:

::
. .

II

100

Il

..

20

r
.

.
,

, , , ,
J'! , .
, , .

/(,
( ) u
, (. .

)
u , (.. ).

,
, .

. ,
, ,
.
. , .
:

, ,
, .

. , R
.

.

.

.
, , . ,
.

.
.

( ),

( / ), , ( ..
), ( / /),
( / /) ,

. (

) .
,
, ,

.

,

396, 153

. .

1992

1.0

,
.
.

Cantor,

. .
, ,
(2).

. ... .
. . . , ... , . .
:

xeA

: ,

.

= : ' , . .

AUB :

. :

AUB=!

j
7

AnB:

c
.,

. :

~iI .

AnB== (

/ J

, .

==

e ,

.
, :

\=={ / xiB

.
.

== [ (,) / J
(,)

. ' = , ~oA \ ..

IR2 == (

(,) /

xEIR

YEIR j ,

fJ

IR

j, ,
1,0,1,2,3, ... j ,

- ==( 0,1,2, ... ., ...

-

== ( ... , - 2, -

Q== [

=7' , - * J

;
= 3,1415 .. ., e == 2,718 ...
, ,

, . . *

IR
== \ {}.

.J2, 3f f ,

<=

+s+

- ', >

<==::;),

' ;::: . , <

s, +s+

O<~, ~

s;

, *, "

- ;:::

<< _1_ >_1_

-

"

"

,
,

,~;:::o

-, <

.J2 =

I-tl=*
ll - ll slls!l+l/
Ixl < =
- < < ,
l> =
> <-,
Ix-xol < =
-< <+,

>

,
:

d(A,B) = [ - ]

Ixl

, . \ =

d(A,O).
9

, IR, ,

IR

(,) =!

< <

----.,g-----o-'~

[,]=! IR/:::;:::;

--,~i-----",,-J~

xEIR /

[,) = ! IR / <
(,] =! x EIR / <:::;

j
j -

- -......~----....;c

---ig:>-----......--.

,
:

(-,)=! xEIR/x<a

(,+)=! IR/>

. (- ,]=! IR./:::;

[,+)=! x EIR/x~Q

IR

..

(- 00,+ oo)=IR

__

IR

IR

, :::;.

IR

m ,

~ m. ;

,
.

(-

00

,5) ,
(- 9,] .

[ - 3, + (0)

, ,

,
(),

q(v), ... ,

..

():

2 '>

; ;

():

]0

2' >

 ()

= ,

2 ' > 1,

= 2,

22>2 ,

= 3 ,

23>3 .

() ; .
, ,
.

; ( ), * , ,

?' , :
) (1) ,
) ()
(

+ 1)

() .
,

2 >
V

, :

=] , 2 ' > 1

= *,

2 >

+ 1,

2 ' + ' > +] .

,

2' >

2 "1 = 2'2 >K2~ K +]

2 >
V

* .

, :

>

- ]

Bernoull i:

(1 + ) " ~ 1 + .

(11

, ; ; ; :

!* :

(i)

() , + ,

= ! ' ,
1I

= ; , (

(
, (

) " ~

) ' ~

+ ) 1 ~ 1 + l.

V=K EIN*,

. ( +) '~1 + .
,

+ l)a.

1+ >

(1 + ) " 1 = ( + ) ' ( + ) ~ (1 + )(1 + )= 1 + ( + ) + K '~ + ( + ),

K ~ ~ O.
, ,

BernouJli

*.

1.
2.

2 ' >

8ernouII i

=.

() ;

p(l )

( ) > ,

() ~ . ,

-~--

1.

; :

) / + 31< 2 J

ii) /

) / - ! <, >
2.

< :

'

!">

) [ / ( + ) ' < , >

) x/(x- 2)~> 1\1, >

) 3- <<3+

i) - 3 + < < } '

.;:,

\' * ; Bc rnl~ll !l i :
)

jx -

; :
) 2 - < < 2 +

4.

) [ /

3 \ > 3 J

; :

) lx /X ~-5 <O j
3.

\2-

5\'> 4v

7"+ 3">8v

) 7 -'< - '-

8'

~ * :
)

2.

--

2 + ...+ =

( --

1)

---'--'-'---'--.::..!-

. = ~- , , = , * :
i) ,<2

,, -~ -- .

3) :
)

ii)

},

> , " > *

,
< <l, > , "<-]- *.

------- --

1.1
;

, , ,
.
,
.

IR.
f,
IR. f
= f(x).
()

, :

f:

IR

f(x)

IR,

() ,

; f(A),

]3

f(A)=! YEIRj

, y=f(x)

00

+00

f(x)
-

+00

()

f,

00

f(A),

f(x) =

,
.

[()
( .2) .

.2

f(x)

, . . [(x)=x + '~ -

f f(x) = +..JXi=T ,
() =+ ' 2 - 1 - x+ ~ .

14

 , ,

IR

f(x)

. ..

f(x) = + v!JZ2-=-l = ( - , - 1] U [1, + ).

G(f)=! (x,f(x)/
f.

j,

IR 2 ,

G(f)
f.

(,)

f,

, =

f(x).

, t
, ..

Dirichlet

f(x) = [ , , ,
,

' ;

f,

1.

' (.3).

2.

f(x)

4.

! . .' . ,

. 3

.4

15

 f .

3.

', ;

' (.5).

' )'

( .6) .

4-

.... ---- - -

f(A)

4 - - - - -

. 6

. 5

f.

,,

f.

f(x o ) f '

1.

2x -l

. f(x) =

+2

+ 2 '* ,

'*

- 2,

IR \ - 2} .

. f(x) = '5= 5 - ;::0, :55,

= ( - 00 ,5].
2.

. f(x) =__ = IR \ {- 2}. +2

, ,
f(x) = , , IR \ {- 2}.

- - =
+2

16

=-

+2=

=-

(1-) =2

(1)

= 2,

(1)

* 1

(1)

=~ ,
]-

, = -2, ~ = -2 =

1- 21 . -

ffi. \

2=2-2 =

16! f(A)

0= -2,

= IR,

.
.

2 + - 3

f(x) =

f(A) = IR \ (] J.

++2

+ + 2 > 0 xEffi..

,
, ,
2

+-3

++

= = ++2= +-3

=
i

f(x) =

IR.

(-) +(-

J)x+2y+3=0.(2)

(2) + + 5 = , .
2

f(A).

*]

(2)

IR,

~ ,

_ 1)2_

4(- 1)(2

+ 3 )~O

(y-l)( -7-13) ~O

] i f(A) , f

13
---

f(A) =

[-

:5Y:51.

' 1).

'

1.

f(x

+ h) - f (x)

i) f(x) =2x -1

) f(x) = 2 2 - 3 + 1

f(x) =

+ _ 1_

) f( x)

-2

= -2 2""-'--s--'x=--+- 3
-

) f(x)= J~

1
f(x)= - .
~x2- 4

ii)

f( x)

.J--.:]

= ---'-'----=--

f( x) =

-2

~
-

-- x

+2

17

~ ~ ; ~ f
:

3 -

- --- - -

-1

-1

-2
)

'---_.:......._------_._---- - - _ ._---- ----- - -. _--18

!
_______ ______1

; :
i) f(x) = 3xlx - I1

i) f(x)=' 16-2xl

i) f(x) =

1-2 + Sx -71
2

f(x)

- + 2

+3

,'1 , , ;
:
)

2 2+-3

) f(x) = _ 2_

f () = --=..:---c-.:.-=--..:'--2 -1

ii)

f(x) = -

-3

f(x)=-

6.

i)

i)
;h

f(x)=~
-

f(x) =

2 3 +
-

g(X)=-

g(X) =

~ :
,

f(x) =

3 -
-2

i)

f(x) =

3 2: 5

-4

f(x) =

2 + 2

) [(x)= ~ + ~

. , ' ,

Ohm , . E=]R. = 10 Volt

,
.
,
2S < R < S -

! ; , .
"

9.

; .

10.
'

.
L.

11

Boyle,

, S -

= 800. 100s V s 200 ,

;
.

,.

19

11.

R.

ad ,
.

12. ; f f - .

.

-q'

. Nq :
'()
f ( ) = -1-- + - 1-

>-.

2. ~ :

.'.".~

J''() = 5 +

3.

vx_
1

f(x) = ..}4 -.,JX- 5 .

f(x) = 2' + + g(X) = ( 2 + 2) 1- 3 + 2 - 6,

} . . f,g
}

, 4.

= 2.

xf(x) + ( -

IR,

S.

f.

'

cm 324 cm

2 . cm "

cm'.
.

6.

== 4.

= 3, = 7

= ,

'--- - - - - - -- - - - - -- -- -- - - - _.._--- -- - - - - - - -'

20

1.2

l '

/1

iJ

() = +_ -+

...

++, . , ,

IR.

... ,avEIR

*0,

yt
11"

/V

-.

>

f(x) =c
IR

: []

Q<O

f(x) = + , *0
: IR,

IR

. 1

a>O

a <o

: lR, : [,
>

f(x) = ', *0

+ 00).

: ( - 00 ]
<'

IR

.3

21

0>0

0 <0
f()=J , :#:

IR,

IR

<D

R(x) = ()
Q(X) ,
()

Q(X)

R(x) IR,

Q(X).

~y

0 >0

0<

[(x) =~ , :#:

JR.

. 5

22

IR

 uyv:f1.

'i.HJYOPTillJEif;

, , .
;
.
*.

)!

f(x) =

:
:

f(x) =

IR

[- 1,1]

IR

[- 1,1 ]

~x ) = x
, 011

;fX / =F + ~ ;i-' EZ I
:

.7

.8

1R

.
:

fx) = lx l= [
(

-,

9.

[,

.9

IR

+ (0).

[( ) '

-4+12,

-<<2

2::5 <4

( .)

)' = -

+ 12

[ - 1,2)

( - 4,4].

[2,4) .

[ - 1,4)

. 1

23

; .;

>

f(x)=- =

<

= _1_ (, + 00)

-.-L

(-

00

(,

,) .
IR *

.11

+ 00).

f(x) = __1__

-)

; -

h(x) =

(. 2).

g(x) =

+ 11

; ;

h(x)= _1_ ( . 3).

Ixl

(,

JR \

[]

g JR \ -

],

+ 00) .

.!

. 1 2

24

-1
.13

1.3

f(x) _

- ++
2

IR .

g(X) =

- "

. ; f,g

f = g.

"

[= g

f(x) = g(X)

f,g f(x) = g(X),

.

f(x) = 2 g(X) = x lx l,
IR , . [, + 00) , [, + 00)
,

('.1. ;

f(x) = g(X).

f ( ) =

g(X) = + 1 , f

IR \ ! 11 g IR . IR \ 111 .

*- 0

f + g,

f - g,

f g

f
g

(f + g)(X) = f(x) + g(X)

(f - g)(X) = f(x) - g(X)

(f g)(X) = f (x) ' g(X)

(_rg )(x)=~
g(X)
25

 n , ---.L
g

n 13

g(x).

, f(x) = - + 3 - 5 g(X)= 2 -

IR,

(f' +g)( x) =n x)+g(x)=(-x

2+3

x-5)+(2x 2- x)=x 2+2x-5, x EIR,

(' , g)(X) = nX)g(X) = (- 2 + 3 - 5)(2 2 - ) = - 2 + 7x J -13x 2 + 5 , xEIR,

) ( )= g(X)
()
(---.L
g
.~
(

)() =~
f(x)

-x22~3x-5
-

2~ 2_x

x EIR, x EIR f(x):;tO

+ 3 - 5

xEIR \(0,1.
2

J,

g(O)=g(1-)=O,
2

; f(x) = 2 , g(X) = '=-2 , IR

[ - J , 1]

(f + g)(x) = 2 + v'=X- ,

(f - g)(x) = 2 - '=-

(fg)(x) = 2 '! -

(:

)()=

'

(~
f )() .f1
[- 1,0)U(O,I]

(-

[- 1, ] = R n [ -

, ),

g( -

= g(1) = ,

'

..

f(O)=O .

---.-----'1

:
)

2.

1.

, 1].

f(x)=-/ - /

+2

f(x)=x lxl

:
-2-l,
<1

x~1

.. [( ) = [ 2,
11)
,

71

xf/. 7L

i)

f(x) =

<

O.sx<1
x~1

26

3. f, :

2.....- - - - -

-2

-1

i)

4.

f =g.

f :;: g,
f(x)

f (X)= X

i)

f(x) =

) f( x) =

S.

+ lxl

2
-

g( x) -- ~
-1 '

X+T+-JX

-JX

g(X)

f( x)

2 +
-

g( X) =

;;+ 1-

-3

g(x ) = +2

- .;;:-,

~-

= -f

+ g , f .g
2

IR,

= g(x).

.
+2
g(x ) = -- - ,
-

_ f_
g

..)
11

f( ) =

2- lxl

g(X) -

IXI
. .- 3
2

-4

_ _ _ _______ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _J

g(X) = -

8'

f(x) =

21 + -

, .

2.

f(x)

3+ ,

2+,
4

:52
>

[- +3 ,
_ 3+ ,

g(X) =

< -

> -

f +g

_ .

1.4

f : -

IR

g :

IR .

f(),,

f(x) f(A) ;
- - f(x), g, g(f( x)) EIR.

->

+>

. 1

g(f(x)) .
f g gof. '

28

f :

-+

g :

[():

IR,

gof:

-+

-+

(got)(x) = g( f(x)

. h(x) = 5 2 - 3, IR,

[()=,
,

g(X)=5x 2-3x, xEIR

f(lR) = [ - 1,1] IR,

gof

IR

(gof)(X)= g( f(x) = g( ) = 5( )2 - 3( ) = 5 2 - 3 = h(x)

_. f(x) = 2 - g(X)= 2 + 2 = IR
= IR . :
i) gof = IR IR

(got)(X) = g(f(x) = g(2x - ) = (2 - l + 2 = 4 2 - 4 + 3

i) fog = IR IR
(fog)(x) = f(g(x) = f(x 2 + 2) = 2( 2 + 2) -} = 2 2 + 3.
,

f,g

fog gof,

gof = fog.

f() ,

i) '

'

f(X)EB).

* 0 , gof g( f(x)

'.

ii) = 0 , f g.
,

f(x)= JX -} g(X)=~

' =

XE[O, +oo) / J x -IE[-I,I] 1=1 XE[O, +oo ) /-I$. JX"-I$.1 1=[0,4J

(gof)(x)

= [, + 00) = [ - , ] ,

0 . '

[0,4] :

= g(f(X) = g(Jx - ) = .J)=-(V';

f, g, h ::
(hog)of : ho(gof) = (hog)of

- 1)2 = .J2JX-~;

ho(gof)

; ; ; f() ,
' .

29

[
~ ,

f,,) " >+ 5

g(x) " \\.

) [()= g(x)=3x

'

i) f(x) = 2 - 3

/.

fog

= 4 - ,

gof,

(gof)(4)

gof,

) f(x) = 2 2 - 1

g(X) =

g(X) = ~

i) f(x) =.;;:+l

(fog)(O).

g(X) = - - -9

f(x) =_1_ l()=, fof=I;

~$'<.

) f(x) = (3

2),

i)

f(x) =

i) f(x) = 2 3_1_ ,

Q'

.., xeIR f(x-1)=x

,.)(

f(x) = 3 - 4 g(X) =
fog = gof.

+ ,

f(x) f(x+ 1).

, ,

f IR. g

I~

~
30

gof = fo!!,

f(x) = ,

IR.

l() = f(x) = +
2-

fof

2+2*0.

.IR \

{-}- )

1.5

f : -

IR EC .

f ,
, 2, <2 f(x I)$f(X2)

(.)

f ,
, 2 , <2 [( ) ~f(X2)

(.2)

. 1

f ,
, 2,

XJ <2 [( )< f(x 2)

( . 3 )

f ,
, 2 , <2 [(

f(x 2)

(.4)

f(X2) -

-1- -

.3

.4

, .

31


, .
, ; ;
:

1.

f(x) =

IR,

IR,

<

>0

2. f(x)=ax 1 , >, IR.

( - 00 ,0 ] [, + 00).

3. f(x) = ) :

IR,

>

IR,

<.

4. f(x) = ~ , > , :

(- 00 ,0)

(,

+ 00)

<

< 2 ,

ll

] , ' -
< <2

JR*,

< <- .

f , - .

f,

, , , ~O
, , , .
, , , >
, , , <.

f(x)=xlx l, xEIR

32

( .5), ,

= ! ! - 1 ! 21

X2EIR

*2 ,

 , ( - , ],

, 1

[ ,+ 00 ) ,

:-

-XI ~+X Z ~

(-

00,0].

X: ~-x , ~
.

[,

X~

+ 00 ) .

<0< 1, - 1 < =

>0 .

IR =

( - 00 , ] [,

.5

+ 00).

1.

--

4).

, . . Dirichlet

f(x) = [ , ~ ~

1.6

, .

( . )

_ 2 +

f(x) =

1,

xEIR
f(x) = -

2 + 1 :::5

1.

. 1

33

g(x) =

1, (.2),

,
;

- 1,

IR

g(x)=x 2 - 1 ~ -1.
,

- 1.

. 2

f(x) =

(.3)

- 1

1,

:
.3

f :

IR

, ,

f(x) :;;;

mEIR ,
f(x) ~ m

m, M EIR ,
m :;;; f(x) :;;;

, ,

; ,

m,

34

f(x):;;;

f,
f.

f(E) .

 ,
-

f(x) = -1-1
-

(.4).

(- 00,1)

=,

( - 00,1) _1_ <

-

(,

+ )

m=

xE(l, + )

_1_ >0
-

.4

, .

f :

- IR

== , ,

> , f(x) ::5 .

- f(x) ::5 , -K::5f(x)::5K, f

.

t , m~f(x)~M.

Im\ ~K

\ ! ~K :

- K::5m::5K

::5::5

::5 m:5 f(X):5 :5

:5 f(X)::5

\ f(x) \ :5 .

[(X)=~2 , xEIR
.

; f
, > , f(xM.
.
35

1.7

, r

f(x o ) '

' ;

f(xo ) '
f

.
:

'

J.

f(x) =

( . ,

1.6) =

f(x) = x ~ - (.2, 1.6) = !

- 1.

. ,

'

-3-

'

5
2 ' -2-

... , .

'

'

-72

, , ,

.
, .

. . ~
,

xoEIR*,

. .

_________

--!

i)
36

f(x ) = _ 2_

ii)

f(x) ={ x~

<

. ) f(x) = { - 2X ~ 3 ,

x~O

<
x~O

. ) f(x) =

f(x) = - 51x l + 2,

) f(x) = - 3

:+l ,

2+3

) [(x)=~,
Ixl + 2

3. f ,

)
)

4.

f(x) =~] ,
-

f(x) =

2-

= [2,3),

+]

, = (2,5)

, :

)
)

<5.

+2

f( x)

=( -4, -

2) U ( -2,0),

---=-]-, E=(0,])U(I,2).
-

]1

6,

f(X)= - ] - ,

f(x) = - 31x l + 4,

f(x) = 5 - 3, [ - 1,3),

f(x) = --/9 - 2

;
:

- ] <<

f(x) = - 21 - 11+ 3,

:5ji:

'

1,'

) ;

f,g

f+g

) F() =

2+

37

")

f,g

f(x) >0 g(XO, [. g

.

i) F(x) =

(,-} )

3.

f,g

IR,

gof

) ,

f,g

) ,

f,g

F(x) = - 2(3 3 + 5)3 + 7;

,
4.

20

4:000

. ,
.

,--------.-------~- ---- -----

... _ -- -_ .

IR

*2,

t6 [() * [( 2),

, ,

[( )

= [(2)'

= 2'

f :

IR

2 ; ;
, ,

YEf(A)

(.).
:

. 1

38

----.-l

1.8 " " .

, 2 :


(.2).

(.3),

, 2 ,

:;t:x 2

f(x,)= f(X2)

--

. 2

f:

IR

. 3

f-I : f(A) -

IR,

YEf(A)

f.

f - l(y)=x=f(x)=y

f : -

IR :

[- ())=

f(f ()=

YEf(A)

= , 3
; .

f(x) = ~

39

= [3, + 00)

,2

f(x I ) = f(X2)'

{ - 3 = .JX2 - 3 , = 2 .

f - ! : f(A) -

IR

f(A) = [ ,

+ 00).

