyn v ngang (a), m men un (b) ca cc di L = 16m

Hnh 3.19

Biu chuyn v ngang (a), m men un (b) ca cc nm trong

nn n hi ng nht v nm trong nn n hi, chn cng

Hnh 3.20

Biu chuyn v ngang (a); m men un (b) ca cc trong trng

hp m un n hi ca t thay i khi lc t ti u cc.

Hnh 3.21

Biu chuyn v ca nn t ti v tr trc cc trc khi c cc v

sau khi c cc.

Chng 4:
Hnh 4.1

Gia tc theo hng Bc- Nam ca trn ng t El Centro 1940

Hnh 4.2

Biu phn thc (a); phn o (b) ca gia tc nn nm ngang trong

min tn s theo hng Bc- Nam ca trn ng t El Centro 1940
sau khi c bin i t min thi gian sang

Hnh 4.3

Biu gia tc nn nm ngang trong min thi gian theo hng

Bc- Nam ca trn ng t El Centro 1940 sau khi c bin i t
min tn s sang.

Hnh 4.4

S bin i li gii trong min tn s

Hnh 4.5

S bin i li gii trong min tn s theo cch lm ca tc gi

Hnh 4.6

M hnh bi ton tng tc ng lc hc ca cc nm trong na

khng gian v hn n hi

Hnh 4.7

S tnh khi t chu tc dng ca ti trng ng nm ngang

Hnh 4.8

Biu chuyn v ngang (a), gc pha (b) ca lp mt, lp y khi

t khi chu ti trng ng c di tn t 0,5 n 30 Hz, bc tn s
0,5 Hz

Hnh 4.9

Biu chuyn v ngang (a), gc pha (b) ca lp mt, lp y khi

t khi chu ti trng ng c di tn t 1,0 n 60 Hz, bc tn s
l 1,0 Hz

Hnh 4.10

Biu chuyn v ngang (a), gc pha (b) ca lp mt, lp y khi

t khi chu ti trng ng c di tn t 0,5 n 30 Hz, bc tn s
0,5 Hz

Hnh 4.11

Biu chuyn v ngang (a), gc pha (b) ca lp mt, lp y khi

t khi chu ti trng ng c di tn t 1,0 n 60 Hz, bc tn s
l 1,0 Hz

Hnh 4.12

S minh ha lp t b mt mm hn (G1/1 < G2/2) nm trn

na khng gian n hi, iu kin tn ti sng Love

Hnh 4.13

Biu chuyn v ngang v theo tn s khi cho m un n hi lp

trn lp di bng nhau E1 = E2 = 10 MPa

Hnh 4.14

Biu chuyn v ngang v theo tn s khi m un n hi lp di

E1 = 20MPa; m un n hi lp trn E2 = 4MPa

Hnh 4.15

Biu chuyn v ngang v ca lp mt theo tn s khi m un n

hi lp di E1 = 20MPa; m un n hi lp trn ln lt E2 =
4MPa ; 6MPa ; 8MPa

Hnh 4.16

S tnh cc n chu tc dng ca ti trng ng nm ngang

Hnh 4.17

Biu chuyn v ngang theo tn s ti cc v tr u cc, gia v

chn cc (a). Biu chuyn v ngang theo chiu di cc ti tn s
4,9 Hz (b)

Hnh 4.18

Biu chuyn v ngang theo tn s ti cc v tr u cc, gia v

chn cc (a). Biu chuyn v ngang theo chiu di cc ti tn s
5,2 Hz (b)

Hnh 4.19

S tnh cc n chu tc dng ca ti trng ng t

Hnh 4.20

Biu chuyn v ngang theo thi gian ti cc v tr u cc, chn

cc (a). Biu chuyn v ngang (b), lc ct (c), m men (d) theo
chiu di cc ti thi gian 0,56s

Hnh 4.21

Biu chuyn v ngang theo thi gian ti cc v tr u cc, chn

cc (a). Biu chuyn v ngang (b), lc ct (c), m men (d) theo
chiu di cc ti thi gian 3,12s

Hnh 4.22

Biu chuyn v ngang theo thi gian ti cc v tr u cc, chn

cc (a). Biu chuyn v ngang (b), lc ct (c), m men (d) theo
chiu di cc ti thi gian 8,24s

Hnh 4.23

Biu chuyn v ngang theo thi gian ti cc v tr u cc, chn

cc (a). Biu chuyn v ngang (b), lc ct (c), m men (d) theo
chiu di cc ti thi gian 18,48s.

DANH MC CC BNG BIU TRONG LUN N

Chng 2:
Bng 2.1

Bng to nt phn t khi ch nht 20 nt.

Bng 2.2

Gi tr chuyn v ngang ca khi b tng

Chng 3:
Bng 3.1

Gi tr chuyn v ngang ca cc khi E0 = 10MPa v E0 = 20MPa

Bng 3.2

Gi tr m men un ca cc khi E0 = 10MPa v E0 = 20MPa

Bng 3.3

Gi tr chuyn v ngang ca cc khi tnh theo MstaticP1 v

KstaticP1

Bng 3.4

Gi tr m men un ca cc khi tnh theo MstaticP1 v KstaticP1

Bng 3.5

Gi tr chuyn v, m men un ln nht theo phng php ca

Zavriev v PPNLCT Gauss

Bng 3.6

Gi tr chuyn v ln nht u cc theo phng php ca Poulos v

PPNLCT Gauss

Bng 3.7

Gi tr chuyn v ngang ca cc nm trong nn n hi ng nht v

nm trong nn n hi c chn ta ln lp cng.

Bng 3.8

Gi tr m men un ca cc nm trong nn n hi ng nht v

nm trong nn n hi c chn ta ln lp cng.

Bng 3.9

Gi tr chuyn v ngang ca cc khi m un n hi ca t l

Ed = 5 MPa; 10 MPa; 15 MPa; 20 MPa.

Bng 3.10

Gi tr m men un ca cc khi m un n hi ca t l
Ed = 5 MPa; 10 MPa; 15 MPa; 20 MPa.

Bng 3.11

Gi tr chuyn v ca nn t ti v tr trc cc trc khi c cc v

sau khi c cc.

M U
1 L do la chn ti
ng t l thin tai cc k nguy him c th gy ra cc thm ha i vi
con ngi v ph hy nghim trng cc cng trnh. Vit Nam tuy khng nm trong
vnh ai la ca nhng khu vc c ng t ln trn th gii, nhng khng loi tr
b nh hng bi nhng trn ng t mnh, do trn lnh th Vit Nam tn ti
nhiu t gy hot ng phc tp nh t gy Lai Chu - in Bin, t gy Sng
M, t gy Sn La, i t gy Sng Hng, i t gy Sng C...Cc nghin cu
khoa hc ghi nhn, t u th k 20 n nay khu vc pha Bc nc ta xy
ra 2 trn ng t cp 8-9 (thang MSK-64), tng ng 6,7-6,8 Richter, hng
chc trn ng t cp 7, tng ng 5,1-5,5 Richter v hng trm trn ng
t yu hn. in hnh trn ng t xy ra ti in Bin nm 1935, vi cng
6,7 Richter, xy ra trn i t gy Sng M; trn ng t ti Tun Gio nm
1983, c cng 6,8 Richter, xy ra trn t gy Sn La, gy nn st l, nt
t trn din rng, st l ln trong ni, gy h hi nh ca trong phm vi bn knh
n 35 km[14].
Vit Nam , ang v s tin hnh xy dng nhiu cng trnh xy dng
ln nh nh my in ht nhn; cng trnh ngoi khi; p thy in, cng trnh
cu, cng ln; nh cao tng phc v s nghip cng nghip ha, hin i ha t
nc. S kin cc trn ng t kch thch xy ra ti khu vc thy in Sng Tranh
2- Bc Tr Mi, Qung Nam gn y t ra cho cc c quan qun l nh nc cn
phi xy dng mt chin lc phng trnh v gim nh hu qu ng t Vit
Nam trong yu cu v thit k khng chn cho cc cng trnh xy dng phi
c quan tm c bit m bo s an ton cao nht cho cng trnh v cuc sng
ca ngi dn. Khi i hi cn phi xem xt li mt s vn , c bit l v tiu
chun thit k khng chn, d liu ng t; m hnh, phng php tnh ton v..v.
Hin nay, khi thit k cc cng trnh xy dng trong cc vng c ng t
thng da trn ba phng php tnh ton chnh sau: Phng php tnh lc ngang
tng ng; phng php ph phn ng; phng php tch phn trc tip phng

trnh chuyn ng (phng php ng lc hc). C ba phng php u c u

nhc im ring v c a vo trong cc tiu chun thit k khng chn ca
cc nc [19],[20],[21],[22],[37],[42],[44],[52],[59]... nc ta, khi thit k khng
chn cho cng trnh xy dng ni chung, cng trnh giao thng ni ring thng s
dng mt s tiu chun chnh c bin dch t tiu chun ca nc ngoi nh Tiu
chun 22TCN 272- 05[20]: Tiu chun thit k cu c bin dch theo tiu
chun AASHTO LRFD 1998 trong c trnh by nh hng ca ng t, phn
tch ti trng ng t, song cha c nhng hng dn thc hnh c th; Tiu chun
TCXDVN 375: 2006[22]: Thit k cng trnh chu ng t c bin dch t
Tiu chun Chu u: Erocode 8, phn 1 v phn 5, ch yu c s dng trong
thit k cc cng trnh nh, nn mng, tng chn, cn nhng cng trnh c bit
nh nh my in ht nhn, cng trnh ngoi khi, cc p ln nm ngoi phm vi
quy nh ca tiu chun ny v cng ch nu yu cu chung v phn tch ng hc
cho mng cc nhng cn thiu nhng hng dn chi tit; Tiu chun 22 TCN 22195[19]:Cng trnh giao thng trong vng ng t l tiu chun c bin son
ring cho cc cng trnh giao thng trong vng ng t c bin dch t tiu
chun XNiP II-7-81* ca Nga[59]. Tiu chun TCXD 205-1998[21] ch a ra mt
s ch dn lin quan n gim kh nng chu ti ca cc v tc ng ca lc qun
tnh tc dng ln u cc trong khi cha c nhng ch dn lin quan n tng tc
ng hc.
Cc chn ng ca ng t c th gy ra s ph hoi cng trnh thng qua
s ph hoi ca nn t bn di lm gim sc chu ti ca t nn, gy bin dng
v trong mt s trng hp c th dn n hin tng ha lng ca t nn. Do ,
vic quan tm n tnh ton thit k nn v mng cho cng trnh khi chu ti trng
ng t l mt vn rt quan trng. Trong cc loi mng ca cng trnh, mng
cc l mt gii php ph bin v hp l v c nhiu gi tr v kinh t, k thut.
Nhng nghin cu l thuyt v thc nghim trong tnh ton mng cc rt pht trin
v t c nhiu thnh tu quan trng, tuy nhin cn nhiu vn phc tp t ra
cn phi gii quyt. Kh khn ln nht khi thit k mng cc chu ti trng ngang

v ti trng ng t l tnh gn ng khi xc nh trng thi ng sut bin dng ca

cc, nguyn nhn l do s gn ng khi nh gi tng tc gia cc v nn. Do
tng tc gia cc v nn qu phc tp nn thng n gin ho bng cc m hnh.
Qua nghin cu cc ti liu v tng tc gia cc v nn t, tc gi thy rng hu
ht cc phng php hin nay u tp trung nghin cu theo hai nhm chnh sau:
- Nhm cc phng php da trn m hnh nn Winkler vi l xo tuyn
tnh v l xo phi tuyn (Chang, 1937; Reese v Matlock, 1956; Zavriev, 1962;
Trn Bnh, 1968; ONeill, 1984; Gazetas 1992, Naggar v Novak,1995; Thavaraj
2001)[2],[4],[13],[15],[16],[17],[18],[31],[38],[41],[48],[51].
- Nhm cc phng php da trn m hnh n hi lin tc (Gagafov, 1967;
L c Thng, 1966; Poulos, 1971a,b; Verruijt& Kooijman, 1989; Liam Finn,
2005...) [8],[17],[38],[50],[54].
xt tng tc gia cc v t, cc nhm phng php trn thng a
thm cc lin kt ph nh l xo, hp nht vo trong m hnh tnh ton. Tuy nhin
vic tm cc h s cng l xo tuyn tnh, l xo phi tuyn (ng cong p-y),
h s nht xt iu kin bc x ra v cng l kh xc nh v thiu chnh xc,
mi tc gi ngh mt cch v ch yu da vo thc nghim xt i vi tng
trng hp c th. Vn tng tc gia cc v t cha c xem xt mt cch
y , mi ch xt nh hng ca t ln cc m cha xt nh hng ca cc ln
t. Mt khc vic xt iu kin bin v hn rt kh khn, c bit i vi bi
ton truyn sng khi xy ra ng t....
T nhng phn tch trn, thy rng nghin cu s lm vic ca cc, trong
nghin cu s tng tc gia cc v nn t khi chu ti trng nm ngang v ti
trng ng t l vn cn thit, c ngha khoa hc v thc tin, gp phn xem
xt y hn v phng php tnh ton mng cc ca cng trnh Vit Nam.
2 Mc tiu nghin cu
Xy dng phng php l thuyt nghin cu bi ton tng tc gia cc-nn
t v phn mm tnh ton xc nh trng thi ng sut bin dng ca cc chu ti
trng ngang v ti trng ng t

3. i tng v phm vi nghin cu

Lun n nghin cu cc n thng ng nm trong bn khng gian v hn
n hi chu tc dng ca ti trng tnh nm ngang, ti trng ng nm ngang v ti
trng ng t.
Lun n khng tnh ton trong m hnh nn t khc (n do, n nht),
khng xt hin tng ha lng trong nn t khi xy ra ng t; khng xt nh
hng ca p lc nc l rng trong nn t bo ha v khng nghin cu bi ton
trng thi gii hn ca cc.
4. Ni dung nghin cu
Nghin cu trng thi ng sut bin dng khi t chu ti trng tnh nm
ngang.
Nghin cu bi ton tng tc tnh hc gia cc vi nn t khi chu ti
trng tnh nm ngang.
Nghin cu bi ton tng tc ng lc hc gia cc vi nn t khi chu ti
trng ng nm ngang v chu ti trng ng t trong min tn s v min thi
gian.
Xy dng phn mm tnh ton cho cc trng hp nghin cu trn.
5 Phng php nghin cu
Xy dng bi ton l thuyt bng cch s dng phng php dng h so
snh ca Phng php nguyn l cc tr Gauss (sau y vit tt l PPNLCT Gauss)
khi dng li gii tnh ca bn khng gian v hn n hi (i vi bi ton tng tc
tnh hc) v li gii ng lc hc ca khng gian v hn n hi (i vi bi ton
tng tc ng lc hc) lm h so snh. S dng phng php phn t hu hn
gii v da trn kt qu bng s nhn c cc kt qu chng minh tnh ng n
v tin cy ca l thuyt tnh ton.
6 B cc ca Lun n
Lun n c trnh by gm phn m u v 4 chng, ni dung c th tng
chng nh sau:

Chng 1: Tng quan cc phng php nghin cu tng tc gia cc v

nn t khi chu ti trng ngang. Da trn cc ti liu thu thp c, tc gi gii
thiu mt cch khi qut v ng t v cc phng php nghin cu tng tc gia
cc vi nn t khi chu ti trng tnh nm ngang cng nh chu ti trng ng nm
ngang, trn c s gii thiu cc vn nghin cu ca lun n.
Chng 2: Nghin cu trng thi ng sut, bin dng ca nn t thng qua
nghin cu tng tc gia khi t n hi vi bn khng gian v hn n hi khi
chu ti trng tnh nm ngang. Chng ny trnh by v PPNLCT Gauss, cch s
dng PPNLCT Gauss tm cc phng trnh c bn ca mi trng n hi, cc
phng trnh truyn sng; li gii Kelvin i vi khng gian v hn n hi; li
gii Mindlin i vi bn khng gian v hn n hi; xy dng bi ton tng tc
gia khi t n hi vi bn khng gian v hn n hi cn li khi chu ti trng
tnh nm ngang theo phng php dng h so snh ca PPNLCT Gauss; xy dng
thut ton v chng trnh tnh theo phng php phn t hu hn, kim tra tnh
ng n ca kt qu. Kt qu nghin cu ca chng s l tin cho vic nghin
cu cc ni dung tip theo ca lun n.
Chng 3: Nghin cu bi ton tng tc gia cc vi nn t khi chu ti
trng tnh nm ngang. Chng ny trnh by l thuyt dm Timoshenko; xy dng
bi ton dm chu un c xt bin dng trt ngang theo PPNLCT Gauss; s dng
phng php phn t hu hn gii bi ton dm c xt n bin dng trt ngang;
xy dng bi ton tng tc tnh hc gia cc n vi nn t khi chu ti trng tnh
nm ngang; da trn cc kt qu bng s kho st mt s trng hp nghin cu
cc chu ti trng tnh nm ngang.
Chng 4: Nghin cu bi ton tng tc gia cc vi nn t khi chu ti
trng ng nm ngang v ti trng ng t. Ni dung ca chng ny trnh by li
gii xung n v ca khng gian v hn n hi; h s gim chn vt liu ca t;
li gii s ca bi ton ng lc hc; xy dng bi ton tng tc ng lc hc ca
cc- nn t khi chu ti trng ng nm ngang; xy dng chng trnh tnh kho

st mt s bi ton dao ng ca khi t v ca cc chu ti trng ng nm ngang

bt k; kho st bi ton dao ng ca cc chu ti trng ng t.
Phn kt lun, kin ngh: trnh by nhng kt qu mi ca lun n v cc
kin ngh mt s vn nghin cu tip theo.
Phn ph lc: trnh by ni dung cc chng trnh chnh lp.
7 Nhng ng gp mi ca lun n
Bng cch s dng phng php dng h so snh ca PPNLCT Gauss trong vic
nghin cu bi ton tng tc gia cc v nn t khi chu ti trng nm ngang
cng nh ti trng ng t, tc gi nhn c mt s kt qu chnh nh sau:
1. Thng qua li gii s bng phng php phn t hu hn c th a li gii
Kelvin v li gii Mindlin, ngha l nhn c li gii ca bn khng gian v hn
n hi t li gii ca khng gian v hn n hi vi ti trng t ti v tr bt k.
2. Xy dng c bi ton tng tc tnh hc, tng tc ng lc hc gia cc
vi nn t khi chu ti trng tnh, ti trng ng nm ngang t ti v tr bt k. S
dng phng php phn t hu hn vi t l phn t khi 3 chiu 20 nt; cc dng
phn t 2 nt i vi chuyn v, 3 nt i vi lc ct gii. Phng php ny t
ng tha mn iu kin bin v cng, iu kin trn bin khi t cha cc cng
nh iu kin tip xc gia cc v nn t, tc l khng cn t thm cc lin kt
ph nh l xo, hp nht trn b mt tip xc gia cc- nn t, trn bin ca khi
t cha cc. Ngoi ra c th nghin cu c cc thng s nh hng n s lm
vic ca cc nh: chiu di cc, cng ca cc, cc t trn lp cng v nh
hng ca cc n s lm vic ca t.
3. Trong tnh ton ng lc hc cng trnh v tnh ton ng t bao gi cng
xt n h s nht cng trnh. Trong lun n ny, i vi nn t tc gi khng
dng h s nht thng thng m dng h s gim chn vt liu (hysteretic
damping) hay h s ma st kh (dry friction). H s ny cho php xt c hin
tng bin dng do ca nn t khi cn.
4. Xy dng c bi ton truyn sng ct (sng Love) t nn t cng truyn
ln lp t pha trn bng cch xt ng thi sng ct trong mt phng nm ngang

v sng ct nm trong mt phng thng ng. Da trn li gii s ca phng php

phn t hu hn nghin cu c hin tng khuch i dao ng b mt theo
phng thng gc vi phng truyn sng, ph hp vi l thuyt v truyn sng
Love.
5. Xy dng c bi ton tng tc ng lc hc ca cc khi chu ti trng
ng t. S dng tch phn chp Duhamel nhn c li gii trong min tn s,
sau bin i Fourier nhanh, ngc (IFFT) c kt qu trong min thi gian.
Dng gia tc ca mt trn ng t tht (El Centro 1940) lm thng s u vo
kho st, xc nh c cc thng s chuyn v, m men, lc ct ca cc ti bt
k thi gian no.
6. Da trn ngn ng lp trnh Matlab, xy dng c cc chng trnh phn
mm tnh ton phc v cc trng hp nghin cu, kho st: Mstatic1; Kstatic1;
MstaticP1; KstaticP1; KstaticPLs; KdynaS; KdynaL; KdynaP; KdynaPE.

Chng 1
TNG QUAN CC PHNG PHP NGHIN CU TNG TC
GIA CC V NN T KHI CHU TI TRNG NGANG
Khc vi cc loi ti trng ng tc dng ln cng trnh nh ti trng gi, ti
trng xe chy trn cu, ng t gy ra chuyn ng mng cng trnh, cho nn
n cha ng tim nng ph hoi rt ln i vi cng trnh. Tht vy theo
Newmark v Rosenblueth [35]: ng t lm bc l mt cch h thng cc sai st
trong thit k cng nh trong xy dng cng trnh, k c nhng sai st nh nht v
xt v phng din ny, ng t lm cho mn hc a chn cng trnh tr nn cp
thit v hp dn, c gi tr nghin cu, hc tp vt xa mc tiu trc tip ca n.
Khi bit cc thng s chuyn ng ti mng cng trnh do ng t gy ra th
c th tnh ton thit k cng trnh theo cc phng php ng lc hc cng trnh
hin c, k c phng php dao ng ngu nhin. Cc ti liu v quy trnh tnh ton
ng t ca cc nc v ca Vit Nam a ra cc ch dn tnh ton thit k
cng trnh chu ti trng ng t ty theo mc quan trng ca n
[11],[14],[19],[20],[21],[22],[27],[37],[42],[44],[52],[59]...].
Tuy nhin, vic nghin cu tng tc gia cng trnh v nn t ni chung
v gia mng cc vi nn t ni ring khi chu ti trng ng t l mt vn ht
sc phc tp v tr nn cp thit khi m ngy cng c nhiu nh my in ht nhn,
cc cng trnh ngoi khi, p thy in ln...c kch thc mng rt ln c xy
dng trn th gii v Vit Nam. C th hiu c ngha ca tng tc bng
cch hnh dung mt con thuyn nh v nh tri trn sng nc (hnh 1.1a) v mt
con thuyn khc nh nh vy nhng c kch thc rt di so vi chiu di sng
(hnh 1.1b)[43]. Con thuyn nh t lm thay i n chuyn ng ca sng, cn con
thuyn ln lm thay i chuyn ng sng. Nh vy mc tng tc ln hay nh
ty thuc vo kch thc ca con thuyn so vi chiu di sng. T thun tin
nghin cu c th phn thnh hai loi tng tc: tng tc ng hc (kinematic
interaction) hoc c th gi l tng tc cng xt nh hng ca kch thc v

do l nh hng ca cng cng trnh n chuyn ng ca mi trng v

tng tc qun tnh (inertial interaction) xt nh hng ca khi lng cng trnh
n chuyn ng ca mi trng.

Hnh 1.1 M phng tng tc ng hc ( kinematic interaction)[43]

Trong vng 30 nm tr li y, nghin cu tng tc gia mng cc vi nn
t c rt nhiu nh khoa hc quan tm c trn phng din l thuyt ln phng
din thc nghim. Cc th nghim thng c thc hin trn bn rung ngang hay
thc hin trn my quay li tm. Da trn cc ti liu thu thp c, trong chng
ny tc gi c gng gii thiu mt cch khi qut tng quan v ng t v cc
phng php nghin cu tng tc gia cc v nn t khi chu ti trng ngang,
trn c s gii thiu cc ni dung nghin cu ca lun n.
1.1 Tng quan v ng t
1.1.1 ng t
S dao ng ca b mt qu t do cc sng truyn n t mt ngun gy
ra trong lng qu t c gi l ng t [47], (hnh 1.2).
Trung tm ca cc chuyn ng a chn, ni pht ra nng lng v mt l
thuyt, c quy v mt im c gi l chn tiu. Hnh chiu ca chn tiu ln
b mt qu t gi l chn tm. Khong cch t chn tm n chn tiu c gi l
su chn tiu(H). Khong cch t chn tm n im quan trc c gi l tm
c hoc l khong cch chn tm (R). Khong cch t chn tiu n im quan trc
c gi l tiu c hoc l khong cch chn tiu (L).

10

Hnh 1.2 M t mt trn ng t [36]

1.1.2 Ngun gc ca ng t
- ng t c ngun gc t t gy kin to
T cc nghin cu v a cht, cc nh a cht hc cho rng lp gn b
mt qu t khng cng v khng phi l khng chuyn ng nh n th hin. Lp
pha di chu p lc rt ln do lp pha trn xung c th b cong nh kim
loi n do hoc b bin i sang mt trng thi mi ging nh st mm. Cu to
a cht ch ra rng c rt nhiu ph hy xy ra trong khi khi bin dng vt
qu gii hn ca n. Khi c nhng ph hy nh vy, th c nhng chuyn v trt
tng i pht trin gia hai mt i din ca b mt ph hy to ra t gy kin
to (hnh 1.3). Cc t gy c th c chiu di t vi mt ti nhiu kilomet v c
th hin trn bn a hnh ca cc nc [35].

Hnh 1.3 Cc loi t gy v chuyn ng ti t gy [35,36]

11

Khi b ph hoi, nng lng thot ra do gii phng nng lng bin dng tch
lu v tr t gy a tng. Mt phn nng lng bin dng gy ra ph hu mi
trng xung quanh chn tiu, mt phn khc c truyn i n mi im trn b
mt qu t di dng sng chuyn v (ng t).
ng t xy ra khi to thnh cc t gy kin to, ng t cng xy ra do
hot ng ca cc t gy ny. Gii thch c ch ny, nh khoa hc M H.F.Reid
(1911) a ra thuyt bt n hi (Elastic- Rebound Theory) khi quan st mt t
gy trn b mt t sau trn ng t San Francisco, California (1906),
[30],[35],[36],[46],[47]. Thuyt gii thch rng nng lng bin dng c tch ly
trong cc t gy, n s gii phng nng lng khi n vt qu gii hn n hi ca
vt liu. Nng lng gii phng c truyn di dng sng truyn theo cc hng
v lm dao ng cc cng trnh ng trn mt t. L thuyt ny gii thch hin
tng chu k xy ra cc trn ng t cc t gy kin to; hin tng tin chn,
d chn, cng ng t... C th hiu thuyt ny qua hnh s ha sau : Hnh
1.4a th hin on ng thng tnh trng t nhin ban u. Hnh 1.4b th hin
qu trnh tnh ly bin dng trc khi ng t, on thng b vn t t. Hnh 1.4c
th hin on thng b t gy sau trn ng t v tr li tnh trng t nhin ban
u (vn thng). V cng theo thuyt ny, gia cc vt liu do th s tch lu nng
lng cng ln, cn gia cc vt liu c tnh gin c tnh tch lu nh nn d gii
phng nng lng hn.
a) Tnh trng t nhin ban u
b) Tnh trng bin dng trc khi ng t
c) Sau khi ng t

Hnh 1.4 M phng thuyt bt n hi ca t gy gy ra ng t [47]

12

- ng t c ngun gc t hot ng kin to mng

Vo cui th k 19, u th k 20, nhiu nh khoa hc a ra thuyt kin
to mng (plate tectonics) hay cn gi l thuyt lc a tri (continental driff)
gii thch cho ngun gc ca cc trn ng t trn th gii [35]( Antonio SniderPellegrini, 1858; F.B Taylor, 1908; Alfred Wegener, 1915).
Thuyt kin to mng cho rng lp v ca qu t khng l mt khi m
gm 6 mng ln (Chu Phi, Chu M, Chu Nam cc, c-n, - u, Thi Bnh
Dng) v 14 mng nh hn. Cc mng ln li b t gy thnh cc mng con. S
chuyn ng tng i gia cc mng xy ra km theo tch ly bin dng trn di
hp dc theo bin cc mng. S gii phng nng lng bin dng gy ra ng t.
Nh vy v tr cc trn ng t ch yu tp trung gn bin cc mng. Cc trm o
c a chn ca th gii khng nh iu ny.
Nm 1962, nh a cht hc ngi M H.H.Hess [35] cng b bi bo Lch
s cc lu vc i dng cho rng cc mng khi chuyn ng xa nhau cn c
thnh phn chuyn ng xung di. C ba c ch ch yu gy ra s chuyn ng
tng i gia cc mng (hnh 1.5): 1) Do nham thch pha di tri ln lm cho
bin gia cc mng m rng y cc mng ra xa nhau; 2) ng thi ti ni khc, do
kch thc ca qu t gi nguyn khng i, m vic m rng cc mng ti mt s
b bin phi c b li bng vic thu hp cc mng ti mt s b bin khc thng
qua cc mng chuyn ng tri trt tng i so vi nhau; 3) chuyn ng khng
to lp v mi v khng lm mt lp v c ti cc lp t gy tc l mng ny
chuyn ng tng i so vi mng khc theo phng ngang.
Kt hp c ch chuyn ng mng nu trn cng vi s hiu bit trc v
dng i lu trong lp v qu t, H.H.Hess gii thch y l thuyt lc a
tri. Chuyn ng tri ca lp litho (trn lp astheno) mang theo chuyn ng ca
v qu t. Kin to mng v thuyt lc a tri l thnh tu khoa hc ni bt ca
ngnh a cht th k 20.

