1

( ) 34
106 79
. 210 3616532 - 2103617784 - Fax: 210 3641025
e-mail : info@hms.gr
www.hms.gr

GREEK MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY

34, Panepistimiou (leftheriou Venizelou) Street
GR. 106 79 - Athens - HELLAS
Tel. 210 3616532 - 2103617784 - Fax: 210 3641025
e-mail : info@hms.gr
www.hms.gr

73

, 12 2013

B
1

22
2 1 2
40 80 79 67
= 33 + 10000 + : = 1 : 4 2 +
.
31
9 3 3
41 3 9 41

22 3
2 1 2 4
2 3 2 4
2 2 112
3 + 10000 + : = 27 + 1 + = 28 + =
31
9 3 3 31
9 1 3 31
3 3 31

40 80 79 67 1 80 79 67 1 1 67 81 67 148
= 1 : 4 2 +
= : +
= : +
= +
=
41 3 9 41 41 81 81 41 41 81 41 41 41 41
112 148 112 41 148 31 4592 4588
4

=
=
=
> 0, > .
=
31 41
31 41
1271
1271
2
720 .
12 , 5%
. 24 14% .
.
.
12 , 5
5% ., 720
= 36
100
, 720 + 36 = 756 .
756 :12 = 63 .
24 , 14% ,
14
720
= 100,8 , 720 + 100,8 = 820,8 .
100
820,8 : 24 = 34, 2 .

2
3
= .
.
.
.
()
= .
() ,

() AB ( AB = A ), : 1 = 2 .
, .
A , : =
1

.
1 = 1 = 2 = x .

1
() A , :
(1) .
x + y + z = 180o
AB , :
2 x + y + = 180o
(2) .
A ( A ), :
=
= 2 x
(3) .
y =
(1) (2) ( (3)), :
3x + z = 180o
(A) 4 x + = 180o
(B) .
:
y = z , y = z = 2 x () () :
x = 36o = 36o .
x = z , () : x = z = 45o , = 90o , .
x = y , (3) : x = 0o , .
= = 360 .
, ,
4
60% , 45% ,
15% . 24
, ,
.

3
( 60 + 45 ) 15 = 90% .
100 90 = 10% . , 24,
100
24
= 240 . ,
10
60
45
240
= 144 , 240
= 108 .
100
100

1
() :
3

x 3 1 x 81x 2 + 27 y
, x = 32 , y = 33 .
= 2 + +
y
y 3 y
() = 1623 589 , .

2
x3 ( 3 )
36
x 32 33
() x = 3 , y = 3 2 =
=
=
,
= 3 = 2 = 3
1
6
3 2
y
3
y
3
3
3
( )
3

81x + 27 y
=
y

2

81 ( 32 ) + 27 33
2

81 3 + 27 3
=
33

81

1
1
+ 27
81
27 = 2 33 .
3
3

x 3 1 x 81x 2 + 27 y 1 3
4
= 2 + +
= 1 + 3 + 2 33 = 27 + 2 27 = 36 + 54 = 90.
y
3
3
y 3 y
()

= 1623 589 = ( 24 ) 589 = 292 589 = 23 ( 289 589 ) = 23 ( 2 5 ) = 23 1089 = 8 1089 .

23

89

, 8 89 ,
90 .
2
65% , 45% ,
20% . 12
, 24 .
, .

(
) ( 65 + 45 ) 20 = 90% . -

4
100 90 = 10% . , 100
24 + 12 = 36 , 36
= 360 . ,
10
60
360
= 216 ,
100
45
360
= 162 .
100
3
.
A = . , . .
(i) : = .
(ii) .
(iii) .

2
(i) :
1. = ( ).
2. = ( ).
=
= 60o + x , x =
.
3.
(
), = .
(ii) ,
3
3
. =
= 3

2
2
: ( ) = ( ) + ( ) = ( ) + ( ) ,

.
3
= = 2
= 3 ,
2

5
1
( ) =
2

3=

2 3
2

= =

.
2
( = = )
.
= 2 2 = 2 2 = 2 + 2 2
=

3 +

2 3

2 3 2 7
2

=
+

=
3
.

4 4
4
16
4

1 3 7 7 2 3
,
( ) =

=
2 2
4
16
2 3 7 2 3 15 2 3
+
=
.
( ) = ( ) + ( ) =
2
16
16
(iii) ( & ,
7
. = , =

4
3 3 3 3
,
= + =
+
=
2
4
4
1
1
7 3 3 33 2 3

+
=
.