, [,

+ 00),

,.0
/

f - () = + 3.
2

f-i : [0,+,00) -

IR, f - I(x)=x 2+3

=, = 2+3, X~O.
, ,
:

.
)
.

f:

IR , 2 ,

::f.X 2.

f(xI)- f(X2)
- 2

40

f(xI)- f(xz)::f. ,

f(X j)::f. f(X2)'

: -

IR .

[-

, 2[()

<2 [- I(I);:::

(2)'

- ( ));:::-I(2)), I;:::2,
, <2'

; ;

, f(x) =

, ,

IR,

[ - () =

3-JX,

t -\f~,

;:::

<

IR.

(.5) .

. 5

_________

r-=-- - - - -.- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - ----.

'

1.

) f(x) = 2 + 3
+1

) f(x) = _ 2 + 7 , x~O

2.

) f(x)

= Ixl +

, ;
; .

41

3.

, ;

, .

,.'
/

,/

42

'

]..

-J ;
.

]r.

"
,

) f(x) = ~ ~x
.a.

i) f(x) =

()=2+3

3";;:

g(x)=3x-5,

) r-Iog- I,

i) (fog)-I,

_ _ __ _ _

10

'

1.

f : IR -. IR g : IR -. IR
gof - .

-,

ii) f : IR -. IR 1 - 1,

F(x) = (r(X) + 2f(x) - 3 1 - .

2.

f,g

(f + g)(x) . [(f + g)(x) - 2]= 2 (f g)(x) - ] ~EA, f = g.

3.

f(x I ) -

f(X2)

f : IR -. IR

~__ , -21 ,
2

X2EIR

Xl=FX2

g(x) = f(x) -~ IR.

2

4.

'

'f()
=

4 3-

) f .
ii) f

43

5.

f(x)=

< 1

+,

,,= 1

6.

f(x)

Ixl +

7.

f(xy) = f(x) + f(y)

IR.

x,y E IR* ,

) ( )

) = - f(x) .

f(+

.f(x'') =

() *.

8. (x) = x+ ~
)

f(x) >

IR

9.

=6.

= 10

= .

44

11

2.1

xoEIR

.
, ,

.
.
,

e =2,71 ...

<,

', >0

;,
; ,
, .

'3

( + ,
() = 1 + ,
2

<

x~O

().

' ,

...
f =. 1

f( -

f(x)

',

1.

---1-,

-- -

'

- .-

X --

"2

~ -

. 1

45

Ii'1J

f(x) = 1

f(x), ;

, 1 .

e,

, ,
" ,

Iim f(x) =

f(x),
f(x) 6>.

6>

= .

, >,

2,

f ( ) -

--

Q,

, <,

3.

----'

+-._-

.2

fI ,

> , (-

> ., ) ,

lim f(x) = f )
:'; -

f "

': 0 +

f(x), +, f I

e .
I

f f2 ,

, ", , (

< ),

lim f(x) = .
-

(. f(x), . c -, f 2 (. f f 2 .
.
46

 , :

lim_ f(x) = 3
-

lim f(x)

- -

f(x) = 2

-=1=

lim f(x) ,

- +

lim f(x)
-

f
, ,

= ~ , f,

lir.n.

Jim f(x) =

f(x) = 1

-_

[(x)=~
2 -

= 1R \ ( .:

]. ----- --..1.4:I=---=:~::::!::====::...

f(x)

[(x)= _X~=_]_
(-)

(.3)

Jim f(x) = ]
-

. 3

-,

f(x) =

1R .

x-=l=O

x EIR*

f(-x)=f(x)

+ :slx l, f
' -=1= =
=

(.4) .

lim f(x) =
.\ - 0

= .

47

.4

'

, ..

Xo = ~ (.l) = ( .2) ' , ..

2

xo=l
-

(.3).

; , ,
, ; . .

. .

2.2.

Xo= ~
2

( .)

'

= (.4) .

'

;
.

f(x)

6>,

, ,

' f

(,)( ,) (, ) ( ,) .

; ;

U ( ,) ,
> 0,

+ ),

, (

XoE IR

(,).

48

, )

U ( ,

(, )

( , )

lm f(x)= P, EEIR,
-

' , "* , f (x) ,

f(x) -

f(x)

e ,

- xol

f( x) -

el ,

f, < - xo l <

"[ :

j
, f ( , ).
~ " IR
i
1

> > ,

Ii m

f(x) = ,

" < \ - " l <

If(X)- el <E
Iim f(x) =

e,

:1] ':; U(x,,, ) ,

f "

e.

:. '-1. :

l m ( ) =

Jim [r( x) '( -1(0

:...'1

Iim f(x) =

<=

] =

<=

Iim
,1 (- :'<0

Iim [ - f ( x)] = "'-"0

f(x) -

el =

()

U (x,,,a)

- :. ( ,,, " + ) 0 < - " < " < < " + ,

0-

49

f , , -

lim f(x),

(,) (-, ) 0< Ix -xol < -<<l

f xoJ

lim f( x),

,
( ,

+ ),

lim f(x) = , f
-:- +

lim f(x) =

lim f(x) = Iim f(x)

..... -

?'-

= .

(..),

(,) , ,

, .

,,

lim f(x).
- -

(,),

(, ) ,

f , .

lim f(x).

, f(x) = ~

A=(-oo,-1]U[l, +oo),

lim f(x) = lim f(x)

-

lim f(x) = Iim f(x)

- -

- - -

, .

lim f(x) = ,
-

50

lim
-

= ,

lim
-

C=C,

xoEIR

cEIR

> . > ,

Ix-xol <.

0<

- <

::5: '(.I).

y=:I,~

. ,

. 2

) , > . > , 0< - x~1 <

C -

cl < . , c- c= .

( .2).

1. lim ( __ ) =
. -0

>. > ,

0< Ixl

<

+ -l=l + <.

xEIR*

! + 1::5: Ixl (),

Ix l <.

::5: ,
.

, <II<::5:, ()

+ <
~.:2 ( + )=0
51

2.

f(x) =

J.!L .

( -

00 ,)

IR"' .

f(x) = - 1,

lim f(x) = - 1.

.... -

(,

+ 00)

f(x) = 1,

------' -1

li!1] f(x) = 1
-

3.

lim f(x) =1= lim f(x),

.\_ 0

.\ -0

(),

f(x) - 2 + x2-21xl
2(

- 2)

"

'1m f()
= 3
-

IR \ [2j.

U(2,2) = (0,2) U (2,4).

(2,2)

f(x)

f(x) =2+

l-2

2(

- 2)

=_1_
2

+2.

> . > , (2,2)

0<I -21< , :

If(x) -31<E

I++2- 31<

:5 2 ,

l-t - / <

I - 2 1 < 2 () .
,

0< -21 <, ( ) , f(x) -31 <.

Iim f(x) = 3.

,- 2

1.

, , . .

2.

3 :5 2 .
3.

52

, , ,

, , <!-,,!<, ( ", ) .

'

'

.3

3.

(,,,)

" .

; ,
.

(3)

U(2,2) f(x) =

= 2,

-}

+ 2. -

2.

----------

- -- --

- -- - -

1.

Iim f(x)

>';- :'(0

f(xo) ,

, > -

= 2

--------------- ~---~
53

~)

------:1

2.
, , lim f(x).
-

) f(x)=lxl-3

-6
i) f(x) = l
2

) f(x) = -

:2

>2

) f(x) = 32 - 6

- 2

= 2

3.

f(x)

IxlC2x-l)

g(x) = 2x~
-2

lim f(x),

liin f(x),

--

4.

lim g(x),

lim g(x)

- 2

- 2-

[-

,3]

, ;
.
)

lim f(x) =
- -

ii) lim f(x)

-2

lim f(x) =

-2

lim f(x) = 3
- -

lim f(x)
x- J +

lim f(x) = -

54

=3

-1

S.

< l - ,,/ <

( ,,, )

( , ,, )

0 <I +21 < 5

U ( , )

x E U(2, 3)

x E ( -3,I) U( I,5)
0 < Ix l <

6.

0 < - 21< ( ) - 41 < , ;

;

I 21 <1

( ) -41

) 0 < I - 21< 1

()

0<

I -21 <

1,2

!f (x) -41 < 0 ,2

- 4 1 < 0, 1

) 0 < I -2 1 < ,3 ()-41

7.

< 0, 1

< 0, 1

) l

(-

= - 4

ii) lm

\- 1

+2
2

\- 2

=4

'
.

1 3 : )

l m ()

.- \; ()

lim

=f

<=

h- {)

() = f

lim ( + h) = f

lim

( - )

=f

- -

() - ()

- yl , )' IR, > 0

lim
-

()

= ( )

IR.

55

2.3

e . , ; .

.
.

lim

1
g(x)=O , (,) ' f(x) :s:;g(x),

.\ - . \11

lim f(x)=O
-

>.

lim g(x) =

, > ,

0< -

<

g(x) <.
:s:; ,

f(x)

:s:; g(x) = g(x) < ,

0< -

<

f(x) < ,

!~~ f(x) = 11

Im (-- ) =
-

xEIR* -+- l= ll-+- I:S:;IX I.

lim
,-

Ixl = ,

lim

(-- ) =

XOJ ,

56

'

2
lim f(x)=f f * O, , ,

,\", U(,\,.. (i). ; "(.\) ; ',

)

('> 0,

1'<0,

,'() <

1'(.\0

':"

1' >0 ,

.. .\,

!~~,

0<

= ~

- ,,1 <
'

(' < 1.\<+

'() (' - ('

~ -1

'.

f(.\) = ('

11'(.\) - 1'1 <

U(x,,, ).

()

> 0 ,

< -' < f()

31'

'
'
< - ,

> 0,

- f

( ) ,

Iim f(x)=I'

f,mEIR, :

lim g(x) =m.

\ - \"

Iim [f(x) + g(x)] -= ' + m,

\: - \.\

lim [ C' f(x)] = c '

e,

CE IR,

\ -\.\

li m [ f(x) . g(x) ] =
\ - ' ,\

,
) 1m
\-\"

- f(x)
-

g(x )

= -

e,m

e, ,

m*

- ~ ~ l.
.

(' m

. .:! ;

":-

, (,,,)

f g,

57

) >.

lim f(x) = , = ~ > > ,

, - '
2 .
<l-l< ,

If(x)-fl

<-}

(l)

, lm g(x) = m, = ~ > 2 > ,

, -'
2
0< - xol < ,
(2)
, =m ( ,2 1 , <l-l<
()

[f(x) + g(x)] - ( + m)

= (f(x) -

(2),

+ (g(x) -

m)

:51 f(x) - + g(x) - m < i + i

[f(x) + g(x)] - (+ m) <

lim [f(x)+g(x)] =i+m

-

c=O,

c;i:O.

>.

lim f(x) = , ' = -

l >0, > ,
c

0< Ix-xol

<

c f( x) - c < ,
lim
-

[C' f(x)] =c

() () .

11

, .

g ,

. ,

f(x) =

g(x)

lim ~ = Iim ( -

58

,-

) =

,-

= - , :

lim [f(x) + g(x) ] = , ljm [f(x)g(x)] = lm ( - 1) = ,-

, -

g(x)

 () ()

(3)

. .

~ K :

Iim f I(x) =fIEIR, .. . , lim f,( x) = ( EIR, :

) Iim [a tft(x) +.o. +a,.f,.(x)] =a ,f, + . .. + a ,.I',.,

a t, ... ,a ,.E IR

) [ fI(x)Hx) ... f,.( x)]= e,e~ ... (

\ - " 0

e *,

, lim f(x) =

) [f(x)] "=I' "

, - \:

:
(),

, :

Q(x)

Iim
-

()

( ) , "

IR

) lm QP(X = ( ) , " IR Q(x ,,)

, - '

Q( xo)

()

"

+ -

, + .

(),

Iim

'

lim

, *

-"

x~

-'<

lim () = lim ( + _ - ' + . .. + + ) =

-

= lim ( ) + lim ( _ - )+ ... + !11 ( ) + lim

-

[:

Iim Q(x) = Q(x o )

lim xV+av_Ilim xv-t+ .. . + a, lim

-

lim

()

'-"0

lim Q(x)
-

1(-"'0

* , 3 (),

-"

im~ ' =
-" Q( x)

J:-X"

)(-):0

-~
- Q( xo)

. :

Im (-3 3+2
- -

2+2),

Im

[(2 2

_1)85 _

5(3 2_

2)92]

.-1

, , :

i) lim (-3x 3+2x 2+2)=-3(-1) 3+2(-lf+2=7 .

- -

ii) lm [(2 2 - 1)85_ 5(3 2 - 2)92] = lm (2 2 - 1)85- 5lm (3 2 _ 2)92 =

-

85

=(lm(2X2-1)] -5[lm(3X2 - 2)]

- 1

92

,-

-1

<,

=185_5'192= -4 .

~. :
)

Iim - - -

.-2

Im

. - -

) Iim
.-1

2-3+2

2 - 1

) 23- 5 = 3 *0,

,-2

-5

23-5

ii) 2 + ( - 1)2 = 3 *0,

lim
-

")
.11

[()

( _1) 3_2(_1) 2
- 3
2+(-1) 2
= -3-

- 3
2
-

+2

=-1.

IR \ r -

, J

.
:
(

-2

+ )(-)

2)(

lim -----:--

+- 2

2-

= lim

,-

2)

+ 1)

'

3.

, ,

f(x) =

(1- 2)\

<l

x~l

2 _ 2

1.

<

1, f(x) = (l - 2) 3, lim f(x) = lim (l - 2) 3 = ( - 1)3 = - 1

- -

, f(x)=x

2-2x,

- "

lim f(x)= lm (x -2x)=1-2=-I.

2

- +

-+

lim f(x) = ---, 1

-

4.

f(x) =.l.!..!l
+1

( 3 + 2) = -1

IR \ ! -

< -1
> -]

- ---, 2

'

f(x) =

'
3 + 2,

lim f(x) = lim (- 3 - 2) = 1 - 2 = -

- 1-

lim f(x) = lim ( 3 + 2) = - 1 + 2 = ]

- -

. - -

;
lm

f(x)

---

*-

= -

1,

lim f(x)

- - +

- . Iim (f(x)+3x-2)=5, Iim f(x) = -2.

-3

-3

g(x) = f(x) + 3 - 2,

lim g(x) = 5,

f(x) = g(x) -

3 + 2.

-3

1- 3

'-

f(x) = lim g(x) -lim

-3

- 3

(3 -

2) = 5 - 7 = - 2

, ,

x-x~~~lxl

f(x) =

= l .

= ,

f = IR \ [ - 1, }.
U(l,I)=(O,I)U(l,2),

. ()
- 24 +3
=

lm f(x) = lim
-

= -

4- ,

1+ 1

2
61

4
lim f(x) = , EEIR,
-

JJ,.

lim !f(x)I=IEI

-;7/

Ilf(x)I-IEI

/::;1 f(x) -

f(x) - = ,

lim
'1(-';:0

!~~ ( f(x) I- e) = , !~~ f(x) =

,

}~I~.\ 1- XJ + 2 -71 ~ }~I~\ (- 3 + 2 -7) "'- - 31= 3

. ,

f(x) =

lim f(x) = lim ~IX

= lim = 1,
-

f=O, , (1) 2.2

, :

lim f(x)=O

lim If(X)1 = 0

) lim f(x) = , EE!R , (,)

\ -

'\:0

f(x) ~ ,

lim f(x) ~
-

) lm f(x)=f, lim g(x)=m,

,\ - '

e,m E!R , (,)

- \(

f(x) ~ g(X), lim f(x) ~ lim g(X)

-

62

f <,

, ( , )

f(x) ;e:

(2),

>

f(x) <.

= min [ . ] , (, )
f(x) < , . f ;e: .

) Iim [f(x)- g(x)]= f-m (, ) f(x) ':"' g(x) ;e: O.

-

( ) f -m;e:O f ;e: m.

, ( , ) f(x) ;e:O Jim f(x) = ', eE IR ,

)
,

Iim ...ffW = Jl
K;e:2 ,

Im kJX =

kJl

f ;e: O,

- f > O,
1...ffW
'

Iim
' -"

- Jl

"= J~- flf

f() +

f(x) - el = , !~~
Iim ...ffW

e= .

:s

~f If(X) - f l .

(...ffW -

Jl )= ,

=Jl

lim f(x) = , > , > ,

1(-

"0

0< / - / < f(x) < ' ...ffW <,

lim \ /f(x) = .
\ -

! ~ : :" E I M A TA

u Jim f(x), f(x) = 3

.JX2+2.
-5

63

 2 + 2 > lim ( 2 + 2) = 27 > ,

-5

lim f(x) = lim J.jX2+2 = \llim ( 2 + 2) = J.j27 = 3.

-5

-5

-5

2. , , f(x) =

.Jx 2 + 16 - S
-3

(.JX2+6) 2 _ 52

( -

f.

.,

=:- 3

-9

3)( JX2+6 + 5)

+3

(x-3)(.Jx + 16 + 5)
2

.J x + 16 + 5

+3

lim f(x) = lim --===-- -3

x- 3
.JX2+T6 + 5

3 +3

.J9+T6+5

g.

'

h() :;; f() :: g( ) , (,,, )]

lim h(x) = lim g(x) = , IR

-

!~~ f(x) -

(,) [() - h(x)

f(x) - h(x):;; g(x) - h(x) .

lim g(x) = h(x) = , lim [g(x) - h(x)]

-

= .

, 1, lim [f(x) - h(x)] = .

- .

64

= 3.

, f(x) = [f(x) - .h(x)]

lim f(x)

+ h(x)

lm [f(x) - h(x)]

+ lm h(x) = + f = f.
-

~ !~~ ( 2 +

)=0

- 2

xE IR *

::;; 2 -

::;; 2

Iim 2 = lm (- 2 ) = .
-

" ,

( 2-_ ) =

lim
-

' ; . [. ~ ] ::;; .

[ - ~ ,]

- [. ~

].

,,/

( - ) ::;; - - ::;;- .

~ [

l::;; .

. . Ixj ~ ~
::;; 1< ~

-+ .--}-]{-

::;; [ ] ,

::;; l

..

()

xEIR

. 1

()

xoEIR
)

lim
-

= ,

lim

= ,

65


) ,

l-I=2I x~Xo 1.lX~Xo 1::52I -;

xoEIR

1::52\

X~Xo \=Ix- a l,

::5 [ - l ::5I

lim

xol = ,

- xol

lim

lim

= ,

x-~

) .

lim~ =1

2.

< < ~

(.) :
(.) <(.) <(.),

' '< < 1

< - - < -

1111
<--.:..:::..:.

1
< .

()

- ~ <<. 0< -< ~ , (-)< ~~x) <1

x<~ <.

(- ~

lim = =
-

,o)u(o. ~ ) () .

3---~a

66

2.5

. -

, ., ~~ [(2 ] + ~ )]
,

lim f(x) == u o , f(x)

u == f(x)

== g(u).

* , *

g(u)

== f,

]jm g(f(x))= lim "g(u) == f

- '

U-U o

1.

Iim

1.

- ",!!",

--

(x-~ )
3

f(x) ==

--

==x-~
3

lim

- "!!,,
3

( - ~
) == ' - ~
3
3

Y==~
u

* ~
3

lim!ll:!:!:! == 1,
u-O
u

(x-~
)
3
.

lim _ _ __ _ - 11m -.:.u:::.=..- == 1

x- .lL.
J

u -O

- -

3
67

2.

1m 3
'.-0

-_. .

f(x) =

2 3
---'-IJ::....==-.

f(x) =

1 3

23

Iim3

=lim3~ =

. -0

3lm (~
.u) =31 0=0.
U
-

"'

1.

) lim (2-3x+4x -x
2

- -

2.

i) lim ( 6 + 1 ) 3 ,

ii)lim(x 2+x-I)I7,

, ,

lm

f(x) ,

- -

<

i) f(x) = ~

>

) f(x) =

3.

l l ( + 2)

' x'l=

-2

f(x) =

+ 1 ,

xs 3

- 4,

> 3

< -

+ .
2

Jxl sl

3 ,

> 1

- 0

Ixl

( 2 - 2)]

i)

i)

Jim ( _- + 2 2 - 3)

1im f(x) = 4, lm g(x)

lim
.- 2

= -

[( - 2)(3 + _l- )]

. -0

-2

) g(x) = 3(f(x) 2- 5

- 2

i) g(x)= ( f(x) + 2)(f(x)-3)

ii)

i)lim[ 2x _ x

68

!2f(X) - 11
g( ) = --'--;_~----J

(f() +

s.