13

Hnh 1.5 Quan h gia g m rng, vng ht chm v chuyn ng trt ngang
ti cc b mng [36]
- ng t pht sinh t cc ngun gc khc: do s dn n trong lp v
cng ca qu t; do cc v n; do hot ng ca ni la; do sp nn t; do tch
nc vo cc h cha nc ln [14].
1.1.3 Sng ng t
Sng pht ra t tm ng t theo mi hng v gim dn khi cng xa tm
ng t. Sng ng t bao gm sng vt th v sng b mt. Sng vt th c
phn ra lm hai loi: sng dc P v sng ct S (hnh 1.6). Sng dc P gy ra co dn
mi trng, cc ht dao ng theo phng truyn sng v c kh nng truyn qua
nn cng nh granit ln cht lng nh dung nham ni la hoc nc bin. Sng
ct S gy ra chuyn ng v khng lm thay i th tch mi trng, cc ht dao
ng trong mt phng thng gc vi phng truyn sng. Sng ct cn phn bit
sng ct thng ng SV v sng ct nm ngang SH. Sng ct khng th lan truyn
trong mi trng lng hoc kh v cc mi trng ny khng c kh nng chu ng
sut ct. Mi loi sng c vn tc c trng ring. Vn tc ca sng dc ln hn
vn tc ca sng ct. Chnh nh hiu ng ny v da trn o c dao ng mt t
trm o a chn khc nhau c th nh gi c v tr chn tm (focus) v chn
tiu (epicenter) ca trn ng t.
Sng khi ln ti b mt, do nh hng ca b mt v cu to phn lp ca
lp v tri t s xut hin sng b mt bao gm sng Rayleigh (sng dc) v sng
Love (sng ct).

14

Hnh 1.6 Bin dng nn t do sng vt th gy ra [36]

Sng Rayleigh lm cho cc cht im chuyn ng theo mt qu o hnh
elip trong mt phng thng ng song song vi hng truyn sng (hnh 1.7). Sng
Love l sng ct S nhng khng c thnh phn thng ng SV, n lm cho cc cht
im chuyn ng trong mt phng nm ngang song song vi mt t, vung gc
vi hng truyn sng (hnh 1.8).
Bin dao ng ca sng mt tt nhanh theo chiu su. Nh vy dao ng
ca mt t ph thuc rt nhiu vo tnh cht mi trng m sng i qua. C th
ni, lp t nh l b lc sng lm gim bin dao ng mt s tn s no ,
lm tng bin dao ng min tn s khc. Cho nn khi tnh ton cng trnh
chu tc dng ng t cn phi xt n iu kin a cht ti ch .

Hnh 1.7 S m t chuyn ng cht im khi truyn sng Reyleigh [30]

15

Hnh 1.8 S m t chuyn ng cht im khi truyn sng Love [30]

1.1.4 Cc thang nh gi cng ng t.
Hin nay nh gi cng ca mt trn ng t, c th da vo hoc
hu qu ca n hoc nng lng gy ra trn ng t y [14],[35],[46].
Trn c s b sung thang o cng ng t do M.S.Rossi v F.A.Forel
ra (1883) gm 10 cp, nm 1902 nh a chn hc ngi Italia G.Mercalli
ra thang o cng ng t gm 12 cp. n nm 1931 Wood v Newmann
b sung nhiu kin quan trng cho thang 12 cp ny v n c mang tn Thang
Mercalli ci tin (Modified Mercalli- MM). Thang MM nh gi mnh ca ng
t da hon ton vo hu qu ca n tc dng n con ngi, vt v cc cng
trnh xy dng. p ng vi yu cu k thut trong lnh vc xy dng, nh xt
ti cc loi cng trnh xy dng khc nhau v t l phn trm cc cng trnh b nh
hng khi nh gi hu qu ng t, nm 1964 X.V Medvedev cng V.Sponheuer
v Karnic ra Thang o cng ng t MSK-64. Thc cht MSK-64 l
mt bc hon thin ca thang MM. Trc ht thang MSK-64 phn loi tc dng
ph hoi ca ng t n cc cng trnh xy dng (nhng chi tit hn cho tng loi
cng trnh so vi thang MM), sau cng ng t c nh gi qua hm
chuyn di cc i ca con lc tiu chun c chu k dao ng ring T= 0,25s.

16

Nm 1935 Ch. Richter (M) [14] ra thang o ln ng t bng cch

nh gi gn ng nng lng c gii phng chn tm.
Theo nh ngha, ln M (Magnitud) ca mt trn ng t bng logarit
thp phn ca bin cc i A (m) ghi c ti mt im cch chn tm 100
km trn my o a chn c chu k dao ng ring 0,8 s.
M = logA

(1.1)

Quan h gia nng lng E c gii phng chn tiu vi cng sng
mt MS c tnh theo cng thc
logE = 11,8 + 1,5MS

(1.2)

T biu thc (1.2) cho thy rng khi ln ng t Ms tng ln 1 th nng

lng E c gii phng tng ln 101,5 hoc 32 ln; cn khi Ms tng ln 2, nng
lng E c gii phng tng ln 1000 ln.
1.1.5 Nhim v thit k khng chn cho cng trnh v cc thng s chuyn
ng nn t
Khi thit k cng trnh chu ti trng ng t ngi ta c th s dng khi
nim trn ng t thit k nh sau:
- Mt trn ng t va phi hp l c th xut hin mt ln trong tui th
cng trnh l c s thit k. Cng trnh cn c thit k chu c cng
chuyn ng ca nn c sinh ra bi trn ng t m khng gy thit hi quan
trng no.
- Trn ng t mnh c th xut hin trong vng xy dng c dng
tnh ton kim tra an ton cho cng trnh. V trn ng t ny rt khng chc xy
ra trong phm vi tui th cng trnh, t quan im kinh t c th cho php cng
trnh b h hng nng, tuy nhin s sp cng trnh v lm tn hi ti con ngui
khng c php xy ra.
Cc thang o ng t ch dng nh gi mc mnh yu hoc tc ng
ph hoi nhiu t ca trn ng t v khoanh vng lnh th theo mc ng
t. N khng th phc v trc tip cho vic tnh ton khng chn cng trnh.
tnh ton cng trnh, chng ta cn phi bit c dao ng ca nn t khi ng t.

17

cc trm o a chn, ngi ta o c gia tc chuyn ng ca nn, cn vn tc

v chuyn v thng c tnh t gia tc (hnh 1.9). Qua cc kt qu o theo thi
gian ngi ta c th c nhng thng s cn thit xc nh c trn ng t .
Khi c ng t xy ra, s gy ra chuyn v ng v ngang cho cng trnh.
Tuy nhin trong nhng nghin cu, ngi ta thng ch quan tm ti cc chuyn
ng ngang, do n nguy him hn i vi cng trnh. Do trng lng cng trnh cn
li chuyn v theo phng thng ng nn t gy nguy him.
- Cc thng s ca cc trn ng t thit k chnh l cc thng s chuyn
ng ca nn t vng theo yu cu thit k. Cc thng s chuyn ng mt t c
th l gia tc ngang cc i (PHA: Peak Horizontal Acceleration), vn tc ngang
cc i (PHV: Peak Horizontal Velocity), chuyn v ngang cc i (PHD: Peak
Horizontal Displacement) v c trnh by trong cc quy trnh thit k khng chn
mi nc.

a)
b)
Hnh 1.9 Gia tc, vn tc v chuyn v theo thi gian tn ti theo hng ng Ty
ti Gilroy-California(1989) ca chuyn ng nn (a) v nn t (b)[46]

18

- Thi gian tn ti chuyn ng mnh ca nn c nh hng ln ti thit hi

do ng t. Mt vi qu trnh vt l, nh s suy gim cng v cng ca
nhng dng no ca kt cu v tch lu p lc nc l rng trong ct khng cht
bo ho, lm thay i s ln ngc du ti trng v ng sut khi c ng t. S
chuyn ng trong thi gian ngn khng sn sinh ti trng nguy him trong kt
cu ngay c nu cng chuyn ng ln. Chuyn ng vi cng va phi,
nhng thi gian di c th sinh ra ti trng ngc du dn ti nguy him ng k.
Thi gian ca chuyn ng mnh ca nn c lin quan ti thi gian gii phng nng
lng tch lu bi chiu di np t gy. Cng nh chiu di hoc vng hoc np
t gy nhiu th thi gian gin on nhiu hn. Kt qu l thi gian chuyn ng
ca nn lu hn khi cng ng t mnh hn. Khong thi gian ca chuyn
ng ph thuc vo nhng khong cch khc nhau.
1.2. Tng quan cc phng php nghin cu tng tc gia cc v nn t
chu ti trng ngang
Phn tch tng tc gia mng cc vi nn t khi chu ti trng nm ngang,
c bit khi chu ti trng ng t l mt vn rt phc tp trong thit k a k
thut nn mng [51]. Phn tch bao gm m hnh tng tc t- cc, tng tc cccc, tng tc qun tnh v tnh cht nht phi tuyn ca t. S tng tc ny l
cha kha pht trin cc phng php lun trong thit k mng cc chu ti trng
ng. Qua nghin cu cc ti liu lin quan n tng tc gia mng cc v nn
t, tc gi nhn thy rng hu ht cc phng php hin nay khi phn tch mng
cc c th phn vo 2 nhm chnh: mt da trn m hnh nn Winkler v mt da
trn m hnh n hi lin tc.
1.2.1 Nhm cc phng php da trn m hnh nn Winkler
Theo phng php ny, cc chu ti bn c xem nh dm chu un nm
trn nn n hi. Phng php ny tha nhn rng dm nm trn nn Winkler, t
n hi c thay th bng mt lot cc l xo n hi c lp nhau [50] (hnh 1.10).

19

Hnh 1.10 ng x ca cc chu ti trng ngang [50]

Phng trnh vng ca dm c vit nh sau:
d 4y
EcJ 4 + p = 0
dz

(1.3)

Trong : Ec- m un n hi ca cc
J- m men qun tnh ca tit din cc
p- phn lc ca t trn mt n v di ca cc
y- chuyn v ngang ca cc
Trong (1.3) c hai hm y v p cn c xc nh. Mun tm c chng cn
phi c thm mt phng trnh na. Chnh cch thit lp thm phng trnh ph
ny l tin cho s khc nhau gia cc phng php.
Khi dng m hnh nn Winkler ta c: p = kh y

(1.4)

y kh c gi l h s nn Winkler hay l m un phn lc nn theo

phng ngang.
Tng quan cc phng php gii phng trnh (1.3) vi h s nn thay i
theo chiu su c trnh by kh y trong cc ti liu
[2],[9],[13],[15],[16],[17],[18],[50]...
Trong [38] gii thiu phng php ca Chang (1937) khi x l s liu th
nghim ca Feagin. Phng php ca Chang s dng h s nn l hng s theo

20

su tnh chuyn v, ni lc trong cc. ng cng l ngi u tin a ra khi

nim chiu di ti hn ca cc v m un n hi c trng Es ca nn t ti
su . H s nn Winkler c xc nh ng vi Es/3. ng s dng cc kt qu
th nghim ca Feagin v bng cch tnh ngc chng t rng m hnh tnh ton
a ra tha mn cc kt qu th nghim. Phng php ny cng c a vo
quy trnh ca Nht vi phm vi nht nh.
Trnh by trn cho thy rng vn nh gi h s nn kh l vn quan
trng hng u khi tnh tng tc gia cc v t khi chu ti trng ngang. Vic xc
nh h s nn rt kh v thiu chnh xc, ch yu da vo thc nghim i vi
tng trng hp c th. Mt khc h s nn khng nhng ph thuc duy nht vo
t m cn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t khc nh chiu di, cng cc; thay i
phi tuyn theo chiu su v thay i theo lc tc dng ln t. Theo cc phng
php nu trn cha phn nh c tng tc y s lm vic ca cc trong t
v cc phng php ny khng xt c cho nhm cc v khng xt c h s kh
khc nhau i vi tng cc trong nhm.
* Phng php dng ng cong p-y
Khi m rng ra ngoi min n hi ca t, Matlock, 1970; Resse, 1974;
Bhushan, 1979 [38], [56] biu din phn lc p ca nn nh mt hm s ca
chuyn v ngang y v thit lp phng trnh ph th hai p=khf(y) gii phng
trnh (1.3). Lc ny thay th cc l xo tuyn tnh bi mt h ng cong c bit
c gi l ng cong p-y (l xo phi tuyn) [38]. ng cong ny nhn c da
trn kt qu th nghim cc c ng knh 0,6m chu ti trng ngang tnh v ti
trng chu k thp. ng cong ny c Vin du kh M (API, 1993) p dng
trong thit k mng cc cho cng trnh gin khoan trn bin [31], [38], [51].
Phng trnh chung ca ng cong p-y trong t ct l :
p=Aputanh

khHy
Apu

trong :
A- l hng s ph thuc vo ti trng tnh hoc chu k chm

(1.5)

21

pu- l sc khng ngang ti hn ca t

kh- m un phn lc nn theo phng ngang.
H- su
y- l vng ngang

Hnh 1. 11 M un phn lc ca nn t i vi ng cong p-y [38]

Trn hnh 1.11, Reese (1974)[38] ngh gi tr kh i vi iu kin t khc
nhau. cng ny c xem l c trng cho phn ng bin dng chm. Cn cc
gi tr khc ca kh c ngh bi Terzaghi (1955), cc gi tr ny c xem nh
phn nh cng ng vi chuyn v u cc 2,5cm.
Matlock (1970) [51] tin hnh th nghim hin trng, th nghim trong phng
nh gi bn khng thot nc cu v trng lng th tch ca t ti a im
nghin cu. Tip ng thit lp ng cong p-y i vi cc chu ti trng ngang
i vi t st t mm n cng vi phng trnh ng cong nh sau:
y
p = 0,5pu ( )1/3
y50

(1.6)

trong : y50 l chuyn v ng vi mt na phn lc t cc hn: y50 = 2,5B50 ;

B l chiu rng cc ; 50 l bin dng tng ng vi mt na gia s ng sut chnh
ln nht.

22

Murchison, ONeill (1984) [38] nh gi tin cy ca phng php

ng cong p-y da trn th nghim cc trong t khng dnh. H nghin cu 4
ng cong p-y khc nhau trong c c ng cong ngh ca API. H nhn
thy rng ng cong API mc d l ng cong tt nht nhng a ra d bo xu
vi sai s ln. T kt qu nghin cu, Murchison v ONeill (1984)[38] kt lun
rng ng cong API khng ph hp vi vic phn tch th nghim ti trng tnh v
ti trng chu k thp. H cho rng: Dng nh cc nhn t khc khng c a
vo trong cng thc p-y v mt thiu st c bn r rng l b st c ch truyn
lc ct gia cc l xo. Khi a ra nh gi tng t v quan h p-y ca cc trong
t dnh h cng kt lun rng: S tin cy trong vic d on vng v m men,
ng tic cn t hn!.
API (1993)[38] sau khi thc hin 54 th nghim hin trng cng a ra
khuyn ngh trong thit k s hn ch v kh nng d bo ng x tng tc cc
n- t nn ca phng php.
Nh vy phng php dng ng cong p-y c th m rng ra ngoi min
n hi khi t b chy do; xt c c cng ti hn ca nn t v h s
nn. Tuy nhin vic thit lp chng mt cch chun xc l kh xc nh bi v mi
tc gi da trn nghin cu thc nghim li a ra cc phng trnh ng cong p-y
khc nhau tnh ton. Vn ny li thy ging phng php h s nn trnh by
trn.
* Phng php ca Thavaraj- Chng trnh PILE-PY (2001)[51]
M hnh ng cong p-y c a vo trong mt vi chng trnh phn
tch ng lc hc mng cc. V d nh SPASM (Matlock, 1978), NONSPS
(Kagawa v Kraft, 1980) v PAR (PMB Engineering, 1988) [51]. Sau ny Thavaraj
a ra phin bn PILE-PY (Thavaraj, 2001) vi m hnh tnh c ch ra trn
hnh 1.12.

23

Hnh 1.12 M hnh Winkler ca phn ng cc- t [38],[51]

Trong m hnh ny, tng tc gia cc v t trong min gn (near field)
c m hnh ha bi l xo phi tuyn v hp nht. H cc- t cng vi khi lng
kt cu cng trnh bao gm c cc trong min gn c tc ng (kch thch) bi
chuyn ng min t do vo mi l xo Winkler. Phng trnh chuyn ng ca
cc c a ra trong biu thc sau :
EcJ

4v
2v 2vg
v vff
+A(
)+kh(v-vff) = 0
4
2+
2 )+ c(
z
t
t t
t

(1.7)

trong EcJ, A v tng ng l cng chng un, din tch v khi

lng n v ca cc; kh l m un phn lc nn theo phng ngang, c l h s
gim chn tng ng; v l chuyn v tng i ca cc so vi chuyn ng tc
ng ca nn vg; vff l chuyn v tng i min t do so vi chuyn ng tc
ng ca nn v z l chiu su. vff l chuyn ng ngang tng i ca mi trng
l ngun gy ra chuyn ng ca cc, n c xc nh bng cch tnh song song
mt ct t chu bin dng phng s dng phn t ch nht c xt h s gim chn
vt liu (hysteretic damping) l h s nht khng ph thuc tn s (s c trnh
by trong chng 4).

24

H s gim chn c xt s bc x nng lng bin dng t cc ra mi trng

[46] (c th c xem l tr khng c hc (impedance) c ly theo Gazetas, s
c trnh by mc sau).
M un phn lc nn theo phng ngang kh c xc nh vi vic s dng
ng cong p-y. Chng trnh PILE-PY do Thavaraj lp gii phng trnh (1.7)
vi cc thng s tnh ton trnh by trn.
Theo phng php ny c th xt c nhm cc v xt c tnh cht phi
tuyn, gii bi ton ph thuc vo thi gian. Tuy nhin tnh ton vn s dng
phng php n gin ha khi m hnh ha tng tc cc- t l h l xo phi tuyn
(s dng ng cong p-y) v hp nht vi xt bi ton bin dng phng.
* Phng php ca Gazetas, Fan v Kaynia (1993)[41].
S tnh c trnh by trn hnh 1.13; 1.14; 1.15. Cc c xem nh dm
nm trn nn Winkler. iu c bit y l tc gi a ra mt phng php
chung phn tch tng tc ng gia t- cc- mng- cng trnh theo trnh t 3
bc nh sau:
+ Bc 1: Tnh chuyn v ngang, gc xoay ca mng khi khng xt khi
lng cng trnh bn trn ( gii bi ton tng tc gia mng cc v nn t khi c
chuyn v ngang nn t do dao ng nn t gy ra) (hnh 1.14).
+ Bc 2 : Xc nh cc tr khng c hc (impedance) hay cn gi l cc
cng phc ca mng cc: cng phc i vi chuyn v ngang (Kx hoc Ky);
cng phc i vi gc xoay (Kry hoc Krx) v cng phc hn hp chuyn v
ngang- gc xoay (Kx-ry hoc Ky-rx) (hnh 1.15).
+ Bc 3 : Tnh cng trnh nm trn cc l xo vi cng phc xc nh
bc 2 v chu cc chuyn v ngang v gc xoay ca mng xc nh bc 1 (hnh
1.15).

25

Hnh 1.13 Tng tc ng lc hc gia Hnh 1.14 Tng tc ng lc hc gia tt- cc- b mng- cng trnh: h y cc- b - cng trnh: phn tch phn ng ng
.
hc.

Hnh 1.15 Tng tc ng lc hc gia t- cc- b mng- cng trnh: phn tch
phn ng qun tnh [46]
Bc 1 khng xt khi lng cng trnh, cho nn c gi l tnh tng tc
ng hc (kinematic interaction); bc 3 xt khi lng cng trnh bn trn c
gi l tng tc qun tnh (inertial interaction).
Nu nh tnh ton mi bc l ng th kt qu cui cng l ng.
Trong tnh ton s dng cc h s cng v h s nht do chnh Gazetas
ngh nh sau:
kx 1.2Es
cx 2s

kx
+ a0-1/4svsd

(1.8)
(1.9)

26

trong : Es l m un n hi, s l khi lng n v, s l h s ma st

kh, vs l vn tc sng ct ca t; d l ng knh cc; l tn s vng (rad/s); a 0
l tn s khng th nguyn a0 = d/vs.
Tng t, gi tr kx, cx c th nhn c t li gii ng lc hc n hi bin
dng phng ca Novak [49] i vi mt ct t dao ng trong mi trng lin tc.
Cc tc gi trn dng phng php ny gii bi ton tng tc gia cc
cc c b tr khc nhau vi nn t khi chu ti trng ng t t nn cng.
u im ca phng php trn l tch cng trnh khi mng, lm vic
tnh ton t phc tp hn.
Xin ni thm, phng php dng cng phc cng c nhiu tc gi
nghin cu, c bit l J.P.Wolf [56] a ra nhiu cng phc khc nhau phc
v cho vic tnh ton mng nng v mng su khi chu ti trng ng t.
* Phng php ca Naggar v Novak (1996)[48]
Cc c xem l thng ng c mt ct tit din trn c chn trong cc
lp t phi tuyn nm ngang. t c chia thnh nhiu lp, cc cng c chia
thnh cc on vi s lng v chiu di tng t nh cc lp t (hnh 1.16). Phn
tch c trnh by trong min thi gian d dng m hnh ha tnh cht phi tuyn
v iu kin khng lin tc ca t.

Hnh 1.16 Cc phn t ca m hnh ngh i vi phn tch ng lc hc phi

tuyn ca cc n phn ng ngang [48]
Trong mi lp, t c chia thnh hai phn: Phn th nht l m hnh min
gn, l min xt n tnh phi tuyn b hn ch. Phn th hai l m hnh min xa, l

27

min xt n s truyn sng t cc ra xa. Trong m hnh ny, phn ng ca t 2

bn cc c m hnh ha tch ri nhau xt n trng thi ng sut v cc iu
kin khng lin tc c hai bn khi hng ti trng thay i.
Phn t min gn. Tc ng ng t ca min gn c m hnh ha bi
cc l xo phi tuyn, cng c tnh theo iu kin ng sut phng. Min gn l
mi trng n nht, ng hng v ng nht. Cc l cng v trn. Khng c s
tch ri gia b mt cc- t v chuyn v l nh.
cng Knl c xc nh theo Novak v Sheta [55]:
Knl =

8Gm(1-)(3-4)[(r0/r1)2+1]
(r0/r1)2+(3-4)2[(r0/r1)2+1]ln(r1/r0)-1

(1.10)

trong :
r0, r1 l bn knh trong v ngoi ca min trong, l h s Poisson ca t.
Gm l m un trt sa i ph hp vi mc bin dng, gi thit rng h
s Poisson l hng s, th:
Gm = Gmax(1- )

(1.11)

Gmax l m un trt ln nht ban u ca lp t.

l h s huy ng: =

P
Pu

(1.12)

P l lc ngang ti l xo ; Pu l lc ti hn ca l xo c tnh ton da theo

tiu chun ca API [31].
Phn t min xa. Novak gii bi ton dao ng ca cc. Trong li gii
ny, iu kin bin dng phng c gi thit tnh ton. Mt li gii tng minh
cho cng phc ngang ca t i vi mi n v chiu di ca mt cc hnh tr
c chn trong nn n nht tuyn tnh trung bnh.
Phn t min xa c m hnh ha bi l xo v hp nht c cc h s:
K1 = GSu1()
C=

cGr0
S (a = 0.5, )
vs u2 0

(1.13)
(1.14)

trong : Su1 v Su2 l tn s c lp vi gi tr ca chng c chn ty theo

h s Poisson ca t v tn s khng th nguyn chi phi a0 = r0/vs (hnh 1.17).

28

Tn s ny c lp vi cng v h s nht c s dng khi phn tch

ng trong min thi gian.

Hnh 1.17 S thay i cc thng s h s nht, cng ngang; Su1, Su2 vi

tn s khng th nguyn a0 v h s Poisson ca t ( Novak v
cc cng s)[48]
1.2.2 Nhm cc phng php da trn m hnh nn n hi lin tc.
Trong phng php ny vn coi cc nh dm chu un, bin dng ca t
khng nhng ch xy ra ti v tr t ti trng m cn xy ra c nhng ni cch xa
v tr t ti trng.
* Phng php s dng li gii ca Mindlin
- Nm 1968, L c Thng [17] l mt trong nhng ngi u tin s dng
li gii ca Mindlin vi mt lc nm ngang tnh t trong nn bn khng gian v
hn n hi tnh ton cc. ng thit lp phng trnh ph th hai cho phng
trnh (1.3) bng cch cho chp chuyn v ca nn t tnh theo Mindlin vi chuyn
v ca cc gii.
- Nm 1971, Poulos [51] cng da vo li gii ca Mindlin tnh chuyn v
ca t khi c mt lc tp trung nm ngang t trong bn khng gian n hi, cn
chuyn v ca cc tnh theo (1.3). C s l thuyt ca phng php ny nh
sau (hnh 1.18):

29

Hnh 1.18 ng sut tc dng ln cc (a), t (b) gn cc [51]

+ Trn hnh 1.18, cc c gi thit l mnh c chiu rng B, di L v c
cng chng un EcJ khng i. Cc c chia thnh (n+1) phn t c di nh
nhau, tr phn t u v mi cc l c chiu di bng /2.
+ n gin cho tnh ton khng a ng sut tip theo phng ngang
gia t v mt bn ca cc vo trong tnh ton.
+ Tha nhn lc tc dng trn mi phn t theo phng ngang l phn b
u v khng i theo chiu rng cc
+ Tha nhn t l mi trng l tng: ng nht ng hng vt liu n
hi bn v hn, c m un n hi E, h s Poisson khng b nh hng bi s c
mt ca cc.
Trong php phn tch ny, Poulos cng cho cc chuyn v ca t v ca
cc ti cc tm phn t bng nhau (chp chuyn v). Tuy nhin hai phn t trn u
v cui th khng chp chuyn v m cn phi c tnh ton. Cch xc nh chuyn
v ngang cha bit ti tng phn t bng cch cho cc chuyn v ca t v ca cc
ti cc im cch u nhau dc theo cc l bng nhau v s dng iu kin cn
bng.
Nh vy theo phng php ny cch din ton v xy dng l thuyt phc
tp hn so vi phng php h s nn Winkler; kh xc nh c bin dng ph
hp i vi bi ton ln v m un ca t tng ng v cn phi c nhiu th
nghim hin trng kim tra i vi cc bi ton thc t [17]. Mc d xt n

30

tng tc gia cc- t bng cch chp chuyn v nhng cha c y , mi ch

xt c nh hng ca t ln trng thi ng sut ca cc m cha xt c nh
hng ca cc ln trng thi gii hn ca t ( Poulos tha nhn t khng b nh
hng bi s c mt ca cc v cha chp c chuyn v ca phn t u v chn
cc). Khi tnh mi ch xt n bi ton mt chiu, tc l ch xt n ng sut php
m khng xt cc ng sut tip theo phng ngang gia t v mt bn ca cc.
Vn ny s c tc gi nghin cu trong lun n, cho php xc nh y s
nh hng ca t ln cc cng nh ca cc ln t v tnh c y bng bi
ton 3 chiu.
- Nm 2006, Trn Hu H [8] p dng PPNLCT Gauss trong xy dng,
gii bi ton tng tc gia cc v nn di tc dng ca ti trng trng thi lm
vic. i vi bi ton tnh tc gi s dng li gii Mindlin lm h so snh; i
vi bi ton ng, dng li gii ng lc hc ca khng gian v hn n hi lm h
so snh v cho kt qu chnh xc, c bit nh bi ton khng cn t bin nhn
to.
Phng php ny cho php xt n iu kin bin hp th sng v hn i
vi bi ton ng lc hc (bi ton truyn sng); cho php xc nh c s lm
vic ca cc trong nhm cc, nh hng ca s lng cc trong nhm ti cng
ca mi cc v cng xt c nh hng ca cc ti bi ton truyn sng trong nn.
Tuy nhin tc gi mi ch dng li vic nghin cu cc khng chu un v
cha nghin cu tng tc gia cc v nn khi chu ti trng ngang khi xt bi ton
ng lc hc, c bit l bi ton mng cc chu ti trng ng t. Vn ny s
c tc gi nghin cu bao gm c cc chu un c xt n bin dng trt ngang
v bi ton tng tc gia cc v nn t khi chu ti trng ng t.
* Phng php tnh cc trong cc lp t n hi ca Verruijt &
Kooijman [60].
Da theo m hnh n hi c gii thiu bi Verruijt & Kooijman
(1989)[54], t c chia thnh cc lp t n hi, c chiu su khng i nh

31

hnh 1.19. Cc tr trn c xem nh dm trn nn n hi chu ti trng nm

ngang tnh.

Hnh 1.19 M hnh cc chu ti trng nm ngang trong nn t n hi [54]

Bi ton xc nh h s tng tc gia cc v t c gii theo phng
php lp gm 4 bc sau:
- Bc 1: H s l xo ca tt c cc lp t c tnh t mt lot cc phn
tch phn t hu hn ca h lp t vi chuyn v n v trong mt lp t, cn
chuyn v ca lp t khc bng khng.
- Bc 2: Cc c tnh theo phng php sai phn hu hn khi s dng h
s l xo c tnh bc 1 v b qua nh hng ca cc lp t khc.
- Bc 3: S dng chuyn v ti b mt tip xc gia cc v t nh iu
kin bin, dng mt h cc phng php phn t hu hn tnh trng chuyn v
ca mi lp t.
- Bc 4: T cc kt qu ca phng php phn t hu hn ta nhn c
mt xp x tt hn ca h s tng tc gia t v cc. Qu trnh phn tch c th
c lp li nhiu ln v dng li khi t c chnh xc theo yu cu hoc sau
mt s ln lp (v d 10 ln lp).
Nh vy theo phng php ny thy rng vic xc nh h s tng tc gia
t v cc c th chun xc hn nh phng php lp. Mt khc khi so snh vi
nhng m hnh khc, m hnh ny c u th hn nh vic m rng tnh trong nn

32

bin dng do v tng tc ca nhm cc vi t. Tuy nhin ta vn thy tng tc

gia cc v t l cha r rng v ch xt trong bi ton bin dng phng.
*Phng php ca Finn (2005) (chng trnh PILE-3D)[38]

Hnh 1.20 M hnh ta 3 chiu (Quasi- 3D) ca phn ng cc- t [38]

y l phng php phn tch ng lc hc 3 chiu n gin ca cc vi cc
gi thit nh hnh 1.20 trn.
Di tc dng ca sng ct nm ngang truyn thng ng ln trn, u tin
t b bin dng ct trong mt phng xoy, tr min gn cc, c bin dng nn
theo chiu chn ng. Bin dng nn li sinh ra bin dng ct trong mt phng yoz.
Nh vy gi thit c dng trong phn tch phn ng ng lc hc ch yu do
sng ct trong mt phng xoy, yoz v sng nn theo chiu dao ng y. Bin dng
theo chiu thng ng v thng gc vi hng chn ng b qua.
p dng phng trnh cn bng ng theo chiu y, phng trnh ng ch
yu ca chn ng t do trong min lin tc ca t:
2v
2v
2v
2v
s 2 = G 2 +G 2 +G 2
t
x
y
z

(1.15)

Trong : G l modun trt ; v l chuyn v theo hng chn ng, s l

khi lng n v ca t, l h s quan h t s Poisson ca t.