(
) (
)

2
2
4 4
32
4

P ( x ) = ( ax 2 + bx + c ) ( ax + b ) Q ( x ) = a 2 x 3 + 4 x 2 + dx + e ,

a, b, c, d , e . P (1) = 21 ,
a, b, c, d , e P ( x ) Q ( x ) .

P (1) = 21 P (1) = ( a + b + c )( a + b ) = 21 , ,

a, b, c , a + b + c > a + b ,
a + b + c = 7
a + b + c = 21

(1)

. ( 2)
a+b = 3
a +b =1
a, b a + b = 1 (2) ,
(2) .
(1) a + b = 3 c = 4 .
P ( x )
P ( x ) = ( ax 2 + bx + c ) ( ax + b ) = a 2 x3 + 2abx 2 + ( b 2 + ac ) x + bc ,

P ( x ) = Q ( x ) {a 2 = a 2 , 2ab = 4, b 2 + ac = d , bc = e} .

c = 4 a + b = 3 , :

6
a + b = 3, ab = 2, c = 4, b 2 + 4a = d , 4b = e, a, b, c, d , e ,
a = 1, b = 2, c = 4, d = 8 e = 8 a = 2, b = 1, c = 4, d = 9 e = 4.

1
:

( x 1)

x + x x + 3 + x2
+

, x ( x 2 + 4 )( x 2 5 x + 4 ) = 0 .
2
4

( x 1)

x +x

x + 3 + x2

( x 1) + 2 ( x + x ) x + 3 + x 2
2

4
2
4
2
x 2 x + 1 + 2 x + 2 x x + 3 + x 2 x 2 2 x 2.

x [ 2, 2] .
,
x ( x 2 + 4 )( x 2 5 x + 4 ) = 0 x = 0 x 2 + 4 = 0 x 2 5 x + 4 = 0.
x 2 + 4 = 0 \ , x 2 + 4 > 0, x \ , x 2 5 x + 4 = 0 = 9 > 0 x = 1 x = 4 .
x = 0 x = 1 x = 4
4 [ 2, 2] , x = 0 x = 1 .
2

x 2 + y 2 )( x3 y 3 )( x3 + y 3 )
(
4 x 2 + 16 y 2 + 16 xy 25
( x, y ) =

x
,
y
=
,
(
)
2x + 4 y + 5
( x 2 y 2 )( x4 + y 4 + x 2 y 2 )

y x 2 x + 4 y + 5 0 ,
( x, y ) = ( x, y ) .

y x 2 x + 4 y + 5 0 ,
, .
( x, y ) :

( x + y )( x y )( x + y ) = ( x
( x, y ) =
( x y )( x + y + x y )
2

+ y 2 )( x 6 y 6 )
x y
6

= x2 + y 2 .

x 6 y 6 = ( x 2 ) ( y 2 ) = ( x 2 y 2 )( x 4 + x 2 y 2 + y 4 )
3

x3 y 3 = ( x y ) ( x 2 + xy + y 2 ) ,

x3 + y 3 = ( x + y ) ( x 2 xy + y 2 )

x 4 + y 4 + x 2 y 2 = ( x 2 + y 2 ) x 2 y 2 = ( x 2 + y 2 + xy )( x 2 + y 2 xy ) .
2

7
2
4 x2 + 16 y 2 + 16 xy 25 ( 2 x + 4 y ) 5
( x, y ) =
=
2x + 4 y + 5
2x + 4 y + 5
2

( 2x + 4 y + 5)( 2 x + 4 y 5) = 2x + 4 y 5.
=

2x + 4 y + 5
( x, y ) = ( x, y ) :

x 2 + y 2 = 2 x + 4 y 5 x 2 2 x + y 2 4 y + 5 = 0 ( x 1) + ( y 2 ) = 0
2

x 1 = 0 y 2 = 0 ( ( x 1) + ( y 2 ) > 0)
2

x = 1, y = 2.
3
AB ,E A, , A = . c1 (B, BE) c2 (, ) 1 , 2 1 , 2 , . 1
2 .
:
() E, 2 , 1 , , c3 .
() E, 1 , 2 , , c4 .
() A c3 c4 , .

3
() 2 ( 2

c1 ), E2
I AB . :
IE = IB2
(1) .