--------------~

) lm

,2

-2

-13--6

16

xJ - 8

11--

2 - 3 +
--.,....::...---'---'1
1

ii) J im-~~

lim _ _-,----, -

1--12

..

( + 3) ,1- 27

ll)

6.

...) 1m
' (2
- 2-

-2

)
+ -

4-

x J+x 2-5x_2
lim -------,.--=:..:..=....--=:....
2
-2

-4

lim

,- -

) Iim
- ]

.JX2+6x+9

ii)Jim 2 I -I / + /

+3

-2

15- 3xl- 13x -

) lim l

11

_]

-2

) Jim - 221-

+ 21

2-6

2xl
2

3 - -/
9-

) l m -=------"-'-'-

) lm
], - 0

'

i)

_ .Jj
.>. .I:..-+--'h'----_ V
-"-'--l -_1_1
h

-jX+9 - 3
lim ----::L...:..:-:.....::...----=:-

m
-2

---'-----'---'---

) Iim J~_\/x , >

h-O

x J/ 2

- ..J 8
2

) lim

-2

ii) lim
-

.JI-X

lim
-2

..JX -.'2 - .JX - 3 + 2

-Jx2 - 4

) lim
-

j) li m ~
., - 0 . + 2

, ~

f(x) =

}
2

..JX+4- 2
,

:::;2

>2

lim f(x)
-2

69


10.

lim JQL = fE IR,

-

lim f(x) =
-

'
.

, -

) m - - - - - ' -____=_,- 4
(_ 4) 1

) Iim

X- 4

- 1 6_

x - .J'X - 2

6'2+ -

) m -----'' -='--'----'------0-

, - 3 -25 -

2.

"')
1m
.
111

x -4.Jx + 4

j) I i m ~

f() ( ) = 2 + - ,
l m f()

f.

r.-O

3.

lm

f(x),

.1(- )

) Iim f(x) + = 2

) lm (f( x) - 2x 1 +x- ]) = 4

-3

-3

4.

) lm f(x) - 2
,- 3 2 -

f Iim (f( x) + 3 + 4) = 5 Iim f(x)

-2

S.

6.

lim JQL = 5
-1 - 2

lim [ g(x)(2x
, -1

')
lm
.

-3- .
, -

7.

18

f(x) =

2+

x -IO)] =3 ,

Iim

[ + 2 ,

-1

Iim [r(X).g(X)]
'-1

" 0) '
( - 2)
111
- 1 .JX2 + 5 - 3

x S: 1

+ + 2 ,
1

>1

, ,

( 2 , 2)

Iim f(x)
-

70

8.

f(x) =

2 2 + +

.,

S - 1

3x+l

-I<<2

2- + - 2 .

)im f(x)
- -

. ,

;::: 2

Jim f(x)
-2

2.6

f(x)= - Ix-_-I-I ( .I),

l - , l ) , l + ) ,

70 .

1+

1.

f(x)

? - .

, > , lim lx -I I =O, =_1- >0 >

., - )

0<

/ - <_1_

<

<=>

_ -::

1m

Ix - Ij

>

<=

f(x M

f . = 1
=

+ 00

+ 00

(.,) 0-

lim f(x) =

+ 00,

> , > , -

<l -. l< f(xM.

lim f(x) = -

00,

> , > , -

-:<

< - !<

f(x) <

- .

- .
-

".

f(x) =

4
2
( - 2)

Iim f(x)
. -2

= + 00.

, >

(-2)

f(xM <= ---2,----> <= 0-2)2<- <= 0<I-21<

(1)

lY<

, = ~ ( '
~), , 0< I - 2 1 <, (1)

f(xM ,

lim f(x) = + 00.

-2

+ 00

00,

.

. , :

lim f(x) = + 00 <= lim_ f( x) = lim+ f(x) = + 00

-)(

lim f(x) = -

lim f(x),

00

<=

lim f(x) = lim f(x) = -

- -

-);

00

(,)

lim f(x) ,
- "

, -

.
-.

72

lim,

lim f(x) = - 00,

2. lim f(x) =

+ 00

3. lim f( x) =

+ 00

lim g(x ) =

lim g( x) = -

- 00,

lim[ - f(x)] = + 00

'~

lim If(X)1 = + 00, lim

+ 00 ,

= +00

+ 00

lim [ f(x) + g(x) ] =

00,

lim [f(x) + g(x )] = -

lim g(x )=fE IR,

lm [f(x) + g(x )] = + 00

6. lim f(x) = - 00 lim g(x)=fE IR,

lim [f(x) + g(x )] = -

4.

lim f(x ) = -

5. lim f(x) =

7.

8.

lm

9.

00

+ 00

+ 00

lim g(x) = +

00,

lim [f(x)g( x)] =

f(x) = - 00

lim g(x) = - 00,

lim [f(x)g(x)] = + 00

lim g(x)= -

Iim [ f(x )g(x )] = -

lim f(x) =

lim f(x) = +

00

00 ,

10. lim f(x) = + 00 lim g(x) = fE IR*,

lim [r(x)g(x)]

00

= + ~ , ;>

lim g(x) =fE IR*,

lim [ f(x)g(x)] = [ -

- 00,

lim -

13. lim f(x) = f, lim g(x) = g(x) > 0(1),

lim J1& =
g(x)

14. lim f(x) =f, lim g(x) = O g(x) <0(1),

Iimf(J<)

00

00

+ 00

11. lim f(x) = -

00

00 ,

<

. >

+ 00 ,

f< O

12. lim g(x) =

+ 00

I
g(x)

=0

15.

ii:, -""
!

f(x) :5 g( x)(/)

'

limf(x) = + 00 ,
lim g(x) = - 00,

g(x)

00,

f > O

00 ,

f < O

=1 -~
, 1> 0
+
f < O
00 ,

limg(x) = + 00
limf(x) = - 00

( , )
73

1.

ll~

=+

00

l+ = - 00
-

x=~ lim x=~ =1>0

) (,~ > I~ = ~
2

-_

13 lm = lm ~ = + 00
,,_ ~-

x-~

) ( ,) lI!l
-!!' 2

14, liI!l = liI!l ~ = - !:

2

2.

x-~
2

f(x) =

++

auv-1!- =0,
2

00.

= .

f = IR \ 11 l m ( 2 +
-

>

<

>0

<

lim

( - )

Im ( - )

)(- 1-

= ,
=

+ 1) = 3 > 0.Iim f(x) =

+ 00

lim f(x) = -

00.

-)-

lm

f(x) *- Iim f(x)

- '"

- -

2.7 JR
iR = IRU -, + 00 J.

00,

+ 00

74

00

aEIR

< ,

IR

IR,

< +

00 ,

00

< + 00


, ( .

IR

iR ,

1. +00 + (+00)== +00

- 00 + (-00)=-00

2. +00 +

- + = - ,

+00

3. (+00)'(+00)=+00
4.

.
.(

-00

+00

IR

(-00) '(-00) = +00

+ 00) = (+ 00 ' >

- 00, <

5. -- - -- == ,

2.6.

==

2.6)

(+00) '(-00)= -00

(-)=

( - 00 '
+ 00,

>0

<

IR .

(),

(+00) + (-00),

'
+00

, .

lm ~
- ~

' 0 1m
(3
2'" +
-

) ==

+ - - - 3 2 ) ==

+ 00

-3 == - 00 .
lim-2
-

( + 00) + ( - 00)

.
.

--_._-' .~- ~-~ .

_.. -

. _~ .

__._-----_._---------..._-- - ---

1.

f,

75

Iim f( x) = +

00

-2

lim f(x)

\ - 21

00

( . )

ii) lim f( x) = - 00, lim f(x) = 2

\-2

\ -2

(2)
ii )

lim f(x)

( . )

12

00

\ -2
(2)

= 2.

( . )

2.

')
Im
' - , =

.\ - 0

3.

+ 00

..

11 )

. '

[1m -

- 9

-, =

, ,

)
'1m

4 - 5 ,
- 2) -

") .

111m

<- 2 3 (

. l'
)

1m

\-

(
-

x -J

- ---

3 + J 2

lim(_1
,-

) Iim + 21- 7...-

- 6 + 9

-_

l l

) lim 3 - 7
, -

76

. 00

\ - - ( + I)-

<- .J

) m

_ .9

--,--'-,-

< - ) +2

.l 'Im - 3 -
-

'

1.

, , :

) lim

- 9

-4

2.

..[- 2 -

i) lm

-]

4..jX+ 8

-4

- -- - -

-3..[+2

, R, , , :

2+ 2+

ii) Iim ----"'---'-~....:.....<.'--

3.

lim f(x) = + > - > lm f(x)=fEIR, lm g(x)=O

4.

-"

g(x)

-"

lim f(x),

-"

-2

") .l m
f(x)
- = 2

') .I m
2-8
.
- - =+00 ->
- 2 f(x)

11

-2

ii) lim [f(x)(2x 2 - 1)] = + >

>

-2

------ 20U

'

1.

; . ;
) (3,)

f(x) ~ g(x)

lim g(x) = ,
- 3

lim f(x) =
-)

) lim (f(x)+g(x), lim (f(x) +g(x)= lim f(x)+ lim g(x)

- "

) lm [()

= 5,

-"

lim f(x) = 5
- "

) (2- ,6)
2

- "

- "

lim f(x) = - 5
-

g(x) ~f(x)~h(x)

lim g(x) = lm h(x) =f

-2

-2

lim f(x) = f
-2

2.

; ;
.

) lim...[f(;) = f, lm f(x) = e2
-

i)

(,)

lim f(x) = f(xo )

-

77

)
)

lim

JQ.L
g(x)

=0,

lim f(x)=O

lim f(x)=f >O, (3,) f(x) >0.

- 3

~~

lim
- .'"

f(x) = ,

lim f(x) =
-'

) (2,)

lm

h(x):::;; f(x):::;; g(x), lim g(x) = 8

-2

h(x) = - 6,

- 2

-6:::;; lim f(x):::;;8

-2

3.

, , :

i)Jim - l-+l , >

-

Iim
-

-
(-)

4.

f(x) =

5.

lm
X - Xn

6.

78

.Jx2 -

f(x) - f
----'---'-f(x) + f

lim -

2-5 +4
---::-- - - -=

- x.J}.:'" 3 +

25

, IR.

2+ 2 2

Ixl -

, Iim f(x) a EIR

-

! +2 1 + -4 1-2
[()
=
2 '

i)

- 5 + 6

'

lm

f(x) =

"

11m f(x) = 10.

x -J

,
, .

, ; ,
.

.

3.1
,
.

f, g, h ,

----

----f

----8

f,

1\

.2

.3

g, h

f.
79

lim f(x) = f(xo )

g Iim g(x) =
-

e* g(x

o) .

,
lm

f(x) = f(xo )

Iim f(x) = f(xo )

- -.

, ,

lm
-

f(x) = f(xo )

l'

' f .
f , > > ,
-l<,

f(x) - f(xo ) <

f
, f .
, f .

,

80

f
f '

lim f(x) = lim f(x) :;:. f(xo )

\ - -

2).

\ --' 0 -

-lim. f(x):;:.
\ - '0

f(x)

3)

\ --' ('1

.2

.
xoEIR

lim

()

= ( ,,).

, - ',

IR . Q(x,,) :;:, . l m ~

( ,,)

\-\" Q(x)

Q(x,,)

IR

lim

.'(- '

= ;

lm
\ - "

= ., .

1 - 1. < 2

f(x) = [

-3+9.

x~2

< 2

' :;

. + 00)

. iSto

f :

(-

00

,2).

.
81

= 2.

lm

-2 -

f(x)= lm (x 2 - 1 ) =3 , lim f(x)= lim ( - 3 + 9) = 3 f(2)=-3 '2+9=

-2 -

lm

f(x) = 3 = f(2),

-2

-2+

-2 +

= 2.

2.

<<

f (x) =

x>~

- 2

[, ~

),

f(x) = ,

( ~ , + , [()=,
.

= 2

.
:

lim f(x) =
-

lm

= 1,

-2"

lm
Jt-t

f(x) = Iim
+-

- -

= ,

- -

f = ~ f
.

3.3

) f+g,

ji )

f,g

, :

f, IR ,

i) fg,

) _f_ g(xo) :;t: O(l)

g

'

( 11

}~o g(x) =g(xo)*O. 2 ; 2'

( - , +), . g( )* .

82

:::

f,g

lim f(x)

= f(Xo)

lim g(x)

= g(x o) ,

lim (f + g)(x) = lm (f(x) + g(x) = lm f(x)

-

f +g

(),

+ lmg(x) = f(Xo) + g(x o )

= (f + g)(x o )

'

(iii)

(iv)

,
.

(i) fI '

(i)

kff

, f(x o) ~o.

.
, f(x) =

2-1

+2

f(x) =

-+

,+

~ ,

, 3

' [

+-2

[-

,+

00 ),

(0) 3+ ~o.

f(x)'= [

() . . .

1,

- ,

x ~o

<

= ,

lim f(x) = - 1

- -

lim f( x) = ] .

x-o~

f(x) , 1.
83

( )

[(),

gof

, [() = ~
l ,
-

u =-- .
-

- - -.......-........----- --------- ...

"

1.

-1

-1
)

yt

-1

84

J
)

2.

:
2 _ 1

f(x) =[

--,

2 _1.

<2

3+

x~2

f(x) =

i)

= 2

3
3

f(x) =

-3

= -2

f(x) =

:50

-"-"''-'-::'2....:..:.....

=-2

=1

-2 >

2+l
)

<1

>

3.

2
)

f(x) =

Ixl :51

ii) f(x) =

Ixl>1

4.

i) f(x) =

:5 -
-1< :52

- +5

>2

<2

2x l - 3
f(x) =

2_4

>2

-2

=2

---

.JX-I

:51

>1

<

f(x) =

x~O

l -11
2

*1

f(x) =

=1

, :

) f(x) = [

2x 1 - x -1
-

6.

34,

:
3-2

5.

-4

*]

=:;4

ii) f(x) =[

x.JX-8

4-

>4

) f()=~

ii) f(x) =

ii) f(x) = (3 J

2)

) f(x) = (3 2 - 1)5

2-1

[( ) = --=-='----=3+

'-- --_._- -- -- - - ---- _ .- .----- - - -

i;
i

) f(x) = 3 2(2 + 7) - 4

---.l

85

) f(x)=

8.

~ ,

") f()
=

lt

<$

113 .

10<$2
>200

]500

10

]800

100

2800

) () lt
.
i) ()
.

i)

lit

(200)

(200

+ ).

'

1.

f(x) =

.JX2- 7+6 - .J6

( _

5)..j + ]

, * 5, ,

, =

= 5 .

, <2

2.

f(x) =

- 5-

,2 $ < 3, ,
2 2 + 4 - ] 5 ;::: 3

' -

3.

f(x) =

x ~ - .

86

< $ 2,

>2

i)

4.

2.

f ' 2.

_[ 3 ~ -(J+ )+ , x~ 1
f () ]
2

2 - ( + ) + , >

. IR

f =
(2 ,15) .

3.4

; ;
. ; ,
,

Bo/zano

[,

] .

1. i

V'

--+--:;r--,f--l----------f.:!-..L---.

( )

( , l ( ))

'

A(a,f(a) ( , f( )
'

(1)

f() f() <

[,]

() ( , ) ,
[() =

f(x) =

(.) .

3 =

(, ) .

f(x) =

f(0)=0+3 =3 >0,

[() =0 -3 =
3

-3 <0,

[ , ]

f(O)f(n) <O .

(,) .

87

 ~ + 3 = ~ .

2.

, - ~ + 3 -.Jx- = .

f(x) = ~ + 3 -,,;.

f(9)=~ +3-3=~ >0 f(16)=1 +3-4<0, f(9)f(16)<0.

9 9 8

r ; [9,16],

(9,16).

1.
f(x) = .
, 1.

2.

; [,],

f(x) =

3.

()

()

()

-------

. 2

3.

. 3

Bolzano

. , :

88

f.

f(x) =
-

--,

f(x) =

[, 2].

[, 2].

-- = ~ = ~ = ~ = ~ = ~
4

(-1L4'

(, ~)

---.1L

---.1L

2
-

, (, -t)
(-t, ~) f(x) > .

( 54ft ,

J3

1-

[()

~)

,( 54 , 2)

2)

f(x)

< ,

~ 6.;. t;j,~6(J1v ;'

Bolzano,

;
- .

(2)

[,]

[()

* f(),

(,) , [()

()

() ()

= k.
89

[()

[()

< k < [()

< [(),

(.4).

()

l~X) - k)l
[,]

g()

= [() - k <

g()

1(0)

= f() - k >0,

g()' g() < .

,

zano,

'

- k=

, [() =

"

.4

(,) ,

g() = f()

k.

5 6

Bol-

\
\

f()

'(~)._- ~

.-- -~- - 1----,

.6

. 5

:
f()

. ,

f() .

= [ ,],

f() = [f(a), f()], f (.8) .

f() := (), [()], f ( .9).
90

1(0) \-[\

l() '1 f(~

-~ ~, . -~ ,'

,
~

'

() - - - ';- .- .... ""' ,,

~"

1(0) ) _ _

()j

'"

' ''

"

.9

f()

= (Iim f(x) , lim f(x,

f()

= (Iim f(x) , lim f(x,

= (,

) :

JiU"i;
1\" '
' \ 1

- .- --

(7)
f

'

(3)

' : ; [, ],
'" " [,] ,
f( )sf()sf ( ) , [ , ] ,

[,] ( )

f(x,,).

. . () = _1-

( ,2), ; .

, ; f ().
,

f -1

91

-- '- "------ '-----------

1.

(~ , ~ )

= 2 - 2 6

2.

f(x) = 2( -

)( - ) + 3( - )( - ) + 5( - )( - ) < < ,

fj

; .

)~

4.

ii) f(x) = 2 2

5.

6.

4, [] ,3]

6 = 4 .

) ()=+, [,--;-]

) f(x)=~, [I,3]

) ()=- 2 , [,+]

; [.]

f(a)

=1= f(),

(,), f(xo) = f(a) + f()

f(x) =

[, ],

, ( , ),

f(O) = f(1) = ,
f(x) =

(, ).

!
!

7.

:
)

f(x)
f(x)

= + 2 - - 2
= (+),
3

(-, )

f(x) =
f(x) =

4 -9 2

[ , 2]

'

92

1.

= [0,2]

f,

) f , 3 .

) f [0,2), .

ii) f [0,2), 3.

) f (0,2), 2,
",
.
.
_

v) f, ; [0,1)U(l,2],

vi)

(0,2)

; ;

3.

vli) f ; [0,1) U (1 ,2] .

2.

'
)

ii)

8+3

IO + l

X
'
-----'----'---- + - - - =
-]

-2

'

'

'

,2).

~ + ~ =
-

3 -

~.

= , > * .

4.

, IR, - = ~
2

6~

(O,-f ].

; f,g [,], f(a) ::;g(a) f() :eo: g(), -

[ , ) ,
[, ] ::; f(x)::;
[,]],

'-----_.

______

f(xo) = - .

f ;

xoE[O,IJ , f(xo) =x ~ , *.

30 I

x ~ +3x-5
1.

( )=

>"". .

x~1

; ; , lR,

= !

' .

2.

'

'( )

= f(x) + f(y)

IR*

f ; = , f
;

IR* .

93

_. -4

L,)

'

f(x+y) = f(x)f(y)

X,y ElR

f(O)*O

) f ; = , f ;
i)

IR

[( )

IR .

IR .
..........

4i

[,]

f(a) *0 ,

(,) ,

f (a)

+ [()

6.

[ -1 ,1]

2+ ( f() = ,
(- , ). .

[()

f,g

[ , ],

[( ) =

[, ) ,

1.

g(p)

= g( a ) ,
f(xo ) = g(Xo ) '

' ;

8.00 . .

4.00 . .

8.00

. .

4.00 . .

8. - '
.
( ) .

94

 ( )

.

[ ., ],

()f( ) <. f( l)<<f( ) ,

) .

[ . , ].

[., J,
.

, [ ., ], [ , ] (

),
[2, 2J .
[2.

P2J.

v=1

2 .,

PlJ,

.
,

[ , J, [,

pzJ ,

[), )J.
,

, 1.

v=2

v=3

, ,
[, ] :

95

(, -).

, ()

, -
2

<.

, [. ]'

.J2).
2
f(x)=x -2

- 2 = (

[1,2]

f(1)f(2) <,

Bolzano.

= ,!.

, ,

22~ 1 <0,01

<=:>

2 v> 100

<=:>

";? 7.