33

Cc c m hnh ha nh dm nm trn nn n hi Euler thng thng.

Cc ch un trong mt phng yoz. Tng tc ng lc hc gia t- cc- cng trnh
c duy tr bi chuyn v cng bc tng thch gia cc v t.
Phn t 8 nt c s dng th hin t v phn t dm 2 nt c s
dng m phng cc nh hnh 1.20. Phng trnh cn bng ng chung c vit
cho h cc- t di dng ma trn nh:
.

..

[M]{ v } + [C] { v }+[K] { v }= -[M]{I} v 0(t)

..

(1.16)
..

trong : v 0(t) l gia tc nn; {I} l vecto ct n v; { v },{ v },{ v } ln lt

l gia tc, vn tc, v chuyn v nt tng i; [M], [C] v [K] l ma trn khi
lng, nht, cng ca h cc- t chn ng theo phng ngang. S tiu hao
nng lng c m hnh ha bi nht bc x s dng phng php ngh ca
Gazetas (1993) trong lc cn Fd trn mt n v chiu di t l vi vn tc t
ln cc bng cch tch phn tng bc c s dng trong chng trnh PILE-3D
gii phng trnh (1.16).
u im: Finn a ra hai chng trnh phn tch ng lc hc phi tuyn
ca mng cc da trn m hnh 3 chiu n gin ca na khng gian gi l PILE3D v PILE3D-Eff ln lt phn tch ng sut tng v ng sut c hiu. Phng
php ny cho thy bin dng ca cc khng nhng ph thuc vo cng v h
s nht m cn ph thuc vo p lc nc l rng ca nn t. Chng trnh PILE3D v PILE3D-Eff cn c th tnh ton c s bin i theo thi gian ca thnh
phn cng cc i vi c t kh v t bo ha trong ln u tin. Ngoi ra
Finn cn lm th nghim ly tm cc n trong t ct chu chn ng mnh, s dng
chng trnh PILE-3D phn tch, cho thy phn ng ng lc hc tng t rt
tt v s thay i theo thi gian ca cng mng cc khi dao ng mnh c th
nhn c t chng trnh PILE-3D. Phng php p-y c s dng chung cho
phn tch phn ng ng ca mng cc khi s dng d liu t th nghim ly tm v
cc kt qu t chng trnh PILE-3D. Trong nghin cu ny s dng ng cong py ngh ca API. Tuy nhin dng cc ng cong p-y ny rt kh khi phn tch

34

chn ng mnh khi xy ra ng t m n ch ph hp khi phn tch chn ng

nh, chm, mc d s phn b m men trong cc khi o c v tnh ton l rt tt.
Cc nghin cu th nghim ly tm tng t c tin hnh Trng i hc
California trong ct ha lng gm hai th nghim in hnh, s dng chng trnh
PILE3D-Eff phn tch mng cc trong kh nng ha lng t vi s chnh xc,
y phc v cho thit k. Trong kh nng ha lng ca t, tip tc xy dng
da trn p lc nc l rng khi chu chn ng do ng t, hu qu l lm gim
ng sut v cng ca t, c th gy ra m men un, lc ct ln trong cc cng
nh gim cng ca mng cc. ng sut c hiu c trnh by y c th
phn nh c nh hng ca ng t gy ra p lc nc l rng v s nh hng
l mt phn quan trng ca thit k ng lc hc mng cc trong thc t thit
k.
Nhc im: n gin cho tnh ton Finn gi thit lc ngang ca t
tc dng ln cc ch do ng sut ct trong mt phng xoy, yoz v ng sut nn theo
chiu chuyn ng y gy ra. Nh vy mi xt n tc dng mt chiu ca t m
khng xt c tc dng y 3 chiu ca nn t ln cc. Mt khc cha thy r
c s nh hng tng tc ca cc ln t v iu kin bc x ra v cng khi
chu ti trng ng t.
1.3 Tm tt v nhn xt chng 1
T tng quan nghin cu c trnh by trn, tc gi c mt s tm tt v
nhn xt nh sau:
Trn c s nghin cu cc trn ng t khc nhau trn th gii, ngi ta
phn loi cc trn ng t theo mc ph hy ca n hoc phn loi theo cng
Richter da vo nng lng c gii phng chn tm. Nhng nghin cu v
ng t cho ta phng php chung nh gi cc thng s chuyn ng nn
t v ph phn ng thit k thit k cng trnh.
Khi bit c thng s chuyn ng ca nn t tc dng ln cng trnh th
c th tnh ton cng trnh theo cc phng php ng lc hc hin c.

35

Qua tng quan thy c cc phng php chnh tnh ton tng tc gia
cc vi nn t khi chu tc dng ca ti trng ngang v ti trng ng t. Cc
phng php ny cho php xt c tnh phi tuyn ca nn t, s thay i cng
nn t theo chiu su, theo cng lc tc dng, xt c hin tng ha lng
cng nh tnh cht b ko ca t. Vn tng tc gia mng nng v nn t
cng c nhiu tc gi quan tm nghin cu vi vic s dng khi nim cng
phc...
S d c nhiu phng php tnh khc nhau l v cc phng php ch yu
ph thuc vo cch xt phn ng ca nn t ln cc thng qua vic xc nh cc
thng s phn ng nh h s nn xt cng; h s nht xt iu kin bc x
ra v cng. iu cho thy rt kh c th xc nh c cc thng s mt cch
ng n v chnh xc. V nh vy c th ni iu kin bin v cng i vi c
bi ton tnh v bi ton ng u kh c m bo.
Mt khc trong tt c cc phng php nu trn, khi ni n tng tc
thng ch thy nh hng ca t ln cc m cha thy nh hng ca cc n
trng thi ng sut ca t. Theo tc gi l do l v cha c mt m hnh l thuyt
chun xt c tng tc gia cc v t.
V vy, trong lun n ca mnh, tc gi s da trn phng php dng h so
snh ca PPNLCT Gauss xy dng bi ton tng tc gia cc vi nn t khi
chu ti trng tnh nm ngang, ti trng ng nm ngang v ti trng ng t vi
vic xt c y cc iu kin bin v iu kin bc x ra v cng cng nh
xt c tng tc y gia cc v t. r phn ny, trong cc ni dung
nghin cu tip theo tc gi s trnh by:
+ Nghin cu trng thi ng sut bin dng ca nn t khi chu ti trng
tnh nm ngang.
+ Nghin cu bi ton tng tc tnh hc gia cc vi nn t khi chu ti
trng tnh nm ngang.
+ Nghin cu bi ton tng tc ng lc hc gia cc vi nn t khi chu
ti trng ng nm ngang v chu ti trng ng t.

36

Chng 2
NGHIN CU TRNG THI NG SUT BIN DNG CA NN T
CHU TI TRNG TNH NM NGANG
Trong chng ny tc gi nghin cu trng thi ng sut bin dng nn t
thng qua nghin cu tng tc gia mt khi t vi bn khng gian v hn n
hi chu ti trng tnh nm ngang theo phng php dng h so snh ca PPNLCT
Gauss [5],[6]. PPNLCT Gauss c mt s tc gi trong nc s dng xy
dng v gii cc bi ton khc nhau t c hc n hi n c hc cng trnh
[1],[7],[8],[10],[23],[24],[25] trong c c bi ton tng tc gia mng cc v
nn t [8],[24].
V bi ton phc tp, cho nn tc gi ln lt trnh by cc vn sau: Cc
lin h c bn ca mi trng n hi; s dng PPNLCT Gauss tm cc phng
trnh c bn ca mi trng n hi, cc phng trnh truyn sng; li gii Kelvin
i vi khng gian v hn n hi; li gii Mindlin i vi bn khng gian v hn
n hi; xy dng bi ton tng tc gia khi t n hi vi bn khng gian v
hn n hi cn li khi chu ti trng tnh nm ngang theo phng php dng h so
snh ca PPNLCT Gauss; xy dng thut ton v chng trnh tnh theo phng
php phn t hu hn, kim tra tnh ng n ca kt qu. Kt qu nghin cu ca
chng s l tin cho vic nghin cu cc ni dung tip theo ca lun n.
2.1 Cc phng trnh c bn v phng trnh truyn sng ca mi trng n
hi
2.1.1 Cc lin h c bn ca mi trng n hi
Nn t l mi trng lin tc, c cc lp cu to khc nhau nhng c
xem l vt liu n hi c hai thng s l m un n hi Es v h s Poisson . Xt
phn t tch ra khi mi trng n hi (hnh 2.1). Do mi trng l lin tc cho
nn c th xt cc iu kin cn bng ca phn t [26],[46],[54],[57].
Cc ng sut tc dng ln b mt phn t bao gm:
-

Cc ng sut php: x, y, z

37

Cc ng sut tip: xy = yx; xz= zx; yz= zy

z dx
dy xz
yz

xy

dz
y

zx yx
x

zy

Hnh 2.1 Cc ng sut tc dng ln phn t t

Gi u, v, w l cc chuyn v ca trng tm phn t theo cc chiu x, y, z. Xem
cc chuyn v l nh so vi kch thc vt th th cc bin dng ca phn t xc
nh theo cc phng trnh Cauchy nh sau:
u
v
w
x =
; y =
; z =
x
y
z
xy =

u v
u w
v w
+
; =
+
; =
+
y x xz z x yz z y

(2.1)

Lin h gia trng thi ng sut v trng thi bin dng nh sau:
x = 2Gx +; y = 2Gy +; z= 2Gz +
xy = G.xy ; xz = G.xz ; yz = G.yz
Trong : G l m un trt: G =

E
;
2(1+)

- Bin dng th tch: = x+ y + z =

=

(2.2)

u v w
+
+
x y z

2G
1-2

i vi bi ton ng lc hc, theo nguyn l DAlembert, ti mi im

trong nn t cn phi xt lc qun tnh xc nh nh sau:
2u
2v
2w
fx = 2 ; f y = 2 ; f z = 2
t
t
t

(2.3)

38

Trong (2.3), l khi lng n v ca t, fx; fy; fz ln lt l cc lc qun

tnh theo 3 phng ca h ta vung gc (x,y,z).
2.1.2 Xy dng cc phng trnh vi phn cn bng v cc phng trnh
truyn sng theo PPNLCT Gauss
2.1.2.1 Phng php Nguyn l cc tr Gauss
Nguyn l cc tr Gauss (NLCT Gauss) l mt nguyn l cc tr ca c hc
c Gauss K.F (1777 - 1855) pht biu vo nm 1829 vi ni dung nh sau
[5],[6]: Chuyn ng ca h cht im, c lin kt tu chu tc ng ca lc bt
k, trong mi thi im xy ra ph hp vi kh nng cao nht c th vi chuyn
ng m cc cht im c th thc hin c nu chng hon ton t do, c
ngha l n xy ra vi lng cng bc nh nht nu nh s o lng cng bc
trong thi on v cng b ly bng tng ca tch khi lng ca mi cht im vi
bnh phng lch v tr ca chng so vi v tr khi chng t do.
Biu thc lng cng bc dng hnh hc ca NLCT Gauss vit nh sau:

m .B .C
i

2
i

min!

(2.4)

y Bi Ci2 l khong cch gia 2 im Bi v Ci ca cht im i c khi lng

mi. Bi l v tr m cht im i c c khi chuyn ng t do v Ci l v tr khi cht
im chuyn ng c lin kt sau thi gian v cng b dt.
Du l du tng ly theo s cht im ca h. Nh vy bi ton xc nh
chuyn ng ca h cht im theo NLCT Gauss dn n tm cc tr ca biu thc
lng cng bc di dng hnh hc va nu. Di dng lc, biu thc lng
cng bc ca NLCT Gauss c vit nh sau:
2

i mi mi oi min!
i

Trong :
Fi l lc tc dng ln cht im i
oi l gia tc ca cht im i t c nu n t do.

(2.5)

39

NLCT Gauss c th c suy ra t nguyn l vn tc o ca Lagrange v

nguyn l DAlembert. Nhng ng thi NLCT Gauss tng qut hn so vi hai
nguyn l trn xt v mt lin kt v n khng b rng buc bi iu kin lin kt
ca h.
Vi i tng nghin cu l cht im, NLCT Gauss da trn ba khi nim
c bn: Lin kt, chuyn ng v khi lng. Nu ta tm cch p dng nguyn l
ny cho vt rn bin dng, th i tng kho st l tp hp cc mt ct v cc khi
nim trn c biu hin nh sau:
- Lin kt c th l lin kt ngoi hoc lin kt trong:
+ Lin kt ngoi l tc ng tng h gia h ang xt v h khc.
+ Lin kt trong l tc ng tng h gia cc mt ct.
Trong c hc vt rn bin dng, cc lin kt trong c th hin qua cc
phng trnh cn bng, cc phng trnh lin tc ca bin dng, cc quan h ng
sut- bin dng ca l thuyt n hi.
- Chuyn ng vt rn bin dng l chuyn v tng i gia cc b phn
ca vt th, ta c th hiu l cc biu hin ca bin dng: Mt n hi, mt
trt...
- Khi nim c bn ca c hc l thuyt l cht im vi c trng l khi
lng cht im. Cn trong c hc mi trng lin tc l khi nim mt ct vi cc
c trng l cng tng ng.
Th d: Trong sc bn vt liu, mt ct chu lc ca dm c c trng
cng l EJ ; trng hp chu nn, mt ct ca thanh c cng l EF ; trng hp
chu ct, mt ct c cng l GF.
NLCT Gauss p dng i vi h cht im. Da trn c s ca nguyn l
ny, nm 1979, GS.TSKH H Huy Cng xut s dng Phng php NLCT
Gauss gii cc bi ton v c hc vt rn bin dng. Cc lun im ca phng
php ny c th trnh by nh sau:
- Khi nim c bn ca c hc vt rn bin dng l khi nim mt ct ( mt
ct tit din trong sc bn vt liu hay mt ct phn t trong l thuyt n hi).

40

Mt ct chu tc ng ca lc( ni lc hoc ngoi lc ) c lin kt hoc t do s b

chuyn ng ( chuyn v, bin dng ) vi cc cng tng ng vi lc tc dng.
Nh vy trong mt kha cnh no , c th xem khi nim mt ct tng ng vi
khi nim cht im trong c hc l thuyt.
- C th ni rng t tng ca NLCT Gauss l so snh chuyn ng ca h
cht im c lin kt tu vi chnh n khi hon ton t do theo ngha lng cng
bc ( rng buc ) ti thiu. Nu ta bit chuyn ng ca mt trong hai trng thi
chuyn ng ca h th c th bit chuyn ng ca h trng thi kia. Tuy nhin
PPNLCT Gauss ca GS.TSKH H Huy Cng chng t rng c th so snh chuyn
ng ca h cn tm c lin kt tu vi h bit khc cng c lin kt tu .
- c im chuyn ng ca h vt rn bin dng khc so vi h cht im l
lc khng nhng gy ra chuyn ng theo phng tc ng ca n m cn gy ra
chuyn ng( chuyn v, bin dng ) trong mt phng trc giao vi n qua h s n
ngang ( Poisson ) ca vt liu. Bin dng, chuyn v theo phng ca lc tc dng
c gi l bin dng, chuyn v c bn v chnh l i lng bin phn ca
PPNLCT Gauss do GS.TSKH H Huy Cng a ra nm 1979.
T nhng nhn nh trn, i vi h kt cu, PPNLCT Gauss pht biu nh
sau:
Chuyn ng ca h kt cu c lin kt tu v chu tc ng bt k, trong
mi thi im xy ra lun c xu th gn nht c th vi chuyn ng ca h kt cu
khc khi cng chu tc ng . Ni cch khc, chuyn ng ca h kt cu s xy
ra vi lng cng bc nh nht.
Biu thc lng rng buc ca h kt cu vit vi bi ton tnh c
vit nh sau:
2

F F
i K i Ki Ki min!
i i 0

(2.6)

y Ki l cng ca mt ct th i (mt ct tit din hoc mt ct phn t)

tng ng vi lc tc ng ti l Fi ( ni lc hoc ngoi lc ). K hiu vi ch s
0 l ca chnh mt ct i khi khng c lin kt ( t do). Du tng () trong biu thc

41

ly theo tt c cc mt ct khi ri rc ho mi trng hoc thay bng tch phn khi

xt mi trng lin tc. i vi bi ton ng lc hc ta xt thm bi ton tnh.
Nguyn l khng chng minh v vy di y trnh by hai v d minh ho
tnh hiu qu khi p dng PPNLCT Gauss gii cc bi ton c hc vt rn bin
dng.
2.1.2.2 Xy dng phng trnh vi phn cn bng
Theo nh l Helmholtz [60], i vi mi trng lin tc, xc lp ba chuyn
ng: chuyn ng tnh tin; chuyn ng bin dng v chuyn ng xoay. Ta c
th xt loi chuyn ng bin dng ca phn t n hi nh sau (hnh 2.2):

fz

bz

fz

bz

z
kz = 0
w0

kz = 0
w

(a)

(b)

Hnh 2.2 Lc v ng sut tc dng ln phn t c lin kt (a), phn t hon ton
t do (b).
Phn t tch ra t mi trng c cc chuyn ng :
Bin dng theo chiu x, x c cng 2G
Bin dng theo chiu y, y c cng 2G
Bin dng theo chiu z, z c cng 2G
Bin dng th tch = x+ y + z lin quan ti h s Poisson 0, c
cng

2G
1-2

Bin dng trt xy c cng G

Bin dng trt xz c cng G
Bin dng trt yz c cng G
Phn t cn chu tc dng ca cc lc khi bx, by, bz v cc lc qun tnh fx ,
fy, fz ( xem l cc ngoi lc cn, c chiu ngc vi chiu lc khi) gy ra cc

42

chuyn v u, v, w tng ng (hnh 2.2a). cng ca chuyn ng tnh tin ny

cha bit.
Xt phn t hon ton t do (hnh 2.2b) chu tc dng ca cc ngoi lc bx,
by, bz v fx , fy, fz ging nh phn t tch ra t mi trng. Phn t ny khng lin
kt vi cc phn t ln cn n nn trng thi bin dng bng khng. Do c lc ngoi
(fz-bz) tc dng, nn phn t c chuyn ng w0 v w0 ( khng c gi ta).
xc nh ta c th t l xo c cng kz m khng lm thay i chuyn ng ca
phn t bi v kz 0:
kz = lim

w0

-fz + bz
w0

(2.7)

Ta cng thm lin kt l xo c h s cng kz theo chiu z vo phn t cn

tnh (phn t tch ra t mi trng).
Vi lp lun tng t, ta c th t cc l xo kx, ky theo chiu x, y m khng
lm thay i chuyn ng phn t bi v kx 0, ky 0.
kx = lim

-fx + bx
;
u0

(2.8)

ky = lim

-fy + by
v0

(2.9)

u0

v0

Theo NLCT Gauss, lng cng bc (chuyn ng) Z ca vt th n hi c

th tch V c vit nh sau :
2G
2
2
2

Z=
()2 dV
V2G(x) dV + V2G(y) dV + V 2G(z) dV +
V 1-2
2
2
2
2
2

+
V G(xy) dV +VG(xz) dV +V G(yz) dV +V kx (u-u0) dV +V ky (v-v0) dV
2
+
kz (w-w0) dV min

(2.10)

Ta xt tch phn ca hm Z:
2

-fx + bx
u

kx (u-u0)2 dV =
(u-u0)2 dV = lim (-fx + bx )( -2u+u0)dV
lim
V
u0
V u 0 u0
V u0

(2.11a)

V tch phn ny nm trong bi ton tm min nn ta c:

43

kx (u-u0)2 dV = 2(fx - bx) udV

V
V

(2.11b)

Tng t ta c :
-fy + by
ky (v-v0)2 dV =
(v-v0)2 dV =
lim
V
V 2(fy - by) vdV
v0
V v0

(2.11c)

-fz + bz
kz (w-w0)2 dV =
lim
(w-w0)2 dV =

V
V 2(fz - bz) wdV
V w0 w0

(2.11d)

Lng cng bc Z by gi c vit nh sau :

Z= 2G(

u 2
v 2
w 2

) dV + 2G(
) dV + 2G(
) dV
x
y
z
V
V

u v 2
u w 2
2G u v w 2

(
+
+
) dV + G(
+
) dV + G(
+
) dV
V y x
V z x
V 1-2 x y z

+ G(

v w 2

+
) dV +
V 2(fx - bx) udV +V2(fy - by) vdV +V 2(fz - bz) wdV min
z y
(2.12)
Phim hm Z cha ba hm n cn xc nh l u, v, w. Thc hin php tnh

bin phn [34] phim hm Z theo hm u ta c phng trnh sau (phng trnh Euler
ca php tnh bin phn):
2u 2G
u
v w

u v

u w
- 2G 2 (
+
+
)-G
(
+
)- G
(
+
)
x 1-2 x x
y
z
y y
x
z z
x
+ fx b x = 0

(2.13)

Rt gn biu thc trn ta c:

G
2u
2v
2w
2u
G u +
( 2 +
+
) + bx = 2
xy xz
t
1-2 x

(2.14)

G
2u
2v
2w
2v
G v +
(
+ 2 +
) + by = 2
y
yz
t
1-2 xy

(2.15)

G
2u
2v
2w
2w
(
+
+ 2 )+ bz = 2
yz z
t
1-2 xz

(2.16)

G 2w +

Trong cc cng thc trn: 2- ton t Laplace:

2
2
2
=
+ 2 + 2
x2
y
z
2

44

Nh vy, p dng Phng php NLCT Gauss i vi chuyn ng bin dng

phn t n hi 3 chiu, tc gi nhn c ba phng trnh vi phn cn bng ca h
n hi (phng trnh Navier) ging nh cc phng trnh vi phn cn bng c
trnh by trong nhiu ti liu vit v l thuyt n hi [26],[46],[53],[60].
2.1.2.3 Xy dng phng trnh truyn sng
Ta c th phn tch chuyn ng ca phn t n hi thnh chuyn ng v
bin dng th tch v chuyn ng xoay nh vt th cng ca phn t quanh cc
trc x, y, z.
phng php th nht ta xt ring cc bin dng x, y, z c cng 2G.
T cc bin dng ny ta nhn c bin dng th tch c cng 2G. Nh vy phn
t n hi c hai loi bin dng th tch: bin dng th tch c cng 2G v bin
dng th tch lin quan n h s Poisson c cng
2G +

2G
, ta c:
1-2

2G
2G(1-)
=

1-2
1-2

Nh vy cng ca bin dng th tch bng

(2.17)

2G(1-)
1-2

Thay cho cc tc dng xy; xz; yz gy bin hnh phn t nhng khng lm
thay i bin dng th tch, ta c th dng cc gc xoay nh vt cng ca phn t
quanh cc trc ta x, y, z, ta c [60]:
1 w v
1 u w
1 v u
x = (
); y = ( ); z = (
)
2 y z
2 z x
2 x y

(2.18)

x, y, z ln lt l gc xoay quanh cc trc x, y, z c cng G tng t

nh bin dng ct.
Phn t n hi c 4 chuyn ng: bin dng th tch ; cc gc xoay x, y,
z c lp vi nhau v c th hiu l cc bin dng tng qut. Do ta vit c
cc lc qun tnh tng ng:
2
2x
2y
2z
f = 2 ; f x = 2 ; f y = 2 ; f z = 2
t
t
t
t

(2.19)

45

Ta xt bin dng th tch . Nu nh phn t hon ton t do, khng c lin

kt vi cc phn t quanh n th:

= 0;
= 0;
=0
x
y
z

(2.20)

Ngc li khi phn t nm trong mi trng n hi th:

0;
0;
0
x
y
z

(2.21)

Do ta c th vit lng cng bc chuyn ng nh sau:

2G(1-) 2
2G(1-) 2
2G(1-) 2
(
) dV +
( ) dV +
( ) dV min
x
y
z
V 1-2
V 1-2
V 1-2

Z=

(2.22)
Phng trnh Euler ca phim hm Z s l:
- 2G

1- 2
=0
1-2

(2.23)

Trng hp bi ton ng lc hc th xt thm lc qun tnh, ta c:

1- 2
2
- 2G
+ 2 =0
t
1-2

(2.24)

hay

2 2G(1-) 2
=

t2 (1-2)

(2.25)

hay

2
= vp2 2
t2

(2.26)

vi

vP =

2G (1 )
(1 2 )

(2.27)

vP c th nguyn vn tc v n l vn tc sng nn (sng dc) truyn theo ba

phng, qu o chuyn ng ca cc ht theo phng truyn sng. Phng trnh
(2.25) l phng trnh truyn sng dc (sng nn).
Xt gc xoay x . Nu nh phn t hon ton t do th:
x
x
x
= 0;
= 0;
=0
x
y
z

(2.28)

46

Ngc li trong mi trng n hi, do c lin kt vi cc phn t xung

quanh nn:

x
x
x
0;
0;
0
x
y
z

(2.29)

Do ta vit lng cng bc ca chuyn ng xoay quanh trc x nh sau:

G x 2
G x 2
G x 2
(
) dV +
(
) dV +
(
) dV min
V 2 x
V 2 y
V 2 z

Z =

(2.30)

Phng trnh Euler ca phim hm Z s l:

- G 2x = 0

(2.31)

Trng hp bi ton ng lc hc th xt thm lc qun tnh, ta c:

2 x
=0
- G x +
t2

(2.32)

2 x G 2
= x
t2

(2.33)

hay

2 x
= vs 2 x
t2

(2.34)

vi

vs =

(2.35)

vs c th nguyn l vn tc v l vn tc sng ct (sng SV) truyn theo

trc x. Qu o chuyn ng ca cc ht nm trong mt phng ng yz. Phng
trnh (2.32) l phng trnh truyn sng ct.
Tng t ta c:
2 y G 2
= y
t2

(2.36)

y l phng trnh truyn sng theo phng y, qu o chuyn ng ca

cc ht nm trong mt phng ng yz.
2 z G 2
= z
t2

(2.37)

y l phng trnh truyn sng theo phng z, qu o chuyn ng ca

cc ht nm trong mt phng nm ngang xy.