8
1 ( 1 c2 ),

1

I AB . :
I = I1
(2) .
AE ( A = A ), E
I

AB . :
I = IE
(3) .
, 2 , E , 1 I
AB , ( (1), (2), (3) )
I = IE = IB2 = I1 := r ,
E, 2 , 1 , c3 I r .
() E, 1 , 2 ,
c4 I AB r := I = I E = I 2 = I 1 .
() ( c3 c4 )
, .

a 2 x 2 + 2a

2 1 x + x 2 + 3 2 2 = 0,

x \ a \ .
a .

x 2 x 2 .

a 2 x 2 + 2a 2 1 x + 3 2 2 = x 2, x 2.

(1)

a = 0
3 2 2 = x 2, x 2 , (, 3 2 2 > 0 ).
a 0 , (1) = 0 ,

( ax +

2 1 = x 2, x 2.

(2)

ax + 2 1 0 x 2 0, x 2, (2) ,
, , ax + 2 1 = 0 x 2 = 0, x 2 x = 2, a =
, a =

1 2
.
2

1 2
x = 2.
2

1
x, y \ :
x + y 1 + x + 2 + y + 2 5 .

( x, y ) x < 0
x + y 1 + x + 2 + y + 2 = 5 .

a \ :
a a, ( a 0)

a a, ( a 0).

x + y 1 ( x + y 1) , x + 2 x + 2 y + 2 y + 2,
:
x + y 1 + x + 2 + y + 2 ( x + y 1) + x + 2 + y + 2 = 5 .
, , , , , ,
,
x + y 1 0 x + 2 0 y + 2 0
x + y 1 x 2 y 2 .
( x, y ) x < 0 ,
, x {2, 1} , y {2, 1, 0,1, 2,....} , x + y 1 ,
:
( x, y ) {( 2, 2) , ( 2, 1) , ( 2,0) , ( 2,1) , ( 2, 2) , ( 2,3) , ( 1, 2) , ( 1, 1) , ( 1,0) , ( 1,1) , ( 1, 2) }.
2
x, y

x 2 ( y 2 3 y + 2 ) < 4 y ( y 1) ( xy 2 x + 2 y y 2 ) ,

: 2 y 3 < 1 .

x 2 ( y 2 3 y + 2 ) < 4 y ( y 1) ( xy 2 x + 2 y y 2 )

x 2 ( y 2 3 y + 2 ) 4 y ( y 1) ( xy 2 x + 2 y y 2 ) < 0
x 2 ( y 2 3 y + 2 ) 4 y ( y 1)( y 2 ) x 4 y ( y 1) ( 2 y y 2 ) < 0
x2 ( y2 3 y + 2) 4 y ( y2 3 y + 2) x + 4 y2 ( y2 3 y + 2) < 0
( y 2 3 y + 2 )( x 2 4 xy + 4 y 2 ) 0 ( y 2 3 y + 2 ) ( x 2 y ) < 0
2

y 2 3 y + 2 < 0, ( x 2 y ) 0,
2

( y 1)( y 2 ) < 0 1 < y < 2.

3
3
3
1 2y 3 1
1 < y < 2 1 < y < 2 <
< 1 < 2 y 3 < 1 2 y 3 < 1.
2
2
2
2
2
2

10
3
AB AB < A < B . =
= < 90D .
AB ( AB = A ) A ( A = A )
K . A
=
.
ABE .

4
:
1. = ( ).
2. = E ( ).
=
=
+
3.
, c1 c2 .

c .

1

c2 . = (
) c1 , c2 , :
=
. , , .

, 1 = 1 .
(1)
, :

1 = 2 .

2 c1 .
2
c1 . :
= .

=
.
(1) (2), :
1
2

(2)

11
4
x \
= 13 2 x + 13 + 2 x .

13
13
x .
2
2
= 13 2 x + 13 + 2 x = n ] , = n > 0 :
13 2 x 0 13 + 2 x 0

= 13 2 x + 13 + 2 x = n ] 2 == 26 + 2 132 4 x 2 = n 2
n2
132 4 x 2 = 13
2

(1)

0 132 4 x 2 13 , (1) n ] , :
n2
n2
0 13 13 13
13 + 13 26 n 2 52 n {6, 7} .
2
2
n = 6 (1)

132 4 x 2 = 5 169 4 x 2 = 25 x 2 = 36 x = 6 .
n = 7 (1)
23
232
147
7 3
.
132 4 x 2 =
169 4 x 2 =
x2 =
x=
2
4
16
4

1
, :
xy = z 2 + 2, y 3 = x3 + 2 x 2 + 1 .