:
=l

,=

[(,)<

' ...)2
=2

[l ,

2=

[(2) <
=3

3=1.25
f(3) <

l=2

[(

f(l) =

1.5
(1.5) 2- 2 = 0.25>

1.5]
2

= 1.5

f(2)
3

f(2)

>0

= 1.5

f( 3)

2 =

= (1.25) 2- 2 = - 0.4375 <

3=1.375

f(3)

>0

1.25

= (1.375)2 - 2 = - 0.109375 <

1
2

1.00000
1.00000
1.25000
1.37500
1.37500
1.40625
].40625

2.00000
1.50000
1.50000
1.50000
1.43750
1.43750
1.42187

1.50000
1.25000
1.37500
1.43750
1.40625
1.42187
1.41406

3
4
5
6
7

7 = 1.41406
0.01.
96

.J2

.-

f( v)

0.25000
- 0.43750
- 0.10938
0.06641
- 0.02246
0.02171
- 0.00043

 (BAS/C)

,

Nf(x) =

FN f

f(x) =
Computers.

Bolzano

' [ , ).

10 REM
20 REM 40 DEF FNf(X) = ...
30 REM .
40 DEF FN f(x)=x7 2 - 2
100 INPUT ;
110 INPUT ; D
120 INPUT ;
200 MESO = ( + ) /2
210 PRINT " " ;" . ";"d; "
";"FNf (meso)";" ";"MESO "
300 FOR J = 1
310 MESO = ( + D)/2
320 PRINT ; " ";D; " ";FNf (MESO)
330 IF (FNf () > FNf (MESO) > ) = MESO
340 IF (FNf () > FNf (MESO) < = ) D = MESO
350 IF (FNf () < =0 AND FNf (MESO) >0) D=MESO
360 IF (FNf () < = AND FNf (MESO) < = ) = MESO
370 J
380 MESO = ( + ) /2
400 PRINT ; " "; ;" ";FNf (MESO) ;" ";MESO
500 INPUT ; ( /)" ;$
510 IF $=" " OR $= '" 100
520 END
Ok.

97

[0,2],

d
-1

20

FNf (meso)

2
1
2
.25
1
1.5
- .4375
1.25
1.5
- . 109375
1.375
1.5
6.640625-02
1.375
1.4375
- 2.246094-02
1.40625
1.4375
2. 172852-02
1.50625
1.421875
-4.272461-04
1.414063
1.421875
1.063538-02
1.414063
1.417969
5.1025-03
1.414063
1.416016
2.335549-03
1.414063
1.415039
9.539127-04
1.414063
1.414551
2.632141 -04
,1.414063
1.414307 -8 .2016-05
i1.414185
1.414307
9.059906-05
11.4 14 185
1.414246
4.291536-06
il .4 14185
1.414215 -3.886223-05
11.4142
1.414215 -1 .72855-05
11.4 14208
1.4]4215 - 6 .43 7 3 02 - 06
11.4 14211
1.414215 - 1 . 0 7 2 8 8 4 - 06
1] .4 14213
].414215-2

;(/)?

! ' 1.414214 .

2 =

)2 .

MESO

1.414214

4.1

IR. ;

, ,
.

, . .

, ;

, ,

1
f(x) = 1 +

1+
______ 1

(,

~ 1 -

+ 00) (.)

f(x)

.
,

.1

> > , >

If (x) - <.

99

 ~_l_

+ 00,

f,

lim f(x) =
-

+ (

f ( , + 00)

lim f(x) = ( IR,

-

> f(x) - f\ <

lim f(x) = + 00,

-

Q:I

> > , ,
> ,

lim f(x) = -

> , ,

00,

f(x) >

> > , ,
> ,

f(x) < -

; :

i ' =+
+ 00

lim --\--

+OC>

; ' --\-- (, + 00).

>. > , , :>

'>

> '../

= '.JM, , , lim =
-

.. lim 2 =
- +

+ 00 , lim
-+

5 =

+ 00

+ 00, lim

-+

=0; lim - 2 = .
-+

() () _ ,

.. lim

- +

100

3-JX2 = lim 2 /) = + 00 ,
x-+e

lim

-+;>

--;-3-::::==-

Iim

-k- =0.

+ 00.

eE 1R,

lim f(x) =

> > , ,

el <

< _ , f(x) -

00

lim f(x) =
-

00 ,) :

(-

- -

f(x)

+ 00,

> > , ,

<

- 00

lim f(x) = -

00,

- -

_ ,

f(x)

> .

> > , ,

< -, f(x)

-.

<

.
1m

- -.

_ (

+ 00,
- .. 00,

.. Im 4 = + 00,

lim x J = -

lim

00,

--

X --Qo

X-

00

=0

Im ~ =0.

=0,

-QO

lim

- -

--

1. Iim
-

2 -- 1

=2

( ,

> .

>

+ (0) .

- 1

lim
-

= -

>

<

2 -
1 ...:...:.:---''

>

> -.

21 <

=2 .

2. Iim (x J + 3) = -

00

- 00

> . > , ,

J + 3< -

J < - - 3

< -

<-

3-JM+3
101

 = 3~ , ,
lim ( + 3) = - 00.
3

4.2

IR , 2.5
.

90,

.
.

,
.

lim g(x)=O > !f(x)! ::;g(x), lm f(x)=O

.( - +

-+

> h(x)::; f(x) ::;g(x) lm g(~) = , lm h(x) = ,

)-

lm
-

+ 00

00

f(x) =

73

1. lim ~ =
-

+ GCI

xEIR * = ( - 00 , ) (, + (0)

!7'I::;R

Im
-

1
-

OQ

'
.
= ,

~ --

+ 00

2. Iim (2
-

+ CIO

Sx + 7) = + 00

, ::#: 2x3 -5x+7 =2x 3(1- ~ +~ )

2

lim

, -+ <

102

lim

.- + <

(2 3) =

+00,

lm (l -~ +~)=l-O+O =I ,
. -+<

(2)-5+7)= -+
lm> [2x3(1 -~
2

+2,)]= lim (2xJ ) ' lim

2 '

- +<

-+>

(I-~
2

+2,)= +00
2 '

3.

3
2

Jm
+ 00

>L-

2+ 2 -7
----2 - + 5
3

lim
+ '"

3(1+----L.
-~)
3
3
2

= lim
- + 00

3
2

+~)
2

2(1--1

lm

()

'

- +

!im
)( -

) lim ~ =~. lim ~

-+

+00

Q(x)

-+

*0

() ~ . , ( + -.!!'-" _

,.

'

+~
'\. )=, "
,

g(x)

(1)

~------~----~-------------

g(x)

lm g(x) = + + .. .. + = 1
- +

' lm ',
-

(1),

+ c:o

lim
)( -

lm

"- + 00

iR

()= !im

- +

+ 00

) ( ,

+ 00)

( ).

(1),

Q()= g (),

lim gI(x)=1+0 + ... +0 =1,

-

+ 00

Q(x)

_ g()
- g()

(2)

lim : iR Iim &f&.( = ., = 1, (2),

-+

- +

gJ

,
pfx\
'
.
m~= l m - I
- +'" Q(X)
- +___._ , '

~. Iim
l

- +00

"

- 00 .
Bolzano

'
.

() =

+ - - + .. .+ + ., ;;!: .

.-,

lim
--

()= '

Iim

- 00

- - .

Iim
- +

()= '

lim

+ 00

-+

, , IR , () < ()

>0,

()

Bolzano

[.].

<, .

1.- Iim ( -2x J + x 2 -1)= -2 lim (x J)= -2'(+00)=-00

- +

-+

- lim (5x 6 - x 4+2x 2 - x + I ) = 5 lim 6=5'(+0)=+0

--

- lm
+
-

00

--

2
= - 3

'11m

- + '"

2
-

- Iim
- cc

= - 3 lim -; - -

=- -

= - 3 lim
X --cxI

3 = - 3 . ( - 00)= + 00

- lim
-

00

2. Im vl4x z + - 3
-

::'00

=( 104

00, - l ] U [+

, + 00).

 lim (4 2 + - 3) = 4lim 2 = + , lim '4 2 + - 3 = +

)C - oa

3.

) Iim ('4 2-+

-

-2)

i) Im ('4 2 - + 1 - 2)
,- + OD

- 00

i)

lim '4 2 - + 1 = + ( . 2) Iim (2)= - ,

-

--

lim ('4 2- +1
-

-2)= lim .J4X 2_ ~ - lim (2)=+-(-)= +

-

CIO

i) lim '4 2 - +
-

+ 00

00

CD

= + lim (2) = + ,
-

+m

lim ('4 2- + 1 - 2)
.!..

+ co

), .
:

f(x)= (.'42_+ 1-2)(.'42-+ 1 +2)

.'4 2-+ +2

-+

.j4X2_X+ 1 +2

( - ++ )
/xl

~4-+ + 7 +2

(,

lim 'f(x)
-

+ OQ

),

-1+0
"';4-0+0+2

-1
4

- 1+ - 1
f(x) = _ ;=== = ==-_ _
14__1_ + _1_2 +2

105

, :

Iim 5 - 4

i)

\- +

=5

11)

11m -

= +

()

3 +4

lim
-

-()

CI

CD

=-

()

Iim (2' -5+7)

i)

\_ +

CI

OD

) lim
'- -00

Im
1(-

5 ~ 3

2'

Iim

2 +'+3

+ 00

- 3 + 7

"')

ll

3+6

) Jim ~-x+t ) lm ( + _ - 5 )
- 2
., - +
2 - J
2 + 4

, -

) lm ~x+T

lm (2x - x'+5-3x J )
'( -

lm ('3'+5 +' '-+3)

-

3.

=+()

CXI

5 -2 I-41

Iim
-

lm
\- -

2.

2 _ 1
- -

.-" :

00

')

'1m '25
-- - - '+3
- -

' -.00

- 9

.1m (-+-5
2

00

- 00

3
--+-

+J

) lim (~ - 5)
-

) lm ("; 2- 4 - )

+ 00

lim
-

- 00

ili)

+00

Jt-

Jim

(V!)x2_ X

+ 3)

'1- - 00

215-xl +3
l-41 +8

) . lim
-

(\&+1 - J,J;:)

+ 00

'
,

') 1m

ili)

jX-.JX

lm

106

- -

Iim
-

L- _

-JXf+5+x

:
2

~+x

lim
- -

+~ -2)

(vx 2 + x + J

- +

2.

ii)

-+ ...;x+T-~

ii)

c:

...."._.__.__._--'

Iim
- +

..

_~

.._ ._ _

.~~,

.. ......
~.~

00

..jiJ+X-x

..

r--------------- - - - - - - -- - - -

) (",+' -/~)

- +

c:o

Iim

- -+

( __ ) , *.

3.

4.

Iim
-

- <

r(x) =

r(x)

IR,

2 " - + 3

- --

--'--

lR ,

r(x) = -

5.

f(x)

+ 3 + 2
2+6

a E IR, :

i)

Iim (~ =--5~ +7

xX2+l
"------

+)

i) () = /4 2 - -2

( 2 1 ) - ( 2 + 3)

= ---'---':--:-----'--"' - -'----=-' 2 2 _ ( + 3) + 2 .

) Iim
-

+ 00

(.JX2 +x+T

+ / " - + )

lim
.\ -- +

7.

) ( )

) ,

00

lim r(x) ,

'\- + 00

. - ,

6.

-+

lim (r(x) ,'\-

(/ 2 + ~- - /~~ +x~ ) =

00

() --, .2. 2(- I~:+1 ' , ; .

3
( - )" +

lim

() l m ( ) .

) l m
1-3

!-~

() .

lim

- +

8.

() =
.

l i l ,
'-

f)

~p

l rn

1'- .

> 0
( I' )

!
!

-2Ul.(lLUiL

(
\

'-

_.
\

...._

._....__ _
~

,
--

5.1

aX,lo9ax

11

,
*, .
:

*
.

f,g,h, . ..

.. ...

IR

(I), (2), ... , (), ... , 2," "

!, 20 , ...

, , .. .

( " 2," .. () l* ( )
,
, = (), *.

:
( .) (,.) , - IJ"~* , = .,

' .

109

10

; . :

()

, , "*
:5

m EIR

, "*

ay~m

m, MEIR

, "*

- (- 2
-

2 < "*,

( ") , 2 ~2 "*,

-(+)

0<+

:51

"*

..... (( -l) ) , .

()

VEIN*

, "*

, *

"

, *

> + l .

~ t,

< . , .

, ,
, .
,

[ ,4,9 ,... 2 ,

r -3, -6, -9, ... , -3,

( -1,1, -1 ,...,( -) ",

1.

v= -; , * , .

+7ll
3"

<

3" = (1 + 2)" ~ 1 + 2

( ),

l"I::::~ < +7 =4 ,
1 +2

2. = __ .
l+

*
+

,, +,-,,=~

1
- - - - - > 0'

( +1)(+2)

., > ", .

3. 0.-= -" , ' l*, e

e

Euler (e = 2,71 ...),

) ,

) .

) *

~ =-

---

(\1+ l)e " =~::::~

vcV+'
ve
ve

=-.L < 1,
e

e"
, . ,

< ,

i) () ; .

'

< :::: , = - 1 ,
e

'

"

11 )

5.2

*,
.
, -

+ 00.

40

.
, ,
, .

()

REIR

lim av=R,
-

, , * , > ,

- < .

Iim

lim

- +

-+

e.

e,
e. e=

.
.

) ( )

lim
-

+ 00

lim

+ 00

+ 00

+ 00,

-+

, >, * , > ,

> .

lim

v- +

= -

00

( )

lim

= -

00

-+

00
-

00 ,

co

, > , * , > ,

<

+ 00

->,

.
;
, V o ,

l - e < > ;; - .

112

 , *

(*)

, -: .

+ 00),

(,

* .

f(x)

( f(Y) . , -

f(x) =

+ 1

f(v) = --,--2

+ 1

40 .

( ,

lim f(X) = CE:R,

-

+ (0)

lim f(v) = C

00

, lm(~
.
,

'

)= 1

f ( ) = 1

m(~ ) = 1

- )

'

lim =

+ 00

l m _1_. =0
'

r.]i
)

( ,

f(v)

+ 00) ,

* , > .

. . f( ) = --}-= , f(v) = --}v- 7- ~7 .

13

. ,

, xEIR \ ( . l )

5.3

, l

f(x) =

+ 00 ,

(f(v)

.1

, ' :

Iima,, = fEIR, m ,. = m EIR ,

lim(a,. + .) = lima,. + l m ,. = f + m
lm ( ,. ,.) = lima,. m ,. = fm

(,.)
Iima" = - f ,
,
1m
- - =----=..:..:=',
m ,.
m

m* .

lim ( , = ( .) " = ' '-,

, ; ; ,

, 1 .

.
,

. . , =( - ) '" , .

'

'

( - 1)
' !lH
= +2 -

* ,

'

.
.

l* ,. I= 1

] ' = '
-,
Im,

11 4

Im
' .a ,. = .

( - ) " ~ --:---=-- ) + 2

< _ 1_,
-

2. Im(

- _ .-

2 + - !

* -Jv 2 + 1 -= -":"-":"":--":"
V-V2+ +

.JV2+l

im(~ +)=+ 0 , lim(-J2 +I- )=l m . .

2 +

5.4
1.

J +

=0

<

lm ' = ,

+ 00,

> 1

= , .

> ,

>0

"= ( + ) " ~ + >

< l l <l , h

> 1,

= + .

lim(ve) = +
limW

00 ,

= +

lm "=

00 .

00 .

'

. .

lim(

-f

)" = 0, lim+

2.

lim '\!a

=1 , >

3.

lim ",..-

=0, lim

5.

2,3

"=

00 ,

lim x,, =

lm e"= +

00 .

) " = e
lim (1 + "

5.

5.5
[ ., 2 ,' '' ' " , ... 1 ,

( .),
. . ;

J 15

 (.),
(~,. _I)

( ~,.)

, ;

) ,
.

)
, .

++)"

e,

2\'

( + 21)
,

= + (-

) " , .,

- ,.=(

., _

a lv- I

5.6

= (4 - 1)-

-(2-l)

,.

=2

-+

2,

~,.

) , ~,.= =O

=(2

= (-

-+

e.

- -

)= -

-+

= 0- .

-+

1) " , . ,

-+

00 ,

00.

( ;.), X,.:;t: " ,. -

PEIR, , ,

" f(x,.) -

; .
"

= +

00

. "

= -

00

] 16

 ( )
lm [( ) "*

lim

( .),

lim
-

.. 00

+_1_)' =e

lm = lm , = XoEJR

f( v),

5.4

1. f(x) = ,

+ 00.

, () (2 + ; ), .
+ 00,

lim f(vn) = !im () = Jim 0=

lm + -}) = lim (2 + ; ) = lm =
f

00 .

117

2.

f(x) =

" =

J
,

(2~-;

[-

).

2 + -

f(_I_. ) = l

(2) = lim =

fl-1
-

lim

+ .n-

(2\' +

- =

; ) = l l J = J

() = -' - .

- - / ->'c"'-'''''''''-"",-~"""=.",=="""",,,,,,,,,->i

_ _

--

.....-., ... ...-

....

_ ---------

- ..

; ; .; :

'

+(-

) '

) , = -- -'

1' \') , = -
\' +

2.

=-=-J \ ,-+ -

) ,

) ,

" ')

= \ ' : +

111

.)

3.

\ .

2 + - ,
=. _
5

-,

+1

) ,. = -

5'

--

3 !

= - ( -- ) '"2 : +

) ,.=

,.)
' "
." \ '

7' .

2 : - + 1
,
2

3'

1+2 + ... +
=--3-
:

) =--- ' -

11 8

( - ) ',,

,. = -- -

'

' ii ) , =

2 ,, - 1 + 3'
-=----4 ' ....- J ''--.

) ,. =

) ,

.J4v' - +2 -- 2

' + 2' + ... + v'

-" -=-----'--'=----'..:
( !- )(5 + 2)

) , = ( + -+.- (


-t.

.
.

] )'" e . . "

IIm( + -.-

\.

1';0 -

00 ,

5.

0.,. = ( J +

) 0." = ( 1

)"

-7 )"

I i m~ = f >O ,

,.

0. ,. =

-+

111

(- -- 2 )"
+

00

,.

-+

00

'

:: ,. = ,3 ...1 lim 0.,,=_1_ .

3

2.

.
] - "
.
.
.
.
,.= ! I m --,-- , E IN ~

, 0

,.

3.

i) 0.,. =

4.

'

=( 2 + 1

")

)"

11

3 + ]

,-

0.,. =

(4 + 2
3 +

.Iim
,-

( _!-

)"

I m
-

( )

<

i)

L --

i ) "

+7

) I m ( ~)
6.

i) " = 2 !~( )

) '

2+

5.

(-

, = 2 ' +

0.'. =

._.

2 +
(

2 +

..

, , > .

. ..

._

_ .

- - -. - - - -

- - -- - -

J 1 ~

5.7

' ', >

'=

x EIR, :

"' .

Jim

, .
:
- ,

x EIR

(q,)

q,. -

( ,) ,
', :

>,

x EIR
'

= lim ".

(.)

', >

q,. -

x EIR. . :;

; ; ;
.

>

*-

IR f(x) = '

f : IR -

Iim

' =

lim
'1-

lim
\ -

f( x) = '

>

_.

'=

+ 00

,;

.;

= +

00.

>

(:

lim
.\ -

'

<<

'=

< < .

.
( ,

+ 00).

, .

120

2.

~.1

~.2

= ',

f(x)

<

"* , ,

f" ' : (0, +

IR,

00) -

'( ) = lg"

f "() = !g , .

= '

log"y,

'''~ ' = , lo gnY

.

!ognx,

',

> (,

, >

J.

; ,

<

<

IR.

lim log nx = -

+ 00)

00

Iim lo g"x - +

lim lo gnx = +
\- +

00

\ -0 '

00 ,

lim !og"x =-oo,

\_ ..-

> .

<< .

lo gnx

= ' 3 ( .3 4) .

!o g"x

. .

121

/
/
/

/
/

/
/
"", /
/

/
/

/
>1

0 <0 <1

.4
@

/1

f.!{7itt'rj (Jg}{/6Jp)~t-g~TJ1 ~ '

Eule r.
e = lim ( + L)'. ; e
e = 2,71828
.
_ .

e'

e' .

e> 1

e'

', >

1.

i uv"F !2:
.

e, . log,x,

, .
.

e> 1

In x logox, > 1.

e'
y=e ' <= =l
a = e I " " ( ,+ ) .
a ' =e ,I"a, x EIR, a ' = (el"a)' =e,i"a
:

f( x) > .