47

Nh vy p dng Phng php NLCT Gauss i vi chuyn ng bin dng

th tch v chuyn ng xoay nh vt th cng ca phn t quanh cc trc x, y, z,
tc gi nhn c 4 phng trnh truyn sng (2.25), (2.33), (2.36), (2.37).
Do c th dng cc phng trnh Navier hoc cc phng trnh truyn
sng nghin cu chuyn ng ca mi trng n hi.
2.2 Cc li gii i vi khng gian v hn n hi v na khng gian v hn
n hi
Trong cc ni dung tip theo tc gi s dng li gii tnh v ng lc hc ca
khng gian v hn n hi v li gii tnh ca na khng gian v hn n hi trong
cc bi ton tng tc, cho nn y trnh by li cc li gii .
Cc phng trnh v cc biu thc trong h ta vung gc x, y, z s c
vit gn hn trong h ta 1, 2, 3 vi vic dng cc biu thc tenx sau:
aiai = a12 + a22 + a32
akk = a11 + a22 + a33
v k hiu Kronecker ij
= 1 khi i = j
(2.39)
ij 0 khi i j
Khi h phng trnh Navier c vit gn nh sau:
G
Guj, kk +
u =0
1-2 k,kj

(2.38)

(2.40)

K hiu uj, kk l k hiu ly o hm uj theo phng k hai ln; uk,kj l k hiu

ly o hm uk hai ln theo phng k v phng j
Theo (2.38) ta vit c: uj,kk =

2uj 2uj 2uj

+ 2 + 2
x2
y
z

(2.41)

gi s j = x th:
uk,kj =

2u
2v
2w
+
2 +
x
yx
zx

(2.42)

Trong trng hp c lc n v t ti im x = tc dng theo phng j th

phng trnh (2.40) c dng:

48

Guj, kk +

G
u + ( ,x)ej = 0
1-2 k,kj

(2.43)
Trong (2.43) ej l vc t ch hng; ( ,x) l hm delta Dirac (Dirac delta
function) cn gi l hm suy rng hay hm biu tng (Symbolic) vi nh ngha
sau:
( ,x) = 0 khi x
( ,x) = khi x =

(2.44)

+ ( ,x)dx = 1
-

Nh vy bng cch s dng hm delta Dirac d dng a biu thc lc ngoi

vo phng trnh cn bng (2.43). Nghim ca phng trnh (2.43) c gi l
nghim c s (fundamental solution).
2.2.1 Li gii khng gian v hn n hi
Hun tc Kelvin (Thomson William, 1824- 1907) [53],[60] a ra nghim
ca phng trnh (2.43) i vi khng gian v hn n hi di dng nh sau:
1
U ij ( , x) = 16( 1 )Gr [( 3 4 )ij + r'i r'j ]

(2.45)

trong :
Uij (,x)- Chuyn v ti im x theo phng j do lc tp trung n v t ti
im , tc dng theo chiu i gy ra.
i,j = 1, 2, 3.
r = r(, x) l khong cch gia im t lc c ta v im ang xt
trong khng gian v hn c ta x.
r,i l o hm ca khong cch r theo hng ta i
r = (ri ri)1/2 = (r12 + r22 + r32)1/2
ri = xi(x) - xi (); r,i =

r ri
= ;
x i r

r, j =

rj
r
=
x j
r

(2.46)

Bin dng jki ti mt im c ta x trong khng gian n hi do lc n

v t ti tc dng theo phng i xc nh nh sau:

49

jki (, x) =

-1
[(1-2)(r,k ij + r,j ik r,i jk)+ 3r,ir,jr,k]
16(1-)Gr2

(2.47)

Tng t ng sut ti mt im trong khng gian c xc nh bng:

jki (, x) =

-1
[(1-2)(r,k ij + r,j ik r,i jk)+ 3r,ir,jr,k]
8(1-)r2

(2.48)

Ngoi li gii i vi khng gian v hn cn c li gii Kelvin i vi mt

phng v hn [53],[60] khng trnh by y.
2.2.2 Li gii na khng gian v hn n hi
Nghim ca phng trnh (2.43) i vi na khng gian v hn n hi do
Mindlin R.D a ra (1936) [53],[60].
Theo nghim ca li gii Mindlin i vi na khng gian v hn bng
tng cng nghim ca li gii Kelvin i vi khng gian v hn v nghim ca li
gii ph:
Nghim ca li gii Mindlin = Nghim ca li gii Kelvin + Nghim ca li
gii ph.
Nghim ca li gii ph nhn c bng cch t thm cc lc ti im o
(hnh 2.3) v tm cch lm trit tiu cc ng sut trn mt thong ca na khng
gian v hn.
'

X2
c

r 3=R3
X3

P21

r 2=R2

R1

P3 P1 R
r
r1
x
X1

(P

= P2 = P3 = 1)

Hnh 2.3 S bi ton bn khng gian chu tc dng lc n v t ti im

nm trong nn t [60]

50

Nghim ca li gii Kelvin i vi khng gian v hn xc nh theo (2.45),

(2.47), (2.48). Cc nghim ca li gii ph c trnh by di y:
- Li gii ph i vi chuyn v c xc nh nh sau:
U 11c = K d [

8(1 ) 2 (3 4 ) (3 4 ) R12 2c x 6c xR12

+
+
];
R
R3
R5

U 12c = K d r2 [

U 13c =
c
U 21
= K d r2 [

c
U 22
= Kd [

( 3 4 ) r1 4 (1 )(1 2 ) 6 c x R1

+
];
R3
R ( R + R1 )
R5

r3 c
U 12 ;
r2
(3 4 ) r1 4(1 )(1 2 ) 6c xR1
+

];
R ( R + R1 )
R3
R5

1 (3 4 )r22 2c x
3r22
4(1 )(1 2 )
r22
+
+
(
1

)
+
(
1

];
R
R3
R3
R2
R + R1
R( R + R1 )

c
U 23
= K d r2 r3[

U 31c =

(2.49)

(3 4 )r1 4(1 )(1 2 ) 6c x

5 ];
R3
R( R + R1 ) 2
R

r3 c
U 21 ;
r2

U 32c = U 23c ;

3r32
r32
1 (3 4 )r32 2c x
4(1 )(1 2 )
c
U 33
= Kd [ +
+
(
1

)
+
(
1

],
R
R + R1
R( R + R1 )
R3
R3
R2
Trong : i = 1, 2, 3;
R = (RiRi)1/2;
ri = xi(x) - xi()

Ri = xi(x) - xi();
Kd =

c = x1() 0

x = x1(x) 0

1
16(1-)G

Trong [53],[60] cn trnh by nghim ph i vi na mt phng v hn, tc gi

khng gii thiu y.
2.3 Xy dng bi ton tng tc gia khi t n hi vi na khng gian v
hn n hi.
Trong mc ny tc gi nghin cu tng tc gia khi t n hi V vi na
khng gian n hi cn li khi chu ti trng tnh nm ngang P

51

n gin, xt khi t ch nht V c m un n hi E1, h s Poisson 1.

Na khng gian n hi cn li c m un n hi E0, h s Poisson 0. Lc P nm
ngang tc dng trong khi t hoc tc dng ngoi khi t (hnh 2.4).
Ta tm trng thi ng sut bin dng ca khi t V theo phng php dng
h so snh ca PPNLCT Gauss.
PPNLCT Gauss cho php dng trng thi ng sut ca h so snh bit
tnh h cn tnh khi hai h cng chu lc tc dng ging nhau.
Min m rng xt iu
kin bin.

Khi t cn
tnh
c

E1,

E0,

Hnh 2.4 M hnh bi ton tnh khi t n hi nm trong na khng gian v hn

n hi
2.3.1 H so snh l na khng gian v hn n hi
Xt h so snh l na khng gian v hn n hi c cc thng s n hi E0,
0, cng chu lc nm ngang P tc dng nh h cn tnh (hnh 2.5).
Khi t so
snh
c

E0,

E0,

Hnh 2.5 H so snh l khi t nm trong na khng gian v hn n hi

Da vo li gii Mindlin trnh by trn tnh c cc chuyn v u0, v0, w0;
cc bin dng x0, y0, z0, 0xy, 0xz, 0yz v cc ng sut x0, y0, z0, 0xy, 0xz, 0yz
ca khi t h so snh.

52

Ch rng trn bin ca khi t cn tnh c cc ng sut ij tc dng (hnh

2.4) v trn bin khi t h so snh c ng sut ij0 tc dng (hnh 2.5).
S dng trng thi ng sut ij0 ca h so snh bit tnh trng thi ng
sut ij ca h cn tnh bng cch vit phim hm lng cng bc nh sau:
*
*
*
0
0
0
ZV=
V*(x-x ) xdV +
V*(y-y ) ydV +
V*(z-z ) zdV

V*

(xy-xy0) xy dV* +

(xz-xz0) xz dV* +
(yz-yz0) yz dV* min (2.50)

V*
V*

Trong (2.50), V* l th tch khi t m rng xt iu kin bin; V l th

tch khi t cn tnh (V*> V); x, y, z, xy, xz, yz l cc bin dng ca khi t;
x0, y0, z0, xy0, xz0, yz0 l trng thi ng sut ca h so snh xc nh theo li gii
Mindlin (hnh 2.5); cc ng sut x, y, z, xy, xz, yz l trng thi ng sut ca
khi t ca h cn tnh (hnh 2.4).Thay cc bin dng bng cc lin h (2.1), phim
hm (2.50) c vit li nh sau:

V*

ZV= (x-x0)

u
v
w

dV* + (y-y0)
dV* + (z-z0)
dV*
x
y
z
V*
V*

u v
u w

) dV* + (xz-xz0) ( +
) dV*
(xy-xy0) ( +
y
x
z
x
V*
V*

(2.51)

v w

) dV* min
(yz-yz0) ( +
z
y
V*

PPNLCT Gauss xem cc chuyn v thc u, v, w trong (2.51) l cc chuyn v

o, ngha l xem cc bin dng l c lp i vi cc ng sut th iu kin cc tr
ca (2.51) c vit nh sau:

V*

ZV= (x-x0) (

u
v

)dV* + (y-y0) ( )dV*

x
y
V*

w
u v

+ (z-z0) ( )dV* + (xy-xy0) ( + ) dV*

z
y x
V*
V*
u w
v w

(xz-xz0) ( + ) dV* + (yz-yz0) ( + ) dV* = 0

z x
z y
V*
V*

trong l du ly bin phn.

(2.52)

53

Ch y khi t cha ba hm n u, v, w, cho nn t (2.52) ta nhn c

h 3 phng trnh:
u
u
u

*
*
0
0
0
)dV* = 0
(x-x ) ( x)dV + (xy-xy ) ( ) dV + (xz-xz ) (
y
z
V*
V*
V*
v
v
v

0
*
0
*
0
)dV* =0 (2.53)
(y-y ) ( y)dV + (xy-xy ) ( )dV + (yz-yz ) (
x
z
V*
V*
V*
w
w
w

0
*
0
*
0
*
(z- z ) ( z)dV + (xz-xz ) ( )dV + (yz-yz ) ( )dV = 0
x
y
V*
V*
V*
Thc hin php tnh bin phn [34] i vi (2.53) nhn c ba phng trnh sau:
x xy xz x0 xy0 xz0
+
+
=
+
+
x
y
z
x
y
z
y xy yz y0 xy0 yz0
+
+
=
+
+
y
x
z
y
x
z

(2.54)

z xz yz z0 xz0 yz0
+
+
=
+
+
z
z
y
z
z
y
V phi ca (2.54) tha mn phng trnh cn bng khi c lc ngang P tc
dng trong h so snh gy ra (hnh 2.4), cho nn cc v tri ca (2.54) cng l
phng trnh cn bng khi c lc nm ngang P tc dng trong h cn tnh (hnh 2.3)
gy ra.
Nh vy bng cch dng h so snh, ta li nhn c ba phng trnh vi
phn cn bng ca h cn tnh.
- Phng php dng h so snh trnh by trn c cc u im ni bt sau:
+ Khi t m rng V* ln hn khi t cn tnh V cho nn ta xc nh c
trng thi ng sut khng nhng trong khi t V m c trn bin ca n. iu ny
c ngha rng cc iu kin bin trn khi t c t ng tha mn chnh xc.
+ Do khi t V nm trong na khng gian v hn cho nn iu kin bin
v cng cng t ng c tha mn.
thy r hn hai u im nu trn xin trnh by s tnh sau (hnh 2.6):

54
L xo c h s cng kh

Khi t cn tnh
c

Hnh 2.6 S tnh khi t thng dng

Do c lc P tc dng nm ngang trn khi t, cho nn cho khi t
khng b bin hnh ta t thm cc l xo nm ngang c cng kh trn cc mt bn
khi t. H s kh ny l khng xc nh (ging nh cc h s cng l xo ca
cc trnh by trong chng 1).
Nn mng cng trnh c xem nm trong na khng gian v hn, do s
tnh trn cha xt tc dng ca ng sut tip trn cc mt bin khi t. Khi t
b tch ra khi mi trng, nn khng bo m iu kin tng tc vi mi trng.
Do trng thi ng sut tnh c theo s trn khng bo m iu kin v
cng ca na khng gian v hn.
i vi bi ton ng lc hc ca khi t V, theo PPNLCT Gauss trong
phim hm lng cng bc ch cn xt thm lc qun tnh ca khi V v lc qun
tnh ca h so snh. iu kin bin v cng trong trng hp ny chnh l iu
kin bc x v cng cng c tha mn mt cch t ng (s c trnh by
chng 4)
2.3.2 H so snh l khng gian v hn n hi
H so snh c dng l khng gian v hn n hi vi li gii Kelvin
c trnh by trn. Trong trng hp ny th vic u tin cn lm l dng h
khng gian tnh na khng gian, ri dng h na khng gian tnh khi t nh
phng n u (mc 2.4.1). Trong ni dung nghin cu lun n, trnh by cc bi
ton tng tc ng lc hc ca cc vi nn t, tc gi s dng phng n hai
(mc 2.4.2), bi v ch c li gii gii tch ng lc hc i vi khng gian v hn,
m khng c li gii gii tch ng lc hc i vi na khng gian v hn khi c
lc t bt k trong na khng gian.

55

- Xt trng hp lc P tc dng thng ng ln khi t V nm trong na

khng gian v hn n hi (hnh 2.7a).
Khi t cn tnh

ij0

ij0
P

(a)

xz0,yz0 c
A

xz0,yz0

c
P

(b)

(c)

Hnh 2.7 M hnh bi ton tnh khi t chu tc dng lc thng ng khi dng h
so snh l khng gian v hn n hi
Cho lc P tc dng ln khng gian v hn n hi, dng li gii Kelvin tnh
c trng thi ng sut ij0 trong n. V h cn tnh nm trong na khng gian cho
nn ch c th dng trng thi ng sut na di ca khng gian v hn (hnh 2.7b)
lm h so snh. Tuy nhin trng thi ng sut ij0 ca na khng gian ch tng
ng vi lc P/2, v vy phi t 2 lc P tnh ij0. Trng hp lc P t su so
vi mt thong th ta dng hai lc P t i xng qua mt AB ( hnh 2.7c). Trng
hp lc t trn th trn b mt AB cn c cc ng sut xz0 v yz0 tc dng. Li
gii Mindlin i vi na khng gian n hi cng xut pht t li gii Kelvin vi s
tnh trn v tm cch trit tiu cc ng sut xz0 v yz0 trn b mt AB [68].
- Xt trng hp lc P tc dng nm ngang trn khi t V (hnh 2.8a). Mt
AB l mt thong.
Khi t cn tnh
A

B
P

(a)

z0

ij0

ij0
P

(b)

P
c
c P

z0
B

(c)

Hnh 2.8 M hnh bi ton tnh khi t chu tc dng lc nm ngang khi dng h
so snh l khng gian v hn n hi

56

Cho lc ngang P tc dng ln khng gian n hi, dng li gii Kelvin tnh
c trng thi ng sut ij0 trong n. V h cn tnh nm trong na khng gian
(hnh 2.8a) cho nn ch c th dng na di ca khng gian v hn (hnh 2.8b).
Trng thi ng sut ij0 ch tng ng vi lc P/2 , cho nn phi t 2 lc P
tnh ng sut ij0 theo li gii Kelvin. Trng hp lc nm ngang P t su c
so vi mt thong th dng hai lc P t i xng qua b mt AB (hnh 2.8c). Khi
tnh s trn th trn b mt AB cn c cc ng sut z0 tc dng
Li gii Mindlin i vi na khng gian n hi khi chu lc nm ngang P
xut pht t li gii Kelvin vi s tnh nh hnh 2.8c v tm cch bo m z0 =
0 trn b mt AB. Li gii nhn c l li gii gii tch.
Tc gi lun n s dng s hnh 2.8c tnh ij0. Do c ng sut z0 tc
dng ln b mt AB ca na di cho nn cn xt tc dng ca bin ny bng cch
vit lng cng bc nh sau:
ZAB =

AB

[(z-z0) w dAB min

(2.55)

vi AB l din tch b mt AB.

Ngoi ra cn cn phi m bo iu kin z = 0 trn b mt AB. Tm li, bi
ton xc nh trng thi ng sut ca khi t n hi V khi dng li gii Kelvin
c vit nh sau:
Z = ZV + ZAB min

(2.56)

Vi rng buc z = 0 trn mt AB.

0
*
0
*
0
*

ZV=
V*(x-x ) xdV +V*(y-y ) ydV +V*(z-z ) zdV

V*

(xy-xy0) xy dV* +

(xz-xz0) xz dV* +
(yz-yz0) yz dV* min (2.57)

V*
V*

Trong (2.57), V* l th tch khi t m rng xt iu kin bin; V l th

tch khi t cn tnh (V<V*); ij l cc bin dng ca khi t; cc ng sut x0, y0,
z0, xy0, xz0, yz0 l trng thi ng sut ca h so snh xc nh theo li gii Kelvin
vi hai lc P (hnh 2.8c); cc ng sut x, y, z, xy, xz, yz l trng thi ng sut
ca khi t ca h cn tnh (hnh 2.8a). Bng cch vit phim hm m rng

57

Lagrange, a bi ton cc tr c rng buc v bi ton cc tr khng rng buc nh

sau:

F = ZV + ZAB + z min

(2.58)

= (x,y) l tha s Lagrange l hm n mi ca bi ton.

iu kin cc tr ca F s l: F = ZV + ZAB + z = 0

(2.59)

2.4 Gii bi ton bng phng php phn t hu hn

Tc gi s dng phng php phn t hu hn (PPPTHH) tnh khi t
ch nht c th tch V nm trong na khng gian v hn n hi chu tc dng ca
lc nm ngang P (hnh 2.4). Xt hai trng hp: H so snh l khi t nm trong
bn khng gian v hn n hi (hnh 2.5) v h so snh l khi t nm trong khng
gian v hn n hi (hnh 2.8c). Trong c hai trng hp, khi t cn tnh cng
nh khi t ca h so snh c chia thnh cc phn t khi ch nht (bi ton 3
chiu) c kch thc phn t bt k. c th xt c iu kin bin trn h cn
tnh, h so snh c s phn t nhiu hn so vi h cn tnh 1 phn t theo chiu su
z v theo chiu x, chiu y ( hnh 2.9).
1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

2
3
4
5

P/4
P/4
P/4
P/4

6
7

y
1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
P

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

Hnh 2.9 Chia khi t h cn tnh thnh cc phn t khi

58

* Phn t khi ch nht 20 nt

C th dng phn t khi ch nht 8 nt [38], nhng c c xp x tt
hn, tc gi s dng phn t khi ch nht 20 nt nh hnh 2.10 trong h ta t
nhin vi kch thc phn t x = y = z = 2 v dng chuyn v lm n. Ta
cc nt c cho trong bng 2.1.
9

1
13

14
4

10

17

11 20

19

15
7
y

18
x
6
16

12

8
z

Hnh 2.10 Phn t khi ch nht 20 nt

Bng 2.1 Bng ta nt phn t khi ch nht 20 nt.
Nt

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

xp

-1 1

-1

-1

-1 1

-1

-1

-1

-1

yp

-1 -1 1

-1

-1

-1 1

-1

-1

-1

zp

-1 -1 -1

-1 1

-1 -1

-1

-1

Mi nt c 3 thng s (n) cn xc nh l chuyn v u theo chiu x, v theo

chiu y, w theo chiu z. Nh vy trong phn t c 3 x 20 = 60 thng s chuyn v (
60 n) cn xc nh. Bit c chuyn v cc nt th chuyn v ti im bt k nm
trong phn t c xc nh theo cc hm ni suy [39],[60]
Cc hm ni suy:
- i vi cc nt i =18
Ni =

(1+x.xpi)(1+y.ypi)(1+z.zpi)( x.xpi+ y.ypi+ z.zpi -2)

8

(2.60a)

- i vi cc nt i =912
(1-x2)(1+y.ypi)(1+z.zpi)
Ni =
4
- i vi cc nt i =1316

(2. 60b)

59

(1-y2)(1+x.xpi)(1+z.zpi)
Ni =
4

(2. 60c)

- i vi cc nt i =1720
(1-z2)(1+x.xpi)(1+y.ypi)
Ni =
4

(2. 60d)

Gi c l vecto ct cha 60 n phn t sp xp theo ta :

c = [ u1 u2 ... u20 v1 v2... v20 w1 w2... w20]
Gi fu l vecto dng cha 20 hm ni suy xc nh chuyn v ue ti mi
im trong phn t; fv l vecto dng cha 20 hm ni suy xc nh chuyn v ve;
fw l vecto dng cha 20 hm ni suy xc nh chuyn v we.
fu = [ f1 f2... f20 , (40 s 0)]
fv = [ (20 s 0), f1 f2 ...f20, (20 s 0)]

(2.61)

fw = [(40 s 0), f1 f2... f20 ]

th chuyn v ti mi im trong phn t c vit di dng:
ue = fu c; ve = fv c; we = fw c

(2.62)

Bit c chuyn v xc nh cc bin dng:

x =

fu
fv
fw
c; y =
c; z =

x
y
z c

xy =(

fu fv
fu fw
fv fw
+
)c; xz = ( +
)c; yz = ( +
)
y x
z x
z y c

(2.63)

Bit c cc bin dng, theo cc lin h c bn (2.1), s xc nh c

trng thi ng sut ti mi im trong phn t.
- Ma trn cng phn t (dng tnh tch phn ZV)
Xem phn t nh l cng trnh, vit phim hm lng cng bc trong
trng hp dng h so snh nh sau:
1

Z=

[(x-x0) x + (y-y0) y + (z-z0) z + (xy-xy0) xy + (xz-xz0) xz + (yz-

1 1 1

yz0) yz]dxdydz min

(2.64)

60

Bi v dng cc hm bin dng bit, nn bi ton (2.64) khng cn l bi

ton bin phn m tr thnh bi ton ti u thng s tm cc n i (60 n) sao cho Z
t cc tiu. V vy iu kin cc tr ca (2.64) c vit di dng sau:
1

Z=

1 1 1

+ (yz-yz0)

x
y
z
xy
xz
(x-x0) + (y-y0)
+ (z-z0)
+ (xy-xy0)
+ (xz-xz0)
i
i
i
i
i

yz
]dxdydz = 0
i

(2.65)

(i=1,2,...,60)
Thc hin tch phn trn ng vi mi i, nhn c mt phng trnh cn
bng, c v tri l dng cha 60 ct v v phi l mt s. Cho i thay i t 160 s
nhn c phng trnh ma trn sau: ae c = be
trong :

(2.66)

ae l ma trn cng phn t c kch thc a(60x60)

be l vc t ct c kch thc b(60,1).

Trong tnh ton c th, ma trn cng phn t c tnh bng cch tch
phn trc tip cc phng trnh (2.65)
Khi t V bao gm nhiu phn t khc nhau. Ta dng ma trn cng phn
t xy dng ma trn tng th ca khi t V (tnh thnh phn ZV) vi ch rng
cc n chuyn v nt ca mt phn t ny c th nm trong cc phn t lin k.
Trong trng hp dng h so snh l khng gian v hn n hi (li gii
Kelvin) do c ng sut 0z tc dng ln mt thong AB ca khi t V nn phi xt
thm biu thc (2.55) v iu kin z = 0 trn mt thong AB.

61

* Chng trnh tnh

- Nhp d liu u vo c trng cho kch thc hnh hc, tnh cht vt
liu khi t v ti trng tc dng cng nh v tr ca n: ptz, ptx, pty, dx,
dy,dz, Ed1, Ed2, , P, c...
- Cc cng thc tnh theo li gii ca Mindlin

Chia khi t thnh cc phn t khi ch nht 20 nt. Xc nh s n

chuyn v nt u, v, w.

Dng li gii Mindlin tnh cc chuyn v nt u0, v0, w0, t xc nh

trng thi ng sut ij0 ca mi phn t.

Xy dng ma trn cng phn t tnh tch phn ZV ca bi ton cho

ton b th tch khi t V.

Kt qu tnh ton cho h phng trnh bc nht di dng ma trn:

AX=B.

Vc t chuyn v nt X c xc nh theo hm: X=A\B

( hm gii h phng trnh bc nht).

In kt qu

Hnh 2.11 Chng trnh tnh khi t

2.5 Kim tra kt qu v cc nhn xt
Nh trnh by trn, cc n ca bi ton l cc chuyn v u, v, w ti cc nt ca
phn t. Bit c cc chuyn v th tnh c cc bin dng ij v cc ng sut ij
ti cc im ca khi t V. Tng t da vo cc cng thc ca Mindlin hay
Kelvin tnh c cc chuyn v u0, v0, w0 ti cc nt v t tnh c cc bin
dng 0ij v cc ng sut 0ij ti cc nt ca h so snh.
2.5.1 Bi ton dng h so snh l na khng gian v hn n hi
Xt bi ton tng tc gia khi t V c m un n hi E1 v h s Poisson
1 vi na khng gian v hn n hi c m un n hi E0 v h s Poisson 0

62

(hnh 2.12). Da trn phn mm Matlab, tc gi xy dng chng trnh tnh

Mstatic1 kho st mt s trng hp sau:
Min m rng xt iu
kin bin.

Khi t cn
tnh
c

E1,

E0,

Hnh 2.12 M hnh bi ton tnh khi t

* Trng hp 1: Cho E1 = E0, 1 = 0 (m un n hi, h s Poisson ca h
so snh bng m un n hi, h s Poisson ca h cn tnh)
Trn hnh 2.13 trnh by biu chuyn v ngang u(z) ca im nm gn tm
khi t khi lc nm ngang P tc dng b mt (hnh 2.13a) v ti chn (hnh
2.13b) khi t.
Cc ng nt lin c du
l kt qu tnh chuyn v ngang (k hiu l
U0_M1) theo PPNLCT Gauss. Cc ng nt lin trn l kt qu tnh chuyn v
ngang (k hiu l U_M1) theo cng thc ca Mindlin.
Nhn thy cc kt qu tnh theo PPNLCT Gauss hon ton trng khp vi kt
qu li gii gii tch ca Mindlin (xem Ph lc 1)
Khi thay i th tch khi V, k c trng hp khi V ch c 1 phn t, vn c
c kt qu chnh xc. Kt qu ny c th ni l hin nhin bi v ang xt trng
hp E1 = E0, 1 = 0 ngha l khi t V vi mi trng cn li hp thnh na
khng gian n hi y . iu kin v hn cng c tha mn. Nh vy
phng php dng h so snh trnh by trn t ng tha mn cc iu kin bin
trn khi t v iu kin v cng.

63

0.18

0.08

0.16

U0_M1

U_M1

U_M1

Chuyen vi ngang (cm)

0.06

0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02

0.04

0.01

0.02

0
0

Chieu sau khoi dat (m)

Chieu sau khoi dat (m)

(a)

(b)

Hnh 2.13 Biu chuyn v ngang khi t khi lc ngang P tc dng ti b mt

(a) v chn (b) khi t, trng hp E1 = E0, 1 = 0.
* Trng hp 2: Cho 1 = 0; E1 E0 (gi nguyn E1 nh trng hp 1, thay
i E0 ca h so snh)
Trn hnh 2.14 trnh by cc chuyn v ngang u(z) ca im nm gn tm khi
t khi lc nm ngang P tc dng ti b mt khi t (hnh 2.14a) v ti chn khi
t (hnh 2.14b).
Trong : U0_M1 l k hiu chuyn v ngang khi t trong trng hp 1 theo
li gii ca PPNLCT Gauss. U0_M2 l k hiu chuyn v ngang trong trng hp 2
theo li gii ca PPNLCT Gauss. y thy s trng khp hon ton gia hai kt
qu tnh theo li gii ca PPNLCT Gauss trong trng hp 1 v trng hp 2
(U0_M1 U0_M2). ( xem Ph lc 2)
0.08

0.18
0.16

0.07

U0_M1
U0_M2

U0_M1
U0_M2

0.06
Chuyen vi ngang (cm)

0.14
Chuyen vi ngang (cm)

Chuyen vi ngang (cm)

0.07

U0_M1

0.14

0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02

0.04

0.01

0.02

0
0

3
Chieu sau khoi dat (m)

(a)

Chieu sau khoi dat (m)

(b)

Hnh 2.14 Biu chuyn v ngang khi t khi lc ngang P tc dng ti b mt

(a) v chn (b) khi t, trng hp 1 = 0; E1 E0

64

Khi th tch V thay i ta vn nhn c kt qu chnh xc nh trn.

Nh vy, qua 2 trng hp kho st trn thy rng, d h so snh c m un n
hi ging hoc khc m un n hi ca h cn tnh th kt qu chuyn v ca h
cn tnh l khng i.
* Trng hp 3: Cho 1 = 0; E1 E0 (gi nguyn E0 ca h so snh nh
trng hp 1, tng E1 ca h cn tnh ln gp hai ln so vi trng hp 1)
Trn hnh 2.15 trnh by cc chuyn v ngang u(z) ca im nm gn tm khi
t khi lc nm ngang P tc dng ti b mt khi t (hnh 2.15a) v ti chn khi
t (hnh 2.15b).
Trong : U0_M1 l k hiu chuyn v ngang tnh trong trng hp 1 theo li
gii ca PPNLCT Gauss. U0_M3 l k hiu chuyn v ngang tnh trong trng hp
3 theo li gii ca PPNLCT Gauss.
0.18

0.08
0.07

0.14

U0_M1

0.12

U0_M3

0.06
Chuyen vi ngang (cm)

Chuyen vi ngang (cm)

0.16

0.1
0.08
0.06

U0_M3

0.04
0.03

0.04

0.02

0.02

0.01

U0_M1

0.05

0
0

Chieu sau khoi dat (m)

Chieu sau khoi dat (m)

(a)

(b)

Hnh 2.15 Biu chuyn v ngang khi t khi lc ngang P tc dng ti b mt

(a) v chn (b) khi t, trng hp 1 = 0; E1 E0
Ta thy kt qu chuyn v ca khi t tnh theo PPNLCT Gauss trong trng
hp 3 (U0_M3) nh hn hai ln chuyn v ca khi t tnh theo PPNLCT Gauss
trong trng hp 1 (U0_M1) ( xem Ph lc 3).
Kt qu nghin cu trong trng hp 2 v 3 cng c th xem l hin nhin bi
v theo cc cng thc Mindlin trng thi chuyn v (u, v, w) t l nghch vi m un
n hi E (cng thc (2.41), (2.45)); cn trng thi ng sut ij khng ph thuc
vo E, ch ph thuc vo h s Poisson ( cng thc (2.44), (2.46)).

65

T cc trnh by trn thy rng phng php dng h so snh ca PPNLCT

Gauss m tc gi dng xy dng bi ton cho php t ng tha mn cc iu
kin trn bin ca khi V v iu kin v cng.
* Trng hp 4: Cho E1 E0, 1 0 (h cn tnh v h so snh khc nhau
v m un n hi v h s Poisson)
ba trng hp trn, h s Poisson ca khi V v ca mi trng bng nhau
( 1 = 0) v cho th tch khi V thay i nghin cu. By gi ta xt trng hp
1 0 , th tch khi V khng i nhng thay i th tch V* ca khi m rng
(hnh 2.16).
Min m rng

Khi V

P
V, E1, 1
V*, E0,

Hnh 2.16 Tng tc gia khi b tng v nn t

Tc gi vit chng trnh Mstatic2 trong mi trng Matlab cho trng
hp ny. Di y trnh by kt qu tnh cho trng hp khi V l b tng c E 1 =
20.000 MPa; 1 = 0,15 nm trong nn t c E0 = 10 MPa ; 0 = 0,3. Khi V c din
tch mt bng 4x3 phn t; chiu cao bng 2 phn t. Th tch khi m rng V* lun
ln hn th tch khi V ti thiu l mt phn t theo c ba chiu x, y, z c th xt
c cc ng sut ij tc dng ln cc mt bin ca khi V. Kt qu ta c gi tr
chuyn v ngang (bng 2.2) v biu chuyn v ngang trn trc thng ng i qua
im gn tm ca khi b tng V khi chu lc nm ngang P= 10kN tc dng b
mt (hnh 2.17). Trong : U0_M4 l k hiu chuyn v ngang tnh trong trng
hp 4 theo li gii ca PPNLCT Gauss.
Bng 2.2 Gi tr chuyn v ngang ca khi b tng
z(m)
U0_M4 (cm)

0
0.162

0.3
0.061

0.6
0.037

0.9
0.026

1.2
0.019

66

0.18
0.16
U0_M4
Chuyen vi ngang (cm)

0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

Chieu sau khoi be tong (m)

Hnh 2.17 Biu chuyn v ngang khi b tng.