2 x 2 + 1 > 0 , x ] ,
y 3 > x3 ( y x ) ( y 2 + xy + x 2 ) > 0 y x > 0 y > x,
2

y 3 y2

> 0 ( x = y = 0
y 2 + xy + y 2 = x + +
2
4

).
x, y , y > x ,
y x + 1 y 3 ( x + 1) y 3 x3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 1
3

(1)
x3 + 2 x 2 + 1 x 3 + 3 x 2 + 3 x + 1 x 2 + 3 x 0 x {3, 2, 1, 0} .

(1)
(2)

x = 3, y = 8 y = 2 .
x = 2 , y 3 = 1 y = 1 (, xy = z 2 + 2 > 0 ).
x = 1, y 3 = 2 ( ] ).
x = 0, , xy = z 2 + 2 > 0 .
x = 3, y = 2 ,
2
z = 4 z = 2 ,
( x, y, z ) = ( 3, 2, 2 ) ( x, y, z ) = ( 3, 2, 2 ) .
3

12
2
f : \ \ , :

f ( x 2 ) y 2 = f ( x + y ) f ( x y ) , x, y \ .

.
2
x = y = 0 f ( 0 ) = f ( 0 ) f ( 0 ) = 0 f ( 0 ) = 1 .
x = y = 2 f ( 4 ) 4 = f ( 4 ) f ( 0 ) , , f ( 0 ) = 1, 4 = 0 (),
, f ( 0 ) = 0 , f ( 4 ) = 4 . f ( 0 ) = 0 f ( 4 ) = 4 .

x = y = t \ f ( t 2 ) t 2 = f ( 2t ) f ( 0 ) = 0 f ( t 2 ) = t 2 , t \ .

x 0 , t \ t 2 = x , f ( x ) = x , x 0 .

x = 0 , y > 0 , f ( 0 ) y 2 = f ( y ) f ( y ) yf ( y ) = y 2 f ( y ) = y,
y > 0 , f ( x ) = x , x < 0 .
f ( x ) = x, x \, .
3
x
ax + a+x ,
a > 1 , .
a
a x + a + x K , K
.

f ( a, x ) = a x + a + x , a > 1, x [ a, a ] -

. f ( a, x ) = a x + a + x = n ],
n2
f ( a, x ) = a x + a + x = n ] 2a + 2 a x = n a x = a
(1)
2
n2
0 a 2 x 2 a , 0 a a 2a n 2 4a 2a n 2 a .
2
n 2a , 2 a
2

(1) x . , (1)
2

n2

n2

2
2
a x = a , x [ a, a ] x = a a , x [ a, a ]
2

n 2 ( 4a n 2 )
n2
n2
2
x = 2a , x [ a, a ] x =
, x [ a, a ]
2
2
4
2

x=

n 4a n 2
.
2

13
x [ a, a ] , ,
2

n2

x = a a a 2 .
2

,
2

a x + a + x -

n 4a n 2

.
n 2a , 2 a , x =
2
,
n = a x + a + x , 2a , 2 a
, a . ,
2a , 2 a ,

2 a 2a K 2 2

K
a K a
.
2 2

4
ABC ( AB < AC < BC )
c(O, R) . AD c(O, R) E . c1 ( D, DA) AC T , AB S , c(O, R) H OA Z .
:
() SBTC , c2 .
() O, D, E , Z , H c2 , .

5
() AST = S c1 AT .
T = 2 S .
T S , AD
AD
T AC ,
AD

14
C.
=D
= C = 90 o DA
D
1
2
S = C SBTC .
H =D
DAH ( DA = DH
() ED
3
A = H ).
2
2
D = 2 A .
(1)
3

H = A
c EO
H =O
ZA
1
1
, :
O1 = 2 A 2 .
(2)
=D
, O , D , E , H
(1) (2) O
1
3
( ).
Z = OAH ( OA = OH
HO
2
A = H ). :
2

= 2 A .

2
1

(3)

H = A
c HD
Z =O
EA
4
2
1
, :
D 4 = 2 A1 .
(4)
=D
, O , D , Z , H
(3) (4) O
2
4
( ).
ST D c1 .
BC O c . K , c2 .
K O , D , Z , E , H ,
: DKO = DHO .
, DKO ST BC (
), :
DKO = 180 o S B = B C ,

= 90o AOE = 90o ACE

= 90o (C + 90o B ) = B C .
= H + H = A + A = EAO
DHO
1
2
1
2
2
.