122

() , )

= e 'PI o rI' ) ,

= ..""""""'."...._

=-~~"""
.

-- - -- -- ---- - -

'
.

)
2.

f (x) = (] + --;- )

) f(x) = ( ~

+ 6)

) ( ) ~ e"
3.

i) '() = 21 - 3

= +e '

()
3e ' + ]
= ---e' + 2

) () = l( 2 + - 2)

i) () = ) \ .

; :

2 -

( ) = i I.~ X - .

6.

" ')
111

,
) f(x) = e 2, " .. I

5.

) () = I,n ( - e' )

, :
) ( )

4.

) ( ) ~ ( 2 + e)

- .

e' + 2

::; 1

) () =

I< x< e

x ~ e

l( 2

<

+ 1)2,

x~ o

Iim
-

Iim
-

CIO

..

e" + 2

e'+ ]

) lim [( 2 - 3)lnx]
\ - 0

'
.

l m
; -

.
c ' +2 ' -
) ( ) = , ' 2 '

2.

"+

f(x) ,

... 00

) ( ) = ' - + 4 ' , >

'

) , = 2 I(3 ) - l ( 2
) ,

3.

+ 4' +1

= ( + ) -

+ ),

2l ,

) ,- = 31 - l ( 2 2

+ )

) , = I n ( .J~"+I - )

i)

,. = --,
v+ 1

")
i1

,.=

n- -+ 2

2.1

. :

.,

a,. :=e~

.,

\.J

:!

a,. = .e ~

a,.=e~

50U

()

I - .JX

= ---.:...~:....::..
)+.J

) .
) .
) , , .
) l m () .
'( -

2.

\'

( - 2,0) U (,

-- (0), ;

,. = (~ l..- )"
2 +

3.

) ( ,.) ,
l m ,. = -- 00

ii)

; (.), ... 1 = Ja,. ~ - ,. +

4.

lm

- > - :#:

S. ; () ; x ~ , [ , 1]
) *,

) "

124

( . J) , $ $ ,.

*,

=)

( -- ] )(2 -- )

( .

"

- + 2 - --

... +

=-

6 . ,. - ( , R)
', -

) ,. ,

',

) ,.:$ :$ '",
= R 2 .

7.

AB"r "

.
, 2 ,

"

...

,,, , 2 , . .. .

, 2 ,

"

.. .

", , 2 , ...
) ,
2,, ... 2
)

lim
\'_ + 00

,.

#
~-------------"

/ 25

6.1

; ;
; ; 1 7 0 ,

ot ,

; ; .

. ;

. . ;
; ;

Ncwton

LeibnZ

:: ; / ,
.

Newton

Leibniz

.
;

Newton

Leibniz.

; , ; f ' ,

2.000

rv
;
, ,
, .
; ; ,
; , () ( .
; ;

2)

, () ( .3) .

;
.( .3 - ' .4)

'",

= 1.

=-

~\

(~

1 .2

. 1

. 3

, 4

, ; ; , - ]
; ; .

' = ( ) ; C, A(x...f(x,,
; C M(x,f(J( ; ;t: Xo ( . 5

6).

, ;
;

() = f( x) - ( )

(Ex .S 6)

, -

,",

l2

Im

f(x) - f(&)

. - ....

-.,

 ; ,
; ; ; .

:"..

- ~

-__
~. / /

- -::: ~ ~
--------:
(,j

,,- - -,

.5

!(xl - ( )

---=-- ---

..

/'~ :

\""~'..- '" . '

. (. )(.()

.6

" ( . 5

6)

, -

- ,

Iim

f(x)

. - ...-

f(xo)

; ,
; ; ; .

" ; ; , ;
( . 6) .

lim f(x) ~ -Jo

(,,)

'" lm

-"

---'0-

f(x)

f(x.,)

- "

C A(x".f(x,,) ()
; .

.. ; , ; ;

; ; f A(x.,. f(x., ;
; ; .

'

5 : -

5 ,

5(1)

..:

129

 ( , ],

*to

; ; ' ;
.

5(t) - 5(1,)

to

10
.

100 .

1 -

;
;

, (~) .

(t,,) = m 5 (t) -5(t,,)

-"

6.2

- .

.
; , ; -

'
, f(x)-f(x )

- '"
;

f.

' " .

\ !X.J(JJ.

'

" .

".

I m

f(x ) - f(x,,)

.-."

-"

; . ;
"

[ ' (,,) .

", ; ;; ( , ,,) '\ , ) "" , ... \) ;; ,\ \

(, .. , ), ; .

; ;; ( ,'. )

130

[ (.,)

f(x) -

= lim

[(")

, -~

G. W . Leibniz (1677)

..!!.! " ~ "

dx
c

f' (xo )

J .L. Lagrange

(1772) .
,

lim
-'

f(x)

[(")

""

f(x) - f(xo )

lm

'- '0'

, ., ,
['(",,) ~ lm

.-"""

......... ...

; ;

- *

f(x) - f(x,,)
-

( ,,) . ; .

h -

( ( ) "
" '( ,,)

("( ) -

f{x,,) =

( ,,)

- "

= lim
_

= f(x " + h ) - f(x,,)

1, - (1
h

f(xo + ) - [<&,)

= Iim ~
. _

; , ; .

]JJ

. ) '"

+ 1

( ' ( - ) f

Il .

*- -

= x l+ I - (- I ) I - 1

[ (x) - f( -I )

( - 1) =

f(x) - f( - I )

lm

._

= Ii m

- ( - )

= - ,

+ 1

-(- 1)

( - ) =

- 2.

,- - 1

; :;!: .,

= : + 1 - / -1

'( ) - (,, )

-.,

- .,

f ' (x,,): Im

= lim (x + x,,) = 2x

f(x) - f(x,,)

- "

' - '<>

x"e lR.

. - ""

x.,e IR.

2. f(x) =.JX
. > .
.

,*0,

f(x ) -f(O)
-

=-.:JL. ",, _,_ ,

...;

li m

f( x) -

. -o ~

f<o)

.. , ( ,+

00),

x;;t: x".

f(x) - [(, )

-,(.

- ,

- ,

.,

( - ,)( + :)

+ :

32

( ,

+ ~) .

"" 1m . _0+

0:0
.JX = + '

3.

f(x) :::

'

:::::;

3 - 2 ,

.. =

>1

1.

<,

()

1( 1) =

= x ~ + x + ,

lim
-

l()- I( I )

>I ,

()-()

= 3x - 2 - 1

3 (

( )

f(I)
1

f ' (I )=lirn f(x)- f( 1)

6.3

;;;3,

' - 1

= .

f(x) = Ixl

( . ) .

" ;

!xl -

""

lm_ Ixl
._0
-

i
._0

Im ~ = 1

_ +

lim ~ "" _ 1,

.-0 -

!
-

.1

;
; ' ' .
,

,

, .

Iim f(x) =: f(x",)

s_..,

lim
s_...

( f (K) - [(x",)~ =: .

*-

[() _ [(,,) = [( - [(,)

( - ,,),

()

"

I m
s_...

f(x) - ( ,,) =: (' (",)

-

; . ; ( )

lim ([()- [(,, = [ '(,,) . .

.-~

. ,

f(X)=!

, x ~

.:+ ,
(\' ..=

>!

1.

=:

1.

; = ,

lim f(x) =: lim f(x) =f(l )

s- j

'

s_ l _

f(x) =

'
!

' l + =: ] '

+( -) ,

x:s

> I '

= l -

( )

lim f(x)-f(l ) = lim x _ 1 = lim ( + + I ) = 3

J

~ -I -

Im
.- 1

,
.

- 2.

f(x) -f(l)
- J
f

= Iim

.-1

+ ( - ) - 1

I m
.-1
'

= .

= 3 , ; ( )

,. .

"~.

1.

; ; ,

f(x) = ~
, =- 2

i) ((x) = x _ 3x, =- 1
l

) f(x) = 2'1

2.

, <2

(('1)=12'12+'1,
9. -8,

3.

) f(x ) = ~ = 1

) f(x) = ~

= 2

x~ 2

- 3

,s3
3

'10 =3

i) ('1) =21'1 - 11 =

) f(x) = .J 2x - 8
4.

= 4

} f(x) = '~ '10 =

f , g(x) = xf(x)

s.

f [(0) = 3 [ ' (0) =2, g '(O),

) g(x) = f(x) - .....lf(x)

g(x) = 2'1 2 [() -

6.

; ; ; ,

) [() = 1 3 , <
)

7.

(x) =xlxl

i)

lm

f( x) -

,, = l

x~

2x J ,

f(X)= 13X- 61+ 2

,, = 2

'10=0
>, :

()

.jX-..[

8. [() =! + , x:sI

'10.

~ . >1

lim
, -

( f)' - (f( ) '

.jX- ..j(i

; , ; ;

135

 '

A\' f(xl =

2.

() - ,

-\ *,0

:'

gO) = g ' ( O) =O , -

",

f :''" -

&( ) = [ [(~)

"

(,,) ( - ,, ) ( ,,) ,

3.

; .;

f(x) =

5.

; .;

-+-

f
' o -y<yi .

x ~ + x -+ 3 .

<

2
xl + yx + 2

" .

,3:'1~ - ~:'I4 ,

f(XI,",1

) ;

4,

:$ "

> "

; ; ,

f Iim

f(l .. hl

lim ~ .. 4
-

.'1.

f ' (O) = 4.

((

; ;

f( I ) = O !(

...5,

0-0

6.

11,

, .11. >1

X.yE IR

' }') = f(X) + f ) . f

x.,E IR- ,
~~

..

""r.

f :\,yE IR :
: + }')= f(x) -+ f(y) + 5 . f "
" IR.

. [

[ ] .

136

f(a ) ""O.

6.4

; ; ; ; f A(~,f(x.. .

6. 1

; ; ( . 5

6)

.-..
l m

(:': ) - (,.)
'i, -

Iim

"

. .

-)

{.,)

...

,-\.,'

f .:..
; ; ; ,
=

[()

lim

[(,)

~ [ ' (.)

- .

; ;

y -[(x.) ~[ ' (x.) (x - x.,)

y ~ [(x.,)+ [' (X.) (X-x.,)

; ; ( '(.,) ;
;

; ;

:.

. .

' .
;

[ ' (.) ~ .
, ;

f(x) =X l + .. = -
f ' (- 1) = - 2 ( 6.2 . ),

. 1

; ; ;

!~O "J\( - I , 2) -2= - 2 (+ )

A/jo 11m f(x) - (.,)

. - ..

-",

+ :

= - 2 .

f .

-d ; .; ;

; A(x..,f( x,,)

.'-'

 .
;

_ ~.
..

f (x)=

x ~ O

<

.-..

Iim

.-..
lm

()

= 1m
-

- 1(0)

.-0

()

..

"" .-(1lm - ..fX' = Im

- 1(0)

.--

"

= + 0:>

~
-

= lm -

.-(1-

.2

.. -

= + o:>

lm f(x) - f(O) = + 00 . ; ;
-

.- 0

; ;

0(0.0)

:<=0.

'.

; . ( .2)
; ; }' ' ;

.-. ..
l m

()

( .,)

. .

.-...Iim

- .,

= 0.

()

(.,)

-.,

, A(X..f(x.,)
\' ; ; ;

( .3

4).

. ; .

g(x) =

2
X .

X:S l
>1

(rxJ)

lim
IJ8

g(x) - $(1)

= Iim
.- 1 -

= Iim

.- 1-

( + 1)= 2.

0-

.3

_
-

Im g(x) -g(I ) "" lim

~-1 +

,-

A (I, l )

.- 1 '

lim

. - 1+

(-=..!..) =- 1,

; g

' -

g.

f(x) = .JiX (.4),

f

,rx

f(- x)- - f(O)

- - = l' m ~= I' m -",, + :x>

I,'m

_+

f (x) - ()

'm

I,
._0
-

. _0'

"
..::fi... = 1m
'
= 1m
- - -

.-0-

0(0,0)

- '''[

_ _

..-=

= - 00,

.4

'

; ,

-~ ~~

j>.'

__

.'='~'

'T~'

'-/
.

; ; ; ; ; ;

; f ; A(xo,f(x,,),
) f (x) =2x ! ,

) f(x) =

2.

2"

,, = -

" =

) () =..l...
,

,, = 2

) (x) = ~ ,, = 3

,
.

()

, ._---~-~-~~
.

--,

l)

HV)

,
,

,,
-,,, ,,
, ,
---1--,

-.

___

'\

-i . . ; ; ;
; ;

; \' ~-.

\:$0

~.

-,

J.

iiI

f(X)= 1~ + 3
2 ' f

.1

r. ; ; ;

; ; { .\.. . .. ).
) [( =- ' , :

, . =0

) f( x) == ,( . - 31 , = 3

~.

\ ) ( _)

,,-,

\ <1

= = , __

- , - [

, ) = ,~ + . ; .; . .;
; ; ( .5 )

8.

'

"'\.

\'

f " ; o ,~

- 1.

-I ~()

 ,r,j.[ "-+

-/

- J.,fI
4,

T~ 1; : ; A(~ ' - ~ )
'

-1- .

; ; (()=

3'.

(+ ,) , ; .

00

,
-

;. f(x) =

+ ,

<

' ; ., ; -

x ~l

; A( l ,f(l)
4 - -2 = .

___.J

6.5

; ,

' ;

f(x) = 1 + napayroyiOIHll (6.2. . 1).

f(x) = .JX (,
' .

+ 0: (6.2, . 2).
,

" () .

f 1\ ;

= f(x),

' 1\ k

dx

1\

f.

' ,

' 1\ ~~

; .

; ;

1\ ~ 1\ ~ f(x) '
dx

dx

( dd '

)r,j
141


1.

) =(' /

, "

f(x) - f (x,,)

IR,

"

c-c

~ --- =
-"

- "

.-.

f(x) -

Iim

2.

r(X) '"

(,,)

~ o.

f( x) - f(x 2 )

.-.
3.

f( ,~

(,,)

'"

-"

'" ", " , . r.

'"

.,

f(x) -

~o

. "

Iim

(C)'

- "

>

-
- .,

.-.
I m

1=

IR,

4: .,

=1,

, () '

, /

(') ' = -
,

f(x) -

( -" ' -

(,)

- "

IR,

+ X -1x,,+ ... + ., - )

"

'-.
Iim

f(,) - (,,)

, - "

.-.

"" Jim {X - ' +X , - lx., + ... + x"V- ') "' x.,. - t + x.,. - r + .. .+ x." -t,,,

( ' ) ' = ' -

4. f(X) "" .jX [ , + 00) (, + 00)

(, + 00)

1r::;-

S.

f(x) =

() ,

g(X)

6.2,

()

( ) , =

()

[ } ' ~ -

x e IR

h :;t: D

2
f (x

+ h) -

( + h) -

f(x)

2.

x +h

-=-2

auv x + h + x

2
-=-_
_

JL
2

J!..
2

h
2

lim ( +....h...
h_ O
2

)"" ,

2
f( x + h) - f (x )

f ' () = lim

"" l

' =

( ) ;

g ' (x) = lim

-

g(x

+ h) -

g(x)

""lim

_ 2"!!" . ( + h )

"" 1m

~_ o

+ h) -

h
h

"" -

' = - .

143

6.

r(x) =lnx,

( , +

(0)

(lnx) ' ~ _I

f(x + h}

xe(O, + (0)

h *0,

+ h >O

f(x)

,"
Iim ( +
--)

=e

h -O

1im
In(, +-~
)" :lnlm
h- O
h_ O
h

( 1)"
1+ - ~
-

=lne;;; 1,

f ' () ;;; lim f(x + h) - f(x)

. -

1 -

- - - - - - - - -'

~' ::::; '

0' 0

i) [(x) = x ~

= - !

) [() = = ......
6

l-144

) [(x ) = ~ = 4

f(x) = Inx

,,,

2 .--~~ ;'~~;~ , ~O

,!

("')=1x~

<
..j;: . x ~l

(",) -

,, ,

) () = ! , <

,< 2

,, )

2:0

'

2
x~ 3

f (x) =

2
, , , , >3

.11. 2:2

; ; = ; ( -2,4) ,
; ; ; ; .

i) ; ;

)' = : .

l ; f(x) = x';

'
!.........

; ; .; ; ; ;

,!

"' ~ '
r(,) . I .r,

..

x -Sy+ 6 .. 0

OSx< 6

..:.

2. "'( . ) < 2 .;
.; ; =:< : .

; = - - '- , ;
. .

3.

l ; l..: ), _ .,' { , ' ) ,

~u " "01\'6 ; .
l " ; ;
; .

~--

-- - - -- - --

6.6

. ;

; ;
.

; ,
.

, ilt.

; f, g q. :!~~~~~=
3
, '~~~'~O,-"X~oE~

f + g

(f + g) ' ( ) = f ' (.) + g' ( )

, *

(f + g)(X)- (f

f (x) + g (X) - f(x

+ g)(x. )

Q)

g (x.,)

f,g

."

lim (f + g)( x) -(f + g)( x,,) = lm f (x) - f(x,J

-

+ Im

f(x) - f (x o )

-.,

- "

g(X)-g(Xo )

g (X) - g (x.,)

= f '(x,,)+ g' (x,,)

(f + g)' ( ) = f' (.) + : ( )

,

f, g

(f(x) + g(X' =f' (x)+ g ' (X)

f], f2,

, ,

(f I + f2+ ... + f. )' (x)=fI ' ( ) + f2' (x)+ ... + fx'(x).

. :

( l + ) ' = (

( }' = 5 4+

, xe IR

(lnx + + + 2)' = (lnx) ' + () " + ( )' + (2) ' = _1_ - + 3 2 > .

146

"

f g

f. g

; " ,

" :

(f . g) ' (,,): [ ' (,,)' g(x,,) +

[(,,)

. g ' (,,)

, XX~ ,

([ . g)(X) - ([ . g)(x,) = [( ' g(X) - [(,) ' g(x,,) =

x- x~

= f( x) ' g(X) -

f(x,,) ' g(X) + f (x,,) ' g(X) - f(x,,)' g(x,,)

"

= f(x) - f(x,) . g(X) + f(x,,) . g(X) - g(x,)

-

f,g

- .,

; "

Im (f g)(x) - {f . g)(x. } = l m f (x} - ,,) . \im g(x} + f( x.) ' Im g(x) - g(x,,) =
.-...,

' - '0

-.

: [ ' (,,) ' g(x,,) + f( x,,)' g ' (,,) .

f,g

, -...

' - '

-.

; , :

(f(x) .g(x)) ' = f '(x) 'g(x) +f(x) 'g '(x)

,

(n) '

= () ' l + (l) ' = Inx + ,

(,

+ ) .

; ; ; .. , ;
; ; :

([( , g(x)' h(x)' = [ ' () . g(x) h(x) + [() . g ' (, h(x) + [() . g(x) ' h ' ()
,

( ! Inx ) ' = ( !) ' l x + x 1( lnx) ' ; + lnx( ) ' =

= 2xln x + +

a eIR,

(2),

[( ' )() , = ' ' ()

,

; f,g ;

' -

-t

"

"

g(xo) *,0,

;)(-.g!. )' ( ) = -[g(x,,

g' (X
)] ,
p

'" ( ~ )') ~ f ' (,) . g(G\~:jIo) ' g'(,)

.

\' f .g , g(X);t:O,

(_1_)'_
- g' (x)
---r.wJT
g(x)
() (...&L)' = ...r.!& g(x)- f(x) g' (x)
g(x )
[ g(x)] '
( ij

_1_ )'__
( ' + - (x ' +I) ~
( ' + 1)'

- 4'

- ('+ I) ' xe IR

_1_ ' l- ' 2

I ~ ) ' = (lnx) ' x l - lnx (x 2 ) ' = _::__-,--_ _
(

'

148

(XI) 1

'

1 -2
'

, - .


,
;

. ; f(x) :

1+ \

g(x): - Ix l

. ' ; (f + g)(x) :

( _ ff )(x)

1.

2, (f g)(x) : 1- 2

:1) : - 1, .

(11 : 11

1[

. :

( . " + . _ I - 1 + ... + a lX + ) '

. - + (- 1) _ l - 1 + ... + l .

. . ( - ) + 2 ' -2) ' : - 3 1 +4 .

2. QP(X)
( )

,
..

( 1 + ) '( - ) - ( - ) '( 1 + )

' + )

2x(x -I) -(x + l)

( _ 1)2

( _ }

""

3.