Do khi b tng c h s Poisson 1 khc vi nn t c h s Poisson 0 cho
nn khng th dng li gii Mindlin so snh vi kt qu tnh nh xt trong
cc trng hp trn.
By gi thay i th tch khi m rng V* bng cch m rng s phn t theo
chiu su hoc theo chiu ngang hoc c hai. Kt qu nhn c ging nhau hon
ton. iu ny cho php tc gi i n kt lun rng s d phng php dng h so
snh cho kt qu ng l v nh n bo m ng iu kin trn mt bin ca khi
V cng nh iu kin v cng.
T v d trn cho thy c th dng phng php h so snh nghin cu cc
bi ton tng tc gia mng nng hoc cc cng trnh ngm vi nn t.
2.5.2 Bi ton h so snh l khng gian v hn n hi
S dng phn mm Matlab, tc gi xy dng chng trnh Kstatic1 tnh
khi t trong trng hp h so snh l khng gian v hn n hi (li gii Kelvin).
Trong mc ny tc gi tnh khi t c E1 = E0 = 10MPa, 1 = 0 =0,3 khi cho
lc nm ngang P ln lt tc dng ti 3 v tr: c = 0 (mt thong khi t); c = 3m; c
= 5,4m (y khi t) bng hai chng trnh tnh Mstatic1 v Kstatic1.
Trn hnh 2.18 trnh by biu chuyn v ngang u(z) ca im nm gn tm
khi t khi lc nm ngang P tc dng ti 3 v tr: c = 0 (hnh 2.18a); c = 3m (hnh
2.18b); c = 5,4m (hnh 2.18c)

67

0.18
0.16

U0_M
U0_K

(a)

Chuyen vi ngang (cm)

0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0

Chieu sau khoi dat (m)

0.09
0.08

U0_M
U0_K

(b)

Chuyen vi ngang (cm)

0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0

Chieu sau khoi dat (m)

0.08
0.07

U0_M
U0_K

(c)

Chuyen vi ngang (cm)

0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0

Chieu sau khoi dat (m)

Hnh 2.18 Biu chuyn v ngang khi t tnh theo 2 chng trnh Mstatic1 v
Kstatic1 khi ti trng ngang P tc dng ti v tr c=0 (a); c=3m (b);
c=5.4m (c)

68

T cc kt qu trn nhn thy rng, chuyn v ca khi t khi tnh theo chng
trnh Kstatic1 (k hiu l U0_K), xp x bng kt qu chuyn v ca khi t khi
tnh theo chng trnh Mstatic1 (k hiu l U0_M) vi sai s ln nht khong 6%
v lc t cng su so vi mt thong th sai s gia hai kt qu cng nh i v gn
nh trng kht ln nhau (xem Phc lc 4). S d c sai lch nh vy l do nh
hng ca iu kin mt thong. Lc t cng su di t th s nh hng ca
iu kin mt thong cng gim. Nh vy thng qua li gii s bng phng php
phn t hu hn, c th a li gii khng gian v hn n hi ( li gii Kelvin) v
li gii na khng gian v hn n hi (li gii Mindlin).
2.5.3 Bi ton tnh khi t c xt n trng lng bn thn
Li gii Mindlin, Kelvin cng nh Boussinesq khng xt trng lng bn thn
ca khi t, l do l v trng thi ng sut ca nn t t nhin do trng lng bn
thn gy ra l khng xc nh. Tuy nhin vi kt qu ca [10], trng thi ng sut
ca nn t t nhin c th xc nh c. Trong trng hp bi ton phng, nn
t nm ngang th s phn b ng sut trong t s l:
x(x,z) = z(x,z) = .z

(2.63)

xz = 0
M rng bi ton 3 chiu:
x(x,y,z) = y(x,y,z) = z(x,y,z) = .z
xy = 0; xz = 0; yz = 0

(2.64)

Trng thi ng sut trn tha mn ba phng trnh cn bng, cc iu kin

bin trn mt thong v khng thay i theo mt phng nm ngang, ch thay i
theo chiu su.
Bit c trng thi ng sut do trng lng bn thn trn, d dng xy dng
c bi ton tnh khi t khi xt trng lng bn thn theo phng php dng h
so snh nh tc gi nghin cu trn. Tc gi dng h so snh l bn khng gian
v hn n hi (li gii Mindlin) v phim hm lng cng bc ca bi ton c
vit nh sau:

69

*
*
*
0

ZV=
V*(x-x -x ) xdV +V*(y-y -y ) ydV +V*(z-z -z ) zdV

V*

(xy-xy0) xy dV* +

(xz-xz0) xz dV* +
(yz-yz0) yz dV* min (2.65)

V*
V*

hay:
0
*
0
*
0
*

ZV=
V*(x-x -.z) xdV +V*(y-y -.z) ydV +V*(z-z -.z) zdV

V*

(xy-xy0) xy dV* +

(xz-xz0) xz dV* +
(yz-yz0) yz dV* min

V*
V*

(2.66)

S dng phn mm Matlab, tc gi xy dng chng trnh c tn Mstatic3

tnh khi t trong trng hp c xt trng lng bn thn v h so snh l na
khng gian v hn n hi (li gii Mindlin).
Trong mc ny tc gi tnh khi t c E1 = E0 = 10MPa, 1 = 0 = 0.3, = 20
kN/m3 khi cho lc nm ngang P tc dng ti mt thong khi t (c = 0).
Trn hnh 2.19 trnh by biu chuyn v ngang u(z) (hnh 2.19a) v chuyn
v ng w(z) (hnh 2.19b) ca im nm gn tm khi t khi lc nm ngang P tc
dng ti mt thong khi t trong hai trng hp xt trng lng bn thn t (k
hiu l U0G_M) v khng xt trng lng bn thn t (k hiu l U0_M).
0.18

0.14

0.16

U0G_M

W0_M
W0G_M

0.1
Chuyen vi dung (cm)

Chuyen vi ngang (cm)

0.12

U0_M

0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04

0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0

0.02

-0.02

0
0

3
Chieu sau khoi dat (m)

(a)

-0.04
0

Chieu sau khoi dat (m)

(b)

Hnh 2.19 Biu chuyn v ngang (a) v chuyn v ng (b), lc t ti mt

thong khi t khi xt v khng xt trng lng bn thn.
Da vo biu trn nhn thy kt qu chuyn v ngang ca khi t l khng
i, kt qu chuyn v ng l thay i khi xt hoc khng xt trng lng bn thn
( xem Ph lc 5). iu ny hon ton ph hp vi quy lut v iu kin chu lc
thc t ca khi t.

70

2.6 Kt lun chng 2

- Bng phng php dng h so snh ca PPNLCT Gauss tc gi xy dng
ng n cc phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng ca mi trng n hi l cc
phng trnh Navier v cc phng trnh chuyn ng di dng phng trnh
truyn sng.
- Bng phng php dng h so snh tc gi xy dng c bi ton xc nh
trng thi ng sut bin dng nn t khi chu ti trng tnh nm ngang thng qua
tnh ton tng tc gia khi t vi na khng gian n hi cn li.Vi phng
php ny, cc iu kin chuyn v v ng sut trn cc mt bin ca khi t c
t ng tha mn chnh xc, khng cn phi a thm cc lin kt ph (v d cc
lin kt l xo) nh cc phng php thng dng hin nay v iu kin v cng
cng t ng c tha mn.
- Tc gi xy dng c chng trnh tnh bng phng php phn t hu
hn trn mi trng Matlab tnh khi t. y dng phn t khi ch nht 3
chiu, 20 nt. Kim tra li gii s cho thy s ph hp tt gia kt qu tnh vi li
gii gii tch.
- Thng qua li gii s bng phng php phn t hu hn, tc gi c th a
li gii khng gian v hn n hi (li gii Kelvin) v li gii na khng gian v
hn n hi (li gii Mindlin), ngha l nhn c li gii ca bn khng gian v
hn n hi t li gii ca khng gian v hn n hi.
- Trong trng hp nn t bng phng, nu bit c trng thi ng sut ca
khi t t trong na khng gian v hn n hi do tc dng ca trng lng bn
thn th cng bng phng php dng h so snh, tc gi xy dng c bi ton
tnh khi t chu tc dng ca lc ngoi v tc dng ca ti trng bn thn, ph
hp vi iu kin chu lc thc t ca khi t.
- Kt qu nghin cu tng tc gia khi t vi mi trng cn li l tin
cho vic nghin cu tng tc gia cc vi nn t khi chu ti trng nm ngang
trong ni dung tip theo ca lun n.

71

Chng 3
NGHIN CU BI TON TNG TC GIA CC VI NN T KHI
CHU TI TRNG TNH NM NGANG
Trong chng ny tc gi trnh by phng php xy dng bi ton tng
tc tnh hc gia cc v nn t khi chu ti trng tnh nm ngang. Cc c xem
nh dm chu un c xt bin dng trt ngang theo l thuyt dm Timoshenko,
nn t l na khng gian v hn n hi. Xy dng bi ton da trn phng php
dng h so snh ca PPNLCT Gauss trnh by chng 2 vi h so snh l bn
khng gian v hn n hi (li gii Mindlin) v khng gian v hn n hi (li gii
Kelvin).
Tc gi ln lt trnh by cc vn sau: l thuyt dm Timoshenko; xy
dng bi ton dm chu un c xt bin dng trt ngang theo PPNLCT Gauss; s
dng phng php phn t hu hn gii bi ton dm c xt n bin dng trt
ngang; xy dng bi ton tng tc tnh hc gia cc n vi nn t khi chu ti
trng tnh nm ngang; da trn cc kt qu bng s kho st mt s trng hp
nghin cu cc n chu ti trng tnh nm ngang.
3.1 L thuyt dm Timoshenko
L thuyt dm Timoshenko l l thuyt dm chu un c xt n bin dng
trt ngang c cp v s dng kh ph bin hin nay [29],[39],[55],[57]. Theo
l thuyt ny, gc dc ca ng vng uc(z) ca dm (cc) va do m men un
M, va do lc ct Q gy ra:

duc
= c + c = c +
.Q
dz
GcF

(3.1)

trong :
c l gc dc ca ng vng do m men M gy ra
c l gc trt ngang do lc ct Q gy ra c =

.Q
GcF

(3.2)

l h s xt n s phn b khng u ca ng sut ct theo chiu cao tit

din cc:

72

= 1,2 i vi tit din ch nht

= 1,1 i vi tit din trn
GcF- cng chng trt ca tit din cc vi Gc =

Ec
; F = b.h
2

(3.3)

Ec, Gc l m un n hi, m un trt ca vt liu cc

h, b l chiu cao v chiu rng tit din cc.
T (3.1) thy rng l thuyt dm Timoshenko vn dng cc gi thit ca l
thuyt dm thng thng (l thuyt dm Euler- Bernoulli). Tuy nhin do xt bin
dng trt ngang c cho nn tit din dm trc khi bin dng thng gc vi trc
dm th sau khi bin dng khng cn thng gc vi trc dm na. l s khc bit
gia l thuyt dm Timoshenko vi l thuyt dm thng thng.
Phng trnh (3.1) cha ba hm n l uc(z); c(z); Q(z). Cho nn c th chn
2 trong 3 hm n ny l hm n c lp. L thuyt dm xt n bin dng trt
ngang hin nay dng hai hm n l uc(z); c(z) l hm n c lp [29], thng dn
n hin tng kha ct (Shear locking) l hin tng khi t l chiu cao h/l ca
dm nh th li gii trn khng dn v l thuyt dm thng thng (l thuyt dm
Euler- Bernoulli).
Cc tc gi Vit Nam nh on Vn Dun [7], V Thanh Thy [23] chn
hai hm n uc(z); Q(z) lm hai hm n c lp gii cc bi ton tnh hc, dao
ng v n nh ca dm v khung. Tc gi Nguyn Thy Anh [1] dng cc hm n
l hm vng tm, hm lc ct Qx, Qy l ba hm n c lp khi nghin cu tnh
tm ch nht chu un c xt bin dng trt ngang i vi tm ch nht c cc lin
kt khc nhau chu vi tm.
Cc nghin cu nu trn cho thy tnh ng n v hiu qu ca vic dng
cc hm n vng v lc ct khi tnh dm v tm chu un c xt bin dng trt
ngang (khng cn hin tng Shear locking), ng thi cho ta l thuyt mi tnh
dm cao v tm dy.
V l do nu trn, khi tnh cc chu lc nm ngang tc gi cng ng dng l
thuyt dm Timoshenko vi hai hm n l vng uc(z) v lc ct trong cc Q(z).

73

T phng trnh (3.1) xc nh gc xoay ca ng vng cc:

c =

duc
Q
dz GcF

(3.4)

d c
d2uc
dQ
=- 2 +
.
cong ca ng vng c = GcF dz
dz
dz

(3.5)

cong c c gi l bin dng un. Tht vy ni lc m men un M trong

cc (dm) xc nh nh sau:
d2uc
dQ
M= EcJ. c = EcJ [- 2 +
.
]
dz
GcF dz

(3.6)

Phng trnh (3.6) l phng trnh xc nh m men un trong cc khi xt

bin dng trt ngang. Trng hp khng xt bin dng trt ngang, cho Gc
phng trnh (3.6) tr thnh phng trnh xc nh m men un theo l thuyt dm
thng thng.
Trong (3.6), EcJ l cng un ca cc. Ta c cc lin h sau:
EcJ =

bh3
Ec
Ecbh 6Ec2J
; Gc =
cho nn Gc F =
= 2
12
2
2
h

(3.7)

Thay GcF xc nh theo (3.7) vo phng trnh (3.6) ta c:

d 2u c
h2 dQ
M = EcJ [- 2 +
]
dz
6Ec2J dz

(3.8)

T (3.8) thy rng chiu cao h ca cc cng nh th nh hng ca bin dng

trt ngang i vi ni lc m men M cng nh v khi khng xt bin dng trt
ngang cho h = 0 ta li nhn c phng trnh ca l thuyt dm thng thng.
3.2 Xy dng bi ton dm chu un c xt bin dng trt ngang theo
PPNLCT Gauss
3.2.1 Phng php th nht
Xt cc c chiu di l, chu lc phn b u q, c gi ta hai u cc (hnh
3.1)

q
x

o
l

Hnh 3.1 Cc chu lc phn b u q

74

Xt phn t dx ca dm, di tc dng ca lc ngoi, phn t dx c chuyn

v u, bin dng un c ( cong) v bin dng trt ngang c. Nu nh phn t hon
ton t do, ngha l khng c cc lin kt vi cc phn t cnh n th phn t t do
ch c chuyn v u0 vi u0 v khng c lc cn (hnh 3.2), cong v gc xoay
ca phn t t do bng khng.
q

c, c

q
k

uc
dx

c = 0, c0
u0

dx

(a)

(b)

Hnh 3.2 Phn t dm (a) v phn t dm t do (b)

Ta t thm cc lin kt l xo vo phn t trn, cng l xo k phi bng
khng nn c xc nh nh sau:
k = lim

u 0

q
u0

(3.9)

PPNLCT Gauss so snh chuyn ng ca h cn tnh vi chuyn ng h

khi hon ton t do vi lng cng bc Z c vit nh sau:
Z=

EcJ c2

dz +

GcFc2 dz

- k(uc-u0)2 dz min

(3.10)

Ta xt tch phn th 3 ca hm Z:
l

k(u-u0)
0

dz =

l
q
uc2
2
(u -u ) dz = lim q( -2uc+u02) dz
u 0
u0 c 0
u0
0

lim

u 0

(3.11a)

V tch phn ny nm trong bi ton tm min nn ta c:

l

2
k(u-u0) dz = -2qucdz

(3.11b)

Do lng cng bc Z by gi c vit li nh sau:

l

Z = EcJ c2 dz + GcFc2 dz - 2qucdz min

(3.12)

75

Thay c xc nh theo (3.2) v c xc nh theo (3.5) vo biu thc (3.12) ta

c:
l

Z = EcJ(0

l
l
d2u c
dQ 2

.
) dz + GcF(
.Q) 2 dz - 2qucdz min (3.13)
2 +
GcF dz
GcF
dz
0
0

Phim hm (3.13) c hai hm cha bit l hm uc v Q cho nn theo php

tnh bin phn ta nhn c hai phng trnh cn bng (hai phng trnh EulerLagrange ca php tnh bin phn) nh sau:
EcJ(

d 4u c d 3Q
.
)=q
dz4 GcF dz3

(3.14)

EcJ(

d 3u c d 2Q
.
)- Q = 0
dz3 GcF dz2

(3.15)

Ch ti phng trnh (3.6), phng trnh (3.14), (3.15) c dng sau:

-

d2M
=q
dz2

(3.16)

dM
=Q
dz

(3.17)

Khi khng xt bin dng trt ngang (G) hai phng trnh (3.14), (3.15)
tr thnh hai phng trnh ca l thuyt dm thng thng.
d 4u c
EcJ 4 = q
dz

(3.18)

d 3u c
Ec J 3 = Q
dz

(3.19)

Hai phng trnh (3.16), (3.17) cng l hai phng trnh cn bng nhn c
t iu kin cn bng phn t.
Nh vy PPNLCT Gauss a bi ton dm Timoshenko (dm c xt bin
dng trt ngang) v bi ton tm cc tr ca phim hm Z xc nh theo biu thc
(3.13).
3.2.2 Phng php th hai
Lng cng bc ( chuyn ng) ca cc cng c th c vit nh sau:
l

Zc = Mcdz + Qcdz - qucdz min

(3.20)

76

Nh trnh by trn cc i lng bin phn l c v c cho nn iu kin

cc tr ca (3.20) l:
l

Zc = M cdz + Qcdz - qucdz = 0

(3.21)

Thay c v c xc nh theo cng thc (3.2) v (3.5) vo (3.21) ta c:

l
l
d2uc
dQ

+
.
]dz + Q(
.Q) dz - qucdz = 0
Zc = M [dz2 GcF dz
GcF
0
0
0
l

(3.22)

l du bin phn. Ch y c hai hm n uc v Q, cho nn t (3.22) c

hai phng trnh sau:
l

M (0

l
d2uc
2 )dz - qucdz = 0
dz
0

l
dQ

0 M ( GcF . dz )dz + 0 Q( GcF .Q) dz = 0

l

(3.23)
(3.24)

Bng php tnh bin phn li nhn c hai phng trnh cn bng (3.23),
(3.24). Tuy nhin c th nhn c cc iu kin bin, thc hin php tnh tch
phn tng phn i vi hai phng trnh ny.
Thc hin tch phn tng phn (2 ln) i vi thnh phn u ca (3.23) ri
gp li th phng trnh (3.23) c dng sau:
duc
-M (
)
dz

l
0

dM
+
uc
dz

l
0

d2M
+ (- 2 q) ucdz = 0
dz
0
l

(3.25)

Thc hin tch phn tng phn (1 ln) i vi thnh phn u ca (3.24) ri
gp li, nhn c:
M(

.Q)
GcF

l
0

l
dM

+ (+Q) (
.Q)dz = 0
dz
GcF
0

(3.26)

Bi v bin phn uc l nh bt k nn t (3.25) ta c:

d 2M
-q=0
dz2

(3.27a)

d4uc d3Q
hay EcJ( 4 )=q
dz GcF dz3

(3.27b)

77

Bi v bin phn c = (

.Q) l nh v ly bt k nn t (3.26) ta c:
GcF

dM
+Q=0
dz

(3.28a)

d3uc d2Q
]
hay Q = EcJ[ 3 dz GcF dz2

(3.28b)

Phng trnh (3.27) l phng trnh cn bng ni lc m men vi lc tc

dng, phng trnh (3.28) l phng trnh lin h m men, lc ct.
Trng hp khng xt n bin dng trt ngang, cho G , hai phng
trnh (3.27), (3.28) l hai phng trnh ca l thuyt dm thng thng.
- Cc iu kin bin ca dm:
Cc thnh phn khng nm trong du tch phn ca (3.21), (3.22) cho ta iu
kin bin ti hai u z=0 v z=l ca cc.
Kt hp thnh phn u ca (3.25), (3.26) ta c:
z=l

duc
M(+
.Q) z=0 = 0
dz GcF

(3.29)

z=l

Hay M(c) z=0 = 0

Nu u dm t do hoc c lin kt khp th (c)0, t iu kin (3.29) suy ra:
M = EcJ(-

d2u c
dQ
)=0
2 +
dz GcF dz

(3.30)

Nu u dm c lin kt ngm th t (3.29) c:

-

duc

+
.Q = 0
dz GcF

(3.31)

iu kin (3.31) l iu kin gc xoay c do m men un gy ra ti ngm

phi bng khng. Khi khng xt bin dng trt ngang Gc , th iu kin (3.31)
l iu kin ti ngm ca l thuyt dm thng thng.
Thnh phn th hai ca (3.25) vit li nh sau:
dM
u
dz c

l
0

= 0 hay Quc

l
0

=0

Nu u dm c gi ta, uc= 0 th Q 0.

(3.32)

78

Nu u ngm t do, uc 0 th :
Q

z=l
z=0

=0

(3.33)

d 3u c d 2Q
hay EcJ(- 3 +
)=0
dz GcF dz2
- iu kin lin tc ca ng vng:
ng vng ca dm phi lin tc v chuyn v v gc bin dng c ti
cc im ca n. Trn hnh 3.3 minh ha iu kin lin tc ca ng vng dm
cho hai trng hp xt v khng xt bin dng trt ngang.
z

uc(-) = uc(+)
(

du (-) du (+)
) =( )
dz
dz

(a)

uc(-) = uc(+)
(

du
du
Q)(-) = ( Q)(+)
dz GcF
dz GcF

(b)

Hnh 3.3 Minh ha ng vng ca dm khng xt bin dng trt ngang (a),
xt bin dng trt ngang (b)
3.3 Phng php phn t hu hn i vi dm c xt n bin dng trt
ngang
Khi tnh khi t V cha cc, ta s dng phn t khi ch nht 20 nt, mi
nt c 3 chuyn v u, v, w v xy dng ma trn cng phn t ging nh trnh
by trong chng 2.
trn trnh by l thuyt dm c xt bin dng trt ngang ca
Timoshenko. Dng l thuyt ny trong cc bi ton tng tc gia cc vi nn t
vi vic gii theo phng php phn t hu hn. V vy y trnh by cc phn t
ca dm s c dng sau ny.
Do c hai hm n, hm chuyn v v hm lc ct ca dm cho nn c hai loi
phn t: phn t chuyn v v phn t lc ct.

79

- Phn t chuyn v: Phn t chuyn v dm thng dng l phn t on

thng hai nt, mi nt c hai thng s (hai n) l chuyn v v gc xoay ti nt
(hnh 3.4). Nh vy phn t chuyn v c 4 n. Do vy a thc xp x chuyn v l
a thc bc ba. Gi uc1 v uc2 l chuyn v ti nt 1 v 2; c1 =

duc1
duc2
, c2 =
l
dz
dz

gc dc ca ng vng ti nt 1 v 2 th chuyn v ti im bt k trong phn

t xc nh trong h ta nh cng thc sau:
uce = N1uc1+N2uc2+N3 c1 +N4 c2

(3.34)

Cc hm ni suy N1, N2 i vi chuyn v nt nh sau:

N1 =

1
(z-1)2(2+z)
4

N2=

1
(z+1)2(2-z)
4

(3.35)

Cc hm ni suy N3, N4 i vi gc xoay:

N3=

1
(z-1)2(z+1)
4

N4 =

1
(z+1)2(z-1)
4

(3.36)

Trong : z l ta ca im cn tnh bt k i vi gc ta O ti tm
phn t chuyn v.
-1

Nt 1 (uc1, c1)

z
+1

Nt 2 (uc2, c2)

Hnh 3.4 Phn t chuyn v ca dm

- Phn t lc ct:
Lc ct Q gy ra bin dng trt ngang c =

Q lm thay i gc xoay
GcF

ca ng chuyn v. V vy c th dng a thc bc 2 ( nh thua mt bc so vi a

80

thc chuyn v) xp x lc ct Q. a thc bc 2 c ba thng s cho nn phn t

lc ct c 3 nt, mi nt c mt n lc ct (hnh 3.5).
-1

Nt 1 (q1)

Nt 2 (q2)

+1

Nt 3 (q3)

Hnh 3.5 Phn t lc ct ca dm

Gi q1, q1, q3 l lc ct ti cc nt 1, 2, 3. Lc ct ti im bt k trong phn
t c xc nh theo a thc xp x nh sau:
qe = N5q1+N6q2+N7q3
N5 =

(3.37)

1
1
z(z-1); N6 = 1-z2; N7 = z(z+1)
2
2

Trong :
z l ta ca im cn tnh bt k i vi gc ta O trng vi nt 2 ca
phn t lc ct
Nh vy phn t dm chu un c xt bin dng trt ngang c 7 n (7 thng
s) cn xc nh c sp xp thnh vecto ct c
c = [u1

u2

c1

c1

q1

q2

q 3]

(3.38) Di dng ma trn, chuyn v v lc ct ti mi im trong

phn t c vit li nh sau:
uce =N. c; qe = Nq.c

(3.39)

vi N, Nq l cc ma trn dng:
N = [N1

N2

N3

N4

0]

Nq = [0

N5

N6

N7]

Bit c cc chuyn v v lc ct phn t, d dng xc nh cc bin dng

phn t dm nh sau:
Bin dng trt ngang: ce = (Nq.

)
GcF c

(3.40)

81

dN

Gc xoay do m men un gy ra: ce = ( -Nq

)
dz
GcF c
Bin dng un:

ce

d2N 2 dNq
= (- 2 +

)
dz
dz GcF c

M men un Me = EcJ ce
H s =

(3.41)
(3.42)
(3.43)

2
a chiu di khng th nguyn ca phn t bng 2 v chiu
z

di tht z khi ly o hm
- Ma trn cng phn t dm:
Xem phn t nh l cng trnh th ma trn cng phn t dm c tnh
nh sau:
Zce =

e
e
e
e
M c dz + q c dz = 0

(3.44)

Cc hm ce v ce l cc hm i vi cc thng s phn t, cho nn thay cho

k hiu bin phn ta c:
e
1
ce
e c
Zc = M
dz + q
dz = 0
ci
ci
1
1
e

(3.45)

Ch rng Me l vecto dng cha 7 thnh phn, cc o hm ring

ce
v
ci

ce
l biu thc. Cho nn thc hin php tnh tch phn ng vi mi ci ta nhn
ci
c mt dng ca ma trn cng phn t dm. Mi phn t c 7 thng s n xc
nh cho nn ma trn cng phn t dm l ma trn vung c kch thc 7x7.
Da trn ma trn cng phn t th xy dng c ma trn cng tng
th ca dm vi s ch rng mt thng s nt phn t ny c th nm trn cc
phn t khc k n.
3.4 Xy dng bi ton tng tc gia cc n vi nn t khi chu ti trng
tnh nm ngang
Xy dng bi ton tng tc gia cc n c chiu di l vi nn t nm
trong na khng gian v hn n hi c cc thng s n hi E0, 0. V dng li gii

82

s nn ch xt khi t hu hn V cha cc c cc thng s n hi E 1, 1. Lc nm

ngang P t u cc (hoc v tr bt k trong nn t). L thuyt tnh dm chu
un dn v s tnh trc dm. S tnh cc nm trong na khng gian c
trnh by trn hnh 3.6a. H so snh c trnh by trn hnh 3.6b.
Min m rng
xt iu kin bin

Khi t cha cc
P

Khi t so snh
P

Trc cc
E0, 0

E1, 1

E0, 0

(a) H cn tnh

E0, 0

(b) H so snh

Hnh 3.6 S bi ton tnh cc nm trong na khng gian v hn n hi: (a) H

cn tnh; (b) H so snh
3.4.1 Trng hp dng h so snh l na khng gian v hn n hi
tnh h cn tnh gm khi t cha cc chu lc ngang tnh trn (hnh
3.6a), theo PPNLCT Gauss ta dng h so snh l na khng gian v hn n hi c
m un n hi E0, h s Poisson 0 v cng chu tc dng ca ti trng tnh nm
ngang P (hnh 3.6b). S dng li gii ca Mindlin trnh by ti chng 2 tnh
c trng thi ng sut v chuyn v ca h so snh. Lc ny, thay cho lc P tc
dng, tc gi dng cc trng thi ng sut, bin dng ca h so snh tc dng ln h
cn tm.
Ni n tng tc gia cc v nn t l ni n s lm vic ng thi ca
chng. iu kin m bo s lm vic ng thi ca cc khi chu lc ngang vi nn
t l chuyn v ngang ca cc uc phi bng chuyn v ngang ca nn t u ti v tr
tim cc.

83

Ta c: uc(z, xc, yc) = u(z, xc, yc)

(3.46)

y xc, yc l v tr trn mt bng ca cc trong h ta vung gc 3 chiu.

Bi ton tng tc gia cc chu lc ngang vi khi t V l bi ton tnh
khi t V khi chu lc P v bi ton tnh cc bo m iu kin rng buc (3.46).
Theo PPNLCT Gauss, phim hm lng cng bc Z ca bi ton gm hai
thnh phn: Z = Zd + Zc min

(3.47)

Zd l lng cng bc xt ti trng thi ng sut ca khi t ca h so snh

tc dng ln khi t cha cc ca h cn tnh.
(x-x0) xdV* +
(y-y0) ydV* + (z-z0) zdV*
Zd=
V*
V*
V*

V*

(xy-xy0) xy dV* +

V*

0
*
(xz-xz0) xz dV* +
V* (yz-yz ) yz dV

(3.48)

Zc xt lng cng bc ca cc chu un c xt bin dng trt ngang c

trong cc.
Mcdz +
Qcdz
Zc =
l

(3.49)

trong cc cng thc trn, V* l th tch khi t m rng xt iu kin

bin; V l th tch khi t cha cc cn tnh (V*> V); l l chiu di cc; cc ng
sut x0, y0, z0, xy0, xz0, yz0 l trng thi ng sut bit ca h so snh xc nh
theo li gii Mindlin; x, y, z, xy, xz, yz ; x, y, z, xy, xz , yz l cc ng sut,
bin dng ca h cn tnh.
Tch phn Zd thc hin trong na khng gian v hn, tch phn Zc thc hin trn
chiu di l ca cc. Hai i lng Zd, Zc hon ton c lp vi nhau chng no cha
a iu kin rng buc (3.46). Nh vy bi ton tnh cc nm trong mi trng
n hi dn v bi ton tm cc tr ca phim hm (3.47) vi rng buc (3.46). C
th dn bi ton cc tr c rng buc v bi ton cc tr khng rng buc bng cch
dng tha s Lagrange (z). Hm (z) l hm n cn tnh thay i theo chiu di
cc. Phim hm Lagrange m rng F by gi c vit nh sau:
F= Zd + Zc +
l (z) (uc-u)dz min

(3.50)

84

PPNLCT Gauss xem cc chuyn v thc l cc chuyn v o, do cc ng

sut trong nn t v ni lc trong cc c lp i vi cc bin dng, chuyn v
tng ng, cho nn iu kin cc tr ca phim hm (3.50) i vi lin kt hai chiu
(tng tc gia cc phn t) c vit nh sau:

V*

F= (x-x0) (

u
v
w

)dV* + (y-y0) ( )dV* + (z-z0) ( )dV*

x
y
z
V*
V*

u v
u w

(xy-xy0) ( + ) dV* + (xz-xz0) ( + ) dV*

y x
z x
V*
V*

v w
d uc
dQ

.
)dz + Q(
.Q)dz
+ (yz-yz0) ( + ) dV* + M(2 +
dz
G
F
dz
G
z y
l
l
c
cF
V*

+
l (uc-u)(z) dz + l (z)(uc-u)dz = 0

(3.51)

l du ly bin phn
Thc hin cc php tnh bin phn i vi (3.51) ta c:
+ Ti v tr trc cc, theo chiu x nhn c phng trnh vi phn cn bng
(phng trnh Euler) nh sau :
x xy xz
x0 xy0 xz0
+
+
+ (z) =
+
+
x
y
z
x
y
z

(3.52a)

2M
+ (z) = 0
z2

(3.52b)

dM
+Q=0
dz

(3.52c)

+ Cn ti cc v tr khc ca khi t, ta nhn c cc phng trnh vi phn

cn bng ging nh nghin cu ti chng 2:
y xy yz y0 xy0 yz0
+
+
=
+
+
y
x
z
y
x
z

(3.52d)

z xz yz z0 xz0 yz0
+
+
=
+
+
z
z
y
z
z
y

(3.52e)

T (3.52b) rt ra (z) =
nhn c phng trnh:

2M
thay vo (3.52a), lc ny ti v tr trc cc ta
z

85

x xy xz 2M x0 xy0 xz0
+
+
+ 2 =
+
+
x
y
z
x
y
z
z

(3.52f)

Nu nh khng c cc th trong cng thc (3.52f) s khng c thnh phn

2

M
, lc ny cng thc (3.52f) s tr thnh phng trnh vi phn cn bng thng
z2
thng nh cp trong chng 2. Nh vy nhn vo cng thc (3.52f) c th
nhn thy nh hng ca cc ti trng thi ng sut ca t. Trong khi trong
phng trnh vi phn ca Finn[38] th khng c thnh phn ca cc m ch c thnh
phn ca nn t, ngha l khng thy s nh hng ca cc ln t. Do xy
dng bi ton nh trn l ng n, xt c tng tc mt cch y v khng
cn a thm cc iu kin bin. Vn ny s c thy r trong phn kho st s
mc 3.7.
3.4.2 Trng hp dng h so snh l khng gian v hn n hi
Trng hp ny, dng h so snh l khng gian v hn n hi c m un
n hi E0, h s Poisson 0 v cng chu tc dng ca ti trng tnh nm ngang P
(hnh 2.8c) tnh cho h cc- t cn tnh trn (hnh 3.6a).
S dng li gii ca Kelvin nh trnh by trong chng 2, tnh c
trng thi ng sut v chuyn v ca h so snh. Lc ny, thay cho lc P tc dng,
tc gi dng cc trng thi ng sut, bin dng ca h so snh tc dng ln h cn
tm.
Bi ton tng tc gia cc chu lc ngang vi khi t V l bi ton tnh
khi t V khi chu lc ngang P v bi ton tnh cc bo m iu kin rng buc
(3.46). Theo PPNLCT Gauss, phim hm lng cng bc Z ca bi ton gm 2
thnh phn:

Z = Zd + Zc min

(3.53)

Trong (3.53), Zd l lng cng bc xt ti trng thi ng sut ca khi t

ca h so snh tc dng ln khi t cha cc ca h cn tnh.
Zd = ZV + ZAB

(3.54)

vi rng buc z = 0 trn mt thong

(3.55)

Trong (3.54), ZV l lng cng bc tnh khi t V

86

*
*
*
0
0
0
ZV=
V*(x-x ) xdV +
V*(y-y ) ydV +
V*(z-z ) zdV

V*

(xy-xy0) xy dV* +

(xz-xz0) xz dV* +
(yz-yz0) yz dV*

V*
V*

(3.56)

Trong (3.56), V l th tch ca khi t cn tnh, V* l th tch khi t m

rng xt iu kin bin ( V<V*); cc ng sut x0, y0, z0, xy0, xz0, yz0 l trng
thi ng sut bit ca h so snh xc nh theo li gii Kelvin; x, y, z, xy, xz,
yz ; x, y, z, xy, xz , yz l cc ng sut, bin dng ca h cn tnh.
ZAB l lng cng bc xt ti iu kin b mt AB ca khi t na di:
ZAB =

AB

(z-z0) w dAB

(3.57)

vi AB l din tch b mt AB; w l chuyn v khi t theo trc z.

Zc l lng cng bc (chuyn ng) ca cc chu un c xt bin dng
trt ngang c trong cc:
Zc =
l Mcdz +
l Qcdz

(3.58)

C th dn bi ton tm cc tr (3.53) c rng buc (3.46) v (3.55) v bi

ton cc tr khng rng buc bng cch dng tha s Lagrange nh sau:

F = Zd + Zc +
l 1 (z) (uc-u)dz + AB 2 (x,y) z d AB min

(3.59)

y 1(z), 2(x,y) l tha s Lagrange l hm n mi ca bi ton.

Nh vy, iu kin cc tr ca F s l:

V*

F= (x-x0) (

u
v
w

)dV* + (y-y0) ( )dV* + (z-z0) ( )dV*

x
y
z
V*
V*

u v
u w

(xy-xy0) ( + ) dV* + (xz-xz0) ( + ) dV*

y
x
z x
V*
V*

v w
d uc
dQ

(yz-yz0) ( + ) dV* + M(.

)dz +
2 +
dz
GcF dz
z y
l
V*

(3.60)

87

(z-z0)w d +
Q( G F .Q)dz +
l (uc-u)1(z) dz +l 1(z)(uc-u)dz
l
c
AB
+

AB

z 2 (x,y)dAB +

AB

2 (x,y) z dAB = 0

l du ly bin phn
Thc hin php tnh bin phn i vi (3.60) tng t cng nhn c cc
phng trnh vi phn cn bng (phng trnh Euler).
* Chng trnh tnh
- Nhp d liu u vo c trng cho kch thc hnh hc, tnh cht vt
liu ca khi t cc v ti trng tc dng cng v tr ca n: ptz, ptx, pty,
dx, dy,dz, Ed1, Ed2, , Ec, hc, bc, P, c...
- Cc cng thc tnh theo li gii ca Mindlin

Chia khi t thnh cc phn t khi ch nht 20 nt. Xc nh s n

chuyn v nt u, v, w.

Dng li gii Mindlin tnh cc chuyn v nt u0, v0, w0, t xc nh

trng thi ng sut ij0 ca mi phn t.

Xy dng ma trn cng phn t tnh tch phn ZV ca khi t

v Zc ca cc

a thm cc n ph l cc tha s Lagrange bo m iu kin chp

chuyn v uc = u

Kt qu tnh ton cho h phng trnh bc nht di dng ma trn:

AX=B.

Vc t chuyn v nt X c xc nh theo hm: X=A\B

( hm gii h phng trnh bc nht).

In kt qu chuyn v, m men ti v tr trc cc

Hnh 3.7 Chng trnh tnh cc

88

3.5 Kho st mt s trng hp kim tra tin cy ca chng trnh tnh

Xt bi ton tng tc tnh hc gia cc vi nn t khi chu tc dng ca ti
trng tnh nm ngang nh hnh 3.8. Tc gi s dng phn mm Matlab xy dng hai
chng trnh tnh theo hai cch: dng h so snh l bn khng gian v hn n hi
(chng trnh MstaticP1) v dng h so snh l khng gian v hn n hi (chng
trnh KstaticP1).

Min m rng
xt iu kin bin

Trc cc

E1, 1

E0, 0

Hnh 3.8 S tnh cc chu tc dng ca ti trng ngang tnh

3.5.1 So snh kt qu theo li gii ca chng trnh MstaticP1 khi cho
m un n hi ca h so snh khc nhau
Kho st cc n bng BTCT tit din (20x20)cm c m un n hi Ec =
20.000 MPa, chiu di l = 9,0 m nm trong nn t ng nht c m un n hi E1
= 10MPa, h s Poisson 1 = 0,3 chu tc dng ca lc nm ngang P = 20kN tc
dng ti u cc (hnh 3.8). H so snh l bn khng gian v hn n hi, c h s
Poisson 0 = 0.3, m un n hi E0. S dng chng trnh MstaticP1 tnh. Kt
qu ta c gi tr chuyn v ngang, m men un ca cc trong bng 3.1, bng 3.2
v biu chuyn v ngang, m men un ca cc trn hnh 3.9 khi E 0 = 10MPa v
E0 = 20MPa.
Bng 3.1 Gi tr chuyn v ngang ca cc khi E0 = 10MPa v E0 = 20MPa
z(m)
Uc-M10(cm)
Uc-M20(cm)

0
1.0886
1.0886

1
0.375
0.375

2
0.026
0.026

3
-0.042
-0.042

4
-0.022
-0.022

5
0.001
0.001

6
0.0091
0.0091

7
0.0092
0.0092

8
0.0072
0.0072

9
0.0054
0.0054

89

Bng 3.2 Gi tr m men un ca cc khi E0 = 10MPa v E0 = 20MPa

z (m)
Mc-M10(kN.m)
Mc-M20(kN.m)

0
0.0
0.0

1
12.51
12.51

2
7.596
7.596

3
1.793
1.793

4
-0.246
-0.246

5
-0.453
-0.453

Chuyen vi ngang (cm)

6
-0.204
-0.204

7
-0.034
-0.034

8
0.011
0.011

9
0
0

M o m en uon (K N.m )
14

12

10

-2
0

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

-0.2
0

4
5

Chieu dai coc (m)

4
6

Chieu dai coc (m)

10

10

(a)

(b)

Hnh 3.9 Biu chuyn v ngang (a), m men un (b) ca cc tnh theo hai
trng hp h so snh c E0 = 10MPa; E0 = 20MPa
Ta thy chuyn v, m men un ca cc trong trng hp m un n hi ca
h so snh E0 = 10MPa ( k hiu Uc-M10, Mc-M10) bng chuyn v v m men un
ca cc trong trng hp m un n hi ca h so snh E0 = 20MPa (k hiu UcM20, Mc-M20). iu chng t trng thi chuyn v, ni lc ca cc trong h cn
tnh khng ph thuc vo m un n hi ca h so snh, iu ny hon ton ph
hp vi quy lut thc t.
3.5.2 So snh kt qu ca hai li gii theo hai chng trnh tnh
MstaticP1 v KstaticP1 khi lc ngang t ti chn cc
Vn xt bi ton nh mc 3.5.1, tuy nhin trong mc ny ta tnh theo hai
trng hp: dng h so snh l bn khng gian v hn n hi (chng trnh
MstaticP1) v h so snh l khng gian v hn n hi (chng trnh KstaticP1),
m un n hi ca h so snh l E0 = 10MPa; lc ngang P=20kN t ti chn cc.
Kt qu ta c gi tr chuyn v ngang, m men un ca cc trong bng 3.3, 3.4 v
biu chuyn v ngang, m men un ca cc trn hnh 3.10 khi tnh theo 2 chng
trnh MstaticP1 v KstaticP1.

90

Bng 3.3 Gi tr chuyn v ngang ca cc khi tnh theo MstaticP1 v KstaticP1

z(m)
Uc-M(cm)
Uc-K(cm)

0
0.0054
0.0057

1
0.0064
0.0065

2
0.0074
0.0073

3
0.0073
0.0071

4
0.0027
0.0025

5
-0.0097
-0.0099

6
-0.0213
-0.0215

7
0.0160
0.0158

8
0.206
0.206

9
0.5997
0.5995

Bng 3.4 Gi tr m men un ca cc khi tnh theo MstaticP1 v KstaticP1

z (m)
Mc-M(kN.m)
Mc-K(kN.m)

0
0.00
0.00

1
0.0042
0.0058

2
-0.0201
-0.0181

3
-0.1123
-0.1109

4
-0.2474
-0.2467

5
-0.1359
-0.1355

6
0.9811
0.9813

7
4.12
4.12

8
6.98
6.98

9
0.00
0.00

T cc kt qu trn nhn thy rng, chuyn v ngang, m men un ca cc khi

tnh theo chng trnh KstaticP1 ( k hiu l Uc-K; Mc-K), xp x bng kt qu
chuyn v ngang, m men un ca cc khi tnh theo chng trnh MstaticP1 (k
hiu l Uc-M; Mc-M). S d c sai lch nh vy l do nh hng ca iu kin
mt thong: trong li gii Kelvin l mt thong hu hn, cn trong li gii Mindlin
l mt thong v hn. Lc t cng su, nh hng cng gim v sai s cng nh.
Chuyen vi ngang (cm)

-1

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

-0.1

Mo men uon (kN.m)

0

Chieu dai coc (m)

Chieu dai coc (m)

10

10

(a)

(b)

Hnh 3.10 Biu chuyn v ngang (a), m men un (b) ca cc tnh theo chng
trnh MstaticP1 v KstaticP1 khi lc ngang t ti chn cc.
3.5.3 Kho st bi ton so snh vi phng php ca Zavriev(1962) da
trn m hnh nn bin dng cc b [16]
Xt v d V.5 trong [16] c tnh ton theo phng php ca Zavriev: Cc
BTCT B25 c m un n hi Ec=30.000MPa, tit din vung (40x40) cm, di l =
16m c ng vo t st pha do cng chu tc dng ca lc ngang P=80kN; m
men M=45kN.m.

91

T thng s u vo trn tc gi tnh theo PPNLCT Gauss ri so snh kt

qu ca chng. Tc gi s dng chng trnh MstaticP1 tnh trong trng hp
ch chu ti trng ngang P=80kN, t st pha do cng c m un n hi E =
21MPa; h s Poisson = 0,3.
Kt qu tnh ca v d V.5 trong [16] theo phng php ca Zavriev da trn
m hnh nn bin dng cc b v kt qu tnh theo PPNLCT Gauss da trn phng
php dng h so snh c th hin trong bng 3.5 v biu chuyn v, m men
khi tnh theo PPNLCT Gauss c th hin hnh 3.11.
Ta thy chuyn v u cc, m men un ln nht tnh theo phng php ca
Zavriev xp x bng kt qu chuyn v u cc, m men un ln nht tnh theo
PPNLCT Gauss (sai s khong 4,1%).
Bng 3.5 Gi tr chuyn v, m men un ln nht theo phng php ca Zavriev v
PPNLCT Gauss
Chuyn v ln nht u cc (m)

Kt qu

Cc chu ti trng
P, M

Phng php

0,0116

Zavriev

M men un ln nht (kN.m)

Cc chu
ti trng
P
0,0093

Cc chu ti
trng P, M

Cc chu ti
trng P

123,9

80,571

0,0097

NLCT Gauss

80,340

C huy en v i ngang (m )

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

-10

0.012

0.010

0.008

0.006

0.004

0.002

0.000

-0.002

M o m e n u o n (k N .m )

6
8
10

10

Chieu dai coc (m)

Chieu dai coc (m)

12

12

14

14

16

16

18

18

(a)
(b)
Hnh 3.11 Biu chuyn v (a), m men un (b) ca cc chu ti trng ngang
P=80kN khi tnh theo PPNLCT Gauss

92

3.5.4 Kho st bi ton so snh vi phng php ca Poulos (1971) da

trn m hnh nn n hi lin tc[50]
Xt v d 6.10 trong [50] c tnh ton theo phng php ca Poulos: Cc
b tng di l= 6m; kch thc (30x30) cm c h vo trong t st c m un n
hi khng i theo su 2880 kPa. Cc chu ti trng ngang P=89kN ti u t do
v mt m men M=40,7 kN.m.
T thng s u vo trn tc gi tnh theo PPNLCT Gauss ri so snh kt
qu ca chng. Tc gi s dng chng trnh MstaticP1 tnh trong trng hp
ch chu ti trng ngang P= 89 kN, cc c m un n hi Ec=30.000MPa.
Kt qu tnh chuyn v ca v d 6.10 trong [50] theo phng php ca
Poulos da trn m hnh nn n hi lin tc v kt qu tnh chuyn v theo
PPNLCT Gauss da trn phng php dng h so snh c th hin trong bng
3.6 v biu chuyn v khi tnh theo PPNLCT Gauss nh hnh 3.12.
Ta thy chuyn v u cc tnh theo phng php ca Poulos gn bng kt
qu chuyn v u cc tnh theo PPNLCT Gauss (sai s 12,7%)
Bng 3.6 Gi tr chuyn v ln nht u cc theo phng php ca Poulos v
PPNLCT Gauss
Kt qu

Chuyn v ln nht u cc (cm)

Phng php

Cc chu ti trng P, M
5,8

Poulos

Cc chu ti trng P
4,2
4,7

NLCT Gauss
Chuyen vi ngang (cm)
5

-1
0
1
2
3
4

Chieu dai coc (cm)

5
6
7

Hnh 3.12 Biu chuyn v cc chu lc ngang P =89kN khi tnh theo PPNLCT Gauss

93

3.5.5 Kho st bi ton so snh vi kt qu nghin cu ca Kim, ONeill,

Matlock da trn phng php dng ng cong p-y [45]
S dng thng s u vo trong nghin cu cc mm ca Kim v cc cng
s [45], tc gi kho st bi ton cc nm trong nn n hi nhiu lp: Cc thp c
ng knh ngoi 1,02m; chiu dy thnh ng 0,016m; chiu di 26m, m un n
hi Ec = 1,0. 105 MPa, cng EcJc = 6,3.105 kN.m2 t trong nn t gm 4 lp:
lp th nht dy 5,2m c Ed1 = 7MPa; d1 = 0,35; lp th hai dy 10,4m c c Ed2 =
10MPa; d2 = 0,3; lp th ba dy 5,1m c Ed3 = 20MPa; d3 = 0,3; lp di cng
dy 5,0m l lp c Ed4 = 2500MPa, h s Poisson d4 = 0,25. chu tc dng ca
lc nm ngang ln lt l P = 200kN; 400kN; 600kN; 800kN tc dng u cc.
Tc gi xy dng chng trnh nn n hi nhiu lp KstaticPLs tnh c kt qu
chuyn v v m men un ca cc (hnh 3.13), em so snh vi kt qu nghin cu
ca Kim, ONeill, Matlock [45] (hnh 3.14). thun li trong vic so snh, tc gi
tch ra thnh 4 trng hp t lc khc nhau v c cc biu chuyn v ngang,
m mem un ca cc tnh theo KstaticPLs, Kim, ONeill, Matlock nh hnh 3.15,
3.16.
M o m en uon (K N .m )
1600

1400

1200

800

600

400

200

-200

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

-10

1000

C h u y e n v i n g a n g (m m )
0

10

10

15

Chieu sau coc (m)

15

Chieu sau coc (m)

20

20

25

25

30

30

(a)

(b)

Hnh 3.13 Biu chuyn v ngang (a), m men un (b) ca cc tnh theo chng
trnh KstaticPLs khi chu lc ngang tc dng ln lt: 200kN, 400kN,
600kN, 800 kN.

94

(a)

(b)

Hnh 3.14 Biu chuyn v ngang (a), m men un (b) ca cc tnh theo Kim,
ONeill, Matlock[45] khi chu lc ngang tc dng ln lt: 200kN, 400kN,
600kN, 800 kN.
Chuyen vi (mm)

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

-5

25

20

15

-5

10

Chuyen vi (mm)

15

15

Chieu dai coc (m)

Chieu dai coc (m)

10

10

20

20

25

25

30

30

(a)

(b)

95

Chuyen vi (mm)

Chuyen vi (mm)

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

-20

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

-10
0

0
5

15

20

20

Chieu dai coc (m)

15

Chieu dai coc (m)

10

10

25

25

30

30

(c)

(d)

Hnh 3.15 Biu chuyn v ngang ca cc tnh theo KstaticPLs, Kim, ONeill,
Matlock khi chu lc ngang tc dng ln lt: (a)200kN, (b)400kN,
(c)600kN, (d)800kN.
Mo men uon (KN.m)

Mo men uon (KN.m)

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

-100

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

-50

-100

10

10

15

Chieu dai coc (m)

15

Chieu dai coc (m)

20

20

25

25

30

30

(a)

(b)

96

Mo men uon (KN.m)

Mo men uon (KN.m)

1800

1600

1400

1200

800

1000

600

400

200

-200

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

-200

10

10

15

Chieu dai coc (m)

15

Chieu dai coc (m)

20

20

25

25

30

30

(c)

(d)

Hnh 3.16 Biu m men un ca cc tnh theo KstaticPLs, Kim, ONeill,

Matlock khi chu lc ngang tc dng ln lt: (a)200kN, (b)400kN,
(c)600kN, (d)800kN.
Ta thy kt qu chuyn v, m men un ca bi ton tnh theo li gii ca tc
gi (KstaticPLs) ph hp vi kt qu nghin cu ca Kim, ONeill, Matlock trong
cc trng hp t lc khc nhau c trnh by trong [45] c v hnh dng, tr s
v v tr t gi tr ln nht, nh nht, im un.
Nhn xt: Thng qua 5 trng hp tnh ton kho st trn cho thy tnh ng
n v tin cy ca l thuyt tnh ton theo PPNLCT Gauss.
3.6 Kho st cc thng s nh hng n s lm vic ca cc n chu ti
trng tnh nm ngang
3.6.1 Kho st s thay i chiu di cc trong nn n hi ng nht.
Khi phn tch s lm vic ca cc di tc dng ca ti trng ngang, cc tc gi
Matlock v Reese (1956); Zavriev(1962); Broms (1964) [2],[13],[16],[17],[18],[50]
phn bit cc ngn, cc di lm vic trong mi trng t ri, t dnh khc nhau
ty thuc u cc c c t do dch chuyn hay khng. Cc ng cho rng cc ngn
u t do c cng tng i ln, khi chu ti trng nm ngang cc ch b xoay
quanh mt tm quay, ti trng tip xc thnh bn cc gy ra qu ti cho t trong
khi cc vn lm vic trong giai on n hi, do vy cn c gi l cc c cng
tuyt i (cc tuyt i cng). Ngc li cc di c th xy ra s ph hoi bn thn

97

cc do m men trc khi t nn dc theo cc b ph hoi do cng ca cc c

gi tr hu hn (cn gi l cc c cng hu hn). Do kh nng chu ti bn
ca cc ngn v cc di s c nh gi bng cc phng php khc nhau.
phn bit cc ngn, cc di cc tc gi da vo cng tng i L/T
(hoc L/R). Cc c coi l ngn khi L/T (hoc L/R) 2; nu L/T (hoc L/R) 4
c coi l cc di. Trong : L l chiu di cc; T hoc R l h s bin dng ph
thuc vo cng ca cc v m un phn lc nn theo phng ngang.
kho st cc ngn, cc di, trong mc ny, tc gi kho st cc n bng
BTCT tit din (40x40)cm c m un n hi Ec = 30.000MPa. Cc c 2 chiu di
khc nhau: l =4m v l=16m nm trong nn t ng nht c m un n hi E1 = 10
MPa, h s Poisson 1 = 0,3 chu tc dng ca lc nm ngang P = 20kN tc dng
ti u cc (hnh 3.8). H so snh l bn khng gian v hn n hi, c h s
Poisson 0 = 0.3, m un n hi E0=10MPa. S dng chng trnh MstaticP1
tnh. Kt qu biu chuyn v ngang uc(z); m men un Mc(z) ca cc khi tnh
theo hai trng hp cc c chiu di l = 4(m) (hnh 3.17) v l =16(m) (hnh 3.18).
Chuyen vi ngang (m)

14

12

10

-2

0.3

0.2

0.25

0.1

0.15

0.05

-0.1

-0.05

Mo men uon (Kn.m)

0
1

Chieu dai coc (m)

Chieu dai coc (m)

(a)

(b)

Hnh 3.17 Biu chuyn v ngang (a), m men un (b) ca cc L = 4m

98

Chuyen vi (m)

Mo men uon (kN.m)

30

25

20

15

10

-5
0

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

-0.1
0

10

10

Chieu dai coc (m)

Chieu dai coc (m)

12

12

14

14

16

16

18

18

(a)

(b)

Hnh 3.18 Biu chuyn v ngang (a), m men un (b) ca cc di L = 16m

T kt qu tnh ton nhn thy cc ngn b quay xung quanh mt tm quay,
chuyn v c gi tr m gn chn cc v hu nh ton b cc lm vic; m men
un lun lun dng v phn b tng i i xng trn ton chiu di cc.
Bin dng ca cc di khc vi cc ngn v cc di s khng b xoay v dch
chuyn do c sc khng b ng ca t rt ln phn di ca cc. M men un
cc di c c gi tr m v dng v c gi tr ln nht gn u cc. Cc ch yu
lm vic ti khong 1/3 chiu di cc pha trn iu ny ph hp vi nghin cu
v nhn xt ca Chang (1937) khi x l s liu th nghim ca Feagin [38]
Nh vy kt qu kho st trn ph hp vi kt qu tnh ton ca Matlock v
Reese (1956); Zavriev(1962); Broms (1964) i vi cc ngn v cc di. Tuy nhin
theo phng php ca tc gi, ch cn mt chng trnh tnh c th nhn c kt
qu trc tip xt c c cc ngn v cc di m khng cn phi qua cc bc phn
loi cc ngn, cc di; cc gi thit n gin ha trong tnh ton...
3.6.2 Kho st cc n ta trn lp cng
Kho st cc n bng BTCT tit din (30x30) cm, di l = 6m c m un
n hi Ec = 30.000 MPa, h s Poisson c = 0,25. Cc chu tc dng ca lc nm
ngang P = 100kN ti u cc. S dng chng trnh KstaticPLs tnh.
Tnh cho hai trng hp:

99

- Cc nm trong nn ng nht dy 6m c m un n hi Ed1 = 10MPa, h

s Poisson 1 = 0,3.
- Chn cc c cm vo lp vi cht dy 0,6m c m un n hi Ed2 =
25.000MPa, h s Poisson 2 = 0,25. Lp t pha trn dy 5,4m c m un n hi
Ed1 = 10MPa, h s Poisson 1 = 0,3.
Ta c kt qu tnh chuyn v ngang, m men un ca cc nm trong nn
n hi ng nht (k hiu l U-dongnhat) v nm trong nn n hi c chn ta
ln lp cng (k hiu l U-chancung) c trnh by trong cc bng 3.7, 3.8 v
biu chuyn v ngang, m men un ca cc trn hnh 3.19.
Bng 3.7 Gi tr chuyn v ngang ca cc nm trong nn n hi ng nht v nm
trong nn n hi c chn ta ln lp cng.
z(m)
Uc-dongnhat (cm)
Uc-chancung (cm)

0
1.69
1.65

0.6

1.2

1.8

2.4

3.6

4.2

4.8

5.4

6.0

1.33
1.29

0.99
0.96

0.70
0.67

0.47
0.44

0.28
0.26

0.13
0.14

0.03
0.06

-0.05
0.01

-0.12
0.00

-0.19
-0.00

Bng 3.8 Gi tr m men un ca cc nm trong nn n hi ng nht v nm

trong nn n hi c chn ta ln lp cng.
z(m)
Mc-dongnhat (kN.m)
Mc-chancung (kN.m)

0
0
0

0.6
46.05
46.52

1.2
80.71
82.55

1.8
94.55
98.76

2.4
92.98
100.5

3
80.80
92.39

3.6
62.7
78.8

4.2
42.82
63.07

4.8
24.08
47.35

5.4
8.99
32.3

6.0
0
0

Mo men uon (kN.m)

Chuyen vi ngang (m)

120

100

80

60

40

20

-20

1.5

0.5

-0.5

Chieu dai coc (m)

Chieu dai coc (m)

(a)

(b)

Hnh 3.19 Biu chuyn v ngang (a), m men un (b) ca cc nm trong nn

n hi ng nht v nm trong nn n hi, chn cng.