() : - ,

xeR*,

l*

( _ ) ' : _ - -

, ( x ~ ')

_ ( :
,'
- ' : ()
--; ' : ~

---

., 1

_ X ~ - 1

' (; ; ) (x V ) ' : - ,

(x

V
) '

: KXv - 1, x ElR , Ke:Z

; 1 : ,
( ) ' : (l ) ' = O : O - XO ~I

4.

f( x) "" :

( )

: - -,

'!

. ; ,
,
.
' 2
2

( x) ""(~)

() ' - ' ( )

uv +

f(x) ""

( ) ,

t.

) ( )

) (()

) ( .+

f '(x)

=(

2 + 1

oc )
2

= ( ) ' ( + ) _ ( 2 + ) ' x 21nx

( + I ) l

(2xlx + x)(x 1 + l) -2 _
( + 1) 2
-

2xlx+ x ' +x
(

+ 1)1

) R \

+ ; :

}.

f t(X) =( l + ) ' = + ) "- + }() '

= - (

+ )( - )

"" 2 - + - + 2

+ - - .

( - )' + )

2.

( _

f(x)= x g(x) + -

- . g(x.) :3.

g(X)

2 )

.
g ' ( :.) = '(.,)

.,

' ><,,) ..!!.. ( " 1

dx

+ ..!!.. (__ )
dx

g(X)

150

( ' .,)

= g(x.,) + x,,"g' (x.,) + g( x.,) - Xo g '(x,,)

{,,)

g(x.,) = 3 *0,

= 3+ ., + 3- '0 = --.!.Q....
9
3

3.

:' ;

f(x) == + + 2( ) = ! + + , "* .
A(x o.f(x.,). 8 (Xo.g(x. o) .

,....
, ,
; V ,
' ( )

== 20 .. +

g '(x., ) == 2 .. + ,

2 + = 2.. +

f ' (x..) =g ' (x.,)

2( - ) == -

.,= + . -*.

,--- '
.

) f( x ) ~ x ) + ln x + .J5
) f(u) = ]nu + ~

12

2.

g(t)

=.Jt +

>Oj

) f (x) ", Inx + .JX - 7

f(x ) ~ + l 5

; ; ; ; ;

; f A (~. f(~ )) .
i ) f( x) = x ' + x -6
3.

~- - l

) f( )= +v",

; ; _

x..=~
4

4 1t"t ;

XOVOl .

4.

:
)

f(x) =

) f() = 5 - ~
3

\') f(~ J;: ( + )

) 5(1 ) = +...!....,.1 1

\'J =( ' - )

g(t) "' tlnt+5 t )

) f(x) '" ";;: ;

5.

; ;

) [() = { ' -2 ) ;

) f() = ",

., = 4

x., = ~

8. _
151

6.

; ; ; ; ; ;

;
i)

7.

f(x) =

'

- , + - .

) " 2

l)

<

2..[ + :(

- 6.

f(K) =

( + 7),
2

xsO

x Juvx + 7 .

, <!:

; ; ;

+4

)
)

+- -

f(X) . - '

) (() ..;: +

) P(V) " ..f... , c

i) f( ) ,. :3"--'::-:-

9.

- '-

. .

j)

8.

2 -

f( x) >: ..l...

) ( ) = - ,

g( X)= -

Jx

'

'"'

f( x) =

IR.

11) g(X) =

10.

f(xl = 2(x + ) B(X)= ~+

-

l , ' . l1

11.

- !

i) {X) =~

1+ Kf(K)

-.'
+ IJ-~

, ,

+ 1

; ;

f' = g' ;

; l ," ; ;

,.

' ,

) f( x) = x - -

11) f(X) " ~

; ; ;.

f ; k

ml m.

,;;

S:!

f(x) = 2........L

t '" ,

. /)' df .
d,

il)

'

12.

('

: - - - ~ - - '

m;;.

---.

m,

13.

" 5 + + ..1...
, , IR-

'

1.

; & ; ;

; f{x} = - { - 2,2 ).

2.

) SI"' I + 2x + J x1... ... +X~ - 1

l -

) S: ,", 2x+ 4x J+ 6x s + ... + 2vx l - I

J.

"

f(x) =

( ' ( )

-+ -.lL

- .

(,.2!.... ) '1'1,
2

..

4. C 1, C2 ; ; f(x) a x1 -4x + 5
g(x) .. x 2 + 2x - 4 , C1
A{3,f(3 C l
S. (( ) = . + . _ - + . . . + + .*
p l, Z . .. . . IR, ;
.; l

~
f(x)

6.

=_'_
- l

+_'_ + .. . +_1 - :

- .

; . . . ; . ;

; f{x) = x J + : + + '1 0(0 ,0) , (, )

' .

7. .; ; Y= ~ *

. ; ,\ : ;

8.

\1 .

; . ;

( =

32 + +

g(X) = 2

+ +

'1 ;

'10
2.

L
153

6.7

.~

(J , . . .. ..: "

; f(x) = ( - 2 + ) '
g(x)= ln(x I + ) . .; ( '( ) g '(X )
VQ

0 \ .
, ;
.

f(x),

g
gof
(gof) ( ) = ' ( f(x . ( ( ) l l )

g ' (f( x ~
du

; ; ,

p . fI . )

i)

[()- J' ~ () '"

- ' ')

. , [ ( ) - 2 + 1)' ] ' = 8 ( -'- 2 + 1 ) "( ' -2 + 1) ' "' 8 ('- 2 + 1) ' ( 3 :- 2)

._)[', , ) ]' ~
11

',,)
2.ji) ,

[(, 0

. (f,Z+!)' ~ (, ' . ) -

2 , : +1

) [ ( ,1

2,
2 ,l : +1

=-.."==,,

J' = ,' l )" ' ,)

. . [ (3 : -2 )) ' =- \'( 3 :- 2)- ( 3 : - 2 ) ' = 6 - ( 3 : - 2)

J' '" - (\ ) " ( ' ( )

[ )\' ~(x ' + ) J' '" 2 ( -' + ) - [ ( -' + )] ' =

,-) [ , ,' )
. ,

= - 2 ( ' + ) ' ( ' + ) ,( ' + ) ' =- - 3 ! [ 2 ( ' + 1)].

,,, \', " tlltI oto 1100 l, t:- vy .: tvo ~ .

'54

f
f '(x.,):;t; O, ., , f - I
f(x.,) .

.
( )

(2) ; ;

1.

/11

x ER,o

('nlxl)' : '

, > (lnx)' ",,-'- .

< (lnlx l) ' "" (In( _ ) ' :; (- ) ,

-

( l f() I ) ' ~ ~
1)
. . (lI - I) ' ""
1.

Z)
(l -X

c'

'
""

( )
- l

l _ 1

x :;t; :!: 1

(c ') ' ""e'

e' yi ;
1ne' "" x (lne ') ' ""() ' (Ine') ' "" 1

1nx

(1)

''" , o ~
' ' ."
(Ine' ) ' = ~
=

"

(e') ' = e'

3. f(x ) "" ', ( >

Q :;f: 1) :

( ') ' "" '

,

x e IR a' ""e,I"\

( ' ) '

4.

""(e,In") ' ""e,In" . ( ) ' "" ' -

x e (O, + 00 ) (r eR)

( , + 00) "" e
( )'

tIn"

= (e, lnx) ' ""e,ln' . (. n )' "" ....!.... "" ' - .

; ; .

.4I
.

1.

i)f(x) ""VX -

,
i)

f(x) ""xJ

f(x) =e I H

,
- - 2" (, + (0).

-'-) ' ( --'-) '

f ' (x) = ( 3 - 2

"!"' - 1 -..!...- 1

_2"" 3X
J +2 2 "" 3 _2.3 + 2
2 =

1
1
= 3{!- + 2x"JX
2

2,

ii)f '(x) ",, (e l'" ] ""(e I+: ) + e +< ( ) = 2x; ~ ' + e l =

""e l H
i)

( 2 +)

x' ''''e,In,

(') ' = (e' I"' }, = e' In'(x lnx) , "" X '( l . x + x . ~ ) "" '(1 + Inx).

(2)

iv) (e""' ) ' = ?" . () ' = e ~'_

l . ~ ; f(x ~=

x EIR*

( +) = ()' + + 1 (+ ) = 2+ + (-;- )-(-;-) ' =

= 2

[()

[()

+ ! ::5 l l ~~ Ixl = 0 \\ ,~

(,-
)
.

/_';-;-';~'9="7'-:,-,-+--+"

)=

f '(O) = Hm

, -"

1(,) -

[()

=0

[ ,() =(

2 ...!...

#1 Leibniz

Leibniz ..i!...
dx
; . ,

; ; y=g(f(x)
u = f(x)

g(U)

.-.L

dx

157

 ; ; y""g(f(h(X))
=

h(x), u = f( v) = g(U)

, ,

..l!L =..l!L . .J!!!... ..Jh...

dx

du

dv

dx

; ; ; ;
; ; ; .

! ..l!L . ;
dx

; ; .

( f(x) !g(x)' = f ' (x)! g ' (x)

(, .f(x ' =" f' (x)

(- '- ) , _ - g ' (x)

g(x)

---r.wJ'

( f( x) . g(x) ' = f' (x)' g(x) + f(x) ' g' (x)

(...fuL)'_
f' (x) 'g(x) - f( x) 'g ' (x)
g(x)
[ g(x) ] ,
(gol) , () = g ' (f(x) ' " ()

158

(c) '
( ) '

( ') ' = . - ,

([f( x)]'j '

VE IJ',l -

= [ f() '. f' ()

(') ' = 2 ~
>

(.Jf(x) ) ' = ( '()

( ) ' = -

(f( ) ' = ouvf{x) ' ( ' ()

(} '

( n)

=1

[ ]

(In1f(X)!)' = f;X} f ' (X)

1
=- !

(f(,) ) ' =

- 1
=-.

(() )'

-,

'I()

. f '(x)

. f ' (x)

(e ') ' = e'

(= (I ") ' = = r"l. f ' ( )

( ' ) ' ::=' O"lno

(0 '1'))' = a I"r. - [ ' ()

( ') ' ::=. T x, ~r .

f(x ) > 0

(Inf(,) , = f; , )' f '(,), f(x) > 0

( I) ' = _
1

( )

(ouvf(x) ' = - f()-f ' ()

=-,

2 .JT\x'

IR .

(lf('I] ') ' = t [ f)' . (' ,), f(, O

159

_________

'
.

; ;

[ (1) = ,

g(l) =2,

r,8

( ' ( 1) = 4,

( ' (2) = 8

g ' ( 1) =3,

2.

(og

gof

) f( x) = ( - )

) . ) ~ (3 - 5)
) f( x) '" 3 lx

! ) ()

3.

= - 3,- - -1

)'

( , -2

; .J;; = l :\.

\'0

i) ( )= l - 11. ,* 1

4.

f (x) :: x j3x - SI.

,.,1..
3

JII

i) ( x) = ~

"

f (x ) =

e' +c "
2

) ( ) = 2 ' + :

f(x) = c' lnx

" ) f(x) _ x l '

S.

, ,

( x)= x ~- ~

) () = ~ .
6.

+..;;

) () = ~

) ( ) .. ~2x - 6

; ,

ffi

m ~ ~l - ~
dm
du

'~.

7.

rn.,

i) f , f '
)

8.

f'

rn.,

g(x) ;:

f( )

g(x) ;: (f()2

) g (X) = [ f( ) ] 1

'

1.

~ f(x): ~
2.

f() = ' ()

g(x) =

'. () , ~ , 2: 2

) ...E.L = ' - ( + )
d,

3.

; ; ; ; ;

f() : 2 + ,

(,2)

+ - 2 = .

161

6.8

{' .J!L
dx

f,

' " , t

a " .

- ; .. n:
; ;

..

d'f(",)
dx'

f "( x.)

d' 1 f(x) . _..,.

dx

f '(x)-f'(",)
- ",

; ,

r-(x).

. ,

" f.
;:

f(x),

f N(X) ;

d 1 f(x)
dx

[ " = (f ' ) '

=..!!(~ )=..!!.'!...
dx dx
dx:

, , /, 3. 4 . .
:

['''

d'f

dx J

d' f

dx ...

f'"

d' f
dx'

1.

f' (x);:vx 1. 2

f(x) ;:x.

> 3

f "(x) ;:v(v - l)x - :.

f ())(x) =v(v - l)(v -2)x - J

2.

f(x) = e'

f ' () = fU(x) = f(J)(x) = ... = f (V)(x) = e".

3.

f ' () =

4.

' ,

g ' (X)=

= ' ( ) ",
() f()=

f ~ (x) = - ,

i) f ' (x) = ouvX,

)

(> *l )

f(x) = a ' ,

fU(x )

- ,

gU(X)=

f (J)(x) =

- . ( ) ! , . . .
( )

g(x)=

- , . . .

f (]}(x) =

- ,

'

1.

X+-l
2
i') f(x) -_ 2x

(32)'
/ ~
..1,)()
=
+

2.

"

3.

;
, ,'

"( \

i) f(x) = ~
<

f"(x,,) =O.

f,

IR,

prf(x)= g(e' )

u> f(x) = x ' g(x ~)

/1

~ f,g ; f '(O)= - 1,
g '(0) =6,

5.

d ' (xf(x) + xg(X 0

dx~

[(0) =4,

f ' ( - 1)= 2,

[~ (2) =4

r J)(l) = 6
163

'

. Y/O~ ( lN') ; ;

f(x) : _ I

2.

() ""

r>l() = ( ; + ) .
3.

i)

6.9

VEIN'.

; ,,;; ,

(> =! )('+3 + 2. >< 1

. + Sx
x~ 1
1

' '11

; ;

; ; ;
. ; ;

5(t) ;

5(t),

lm
1-...

:aiiA t

5 (1)- 5 (1. ) ; 5 ' (.)

t

1,.d, , ;; f(x)

" .

) "

f ' (,,) .

, . . - .
- . - . . .

f ' (x,,)

; ; ; , ;
, ; ; ; (
) , . . .
t :

; ;
t

164

g ; .

t,

= gt.

; ; ,

u '(t)= (gt)' = g,

s
-

:_

e--..
Q =

Q(t) -Q(lo )

= - t o ;

; [ . ,]

= Q(t)

Q(t o )

, -. ,
, . '

; ;

. -

( ) = lot' ~ ! , 10 .
.

,

,
; ;

dl

- ~ ( -2
) ' =

~ = ,

- 21

Ioe

- ~2 =

- 21

lim ~ = lim ( _ _1_ 10_ 1_

... dx
, - ~ ...
2
~

,- ~

I ~ .,Je' .

)=..=..1
2

Im _ 1_ = 0, ;

, - ~ ", ..[e'

; .

165

 \' I)

2,

t.

[\'11';

cm
.\'l 5 cm ".; l) .; ; 2
" ..
..("c

: ( .; ; 10" , . '

, ; ;

; + ) '

. - _ .- - ~~.:: -:

.; "

0 1 ..

' ( ..) = 4 11( ( I,,)) : . r ' (.,)

( ,,) :. 5cnl " ' (,, ) = 2 9!! . .; ; ; ;

""

V'(I,,) = 4 -n - S: .:!. = 200n ~' l

scc

l l . \' , ; ll

3.

( '

1:

: ' . \' '' (' \'0

S(I) = 20IIvt ,

SO ; ; . li:tLI '

[ , . ,-

" .;

1. = - 3 -

'i('C ,

~l

u{

) "" -

:! (_2

) = - 2 ~ = - ,\''J

u(t) ""S ' (t) "" .

2 ,

; . 1LlJ.J.:L.I.lJ,(h'1.tlJ.J.'.LL

;
; ; ;

( )::: ' ( ) -= - 2 t ,

5::: 5(t)

- 7-

'

sec ~ _ - - /

-4.

,L

,'
,J

",

.; ; { ) ( ) .\ ," 6
; .; ; ; :

( \ ) = + - : + ., . , . ,

:\0 PptOri

iN>'

( x) = ~ .

l ; ; ()

[( )

.
-

 ( ~ ) ,

() = + XJ - 20x l + 6oox + 1000 () = n".

; ; ;

' ) = ' ()

- ' ( ) = - 3 2 + 2 - : - 3 2 + 2 + - .

- 3 < . - 3 x ~ + 2 x + - >
, - , ,

< < . .

.
; ; ;
:
; ; ;

T'( ,) ~ - , '+ 40,- 80 ~ - (, - 20 - '220 )(, -20 + '220 ).

_ _ _ __ _ __ _

(20 - .../220. 20 + .../220 )

'
.

:; ; 1j/OU

; :; ~ ; u1tlo:; u -./3 .
2.

; 1'1 &

sec

S([) =I J

_..1.... :+ 151 + 4,

Os ls5

) I l

3.

scc;

O:S1 5 +

r .. 7 -

2 ,

67

4.

lX

,. ., -_ - _'"::>_--

m 6
.
6 ;
v "

4m

S.

,..,

_ -

--

--

_
"' ,....

.... 1-

_ _ ......
": __ ~ ::;....!..&

.......... ......

0 ,8 m/ sec.

,.. - -

-_ ---_

r
,....
_ ~

"V

~...,

.,

......

, ;
;

3 cm/sec

2 cm/scc

voOX<;. ;

; ; vo

10 1(00 '"

30 cm

,, 40 .

6.

>

( ,)

B(O,lnx).
4 cm j sec,
x=S ,

0(0,0),

.
;

7.
10 cm1/ sec. U.
&yco ; r = 85 cm

n
'
.

' ;

2 m /~ec

o ot

12 m

; ;
= ; ;

... ;

168

9m.

- - - -5--

1.

" ; ;

\-

2 km
' 3 km/h.

; ; _
t ,

-t .

",

4.

'

360

km / h ; 3 km . ~

2 km.

"

; yi =

_ _ _ _ ..JK
.

6.\10 ,
\

, . , ot
; ; ;
; . . .

; ; ; ,

;

;

169

 ; ,

; ; ;

; ; ; ; ;
; .

f ,

"

, > .

, > ,

(,, - , ,,+)

x (x,, - , Xo + )r

f(x) sf(x,,).
(X) ~( x,,)

..
,
. (,,) ;

; ; ;

; ; . .

. 1

(), ;

1.7

. .
:

'

. , f( ,f( )

( .l) .

, ;
;

170

( .).

1: 0 . ', >
. ( - ,
=: [ , )

+ ) C ,

( ,) .

...

3Q
x~+

Ferma t

'(> ; ; , .

f :

IR

; ' , -

.--

f . , ,
( Q - , + )

, ( )

( -, +)

f(x ) =S f (xo )

t'(x) -f(Xo)=SO

( -.). f (x)

f(& )

( , +

[()

[(.)

~O.
:$0.

, f ' (x e) =: lm
- ", -

f(x) -f(xo)

f '(xo)=O .

1. ,
J
{ ) = x ' () =: ;

( .2).

. 2

171

2.

'
' .

f(x)

=,
(.3) .

.,

.3

3.

;
, ;

, . .

f(x) =

+ , ~-

- 2#0.

( .

- .

f'(x) =

(- )

4).

-,

.4

('

!' ''. ;

f.

( ( , ),
;
, ; .

( ) ; ; ( :; l '; & <

172

.. ,

O1!oio

i oo ,' .

,,

. 5

, , . . ; , , , , ,
.
:

; ; ; ;

[ . ], .

f,

; ' = [ .]

: .

'

_____

~ K

______

(f ' ( ) = )

f '(x)

2
)

f(x) =

< ]
x ~1

173

i)

f ' (x}=O <=>-

, = =

12 ' +24 : = <=>-

12x1(x + 2}= O.

- 2.

) =l:- J ,

. <1

2.
(' () =

.'

_ _1_

.> 1

f ' (x) = O

2 = , < I ,

( 6.4).

; ;

l = = l .

2.

h. .

n h(t) '" . -

gI Z

m/ sec

sec. \'

. .

h(t)

; ,

. ; ;

h ' (t) = O

. - = .

()

( ) t = J:!a.. .
g

, ; =...EL .
g

Ra/fe

';
; ,
; .

f '(x}=O,
; ; - , ' . .6

()

( ) .

,
,
r- - -- -- -

,l)

, , (,)

.6

Rolle

Rolle

i) [ , ;....
) (,)
i) ) = [(),
( , ) , [ '() = .

[.] , ' ( )= [ , ] .

, .

[ , ],

- ; ; " " {, ) ,
[ , ]

" ; [, ],
. . ,

= ,

f(a) = [(.) < f(, , ) = [()

, ( ) ::: ().
;
'

Ferma t ,

< ( , ) ,

f '(x,) :::O,

, .