100

Ta thy khi cc ta trn lp cng th chuyn v ngang ti chn cc bng

khng v khng xut hin im quay ti gn chn cc (hnh 3.19a), cn m men
un ti gn chn cc tng ln so vi cc nm trong nn ng nht (hnh 3.19b). Nh
vy, phng php dng h so snh ca PPNLCT Gauss cng c th tnh ton c
cc tng t nh cc chng (mi cc c chng vo lp cng).
3.6.3 Kho st nh hng ca cng t i vi s lm vic ca cc
Kho st cc n bng BTCT tit din (30x30)cm, m un n hi Ec =
30.000 MPa, chiu di l = 9,0 m nm trong nn t c m un n hi Ed, h s
Poisson c = 0,3 chu tc dng ca lc nm ngang P = 100kN ti u cc. Trong
trng hp ny ta xt nh hng ca cng t i vi cc khi cho m un n
hi ca t l: Ed = 5 MPa; 10 MPa; 15 MPa; 20 MPa. S dng chng trnh
MstaticP1 tnh. Ta c kt qu chuyn v ngang, m men un trong bng 3.9,
3.10 v biu chuyn v ngang, m men un trn hnh 3.20.
Bng 3.9 Gi tr chuyn v ngang ca cc khi m un n hi ca t l
Ed = 5 MPa; 10 MPa; 15 MPa; 20 MPa.
z(m)
Uc-5 (cm)
Uc-10(cm)
Uc-15(cm)
Uc-20(cm)

4.37
2.50
1.81
1.43

2.80
1.46
0.98
0.74

1.52
0.67
0.40
0.26

0.65
0.19
0.08
0.03

0.14
-0.02
-0.04
-0.04

-0.09
-0.08
-0.06
-0.04

-0.16
-0.07
-0.04
-0.02

-0.14
-0.04
-0.01
0.002

-0.08
-0.004
0.010
0.014

-0.016
0.024
0.022
0.018

Bng 3.10 Gi tr m men un ca cc khi m un n hi ca t l Ed = 5 MPa;

10 MPa; 15 MPa; 20 MPa.
z(m)
Mc-5 (kN.m)
Mc-10(kN.m)
Mc-15(kN.m)
Mc-20(kN.m)

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

82.16
73.01
67.29
63.10

2
107.37
85.41
72.83
64.16

3
93.23
63.98
48.93
39.37

67.26
38.05
24.95
17.48

41.31
17.45
8.55
4.23

21.31
4.93
0.28
-1.37

7
8.57
-0.79
-2.42
-2.50

8
2.11
-2.11
-2.22
-1.78

9
-0.01
-1.24
-1.03
-0.72

Nhn thy r nh hng ca cng t ti s lm vic ca cc: m un n

hi ca t cng ln ngha l cng ca t cng ln th chuyn v ngang (hnh
3.20a), m men un (hnh 3.20b) ca cc cng nh. iu ny hon ton ph hp vi
quy lut v iu kin lm vic thc t ca cc

101

Chuyen vi ngang (cm)

Mo men uon (kN.m)

120

100

80

60

40

20

-20

4.5

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

-0.5

Chieu dai coc (m)

Chieu dai coc (m)

10

10

(a)

(b)

Hnh 3.20 Biu chuyn v ngang (a); m men un (b) ca cc trong trng hp
m un n hi ca t thay i khi lc t ti u cc.
3.7 Kho st s nh hng ca cc ti chuyn v nn t
Kho st cc n bng BTCT tit din vung (30x30) cm c m un n hi
Ec = 30.000 MPa, chiu di l = 9,0 m nm trong nn t c m un n hi E = 20
MPa. Tnh chuyn v ca nn t trong hai trng hp: Nn t cha c cc v nn
t c cc khi chu tc dng ca lc nm ngang P = 100kN ti b mt. S dng
chng trnh MstaticP1 tnh. Kt qu chuyn v nn t ti v tr trc cc trc
khi c cc v sau khi c cc trong bng 3.11 v biu chuyn v nn t trn hnh
3.21.
Bng 3.11 Gi tr chuyn v ca nn t ti v tr trc cc trc khi c cc v sau
khi c cc.
z(m)
Ud (cm)
Ud-coc(cm)

5.15
1.43

0.27
0.74

0.14
0.26

0.09
0.03

0.07
-0.04

0.05
-0.04

0.04
-0.02

0.04
0.003

0.03
0.014

0.03
0.018

Nhn thy gn mt thong, chuyn v ca nn t ti v tr trc cc trc

khi c cc ln hn chuyn v ca nn t sau khi c cc. Cn cc v tr thp hn
th sai khc khng ng k. Ngoi v tr trc cc, ta c th tnh c chuyn v nn
t ti bt k v tr no.

102

Nh vy, phng php dng h so snh ca PPNLCT Gauss khng nhng

xt c nh hng ca t i vi s lm vic ca cc m cn xt c s nh
hng ca cc i vi s lm vic ca t, l s tng tc y . y l mt u
im so vi cc phng php khc thng dng. Qua kt qu kho st ny cho ta
thy r hn cng thc 3.52f ca mc 3.4.1
Chuyen vi ngang dat (cm)
6

-1
0
2
4
6

Do sau chon coc (m)

8
10

Hnh 3.21 Biu chuyn v ca nn t ti v tr trc cc trc khi c cc v sau

khi c cc.
3.8 Kt lun chng 3
- Bng phng php dng h so snh ca PPNLCT Gauss tc gi xy dng
ng n phng trnh vng ca dm chu un c xt bin dng trt ngang.
- Bi ton tng tc gia cc v t khi chu ti trng tnh nm ngang dn v
gii h phng trnh 3.52, trong thy r nh hng cng ca cc n nn t
nh th no. l c im ni bt ca phng php dng h so snh khi m xem
c tng tc y gia cc v t. Lc ny khng cn t thm cc lin kt ph
bin khi t cha cc na v vi cch lm ny khng nhng m bo iu kin
trn bin, trn mt thong ca khi t cha cc m cn m bo iu kin bin
v cng, iu kin bin gia cc v nn t.
- Bi ton c gii vi vic s dng li gii ca Kelvin, Mindlin lm h so
snh nn c th gii bi ton trn khi lc ngang t ti nh cc, chn cc hoc
cc su khc nhau k c phm vi ngoi cc. Nh cho php xy dng c

103

bi ton cc chu ti trng ng t s c tc gi nghin cu trong ni dung

chng tip theo ca lun n.
- Thng qua mt s trng hp kho st chng t tnh ng n v tin cy
ca chng trnh tnh theo phng php dng h so snh ca PPNLCT Gauss. Kt
qu ca bi ton ph hp vi kt qu ca mt s nghin cu l thuyt v thc
nghim hin hnh v ph hp vi iu kin lm vic thc t ca cc khi chu ti
trng tnh nm ngang. Ngoi ra c th nghin cu c cc thng s nh hng n
s lm vic ca cc nh: chiu di cc, cng ca cc, cc t trn lp cng
v nh hng ca cc n s lm vic ca t.

104

Chng 4
NGHIN CU BI TON TNG TC GIA CC VI NN T
CHU TI TRNG NG NM NGANG V TI TRNG NG T
Trong chng ny, tc gi ln lt trnh by cc vn sau: li gii xung
n v ca khng gian v hn n hi; h s nht vt liu ca t; li gii s ca bi
ton ng lc hc; xy dng bi ton ng lc hc ca cc khi chu ti trng ng
nm ngang; xy dng chng trnh tnh kho st mt s bi ton dao ng ca khi
t v ca cc chu ti trng ng nm ngang bt k; kho st dao ng ca cc
chu ti trng ng t.
4.1 Li gii xung n v ca khng gian v hn n hi
Li gii ng hc ca nn t khi chu tc dng ca xung n v cn c
gi l phn ng xung n v ca nn t [35],[46],[60]. Phng trnh chuyn ng
ca nn t khi chu tc dng ca xung n v c th c vit di dng:
..

(C12 C 22 )u ik ,kj + C 22 u ij ,kk u ij = ( ij / ) ( , x ) ( , t ) .

(4.1)

Trong :

C1 = ( + 2 ) / l vn tc sng dc

C 2 = / l vn tc sng ct
hng s Lame:

= E /[(1+ )(1 2 ] ;

= G = E / [2(1 + ) ] ;

- khi lng n v ca vt liu. =

(, x)- hm delta Dirac ch v tr t xung tc dng:

(, t)- hm delta Dirac ch thi im t xung:
ij - h s Kronecker, trong phng trnh trn ch hng tc dng ca xung.
Li gii bi ton trn i vi na khng gian v hn n hi ch nhn c

105

trong cc trng hp sau: Xung thng ng t trn mt thong v su ty ;

xung thng ng di ng vi vn tc khng i trn mt thong; xung nm ngang
tc dng mt thong (Lamb, 1904; Pekeris, 1955; De Hoop, 1960; Chang 1960;
Verruijt, 2001) [34],[53]. Cc li gii ny thng biu din di dng cc phng
trnh tch phn rt phc tp, hn na khng c li gii i vi xung nm ngang
su bt k. V vy trong lun n ny, tc gi s dng li gii xung n v trn c
khng gian v hn lm h so snh khi xy dng bi ton ng lc hc ca cc
nm trong nn t di tc dng ca ti trng ng t.
4.1.1 Li gii xung n v trong min thi gian
Phn ng xung n v ca khng gian v hn n hi c vit di dng nh
sau [60]:
uij(,x,t) =

t'
1 rirj
r
r
rij 1
r
1
{ (3 -2 - ij)[H(t- )-H(t- )] + -2 [ (t- ) (tc1
c2
r c1
c1
c2
4r2 r r

r
ij
r
)] +
(t- )}
c2
c2
c2

(4.2a)

'
Trong : t = t ; t l thi im xt; l thi im t xung

H l hm Heaviside (hm bc thang);

1 nu x > 0
H(x) =
0 nu x < 0
Khai trin (4.2a) theo 3 phng vi 3 chuyn v u, v, w khi xung n v nm ngang,
ta c:
u21 = w(,x,t) =

t'
1 r2r1
r
r
r2r1 1
r
1
)-H(t- )] + -2 [ (t- ) (t2 { (3 -2 )[H(tr
r
c
c
r
c
c
c
4r
1
2
1
1
2

r
)]};
c2
u22 = u(,x,t) =
(t-

t'
1 r22
r
r
r22 1
r
1
{
(3
1)[H(t)-H(t)]
+
(t- ) -2
-2 [
2
c1
c2
r c1
c1
c2
4r r r

r
1
r
)] +
(t- )};
c2
c2
c2

(4.2b)

106

t'
1 r2r3
r
r
r2r3 1
r
1
{ (3 -2 )[H(t- )-H(t- )] + -2 [ (t- ) (tr c1
c1
c2
c1
c2
4r2 r r

u23 = v(,x,t) =
r
)]};
c2

4.1.2 Li gii theo bin i tch phn Laplace

Bin i tch phn Laplace i vi hm f(t) c dng nh sau [60]:

F ( s ) = L [ f (t ) ] =

f (t )e

st

(4.3)

dt

Trong hm f(t) 0 khi t < 0. Dng bin i ngc c dng sau:

+ i

1
f ( t ) = L [F ( s ) ] =
F ( s ) e st ds

2 i i

(4.4)

Trong : - Mt s dng ln hn nhng gi tr bt k ca nhng im c bit

ca hm F(s);
s- S phc tho mn iu kin Re(s)
s = a + ib, nu a = 0; b 0 th s c bin i tch phn Fourier.
Trong min nh s, theo Doilly v Cruze [60], li gii ca bi ton trn c
vit nh sau:

u ij ( , x , s ) = ( C 22 ) 1 (

ij

r, i r, j )

(4.5)

i vi bi ton ba chiu = 4 , ta c:
=

C2
C e sr / C2 C 22 C12
C e sr / C1
e sr / C2
+ ( 22 2 + 2 )
2( 2 2 + 1)
r
sr
r
i r
r
(s) r
C1 ( s ) r

=(

3C 22 3C 2
e sr / C2 C 22 3C12 3C1
e sr / C1
+
+
1
)

(
+
+
1
)
sr
r
sr
r
s 2r 2
C12 s 2 r 2

(4.6a)
(4.6b)

Chuyn v cc im theo cng thc (4.5) c gi l nh ca chuyn v gc.

Quan h gia ng sut v chuyn v trong min nh ( dng bin i tch phn
Laplace) cng ging nh quan h min gc (min thi gian).
4.1.3 Li gii theo bin i tch phn Fourier
Nu thay s phc s bng s o i trong cc li gii (4.5) v (4.6), th ta c
nghim min tn s : l dao ng n nh ca h khi chu tc dng ca lc

107

iu ho eit. Nghim min tn s c gi l nghim ca php bin i Fourier

[60] . min tn s, cc biu thc (4.5), (4.6) c vit li nh sau:
uij (, x, i) =( C22)-1(ij - r,ir,j)

eir
=
r
=(

/C2

C22
C2 eir
+( 2 2 +
)
r
(i) r i r

3C22
3C2
+
2 2
i r
(i ) r

+ 1)

e i r
r

/ C2

/C2

(4.7)

C22 C12
C1 eir
2( 2 2 +
)
r
C1 (i) r i r

C22 3C12
3C1
(
+
2
2 2
i r
C1 (i ) r

+ 1)

e i r
r

/C1

/ C1

(4.8a)
(4.8b)

Khi dng cng thc bin i tch phn Laplace v Fourier, cc cng thc tnh
ng sut, bin dng cng tng t nh tnh trong min thi gian.
4.2 H s gim chn vt liu ca t
Trong tnh ton cng trnh cng nh nn t bao gi cng xt n tiu hao
nng lng trong qu trnh dao ng v s tiu hao nng lng c m t bng
lc cn nht. Lc cn nht bng tch ca h s cn nht vi vn tc chuyn ng.
i vi t thng dng h s gim chn vt liu (hysteretic damping) h .
phn bit h s cn nht thng thng v h s gim chn vt liu ta xt s
tnh h dao ng 1 bc t do. Phng trnh dao ng cng bc ca h c vit
nh sau [53]:
m

d2u
du
+ ku = F0 eit
2 +c
dt
dt

(4.9)

trong : m l khi lng; k l cng l xo; c l h s cn nht.

Xt trng hp lc iu ha F(t) = F0 eit

(4.10)

Trong F0 v l bin v tn s ca lc
T (4.9) c th tm u(x,t) di dng: u=Ueit

(4.11)

U c th l mt s phc khng ph thuc vo thi gian, theo phng php tch

bin. Thay (4.10); (4.11) vo (4.9) ta c:
(k +ic-m2)U = F0

(4.12)

y xem h s cn nht c l hng s i vi thi gian. Thay bng vic s

dng h s cn nht c, trong tnh ton ta c th s dng t s gim chn tng i
(damping ratio) c nh ngha nh sau:

108

2=
Trong 0 =

c
c0
=
k
m0

(4.13)

k
l tn s ring khi khng xt nht.
m

i vi cng trnh xy dng ly 0,2; khi xy dng ph phn ng ng t

thng ly = 0,05. [14],[46],[54].
T (4.13) rt ra: c= 2m0 thay vo 4.12 ta c:
(k +i2m0-m2)U = F0

(4.14)

T cng thc trn ta thy rng lc cn nht ph thuc vo tn s, n ch ra

rng bin ca dao ng c xu hng tin ti khng khi /0 .
i vi t khi chu ti trng ng t c th xut hin bin dng do, nhng
bin dng do li khng ph thuc vo tn s ca ti trng, nn lc ny ngi ta
thng dng h s gim chn vt liu (hysteretic damping) hay h s ma st kh
(dry friction) v ngi ta cho rng h s nht ny biu th st thc hn tnh cht ca
t so vi h s cn nht c [53]. Vi gi thit

c
l hng s, t s gim chn lc
k

ny c nh ngha nh sau:
2h=

c
k

(4.15)

h c gi l h s gim chn vt liu (hysteretic damping).

T (4.15) ta rt ra c =

2hk
, sau thay vo (4.12) ta c:

(k +2hki-m2)U = F0

(4.16)

T (4.16) ta thy lc cn nht khng ph thuc vo tn s v trong tnh ton cng

trnh thng ly h = 0,05.
Cng thc (4.16) c th vit li nh sau:[k(1+2hi) - m2]U = F0

(4.17)

Trong c hai trng hp trn c th xem cng ca t tr thnh cng

phc c xt n t s gim chn tng i:
-

Trng hp xt : K = k +i2m0

(4.18)

109

Trng hp xt h : K =k(1+2hi)

(4.19)

y k l cng tnh. Trong nghin cu sau ny, tc gi s dng cng

phc K xy dng bi ton khi c xt nht.
4.3 Li gii s ca bi ton ng lc hc
4.3.1 S liu trn ng t El Centro, 1940 v bin i Fourier ri rc
DFT(Discrete Fourier Transform).
Trn ng t El Centro xy ra vo ngy 18 thng 5 nm 1940 thung lng
Imperial- ng nam Southern California gn bin gii gia Hoa K v Mexico.
Trn ng t ny c su chn tiu 24km, ln M=7.0, trm a chn ghi gia
tc nm cch chn tm 48km [14],[33]. Trn hnh 4.1 l gia tc theo hng
Bc- Nam m trm a chn ghi c. Gi tr gia tc b mt nn t c n v l g.
Biu gm 1559 gi tr c ghi ti mi 0.02s tc l 500 gi tr mi giy, gia tc
ti thi im t=0 bng khng. Gia tc ngang cc i bng -0.3188g ti thi im
2.04s.
S liu ca trn ng t El Centro 1940 c nhiu tc gi trong v ngoi
nc s dng lm thng s u vo khi nghin cu tnh ton ng t cng trnh.

Hnh 4.1 Gia tc theo hng Bc- Nam ca trn ng t El Centro 1940 [33]
Trong chng ny tc gi cng s dng s liu trn nghin cu bi ton
ng lc hc ca mng cc khi chu ti trng ng t.

110

Khi gii trong min tn s phi s dng bin i Fourier d liu ca trn
ng t trn, tc l bin i d liu t min thi gian sang min tn s. Cng thc
bin i Fourier ri rc (DFT) nh sau:
X(k) =

x(j) sN(t-1)(k-1)

(4.20)

j =1

trong sN = e(-2i)/N, c th hiu x(j) trong min thi gian; X(k) trong min tn s.
bin i Fourier, ta cn xem di d liu n s liu c chu k T = n.t. Tn s c
bn u tin l: f1 =

1
i
, cc tn s bc cao hn l: fi = if1 = (vi i = 2 n).
T
T

Tc gi s dng hm bin i Fourier nhanh FFT ( Fast Fourier Transform)

X = fft(x) trong phn mm Matlab tnh ton bin i trn v nhn c biu
phn thc ca gia tc nn trong min tn s nh hnh 4.2a v biu phn o trong
min tn s nh hnh 4.2b

(a)

(b)

Hnh 4.2 Biu phn thc (a); phn o (b) ca gia tc nn nm ngang trong min
tn s theo hng Bc- Nam ca trn ng t El Centro 1940 sau khi
c bin i t min thi gian sang.
Nhn vo biu trn ta thy gi tr gia tc nn i xng nhau qua im gia
ca trc tn s, im gia ny chnh l tn s ln nht ca php bin i Fourier
dng tnh ton, v ngi ta gi l tn s Nyquist[46],[59]:
fN =

n
2T

111

hay N =

Ngc li, mun bin i d liu t min tn s sang min thi gian ta s
dng cng thc bin i Fourier ri rc (DFT) nh sau:
x(j) =

1
N

X(k) N-(j-1)( k-1)

(4.21)

k =1

Tc gi s dng hm bin i Fourier nhanh, ngc IFFT (Inverse Fast

Fourier Transform) X = ifft(x) trong phn mm Matlab tnh ton bin i trn v
li nhn c biu gia tc nn trong min thi gian (hnh 4.3) ging nh ban u
(hnh 4.1)

Hnh 4.3 Biu gia tc nn nm ngang trong min thi gian theo hng BcNam ca trn ng t El Centro 1940 sau khi c bin i t min tn
s sang.
4.3.2 Tch phn Duhamel trong min thi gian v min tn s
i vi h tuyn tnh khi bit phn ng xung n v h(t) ca h v lc tc
dng x(t) ca h th li gii ng lc hc y(t) ca h c xc nh bng tch phn
chp Duhamel:
t

y(t) = x(t)*h(t) = x()h(t-)d ( hoc = x(t-)h()d ))

K hiu (*) ch tch phn chp.
Khi ri rc ha tch phn trn c vit nh sau [58]:

(4.22)

112

y(t) = x(t)*h(t) =

1
N

N 1

x()h(t-) (hoc =

i =0

1
N

N 1

x(t-)h())

(4.23)

i =0

Chui y(t) l iu ha vi chu k N. Khi bin i x(t) v h(t) v min tn s

th ta c:

Cy(f) = Cx(f).Ch(f)

(4.24)

y Cy, Cx v Ch ln lt l cc bin i Fourier ca y(t); x(t) v h(t)

Chng minh:
Cy(f) =
=
=
=

1
N2

1
N

N 1

y(m)wnm

m=0

N 1

N 1

m=0

I =0

x(i)h(m-i)wnm

1
N

1
N

N 1
I =0

N 1

x(i)

1
N

N 1

h(m-i) wnm

m=0

x(i)wniCh(f) = Cx(f).Ch(f)

I =0

Nh vy, tch phn chp trong min thi gian tr thnh tch thng trong
min tn s.
Do tnh tch phn Duhamel trong min thi gian, thng tnh trong
min tn s theo s sau:

p(t)
h(t)

FFT
FFT

Cx(f)
x

Cy(f)

IFFT

y(t)

Ch(f)

Hnh 4.4 S bin i li gii trong min tn s [58]

C th hiu s trn nh sau: u tin dng bin i Fourier nhanh (FFT)
bin i lc tc dng trong min thi gian p(t) qua min tn s Cx(f) v bin i
phn ng trong min thi gian h(t) qua min tn s Ch(f). Nhn hai kt qu li vi
nhau c kt qu trong min tn s Cy(f) ri sau bin i Fourier nhanh, ngc
(IFFT) c kt qu trong min thi gian y(t).

113

Trong lun n ny tc gi cng da trn s trn nghin cu bi ton

tng tc ng lc hc ca cc trong nn t khi chu ti trng ng t. Tuy nhin
y tc gi s dng phng php nh s sau tnh.

p(t)

FFT

Cx(f)
x

Cy(f)

IFFT

y(t)

Ch(f)
Hnh 4.5 S bin i li gii trong min tn s theo cch lm ca tc gi
u tin dng bin i Fourier nhanh (FFT) bin i lc tc dng trong
min thi gian p(t) qua min tn s Cx(f), sau s dng phng php dng h so
snh ca PPNLCT Gauss xc nh ph phn ng ca cc Ch(f), ri nhn hai kt
qu li vi nhau c kt qu tng cng trong min tn s Cy(f) ri sau bin i
Fourier nhanh, ngc (IFFT) c kt qu trong min thi gian y(t).
Ch rng tch phn chp l i ngu, ngha l tch chp trong min thi
gian bng tch thng trong min tn s v ngc li tch chp trong min tn s
bng tch thng trong min thi gian.
4.4 Xy dng bi ton tng tc ng lc hc ca cc khi chu ti trng ng
nm ngang
Hin cha c li gii bi ton ng lc hc ca na khng gian v hn n
hi khi chu ti trng bt k trong nn t. Nhng i vi khng gian v hn n
hi khi chu tc dng ca ti trng xung n v th c li gii ca bi ton min
thi gian (cng thc 4.2), min s ca bin i tch phn Laplace (cng thc 4.5)
v min tn s ca bin i tch phn Fourier (cng thc 4.7). S dng li gii
min thi gian s cho kt qu cn tm, nhng cng s gp kh khn nht nh khi
thc hin tch chp. S dng li gii min tn s cho nhiu thng tin hn v dao
ng ca h.
Trong mc ny, tc gi trnh by bi ton ng lc hc ca cc nm trong
na khng gian v hn n hi khi chu tc dng ca ti trng ng nm ngang P
theo phng php dng h so snh ca PPNLCT Gauss. S dng li gii ca bi
ton ng lc hc khng gian v hn n hi lm h so snh.

114

n gin, xt cc nm trong khi t ch nht V c m un n hi E1,

h s Poisson 1. Na khng gian n hi c m un n hi E0, h s Poisson 0 .
Ti trng ng nm ngang P tc dng ti chn cc (hnh 4.6).
Khi t cha cc

Min m rng
xt iu kin bin

Trc cc

y
O

x
E1,1

E0,0

Hnh 4.6 M hnh bi ton tng tc ng lc hc ca cc nm trong na khng

gian v hn n hi
p dng nguyn l DAlembert i vi bi ton ng lc hc cng trnh. N
da vo iu kin xt cn bng lc ca phn tnh hc trong c b sung thm cc
lc qun tnh t vo cc khi lng.
Nh vy theo PPNLCT Gauss, phim hm lng cng bc ca bi ton
ng lc hc ca cc nm trong na khng gian n hi c vit nh sau:
0
*
0
*
0
*

Z=
V*(x-x ) xdV +V*(y-y ) ydV +V*(z-z ) zdV

V*

(xy-xy0) xy dV* +

l Qcdz

V*

0
*
(xz-xz0) xz dV* +
l Mcdz +
V* (yz-yz ) yz dV +

(fx-fx0) u dV* +
(fy-fy0)v dV* +
(fz -fz0)w dV*

V*
V*
V*

(4.25)

Vi cc iu kin rng buc cng ging nh bi ton tng tc tnh hc gia cc v

nn t c trnh by trong chng 3:
+ iu kin mt thong AB ca khi t: ZAB =

(z-z0)wd xt ng

sut z ca khng gian ln na khng gian n hi.

+ iu kin ng sut z = 0 trn mt na khng gian n hi
+ iu kin chp chuyn v gia cc v nn t:
uc(z, xc, yc) = u(z, xc, yc).

115

Trong cc cng thc trn, V* l th tch gm c min m rng xt iu

kin bin; V l th tch khi t cn tnh (V<V*); x0, y0, z0, xy0, yz0, yx0, yz0 l
ng sut, bin dng ca h so snh xc nh theo li gii ng lc hc khng gian
v hn n hi; x, y, z, xy, yz, yx, yz l ng sut, bin dng ca h cn tnh; fx0,
fy0, fz0 l lc qun tnh tc dng ln h so snh; fx, fy, fz l lc qun tnh tc dng ln
h cn tnh.
- Li gii trong min tn s ta c th tm nghim chuyn v di dng sau:
u(x,y,z,t) = u(x,y,z)e-it
v(x,y,z,t) = v(x,y,z)e-it

(4.26)

w(x,y,z,t) = w(x,y,z)e-it
Gia tc chuyn ng min tn s s l:

u&& = 2 u;

v&& = 2 v;

&& = 2 w
w

(4.27)

Dng li gii khng gian v hn trong min tn s nh cc cng thc trn

vit cho hai trng hp dao ng ca khi t v ca cc chu ti trng ng bt k
v chu ti trng ng t. Khi dng li gii ny ta xt min bnh n, ngha l
y khng c iu kin ban u.
Kh c th tm li gii gii tch cho bi ton ng lc hc nu trn, cho nn
tc gi s dng phng php phn t hu hn ging nh bi ton tng tc tnh hc
ca cc vi nn t c trnh by trong chng 3. y dng phn t khi ch
nht 20 nt, ti mi nt c 3 chuyn v (u, v,w) theo ba trc x, y, z. Mt phn t c
khi lng bng 1 v c chia u v 8 nt gc.
Ch rng, khi u vo tnh ton l gia tc, bin i sang lc, tc gi
cho gia tc nhn vi khi lng ti cc nt ca b mt c lc tc dng ng t.
4.5 Kho st dao ng ca khi t v ca cc chu ti trng ng nm ngang
4.5.1 Kho st dao ng khi t.
Trong mc ny, gi s kho st bi ton dao ng khi t c kch thc (3,0
x 3,6 x 4,2) m chu tc dng ca ti trng ng nm ngang t ti y khi t.
Khi t c m un n hi E = 10 MPa, h s Poisson = 0,3. Khi t chu ti

116

trng ng P c di tn t 0,530 Hz, bc tn s 0,5 v di tn t 1,060 Hz, bc

tn s 1,0 Hz (hnh 4.7)
Khi t cn tnh

Ed,

Hnh 4.7 S tnh khi t chu tc dng ca ti trng ng nm ngang

Quy trnh tnh ton nh sau:
- Thay cc gi tr tn s ca ti trng vo cng thc (4.7) s tm c li gii
xung ca khng gian v hn min tn s. S dng li gii ny tm c chuyn
v ca khi t nm trong na khng gian v hn min tn s bng cch:
+ t thm lc o;
+ Tha mn iu kin mt thong;
+ Tha mn iu kin trn bin khi t v iu kin v cng bng
PPNLCT Gauss.
- Kt qu tng ng vi mt tn s th nhn c 1 kt qu chuyn v ca
khi t. Dng tch phn Duhamel trong min tn s tnh cho ton b ti trng
ng tc dng.
- Trng hp xt h s gim chn vt liu dng cng phc K =k(1+2hi)
tnh ton.
- Xut ra kt qu th
- Trng hp khng xt h s gim chn vt liu
Cho h s gim chn vt liu h = 0. S dng phn mm Matlab tc gi xy
dng chng trnh tnh KdynaS. Kt qu c biu chuyn v ngang, gc pha
dao ng ca lp mt v lp y nh cc hnh 4.8, 4.9.