1.

;
;

Ro IIe.
( ' ( ) "" .

175

) f(x) = ~ , - 1,1]
i) ) = J,

) f(x) =x J ,

{ - 2,2 J

[ - 2, ] ,
- + 2,

f(X) = {

- l s xS O
O<x sl

i)

f(x) = ~ . ; [ - , J, (- 1,1)

( ' () =

.J~

I - xl

. xU f( - ) = f(l) = . ;

; , (

f ' () = =

- '

0=

- 1,1)

i ) E f( - 2) *f(l), ; ; (

i)H

f(x) = Ixj

f ' (x) = 3xl i ( - 2.1 .

( - 2 , 2) ,

; .

; -

1.1J.

2.

+ =

f(x) = + - , [.

; ] -

f(0) 1 ; ) = 2(1- ; ) <. ' ,

Bolzano,

; f (, ~ ).

, (, ~

), ({ )= 2}= 0'

; ; -;

, f '(x,,)=O
176

RoIIe

[ " ], " ( I ,2 )

,,= - , , (. ; )_

).

; + = (, ~

Rolle .

; .

i) ; [ ,]

) 1lJ.i 6 - <~,),
(, ) .

f'()= f(P) - f(a)

f() - f() =f' ( - )

(1)

g(x) = f(x) -

f(p ) - f {a)
-

; [ . ] ,

i (, )

g '(x) =f '(x )-

( -)

'."))

f(p) - f(a)

g(a ) = f(a) = () .

(, ) ,

g '( ) =,

f '()_f() -f() =0 f'()=f()-f()

,.))

Rolle

11'

 ; ;
; ;

f,

; .

" ;

Rolle

, ().

. ,

:S -

] .

::: , ;

* . . .

< .

f(x) :::

; ( .)

( .) . , ;
, ( , ) .

[ - = l (- ) l u s [

2.

),

] .

x+l :sc :sxc + I.

> 0.

x::se' - I::sxe'

f(t) ::: (

+ :Sc' ::sxe' +
I:s e' - l

::se'

(1)

[ , ], ( , ) ,

e'- eO

'

-=::-~'- = ' ( )

e'

e' - l

= .'

(2)

; < < ,

eO<et <e'

( ; (2)

1< c' -I < "

, ,
[ . ].

::: .

''"

+ ::SeO::s eO+

 '

f(x) '"

,, = - .

1.

i) f(x) = -

1=

ll) f(x)= 2Ix-I I+ 3

3.

; ;

4.

f(x) - 3'

-l3 ~

f(x) =..::l (3 3

2)

- 3 + =0
(- ,).

5. ) ' - xJ = 5 (1,2).
6.

'+ + = , >
.

7.

; ; ;
; ; ;

i) f(x) _ lx 2 _xl

( \

- 1,1].

x,ye lR
11) e'<

f(X) =1 4-X),

:= OOu:

e' - e'
-

<e"

I xl :t:

3 -

< .

, '

1.

( 1. [ .]
() " ( ) ,

( t 1. (, ).

2.

;
; RoIle
f(x) '" [, ] , '" -

(,).

3. 3 + 2 s= +

(0, 1).
4.

( ' ()*

x"e(O,J)
5.

[0,1)

XE[O, JJ.

() < 1

;
. ( ") '"' ,, .

~ + !!L:.L + .. . + .J!L +~ =O, *,

., ' + , _ I ' -1 + ... + lx+~,", O

(0,1).

6.

(,4),

7.

[0,4], ((0) =
9:s:( 4):s2 1.

2:S ( '(x) :SS

' t l
.

,

.

8.

) 2 -~
2

- 9.

) ouvlz!18

< _1_

+ .!!... .
36

'"

< In2< ..!

, -

- - - :s Inx:sx - 1

(,+

00)

ii)lim ~ ",,1
- -

6.11 t

; ; .
; XU
.

'

( '( ) "" .

.. .
;t- x".. . . >",

; ; ;

... ] . ; (" , ) ,

f(,) - ffx.) =

f ' () ==

'()(,

.) .

f(,)

(.)

f(,) = f(x.),

' ,
.

f.g

; '

( '(x) =g '(x).

f(x) = g(x) + c

f - g ;
( f(x) - g(x ) ' "" f '(x) - g ' () "" . ( ,
f - g ,

f( x)- g(X) == C

f( x)= g(X)+ C

1.

<,_ " ,

;
;
. ;
; .
(. I) .

. 1

181

2.

.
~K

. ..

f(x)= (

- ~ : :~~ f'(x)=O

IR .

f:(O, + ()

( l (:;) ,, _I-

f(e) = 3

(, + ) (

f(e) =3,

Eot (' () :: (1nx)' ,

(1nx)' = _1_ .

f(x)= lnx + .

Ine + c = 3

l + c= 3

2. : '

=.

<=> I(X) = tt",

c = 2.

f(x)=ln x +2.

' (' = f. F(x) = (~~) , xe R, ,

F' (.) ~ f ' (')e' - f(.) (o') '

= f(')e' - f(' )e'

(e ')2

F(x)= c 2..:c

=0,

"

f(x) = ",

' f(x)=ce ', f ' (x) : (ce' )' = ce'= f(x) xeR.
f ' = f.

'"'

; ;

'( ) = : ( . 2 ) :

' ()

(- 00,0) ,

2 . '

" .
(,

+ 00),

' ( )

f "

.2

[ . ] :

f,

f ' (x O

( ,) ,

[ . ]

f '(x) < O

( , ) ,

[ . ] .

" : ( , , ,
; I ;

(X "X: J.

< X~ . f

; ' ;

( "; ) ,

f( , , ) - f(,,): '( ) (" - ,),

\)

f ' ( 1 - , > ,

f(x:) - f(x,O

f(x ,) -::: f(x:),

[ . ] .

[a, pJ.

:
.

(2)

( ,) ( ,) ( . ) . , . , I ) = '

(, + 00) (, + 00) f ' (x) ::::

2.

(2) ,

; ;

I ~ > 0. ,

2"r:x

; [ ,

(2)

+ 00 ).

. ,

f(x)= ' .; ( - , ; f ' (x) > 0

( - 1, 1), ( ' (0) = 3 0 )= 0 .

183


. r.;tri / :

f(x) :::: In- I- ,

) (() : , (

- ~ .-f- )

) Hx) : ~

) (. + 00) '() ""( _ 1m ) ' :::: _ _ 1- <,

; (,

) ( -

' )

", <-'"!

' () ::::

,", 1 - 1

[-

f ' (x) = _ I ,-

2.

> 0,

(-

. ;

).

, ) ( - , l)

' () > 0 ( - .),

f '( x) < O (0,1),

+ c ).

r ;

[ - 1,0].

[0,1].

=" t

i) Hx) =:: ~
1 +

) f .
;

('

r. , , ,

f'
f

'84

f' (x)=x 2 - 3x + 2.

, ,

-~

+
, .-?

+~

I ~I

'

f'

f'
f

"---~

f ( - 00, - ] [ ,

3.

( - 00, 1 J [2, + 00)

[1,2J.

xeR

+ 00)

[ - 1,1] .

e' ~ 1 + .

f(x) = c' - 1 xe IR f ' () = e' - .

( - 00 . ] ,

+ 00).

f ' (x) = e' - I > 0,

f ;
( - 00,0 ]

xeIR

e ' - I - x~ I - I - O

IR

e '2: 1+ x

{ ,

f(x ) ~ f(O)
;

e ' - I -x ~ I - I - O

>
[ ,

f '(x) =e ' - I < ,

f(x ) ~f(O)

+ 00)

e' ~ I + x

e '~ l + x.

'
.

f,g f '(x) = g(X) g ' ( ) =: - f(x)

IR ,

( f( ) + (g ( ) .
2.

f( ) = ...;;+: , g g( - 3) =: 1

g' (x) =: f' (x)

xe lR. .

185

3.

) ( '() = __
2-1,

(, + 00) f(4) =

) ( ' () = +

xe lR

f (+

) f ' (x)= e' ( + ) xe lR f(O) .. -

4.

f(xl =

f(x) =-

ii)

f(x) = - , -

,,) f( x ) = "jX ~ -4X

; :

j,, )

6.

,,)

5.

)=0

..) f()

fIx) =c' -X

11

f(x) = x'

,'>

=-10,
,-

f(x) = In(inx) -

,"

; ; (( ) = 2
! + : + fix + 5
IR .

,,,

'
.

; , ;
::; ; ;

2.

J.

-'-8
,

7/7/6 /777

f(xl = ' - 4 + 2. f{x) = O

186

' ; ;

. ,g

I \VJ

g\v/

>

"' .... '

5.

f(x)<g(x)

f(xg(X)

(.

+ co) .

f ( , ),

f ' (x) 2::0

( , ).

i) lR

6.

CO,O)

f,g

f ' (x O g' (x)< O

f(x) = e' + 2

g(X)" " - .. 3 t xouv

'

7.

f '(x,,O

('

". , ; (,,- , ,,+ )

6.12

.:: ;
;

r .

; .

f(,,) =1

.
' ()

<

- 1

x ~ - I

( .

J)

; ;

= - .

"-; 2.

11

((-

0:>. -

),

, )

,, = - .

-;

(-

(.

+ 0:

,). ,

= .

187

f ( , ) ; x~ ( , ) .

i) f ( ,., ) ; ( ..,) ,

f( x,,)

( .) .

) ; ( ,,,) ; (",) ,

n x,,) ; f ( , ) .

) ,,) , '1 ( ,.,) ("" )

( '1) > (,,)

()
' : , ,,).

( , ,, ) , ( , ,,) ( ) < ( ), ; ()

f( "",) < f( y) < '( ) ,

( , ,,).

; ."
..)
,,)

<

< f (y) ~

() :::: (,,).

lim

'--..,

,, ). .

( ,,, ) ; ;
. ; ( ,,) .
)

: .

; .; ; ; ;

(2) 6 .1

( 1 )
' ( . ..) ( ., .) ; ., .

( '(

f '( )

( .,,)

<

f ' (x) < O '1

'( )
f >

..

() ( ,,)

'0

."

(. ,,)

..

.
.
..
( . ) ' {,,)

",

) (U.XjI)

(xtl.6)

f(xo)

; ( .).

. ,

l ( .) . (. )
; ; .

]88


. :

,, ) )
1i

,-.

= - ,

, -

; ; ( ' (;<) = 0

['

3;< 1-3=0 .

- <>

'

+,

1 = - . : = .

+ 0<>

)u \

/ '

0\

.>

..

, = - , f( - ) =

) = ,

) l

2.

( 1) = -2

; ; [ ' (;< ) = 0

_ 4;< 1 =0

'" ( ) , : = - 2 , = 2.
/ii:')/ ' ;

- 2

- <>

'

+
.,---

x l(;< - 2)(x + 2) =0,

~ ~ I

. .

; ;

f'

f ' ()

+ 0<>

/'
~

189

2 = - 2 ,

XJ

=2

f ' (x) = 2x - J

~ ,

f ( - 2) =

f (2) = -

2( ' -4)
J

2( ' +2)( - )( + )

'

- -/2

['
[

<,

-/2

+ 00

t - +
I ./ 'f
J- ~I.. .>
..
+

f.

= - ..[2 , ( -

= .j2 , f(.j2) = 4.

.J2-) = 4.

2. ; f(x) = l - 11.
2

2
f(X) =! x _ 1 ,

IR

_ 2 ,

2,
- 2 ,

('

['
[

190

'<,

, )

( - , -) ( , + )

IR \ ! -

( -I, I) .

(0 )

( - , )

f I(X) =[

( -, - ][ .+

;;

. .

+ 00

/ I~
." .

. .

.>

: c \'tI)

=-

. f( - )

, =

"

11 f

()

f( I) = O

- 1

; ; \'

3.

() =

t ,J-

20x J + 600 +

JO) . O:s x :s 105, -

( ) =420, -2, )
.

\ .

1'0

.;

f(,) =

() - () =

t ' + 1 8 !

1 80 -

f '(x) = - x! + J6x- 180.

1000,

OS x :s 105

( '( ) = <=:> = 6

=30.

; ' ;

f'

<,

Xl

..

105

30

. .

<,

= 6
= 30 , (30) = 800.

. ( )
; ,

( 30)

= - 1000< f(30) , .

30

4.

'

3 km

]91

 ; ( ).

; ;

500.000

. ,

300.000

,km

1Qk m

; ; ' ,

() "" ..JX+9 .
; ; ;

K(x) = SOO.OOO,Jx l + 9 + (l O- x)300.000

) "" O J( S ,Jx z + 9 - 3 + 30) ,

O.:::;: x :s: O .

,
2sx 1

9( 2 +9)

(5 + 3-../ " +9}-..fX1+9

6 " - 8 1

( 5 + 3 -..fX+9).JXT+9

.:::: .:::;:

10

; ' ; ,

,
'

192

10

<,

+
/

 , =

K(~ ) = O~(5~~~

1-

= 2,25 km

+9 - 3 ' ~ +30)=10'(5-~ _ 247 +30)=

= 10<' 42 = 4 . 200 . (} .

"

( ,) ,

, ; , .
; ;
[ .

" ; ,

; 2 .

( 2 )
'

[ ( ) =

(} [" ( ) '

j) [ - ( ) < (} , [( ) .
)

f-(;l(o O,

f( x..) .

f ' ( ,,) =

[ ' ( ) -

[ ( 9)

- "

Im .J:.:QL

, - ...

- .,

f(x,,) <O, Iim -..:.&- < , , 2

' - "0

2.4,

..

> .

( ,, - , ) ,

f '(xO,

( ", ,, + ) ,

f I (x)< O.

 , ; ; .

f(x,,)

) .

1.

".

f ' (xJ= O.

f~ (x,,) = O,

; 2 . ;
; ; ; l .

. .

f(x) = x'

( '() =()= . ('( )<

f(O)
2.

('( )= 4 ' ,

f '(x)= 12x1

(_ 00 , ) f'(xO (.

00).

; .
.

. ; ; ( ) = ' -2 :.

f '(x) = 4 ) - 4 "" 4( 2 - ) = 4( - )( + ) -()

f , ;
; ' ( ) = . = . XJ = ] = - 1.
fW
(O) "" - 4 < 0, f(O) = .
fW
{]) =,,8>O, f(l) :::: - .
f ~( - ) = 8 > 0. f( - ) "" - .

=1 2

2.

; ;
(( ) = - 2 .

O<x < l n

f ' ( ) = f ' (x) = O

f"(x) =

2 .

-= 1 - 2 =
-= = + -= =; = 53

l'

,2

r"(--'3!... )=2 ....!!....

3
;

f"( S3n

f,

=../3 > 0

(--'3!... ) = ....!!....
- ../3 3

) =2 5

=- $

< ,

10

(5;

n
) = S3

+../3

f.
194


'
.

} ( x) = x~
) ( '"

") ( ) = e"'.

2.

; ;

) f(x) = Ix l

3.

ii) f(X) = I' 4 -2

) = + 4 - 16," < 3
5 - ~. x ~3
2

<1

( - 2)( - 3 ) , x~ l

2.,J;.

~3 --

(. +

) > J - ~ (, + 00)

S.

4x l

4.

f(x)

4,'

x J _ x+ 2

i) (x) = x.x +ux .O<x <2

i )

f(x) =(lx! ...3x)-e'

,
.

6.

" ; ;

100 m l
;
; , ; -

r-,
"-J

; .

7.

" -" _
~ ~'::::==~-':===:'

' ~ ; .

km/h.

1601)

X(r (

km

540

. .

19'

8.

mg r

; ;

; ; '

"4

0 < )

( :.: ) = _ --

3,

,
; ; ; .; .; , ,

'
.

; , ; .; r(x) '" ) + px l ~ 2

= -

= 2.

; .

1.

, ve L"i K ,\' ~ 2 rIX)=X ~ (X - I) ~

.

3.

\' , ' ; ,; ; ; ;

8
.\~ + 4
; ; , '

QA B

' ' , "(\0 ; ooi; ; n oiPI

: .

"

- - - -;;-

4.

\'0

,,

; , ; ; ;

""-- - . . . .
.... _r _ _

'96

,,

h r ;

,
:, " t, ..

,,,
,

S.

7 14 m.N a

'\; ; ,
.

6.

to

3 d m

dm.

. , ;
; ; ; \)
\'0 "ou .

7.

\'0

1)
.
= ' : " = .

8.

F '

. ; ;

( ; ., . ;
F \ '0 \' .

6.13

, ;
; ; . " .
( . .

),

; ; .

; ; ; ; ; . . ;
..' l ; .
.

197

()

-.

()

()

. 1

; ;
; .
; ;
[( ) = ,

, 2).

( . 2)

--O"",~ - -

~-=-,,"'
-.:=-

.2

; [ ; ] , [ () ::.
' ()

[ ,2 ),

f ' (x) =

' ( ) = , ;
.
; ; :

; [ . ] ( .) .

; { , },

' ; ( . ) .

19>

f'

[ , },

( ,) .

1 . , 1] ; [ ,],
; [ , 2 ].

.; ;

2 ( 6. 11).

; [ , ]

( , ) .
)

f "(x O

( . ), ; { . ] .

' '' ( )< (, ) , [ , ] .

f(x) = ;

( , )

"( )

f" (x) =

= -

. ;

- ,

[ , ] ,

( ,2 )

f"(x) =

- > ,

[n ,2nJ.

(1) (1) ; ; [ . ]
[ . ) (. ] ( . ) .
,

; ( , )
;

; ; ; (,2 )
.

f (
) ' ,

" ( )

( , ) ; ,
,
. ;
; ;

f.

199

P(x.... f(x, ; ; ; ;
; ,

) f ; X~ I ',
) ; ; ; ; f
) f ; "
" .

( f(X) ; ; ,

" ; ; f. , "
. ' ( ) = . ;
.

. 3 ; . -

o ~

'

": ;

; ; .; ; ;

11

; ' .

;
.

2
p( x...f(Xo ; ; ; ; ; ,
~
.
f ~(x,,) =O

" " .

" () \'( O (li yo ti t (). ;; ;

tx;o ; .: .

'200

" .
["(,,), ' ; , ..

' ;
( .. - ,

X..J ; [ ,,, "

+ ),

; ( . " - ,,,) ; ( "

; "' ;

" .

6. 12,

+ ) .

['

'

Fermat,

( '( ,, ) ~O r' (x, ) ~ O .

2 :

; ;
; ;

f "(x) =O

" .

' X a ;

"

,,,

(1)

f.

"

f"(x) =O

(2) , " ;
; .
,
; ; ()
" () = ,

= -' ( .4 ),
f "(x) = 6x <0,

.4

" () =6 > 0 , - .

,' " "

("

rtr. ,,,

, ( )

(2) , "

; ; , ( " , ( ,, ) ;
; ; .

; ;

f(x) = xlx \ (.5 ),

[ "(0),

f"(x ) = - 2 < 0 ,
f "(x) = 2> 0, >

; -

, ; [ (0,0), = .

. 5

201

-,,

, "

;

". ;

; ; ,

; ;

fW
(O) = .

f(x) :

(0,0)

IR .

. .6

, f " (x) : 12x

x ~ ( . ) .
1

> 0,

"

. ~ ;
)

. ( - ~2 '2~ )

g(x ) =

;
; .

'(

; -

- -

4
f"

'

f " (x) : x J- x : x(x -I )(x + ) .

- ~

"-./" ~

. .

. .

. .

( - 00, - 1], 10. 11.

(- '

) . (0.0)

( .

-;;; ). f "( -

) g ' () =

202

+ ~

g W(X) =

. . .

'

) :

[ - 1,0],

(,

+ c).

f ;

0. f W(O) = O. fW (I )== O

f"

( - ~ , )
<

> 0,

(-

g U(x ) <O,

~ ,).

(, ) gU(X O,

>0

> 0, g

[, ~

-'!.

-~
'

).

'

; ;

0 (0,0), g" (O) ; O g"

_________

t.

, , ,

f(x} = _I_, ' _ _ I_,'

20
12

+-

f (x) =

f(x) = e-;

,+4

,
) f(x ) = xc '

2.

i)

3.

f(x) =xlxl

) f(X) =! - h , <
.;;: ,

x ~o

; ; f(x} = " + _1
,_

, .

4. ; . ; ; f(x) =x J + + + 2
= - 2 ; ,, = .

203

 '

+*

; . ; ; ;

1.

f(x) :a.,J;:

( I,4) ,

; ;

2.