117

2.5

250
Lop mat

Lop mat
200

Lop day

Lop day

150
100
Goc pha (do)

Chuyen vi (cm)

1.5
1
0.5

50
0
-50
-100

-150
-0.5
-200
-1

-250
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

10

Tan so (Hz)

15

20

25

30

35

Tan so (Hz)

(a)

(b)

Hnh 4.8 Biu chuyn v ngang (a), gc pha (b) ca lp mt, lp y khi t
khi chu ti trng ng c di tn t 0,5 n 30 Hz, bc tn s 0,5 Hz
0.1

200

150
100
Goc pha (do)

Chuyen vi (cm)

-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
Lop mat

Lop mat
Lop day

50
0
-50

Lop day

-0.4

-100
-0.5

-150

-0.6

-200
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

10

20

Tan so (Hz)

(a)

30

40

50

60

Tan so (Hz)

(b)

Hnh 4.9 Biu chuyn v ngang (a), gc pha (b) ca lp mt, lp y khi t
khi chu ti trng ng c di tn t 1,0 n 60 Hz, bc tn s l 1,0 Hz.
-

Trng hp c xt h s gim chn vt liu

Cho h s gim chn vt liu h = 0,05. S dng chng trnh KdynaS

tnh. Kt qu c biu chuyn v ngang, gc pha dao ng ca lp mt v lp
y nh cc hnh 4.10; 4.11.

70

118

0.012

200

Lop mat
0.01

150

Lop day

0.008
100
50
Goc pha (do)

0.004
0.002
0
-0.002

0
-50
-100

-0.004
-150

-0.006
-200

-0.008

Lop mat
Lop day

-250

-0.01
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

10

15

20

25

30

35

Tan so (Hz)

Tan so (Hz)

(a)

(b)

Hnh 4.10 Biu chuyn v ngang (a), gc pha (b) ca lp mt, lp y khi t
khi chu ti trng ng c di tn t 0,5 n 30 Hz, bc tn s 0,5 Hz

200

0.015

Lop mat
Lop day

Lop mat
Lop day

150

0.01

100
0.005

Chuyen vi (cm)

Chuyen vi (cm)

Chuyen vi (cm)

0.006

50
0
-50

-0.005

-100
-0.01

-150
-200

-0.015
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Tan so (Hz)

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Tan so (Hz)

(a)
(b)
Hnh 4.11 Biu chuyn v ngang (a), gc pha (b) ca lp mt, lp y khi t khi
chu ti trng ng c di tn t 1,0 n 60 Hz, bc tn s l 1,0 Hz.
T nhng kt qu trn cho thy:
+ Khi kho st vi cc di tn c bc tn s khc nhau ta nhn c cc gi
tr bin dao ng ging nhau ti cc v tr trng nhau v tn s. iu chng t
phng php gii ca bi ton l ng n.
+ Khi khng xt h s gim chn vt liu, bng cc php th vi cc di tn
v bc tn s khc nhau ta c th xc nh c bin dao ng t gi tr cc
i ti cc tn s f = 20 Hz; 25,5 Hz (hnh 4.8a; 4.9a). Dao ng ng vi cc tn s

119

c gi l cc dao ng c bn. Trong f = 20 Hz c gi l tn s dao ng

c bn th nht ca h. Nh vy vi chng trnh tnh lp, c th xc nh trc
tip tn s dao ng c bn ca khi t.
+ Trong trng hp xt h s gim chn vt liu, bin dao ng gim i
vi chc ln, c bit ti cc tn s dao ng c bn do xut hin lc gim chn vt
liu. Cc gi tr bin dao ng thay i ln, xung tng i u ti cc tn s,
c bit ti v tr mt thong khi t (hnh 4.10a; 4.11a)
4.5.2 Kho st truyn sng ct (sng Love) trong nn t
Sng Love (Love, 1972) [46] l sng ct nm ngang truyn t lp di ln
lp trn, xy ra khi vn tc sng ct ca lp trn nh thua vn tc sng ct ca lp
di. Xt trng hp lp b mt ng nht c chiu dy H nm trn na khng gian
ng nht nh hnh 4.12. Khi sng Love truyn theo chiu dng ca trc x th cc
ht ca sng ct nm ngang SH s chuyn ng theo chiu y v c th m t theo
v (x,z,t) = V(z)ei(kL x-t)

cng thc sau:

(4.27)

trong : v l chuyn v cht im theo chiu y; V(z) m t s thay i ca

vn tc v theo su z; kL l s sng ca sng Love.
Sng Love phi tha mn phng trnh sng ct trong c lp b mt v na
khng gian:

2v G1 2v 2v
= (
+
) nu 0 z H
t2 1 x2 z2

(4.28a)

2v G2 2v 2v
= (
+
) nu z H
t2 2 x2 z2

(4.28b)

x
H

1, G1

Lp b mt

2 , G2
gian

Na khng

Hnh 4.12 S minh ha lp t b mt mm hn (G1/1 < G2/2) nm trn na

khng gian n hi, iu kin tn ti sng Love [46].
gii phng trnh trn ngi ta phi xt iu kin lin tc ca chuyn v
ng sut ti mt bin gia lp trn, lp di cng nh iu kin ng sut bng

120

khng ti mt thong. Ngi ta dng li gii y nghin cu chuyn v v thay i

theo chiu su cng nh nghin cu hin tng khuch i dao ng b mt khi
chu tc ng ca sng ct b mt (sng Love)[46].
Sng Love thc cht l sng ct nm ngang SH, chuyn v v khng nhng
ph thuc vo x m cn ph thuc vo z nh cc cng thc trn. Khi tc gi xt
bi ton ch c ng sut ct yz (xt trong mt phng nm ngang xy), yx (xt trong
mt phng thng ng yz). Nh vy vi cc ng sut ct ny, s khng c bin dng
th tch m ch c bin dng trt trong mt phng yx v yz.
Theo PPNLCT Gauss, phim hm lng cng bc ca bi ton ng lc
hc ca khi t nm trong na khng gian n hi khi chu tc dng ca sng
Love c vit nh sau:
Z=

V*

*
*
0
0

(yx-yx0) yx dV* +
V* (yz-yz ) yz dV +V* (fx-fx ) u dV +

(fy-fy0)v dV* + (fz -fz0)w dV* min

V*
V*

(4.29)

Vi cc iu kin rng buc ging nh i vi bi ton tng tc gia khi

t vi mi trng cn li c tc gi trnh by trong chng 2.
Trong cc cng thc trn, V* l th tch min m rng xt iu kin bin;
V l th tch khi t cn tnh (V<V*); yx0, yz0 l ng sut ct ca h so snh xc
nh theo li gii ng lc hc khng gian v hn n hi; yx, yz, yx, yz l ng
sut ct, bin dng ca khi t trong h cn tnh; fx0, fy0, fz0 l lc qun tnh tc
dng ln h so snh; fx, fy, fz l lc qun tnh tc dng ln h cn tnh.
Gii trc tip t phim hm (4.29), s nhn c kt qu bin dao ng
ca khi t theo tn s. Tc gi xy dng chng trnh KdynaL tnh.
V d kho st khi t ging nh trong mc 4.5.1 chu tc dng ca sng
Love truyn t di ln trn, vi di tn t 0,5 n 30Hz, bc tn s 0,5, h s
gim chn vt liu h = 0,05. Tc gi kho st 3 trng hp sau:

121

- Kho st m un n hi lp trn bng m un n hi lp di

Cho m un n hi ca lp trn bng m un n hi lp di: E1 = E2 = 10 MPa.
S dng chng trnh KdynaL tnh, nhn c biu chuyn v ngang v theo
tn s nh sau (hnh 4.13)

Hnh 4.13 Biu chuyn v ngang v theo tn s khi cho m un n hi lp trn

lp di bng nhau E1 = E2 = 10 MPa
- Kho st m un n hi lp trn nh hn m un n hi lp di
Cho m un n hi lp di E1 = 20MPa; m un n hi lp trn E2 = 4
MPa. S dng chng trnh KdynaL tnh, nhn c biu chuyn v ngang v
theo tn s nh sau (hnh 4.14)

Hnh 4.14 Biu chuyn v ngang v theo tn s khi m un n hi lp di

E1 = 20MPa; m un n hi lp trn E2 = 4MPa

122

- Kho st m un n hi lp trn tng dn, m un n hi lp di gi

nguyn.
Cho m un n hi ca lp di E2 = 20MPa, cn m un n hi ca lp
trn tng dn: E2 = 4MPa; 6MPa ; 8MPa. S dng chng trnh KdynaL tnh,
nhn c biu chuyn v ngang v theo tn s nh sau (hnh 4.15)
3

E2=4
E2=6

2.5

E2=8

Chuyen vi (cm)

2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

Tan so (Hz)

Hnh 4.15 Biu chuyn v ngang v ca lp mt theo tn s khi m un n hi

lp di E1 = 20MPa; m un n hi lp trn ln lt E2 = 4MPa ;
6MPa ; 8MPa
T cc kt qu kho st tc gi c mt s nhn xt sau:
- Theo l thuyt, khi vn tc sng ct lp trn nh hn vn tc sng ct lp
di th s c sng Love v xy ra hin tng khuch i dao ng b mt. Li gii
s ca tc gi cho thy r c iu :
+ Khi kho st cng ca hai lp t ging nhau (E khng i) tc l vn tc
sng ct lp trn bng vn tc sng ct lp di th ta khng thy hin tng
khuch i dao ng b mt (hnh 4.13). V d ti tn s 12,5 Hz, ta thy bin
dao ng lp mt xp x bin dao ng lp y.
+ Khi kho st cng ca lp t trn nh hn cng ca lp t di tc
l vn tc sng ct lp trn nh hn vn tc sng ct lp di th bin dao ng
theo chiu v ti lp mt tng ln nhiu ln so vi lp y (hnh 4.14) tc l xut
hin hin tng khuch i dao ng b mt. V d ti tn s 2,5 Hz, ta c t s
gia bin dao ng lp mt vi bin dao ng lp y k =

2.5446
= 4,1
0.6214

123

k c gi l h s khuch i dao ng b mt, c hiu l t s gia bin

dao ng ln nht ca lp mt vi bin dao ng ca lp y.
- Khi kho st m un n hi ca lp t trn tng ln ( cng ca t tng
ln) th ta thy bin dao ng b mt gim xung (hnh 4.15). Nh vy hin
tng khuch i dao ng b mt ph thuc vo cng lp t pha trn, t
cng yu th dao ng b mt cng ln. Trong tnh ton ta chn h s khuch i
theo bin dao ng ln nht.
Nh vy bng cch s dng PPNLCT Gauss vi vic dng li gii ng lc
hc ca khng gian v hn lm h so snh c th xy dng c bi ton truyn
sng Love trong nn t. Da trn kt qu bng s ca phng php phn t hu
hn nhn thy hin tng khuch i dao ng b mt nn t theo phng thng
gc vi phng truyn sng, ph hp vi l thuyt v truyn sng Love.
Nhng nghin cu trn chng t khi c s tn ti ca lp t yu trn nn
t cng chu tc ng ca sng ng t th s lm tng bin d dao ng b mt
ca lp t yu. iu ny hon ton ph hp vi nghin cu ca Kramer [46] khi
kho st nh hng ca iu kin a cht ti ch ti dao ng b mt. Vn ny
cn phi c nghin cu khi tnh ton ng t. c c kt qu tin cy cn
phi kho st rt nhiu trng hp khc nhau, ri x l thng k s liu, sau a
ra c h s khuch i dng trong tnh ton ng t.
4.5.3 Kho st dao ng ca cc n
Gi s kho st cc c chiu di l = 10m, tit din (40x40)cm; m un n hi
Ec = 20000 MPa, nm trong nn t c m un n hi E = 10MPa, h s poisson
= 0,3 chu tc dng ca ti trng ng P ti chn cc vi di tn t 0,1 n 6 Hz,
bc ca tn s l 0,1 (hnh 4.16).

124

Khi t cha cc

Cc, Ec

Ed,
P

Hnh 4.16 S tnh cc n chu tc dng ca ti trng ng nm ngang

Tc gi xy dng chng trnh KdynaP tnh v kho st hai trng hp
sau:
- Khi khng xt h s gim chn vt liu
Cho h s gim chn vt liu h = 0. S dng chng trnh KdynaP tnh.
Kt qu c biu chuyn v ngang theo tn s ti cc v tr u cc, gia v
chn cc v biu chuyn v ngang theo chiu di cc ti tn s c bin dao
ng ln nht nh hnh 4.17.
1.4

1.4

Dau coc

1.2

f=4.9Hz

Giua coc

1.2

Chan coc

0.8

C huy en v i (c m )

Chuyen vi (cm)

0.6
0.4
0.2

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

-0.2

-0.2

-0.4
0

Tan so (Hz)

(a)

10

12

Chieu dai coc (m)

(b)

Hnh 4.17 Biu chuyn v ngang theo tn s ti cc v tr u cc, gia v chn

cc (a). Biu chuyn v ngang theo chiu di cc ti tn s 4,9 Hz (b)

125

- Khi xt h s gim chn vt liu

Cho h s gim chn vt liu h = 0,05. S dng chng trnh KdynaP
tnh. Kt qu c biu chuyn v ngang theo tn s ti cc v tr u cc, gia
v chn cc v biu chuyn v ngang theo chiu di cc ti tn s c bin dao
ng ln nht nh hnh 4.18.
0.08

0.08

Dau coc

f=5.2Hz

Giua coc

0.06

0.06

Chan coc

0.04
Chuy en v i (c m )

Chuyen vi (cm)

0.04
0.02
0.00

0.02
0

-0.02

-0.02

-0.04

-0.04

-0.06

-0.06
0

Tan so (Hz)

10

Chieu dai coc (m)

(a)

(b)

Hnh 4.18 Biu chuyn v ngang theo tn s ti cc v tr u cc, gia v chn

cc (a). Biu chuyn v ngang theo chiu di cc ti tn s 5,2 Hz (b)
T kt qu kho st dao ng ca cc n chu tc dng ca ti trng ng
t ti chn cc, ta c th xc nh c bin dao ng theo tn s ca cc (hnh
4.17a, 4.18a). Qua c th xc nh c bin dao ng theo chiu di cc ti
tn s c bin dao ng ln nht (v d ti tn s 4,9Hz- hnh 4.17b v tn s
5,2Hz- hnh 4.18b). Khi xt h s gim chn vt liu ta thy gi tr bin dao ng
ca cc nh i nhiu ln, v do xut hin lc cn nht trong t.
Nh vy vi chng trnh tnh lp, tc gi cng c th xc nh c trc
tip tn s dao ng c bn ca cc; nghin cu c cc thng s nh hng n
s lm vic ca cc nh chiu di cc, cng ca t, cng ca cc...
4.6 Kho st dao ng ca cc chu ti trng ng t
Khi nghin cu bi ton ny ta c th gii trc tip trong min thi gian,
nhng y bi ton l tuyn tnh, hn na iu kin ban u bng khng nn
phng php thng dng nht l phng php bin i qua min tn s. Tc gi s
dng gia tc ca trn ng t El Centro 1940 lm thng s u vo kho st

12

126

bi ton dao ng ca cc khi chu ti trng ng t. Theo s 4.5, tc gi kho

st 4 trng hp sau:
- Trng hp 1: Ly di d liu n = 128 s liu
Thi gian chn ng ng t T = 0,02 x 128 = 2,56s;
Tn s c bn: f1 =

1
= 0,39(Hz);
2.56

Tn s Nyquist: fN =

128
= 25(Hz)
2x2.56

- Trng hp 2: Ly di d liu n = 256 s liu

Thi gian chn ng ng t T = 0.02 x 256 = 5,12s;
Tn s c bn: f1 =

1
= 0,19(Hz);
5.12

Tn s Nyquist: fN =

256
= 25(HZ).
2x5.12

- Trng hp 3: Ly di d liu n = 512 s liu

Thi gian chn ng ng t T = 0.02 x 512 = 10,24s;
Tn s c bn: f1 =

1
= 0,097(Hz);
10.24

Tn s Nyquist: fN =

512
= 25 (Hz).
2x10.24

- Trng hp 4: Ly di d liu n = 1024 s liu

Thi gian chn ng ng t T = 0.02 x 1024 = 20,48s;
Tn s c bn: f1 =

1
= 0,048(Hz)
20.48

Tn s Nyquist: fN =

1024
= 25(Hz)
2x20.48

Sau c 4 trng hp trn lm tip tc theo cc bc nh sau:

+ Dng hm bin i Fourier nhanh bin i lc tc dng trong min thi
gian sang min tn s: pi(f)= fft(pi(t)); i = 1n
+ S dng phng php dng h so snh xc nh ph phn ng ca cc
trong min tn s: hi(f)

127

+ Nhn hai kt qu trn li ta c kt qu tng cng trong min tn s:

x(f) = pi(f).hi(f);
+ S dng hm bin i Fourier nhanh, ngc bin i kt qu tng cng
trong min tn s v min thi gian: x(t) = ifft(x(f)).
Kho st cc BTCT c chiu di l = 14m; tit din vung (30x30) cm; m
un n hi Ec = 30000MPa, t trong nn t c m un n hi E = 10MPa, h
s poisson = 0,3 ( hnh 4.19).
Khi t cha cc

Cc, Ec

E,
P

Hnh 4.19 S tnh cc n chu tc dng ca ti trng ng t

S dng phn mm Matlab, tc gi xy dng chng trnh tnh KdynaPE
kho st 4 trng hp: thi gian chn ng ng t T=2,56s; T =5,12s, T=10,24s;
T=20,48s. Kt qu c biu chuyn v ngang theo thi gian ti cc v tr u
cc, chn cc; cc biu chuyn v ngang, lc ct, m men theo chiu di cc ti
thi im t gi tr bin dao ng ln nht nh hnh 4.20; 4.21; 4.22; 4.23.
- Kho st vi thi gian chn ng ca ng t T = 2,56s

(a)

(b)

128

(c)

(d)

Hnh 4.20 Biu chuyn v ngang theo thi gian ti cc v tr u cc, chn cc
(a). Biu chuyn v ngang (b), lc ct (c), m men (d) theo chiu di
cc ti thi gian 0,56s.
- Kho st vi thi gian chn ng ca ng t T = 5,12s

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Hnh 4.21 Biu chuyn v ngang theo thi gian ti cc v tr u cc, chn cc
(a). Biu chuyn v ngang (b), lc ct (c), m men (d) theo chiu di
cc ti thi gian 3,12s.

129

- Kho st vi thi gian chn ng ca ng t T = 10,24s

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Hnh 4.22 Biu chuyn v ngang theo thi gian ti cc v tr u cc, chn cc
(a). Biu chuyn v ngang (b), lc ct (c), m men (d) theo chiu di
cc ti thi gian 8,24s
- Kho st vi thi gian tc ng ca ng t T = 20,48s

(a)

(b)

130

(c)

(d)

Hnh 4.23 Biu chuyn v theo thi gian ti cc v tr u cc, chn cc (a). biu
chuyn v (b), lc ct (c), m men (d) ca cc theo chiu di ti thi
gian 18,48s.
Trong 4 trng hp kho st trn, ta thy trng hp kho st th 3 khi tnh
ton vi thi gian ng t t =10,24s cho kt qu bin dao ng, lc ct, m men
ln nht so vi 3 trng hp kho st cn li, n gy bt li nht cho cc nn trong
trng hp ny c chn thit k cc. Do vy trong thc t thit k, t s liu
ca gia tc cn chia thnh nhiu khong thi gian kho st, sau la chn
trng hp no gy bt li nht cho cc thit k cc.
Nh vy s dng phng php dng h so snh cho ta nhn c bin dao
ng ca cc ti cc thi im khc nhau. T ta c th xc nh c chuyn v,
lc ct, m men un dc theo cc ti bt k thi im no. V gi tr theo min thi
gian thay i lin tc, nn ta chn gi tr ln nht tnh.
T c s ca bi ton c th m rng nghin cu trn nhiu loi t khc
nhau, trn nhm cc, dng nhiu ph gia tc khc nhau... c th c nhng kt
lun mang tnh tng qut v chnh xc hn bi ton tng tc gia cc v t nn
khi chu ti trng ng t, lm c s cho vic tnh ton thit k khng chn cho
mng cc v cc cng trnh xy dng.

131

4.7 Kt lun chng 4

- Trong chng ny tc gi xy dng bi ton tng tc ng lc hc ca
cc v t nn khi chu ti trng ng nm ngang cng nh chu ti trng ng t,
xt cc nm trong nn bn khng gian v hn n hi. Trn c s tc gi xy
dng bi ton dao ng ca khi t v ca cc nm trong na khng gian n hi
vi h so snh l bi ton ng lc hc ca khng gian v hn n hi khi chu ti
trng ng nm ngang. u im ca phng php ny l cho php k c iu
kin bin v hn cng nh iu kin tr khng c hc (iu kin bc x) ca cc
i vi t v do khng cn t thm cc h s l xo, h s nht nh cc phng
php khc.
- Tc gi dng li gii s bng phng php phn t hu hn vi t l
phn t khi 3 chiu 20 nt; cc nh dm chu un c xt n bin dng trt
ngang v dng phn t 2 nt i vi chuyn v, 3 nt i vi lc ct nghin cu
bi ton ng lc hc ca cc.
- Phng php cho php xc nh trc tip cc tn s dao ng c bn ca h
tng tc gia cc n v nn khi chu ti trng ng. Xc nh n gin, m bo
tin cy cc gi tr chuyn v ca cc.
- xt bin dng do ca t khi chu ti trng ng t tc gi a h s
gim chn vt liu vo trong tnh ton, thy rng nh hng ca h s gim chn vt
liu n bin dao ng l kh ln, c bit ti cc tn s dao ng ring.
- Thng qua li gii s cho thy r hin tng khuch i dao ng b mt
khi c sng Love truyn t di ln, ph hp vi l thuyt v truyn sng Love.
c c kt qu tin cy cn phi kho st nhiu trng hp khc nhau, ri x l
thng k s liu mi a ra c h s khuch i dng trong tnh ton ng t.
- Dng gia tc ca mt trn ng t tht (El Centro 1940) lm thng s
u vo kho st bi ton tng tc ng lc hc ca cc khi chu ti trng ng
t. S dng tch phn chp Duhamel nhn c li gii trong min tn s, sau
bin i Fourier nhanh, ngc (IFFT) c kt qu trong min thi gian.

132

KT LUN, KIN NGH

* Cc kt qu chnh t c:
Nh trong phn tng quan trnh by, vn tng tc gia cng trnh v nn
t ni chung, gia cc v nn t ni ring khi chu ti trng nm ngang cng nh
ti trng ng t l mt vn phc tp cha c gii quyt mt cch y .
Vic xt iu kin bin trn cng trnh cng nh iu kin bin v cng cha
c xem xt mt cch tha ng. Bng cch s dng phng php dng h so
snh ca PPNLCT Gauss trong vic nghin cu bi ton tng tc gia cc v nn
t khi chu ti trng nm ngang cng nh ti trng ng t, tc gi nhn c mt
s kt qu chnh nh sau:
1. Thng qua li gii s bng phng php phn t hu hn c th a li gii
Kelvin v li gii Mindlin, ngha l nhn c li gii ca bn khng gian v hn
n hi t li gii ca khng gian v hn n hi vi ti trng t ti v tr bt k.
2. Xy dng c bi ton tng tc tnh hc, tng tc ng lc hc gia cc
vi nn t khi chu ti trng tnh, ti trng ng nm ngang t ti v tr bt k. S
dng phng php phn t hu hn vi t l phn t khi 3 chiu 20 nt; cc dng
phn t 2 nt i vi chuyn v, 3 nt i vi lc ct gii. Phng php ny t
ng tha mn iu kin bin v cng, iu kin trn bin khi t cha cc cng
nh iu kin tip xc gia cc v nn t, tc l khng cn t thm cc lin kt
ph nh l xo, hp nht trn b mt tip xc gia cc- nn t, trn bin ca khi
t cha cc. Ngoi ra c th nghin cu c cc thng s nh hng n s lm
vic ca cc nh: chiu di cc, cng ca cc, cc t trn lp cng v nh
hng ca cc n s lm vic ca t.
3. Trong tnh ton ng lc hc cng trnh v tnh ton ng t bao gi cng
xt n h s nht cng trnh. Trong lun n ny, i vi nn t tc gi khng
dng h s nht thng thng m dng h s gim chn vt liu (hysteretic
damping) hay h s ma st kh (dry friction). H s ny cho php xt c hin
tng bin dng do ca nn t khi cn.

133

4. Xy dng c bi ton truyn sng ct (sng Love) t nn t cng truyn

ln lp t pha trn bng cch xt ng thi sng ct trong mt phng nm ngang
v sng ct nm trong mt phng thng ng. Da trn li gii s ca phng php
phn t hu hn nghin cu c hin tng khuch i dao ng b mt theo
phng thng gc vi phng truyn sng, ph hp vi l thuyt v truyn sng
Love.
5. Xy dng c bi ton tng tc ng lc hc ca cc khi chu ti trng
ng t. S dng tch phn chp Duhamel nhn c li gii trong min tn s,
sau bin i Fourier nhanh, ngc (IFFT) c kt qu trong min thi gian.
Dng gia tc ca mt trn ng t tht (El Centro 1940) lm thng s u vo
kho st, xc nh c cc thng s chuyn v, m men, lc ct ca cc ti bt
k thi gian no.
6. Da trn ngn ng lp trnh Matlab, xy dng c cc chng trnh phn
mm tnh ton phc v cc trng hp nghin cu, kho st: Mstatic1; Kstatic1;
MstaticP1; KstaticP1; KstaticPLs; KdynaS; KdynaL; KdynaP; KdynaPE.
* Nhng vn cn nghin cu tip
1. Lun n xy dng bi ton tng tc gia cc n v nn t khi xem
nn t lm vic trong min n hi, y l c s m rng nghin cu xy dng
bi ton khi xt thm cc tnh cht c bit ca nn t v cng trnh nh: n do,
n nht, hin tng ha lng khi xy ra ng t, nh hng ca p lc nc l
rng trong nn t bo ha, hin tng khong trng (GAP) v nghin cu bi
ton trng thi gii hn ca cc.
2. M rng nghin cu bi ton tng tc ng thi ca h cc- t- cng trnh;
nhm cc, mng cc i cng, i mm; mng cc i cao.

DANH MC CC CNG TRNH CNG B CA TC GI

1. Ng Quc Trinh (2008), Nghin cu bi ton tng tc gia mng nng v nn

bin dng, Tp ch Cu ng Vit Nam.
2. Ng Quc Trinh, Vng Vn Thnh, Trn Hu H (5/2012). Nghin cu tng
tc gia khi t vi t nn n hi khi chu ti trng tnh nm ngang. Tp
ch Cu ng Vit Nam.
3. Ng Quc Trinh, Vng Vn Thnh, Trn Hu H (6/2012). Nghin cu tng
tc gia cc n v t nn n hi khi chu ti trng tnh nm ngang. Tp ch
Cu ng Vit Nam.
4. Ng Quc Trinh, Vng Vn Thnh, Trn Hu H (11/2012), S dng li gii
ca Mindlin xy dng bi ton tng tc gia cc v nn t n hi khi chu
ti trng tnh nm ngang, Tuyn tp Hi ngh khoa hc vt liu, kt cu v
cng ngh xy dng 2012 (MSC2012), i hc kin trc H Ni.
5. Ng Quc Trinh (12/2012), S dng phng php dng h so snh nghin cu
bi ton tng tc gia cc v nn t khi chu ti trng tnh nm ngang, Hi
ngh C hc ton quc ln th IX.
6. Ng Quc Trinh (3/2013), Nghin cu bi ton truyn sng Love trong nn t
khi xy ra ng t, Tp ch Giao thng vn ti.

TI LIU THAM KHO

7. Nguyn Thy Anh (2011), Lun n Tin s k thut, L thuyt tm c xt n
bin dng trt, Hc vin k thut qun s.
8. Chu Ngc n (2009), Nn mng cng trnh. Nh xut bn xy dng.
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10. Trn Bnh (1968), Bi ton phi tuyn v un ngang ca mng su. Tp san c
hc, s IV.
11. H Huy Cng (1984), Lun n TSKH, S dng nguyn l cc tr Gauss vo
cc bi ton mt ng cng sn bay v ng t, i hc MADIMtxcva.
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13. on Vn Dun (2011), Lun n tin s k thut, Nghin cu n nh n hi
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15. L Anh Hong (2004), Nn v mng. Nh xut bn xy dng.
16. Ng Th Thanh Hng (2011), Lun n Tin s k thut, Nghin cu tnh ton
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bn khoa hc k thut.
20. Nguyn L Ninh (2009), ng t v thit k cng trnh chu ng t, Nh
xut bn xy dng.
21. Nguyn Vn Qung (2008), Nn mng v tng hm nh cao tng. Nh xut bn
xy dng.

22. Phan Hng Qun (2006), Nn v Mng, Nh xut bn Gio dc.

23. L c Thng (1998), Tnh ton mng cc, Nh xut bn giao thng vn ti H
Ni.
24. L c Thng, Bi Anh nh, Phan Trng Phit (2000), Nn v mng. Nh
xut bn gio dc.
25. Tiu chun 22 TCN 221-95, Cng trnh giao thng trong vng ng t.
26. Tiu chun k thut cng trnh giao thng, 22 TCN-272-05 (2005), Tiu chun
thit k cu, Nh xut bn GTVT.
27. Tiu chun xy dng TCXD 205-1998, Mng cc- Tiu chun thit k.
28. Tiu chun xy dng Vit Nam, TCXDVN 375:2006 (2006), Thit k cng trnh
chu ti trng ng t, Nh xut bn xy dng.
29. V Thanh Thy (12/2010), Lun n tin s k thut, Nghin cu ni lc v
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i hc Kin trc H Ni.
30. ng Huy T (2003), Lun n tin s k thut, Nghin cu s lan truyn ca
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ng mm theo phng php nguyn l cc tr Gauss c xt ti nh hng
ca lc ngang, Hc vin k thut qun s.
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