(, 8

f-(

\ ,

(),

gof

g ' (,, O g-(XO

.'

J,

f ; ; IR :

f "(O) = 0 f ' >'(.\) > 0 XE IR*,

,. , ( - 00, 0 1,
( , + ).

'

6.14

" )' ::0.

f(x)

; ;

,
; ; ; , ;
; ; ; , ' ; ; ; ,

; ; ;

f . .; ;

f,

- ' ( . l )
;

= ( -

oc, I) U (l, +

).

f(A) "" ( . +

,1

, ;

" -

; ; ,

204

- "

, f

+ 00

'1\' = , ;
; ;

f.

= ; ; ; ,

..

Jm () =

,- ,

.- ..
Iim

{( ) = .

= ; ; ;
,

Iim ) ,

lim

, _ '

f(X)

+ 00

00

, - -

' = +
P(x,f(x ) ; ;
; ; ( .2) . ;

() = ] () - -
-

+ 00

00,

() ,

(P B) S( PA).

.2

f )' = ,
< ; -

+ 00

00 .

= + ; ; ; ; ,

lim (r( ) - -) =
, - , ..

.-- .

Jim ( r() - -) = .

= + = ,

'*

;
; ; :

205

; ; ; ; , ,

Im -fu.L = lR

0-'"

Iim
. - . ..

(f() - ) = lR

Im .l!.&. = IR

lim
.-..

0- - ..

(f( ) -) = elR

1.

; :

"")
1I

f ()

- , - =

f( x ) = _ , 1

=- --+2-

,- ...

+1

- , -

.- - ..

+1

= 0.

; ; .
;

f.
yyi

+ Q;t

= -; ; -

- cx> ( .3) .

.; ;

lim f(x) = + cx>

cx>
.3

.- ~

206

Xoe lR

Iim - -- ::
. .. + 2

~-

Im 2....=.l....

. - -.

= 1.

+2

~!

=:

_ __ - - 1- _

= - 2

f.

= !..

,m

-
- ;; -

, (\l(J)

_ _l ' + 2

'

-
Im - ::: + 00 ,

::: =: -

3.

.4

. - - l " +2

2 ; C.
2 ( .4) .

;
' , --

f(x) = "

+ 00 .

lR If(x)1 = I~ ~..!...
e'

.-lm
~
. ... c

= 0,

e'

.-lim
() =, =
, ..

; ; ; ; . -

+ CXI ( . 5) .

- -

-- -- -

--- - -

,. -,'

,..

'-

/
/

.5

,' , ;

; .

207

 : ;

4.

f(x) = ...!l!L
, -

lim

f(x) = +oo

._ '

l m f() = - , =! -

._ -

; ;

f.

lim

, _ '00

...l!!L =

lim

xlx l

= lim

. - .", ( - )

__

,- . -

= 1

:. 1,

lm (f() - ) = . -Im
( - )= Iim
( _ - + ) = , Im
__
+'" -
_ + ",
_ + 00 -
2

_ +",

; ; ;

= +

; -

=+

= 1,

+ 00 .

lm ffi
_

_ ,.,

- , = -

r.

= -

- !

lim
(f() - ) = , lim
(~
_ _ ",
_ _ ",

+ x) = - ,

- 00 .

6.15

;
, ; ,
; ; ; ;
; ; .
; , ;
,
; ; .
; ; ;
; , ; ; ,

f.

. ; .

2.
3.
4.

( . , ) .
.

.

20R

f ' ( ~ .; .

S.

l1 ;

6.

; ( )
; ;

7.
8.

( ) .

r.

, .
. . ; ; ;

.
:
. ; .

1.

IR

xe lR
f ,

f( - )= - ) + 3 = - f(x) ,

; ; .

( '(,, )= 3 ,, 1 - 3= 3 ( - 1 )( + l)

('

; ;

['
(,

f "(") =6,, .

" , . , ;

. .

+
+

1"- J

. .

f:

( - 00, - 11. ( 1, + 00)

- -

[- I , IJ,

( -

= -
= 2

- ..n
- 1

[(1) ~ -2 ,

(-

,OJ ;

[,

0)

(0.0).

.1

'09

Iim f(x) =

+ co,

,- ~ ..

lim f(x ) = - co -

, - - ...

; f ; (- ../3 .0). (0.0). (../3 .).

l )

f IR . xe IR

( - ) = ( - ) 4 - 2( _ ) 1 = f( x),

; ; ; '.
'

( ' ()= 4 ) - 4 = 4( 2 - 1)= 4 ( - )( + )

Jr ).

[() = 1 2 ' - 4 = l ' - + ) = l - * )(+

" , " , . . ;
; ; :

f'

. .

+
+

-../3

,f3

//. "". "'- . .

..

+
+

f:

{- .], [ . + co) ;
( -co.- I ]. ( . ) .
= - 1 = 1 f( - ) = ( ) = -

3= 0

f(O) = 0.

;
[-

J-r.

; (- ~3 '

-%)

210

-*]. (J)

*"]
( - co.

, + co),

(J-r. -%).

 =.. =

X1(x l _ 2) = 0

f(O) =0,

f(x)=O

= X= ..f2

0:.=

= - ..j2 _;
; f ;

0(0,0), ( -

..;2 .) (..;2 .) ,

'" () = + 00 .-Jim- '" f(x) = + 00.

lim

. 2

( .2) .

2.

; ;

f (x) =:

'
--.,,"=c:
..,rx+1

f = ( - 1, + 00) ; '

2x..JX+l -

'

-::-:=c:
2.JX+l

(3

2( +

+ 4)

1)112

' " . , ;
; :

'

+ 00

f'

.,:-

f"

"'--

+
.

.>

f:

(-

. ] ;

\0, + 00)

f(O) =

,
;

lm

. _ - 1'

f(x) = + 00,

; ; .

0 (0,0) .

\ l

( .3) .

~I

"
<1

,,

-1

.3

2 11

3.

'

; ; ()

JR

. ; ;
.

f ' ()

f',

x 1(x l + 3)

2(3 - )

( l +I)

( 2 +. 1) 1

" , , . ; ; ;

- ,{3

,{3

'

"

'/ / //

' :

IR
; ( - , - ' , [O, ../3J ,
; (- 3 .0), [../3 , + oc). ;
;

r.-

3-./3 )

- 3 -4-

r.- 3..[3- )
0 (0.0) J
- 3 - 4 - .

lim .-fu.L
_ : ..

=._Iim! .. __'_ :
1 +

/
/

.~T.. (f( x) - ' )= .~P.. ~:

;

=0
/

= .

/
/

f(x) == 0 <=> =.
; f 0(0,0).

212

-!3

/
/

( .4) .

/
/

.4

'

4. f(x) = + _ 1-

) =

( -

JR*

- f(x) XEJR*, ;

; .

( () = I _ _ ; : ~X'-':'i-C'I,-- "" ( - I)( + 1)

!

x1

f "(x) =.2.
'

", ,
; , .

f'

f"

'"
f'

.,,~ T~. . /

[ - 1,0), (0, 1].

"" - 1

( - 00, - 1],

+ (0 )

, (l) =

;
(,

l m

+ 00

lim f(x) = -

, _0_

Iim

.....!!&-

lim

(() - ) = .-lim
- ':...

,-:...

,- !. ..

=,

= Iim
.- ~

..

=0

(- 00 ,0),

+ (0) . (0,0) , .

f(x) =

. _0'

[( - 1) = - 2

2.

; ; ; .

,
; .

( . 5 ) .

00,

_________

'
.

i)

f(x) = 2 -1

) f(x) =...!1J!!...

, +3

2.

f(x) '"

- 10

-2

x 1 +2x

f(x) '"

, -

f(x) =

f(x) =

3.

4.

x l - 4x + 5

f(x) =

, -2

f(x) '"

'
.

; .;

) Hx)- ~
2.

f( x) _ xyxr+I
-

f(x) =

3.

2 + ( + I ) - 2

; ;

+ <.

) () = __
( + )

2 4

= 2 -5

- 2+

f(x) = --"= 'i-'-

6.16

11

de L'Hospita /

; ; lim ~ o e iR
, -

g(x)

, ot ; .
,

; l m

11

c' - l

._0

. ,

de

L S ta l.

: ( ~ )

lm

f(x) = 0,

oe iR, Im ( () ,

Iim g(x) = O,

, -

( )

~
f' x'
Im
_

: (

20<;

I m

f(x) ::

+ 0;0,

' -

g(x )

f " x'
= 'I m ~
, -" g ' ()

:: )

lim g(x) ::::

+ 00 ,

a e iR,

K t

,-

11

I1m .Q&.

, _

()

'

Iim M

. - . g(x)

= Iim .L.!!!
. - . g ' (x)

; .

a eIR.

0 2

0\ ; -

' :

+ 00 , - - -00

00

+00

- - -00 .
-

00

K ...f.:.&
(l!&
)'
g ' (X)
g(X)

2"

e' - . .,m-0

2.1im

3.

- --

'

0 >0,

(, '-) '

= lim

.-0

( l-) '

= l m
.-0

," =

. - + ..

.-+Im

=1

= lm ~

(; 2) ,

lim -

"1

: I m -

() '

.- 0

-"

. -0

. _0

(~ .' } '

2 .-0

"

4()

=...!.. lim....!lJ!!..

= IIm - - = +OCI

.- . ..

4.

5.

>,

>0

> .

Iim
. _ ...'"

In~

._t.. -,",lm

lim ( , : ,

, - .....

(l~)~'

= Iim

- '"

Im

)' = +~

- - -=
.-+
KX ~ - I

1m

. - ... .. '

=0

; ; ,

6. Iim

c' -x - l
'

.-0

L S ta ; .

de

= Iim
. -0

=-

(e' - X- ) '
(x 1 )

"" lm - - - = - ,m
,

._0

c' - )

._0

(, ' - '
()

.
e'

I.m =._0

. ; ; ; ( ~ :. (- 00) + ( + (0 )

. , ; ; (f(X P" ;
; ; ( , , ; ;
,

,
;
; ; .
, , ;

216

de

L S ta l.

 .\ 1 0
7.

1m

' -11 '

>0,

( :!: cc )

' ) ", "1m lnx ( . - ~) '" 'Im ~

(l) , ;;: Iim
,- ' - .
+
, - ' ( - ' )

,- '

= lim

, - '

8. lim

,- .~

.'(

[( + _ 1_.

- ,

.. ,

( - - x') ~O

( + -'-)

+-

)) = lim

,_. ~

(...Q... ) ==

[ln(I+-'-)]'

(+)

11m

,-. ~

( + ~ )'

+ cc - cc

9. Iim

,_. '"

( - l ) = ,_lim
[( ~
..,

)] = + . ( -) = +

( 5)

OD

10. lim ' = lim (c""')

, - '

, -'

(xlnx) =O

, -

(+

7),

lim
,- '

cc)"

11. lim ( + 2 ) ' ' = Iim e

,- . "
'"

,-.

Iim l(I +2x)(o~) = lim [In(I + ~,,)r

, _ .,

12.

x' =e ~ =

cc

, _...

()

= Iim

, _. ..

_2_ ~ o
1 + 2

...

lim (1 + 2x)" = co= l .

,-

1"
( + ) -'=

_0'

lim e-

' ' .

, - '

.lim

l( 1

+ ) ::

[
, _

.~ ,

1" (1 + )

211

[ " + ,! ] '

- - - - -

[ ] '

lim

_ 0'

6.17

::;

>+1

lm
,-'

O l ' x

>+

(I+ .\ ) ~"' =C ' =C .

= f(x)

h =

'*

df(x)

d)

' ()

.h

( ) . ,

d f(x) = dy =

[ ( ) .

h=

()

[ ( )

df(x)

h = ,*0
f(x) =

('

; ;

d = ( ) ' = ] =
()

dx

df(x) =

f(x) =x ,

(1)

(2)

(x)dx

Leibn iz

; ,

[' ( ) =

d f( x )

d,

' =....!!.L
dx

~ -=li m
dx

(2)

-\ '-0

; ; :

d(c) = O, c

d( f . g) = gd f + fdg

d(f g) =df dg
d(J:...) = gdf -fdg
g
g'

r( ) ~ g ( ) , dfl ) ~g ' ( u ( ) u )d .

218

"

( .1)

h=

- ..

= .;t:
.
" . - , ;

f
p(x...f(Xo) = t"( x,,) + f '(x,,)(x - ,,)
h
= [(,) + [ '(, ' h (3),
; ; ;

,
"ot-- - ---':-- - -",-L=-xo +h

. 1

._0

._0

Hm (M(,,-j -f '(,,-J 'h) = lim (f(,,- + hj - f(,,-) - f ' (,,-Ih)

= Hm h( f(,,- + h) -f(x,) - ' "-) = , ([ '(,.) - '(,.) =,
h

h _O

h * 0 (.,) = f(x., + h) - ,,)

' :l ' ( ' (.) .

; f .
;

h:'

;
(,,-) ~

( 'r,,) , h

(4)

()

( ) = ! . !
;

( ) = .; f(J<.J = (,. + ' r, .Jh - [('. = ' (' . ) ' h

(4) ( ) ~ ( ) .

P~I ; ; ;

; ; .

(2)

, ;

d f(x..)= f '(x..)dx

dx.

; ;

; ; (x".f(xo ).

. ~ ; Hx) = ~ .

3.2.
219

lR

f '(x) =(-;r- ) = - ; ,

3,2

= dx = 3.2 - 3 = 0.2.

f(3) = ( ' (3) , 0.2 = - ;7 0.2 = - 2~0 ' ;

; f 2~0 .
2.

V6 .

f(x) = !JX. = 8 = 6 h = x - xo = 6 - 8 = - 2.
(,,)

( "

+ h) - f( x.,).

f(8) =f(8 - 2) - f(8) = V6 -Zs = V6 - 2

; ( ,,) =:
f(8)

= (' (8) h

f '(x,,) ' h
(2)

,
=1 -+=3!..fY:i"

r '(8) h = "2 , ( - 2) = - 0, 166

(3)

f ' (x) = (ZtX ) '

; ; ; ( )

- 2

=:

- 0. 166

(2)

!J6

_________

( )

=::

(3)

2-0. 166

~'6

=::

'
.

i) lim ~
. -1 -
~)

lin1
<-

220

+3
- 3:

11)

lm
, -

\ ) lim
, -

' -

x+l- e'

1,834

.lim
_0

\ ) l m
,-

"

3 :

1.

j\ )

3.

...

lim

,_

"

lim In(1 ":' )

, - - .. ln (1 +e - ')

l m

(r.

lim

Inx)

,- '

f( x) = L

ii)

f(x) =

+ 21nx

, -,

1
,,
' "'
II I f() ;

"

; ; f "
l f(I[) ;(2x +e ') ~

5.

; ;
j)

4.

,.,

lm

,-...

dx = - ' -

' 000

..,= 0

f{X)=xT
)

32

6.

34

0,9

"; 104

'
.

lim

&

,_

2.

.. -

"

lim (- '- _ - ' - )

,- Inx
-

\' )

lim

.-0

( )

( )

"
"

Iim
,~
. - . .. e

,
J

) ,_lm. '" ( + ~)'

lm 7

,- - '"

,
} . -lim .

(1 .-'- )'

\' )

...

l m {e ' + JI)7

,_

221

3.

) f( x):: In(x : ... )

) f(x) = xe 7"

- . " f()2 :~:

-

S.

O<x;t:!

'

l) ' ( ) = _ - '-

; rI t.; . ,

,s-

+ ,

f(x) =

Xo=-f

6.

f (x) =

'

'

. .

,+}

; t , ; ; tX

( -

r .

60

'
.

"

11m lf(:) -lf() = :f' ) - 2f().

.-.

, -

l m g(a)f(x ) - g( x)f(Q)
-

1.

C"
.

C:

; ;

f(x) x

...

g)=2 l+6 - ,

; C. ( , l) C:.

2"

3.

,' (') _ P(x) . j ] , :> l. Q(x) " "

IR.

Q{.\ j :; { ).

4.

j) I' )

..

~ 2 .

f( x ) = (X - p)1' nI xJ <=> f {p ) ", f ' {p ) ", O

) ( - 1)1 .;
(x )"' x I _ : ~ - I _ ( 2+ 1)x+ : - + 2 .

I1' 2:2

) ; , ( - ) : ;
l \' 2:2

f(x) = ax :V+ Px " + 4,

S.

6.

: + + 3 .

,' (: ) _

o oi

J.-

)(s 2,

11. > 2

:; , , ;

; ;

F =m..~
dl

).

F = my

2.

( "
; . ,
l

--

"

"'"
7. "

~ .

2m

. ;

2 ~ ,

; ; -

10 ; ; ;

8.

h '" 2m.

( , ) , : " l , )

m :5 f '(x) :!S M

< :

[ . ] , l' ( ,)

223

9.

' ; . [ . .; ( , ) .

f(Q) =

f( ) = ,

( ' {)

*0

' (X)g(X)

- f(x)g ' () ,* 0

( , ) ,

J" E ( , ) ,

10.

g(x.,);.O .

:; ; (,
() ;. , () ;. ,

[ ' () =

' ( )

f(x) .

= - f(x)

IR,

g(X) = ,

,
1 .

) ; ; f(x) = x.e-; ) . (,

12.

'

30 km

+ c

' 2:

c:"

15 km/h .

'

20 km

15 km / h.

; .

13.

'

, . : '*:

(e o + 2)'

a EIR-

+ (c - - + 2)">2 3 '.

d'f(x)

d, '

15.

; '

., f~ ( x,, ) =O
. ;

224

= ( + v)e' .

r.

f(J)(x,,) .;t: O,

16. ; ; :/= 2
( .4) .

17.

t l ; .

tim f(x +h) -2f(; ) +f(x -h)

b _O

18.

= f"'(x}.

' :; - .

-;

f(P)= ( ;

} ' ( -) '- - \ < <\. < <

, .

115

7.1

60

, ,
, :
()
;

.

,

, .

, ..

(),

; =

f(x),

= , =
(.).

. 1

227

 !"

(287-212

.. ), ; ,

(408-355 ..)

;
.

.
,

.
, ,
.

.
,
,

, .. (.)',

, ;
;

2 . ..

;

( .), ..

. 2

.
(), (.2).

(), , ,
() .
, , ,
,
=

Iim = Iim

-+

- +

$$"

' 11

1,2, ...

; , ; ; ' ; ;

N e\\o l1 ( , , ; ; ; ; ; .

228


.
, ;
.

!,,"'"'JVL''-,

=, =

f(x) =

_~~::::z..::::z..;""",;""",;""",...........;"""';"""'.....L--;. .

[0,1]

/ (.3).

'

. 3

[0,+], [+ ,+], [+ ,+], [+,1].

;
, 4.

4,

4 = (0) 2 . _1- +(_1_)2._1_ +(~ \2._1_ +(_3_)2._1_ =_1_.( 12+22+32 )

4

4 J

42

. 4. 4 ,

4 = (_1 )2. _1
4

(~ )2 . ~
4

(l
)2 . ., +(--)2. ~ = _1 . ( 12 + 22 + 32 + 42
\4
4
4
4
4
42

-1

-2

3
4

4
. 4

3
4

.4

229

 , [ , ]

, (5) , ( .).
, . ,. , ,. :
2
1
=()'-

1 + .. . + (_
__
)2

1 + (2)2
+ (1)2
._
-

0 -

0 -

2
= _1_ ( 1+ 2 + ... + ( - )2 ) = _1_ . (-)(2-l)

6
3
2

.( 1+2

2+

... +

)=+

1)(2

+ 1)

-1

~=1

. 5

~ =1
v

.5

lim
-

+ 00

lim
-

00

lim = lim

- +

00

v- + 00

( -1)(2

(+ 1)(2+

1)

3'

'
__

_ _ _ _ _ _

230

--~ .

. -

, ,,

()
(

) ; .

, + , + ... + , ==

..

=1

= .

==

i) ( ,

l)+ (.

+ 2) + ... + ( + )=( l + 2 + ... + ) + ( l + 2+ .. . + )

() = ..
=

ii)

(, + ) = , +

= 1

l= 2= ... = =, =+ + ... +=.

=

7.2

0-

, .. ,
...

[,]. [.]

, ,, , ] [,],

= , < < ... < _ < =

, [,]

,
,

=- _

1,2, ... ,.
23 1

 [.]
,: =< I<

... < _ I<= .

, [.]

, , [() (. )
[(,) ( . ).

. 1

. 1

[ [,] ,

[ [.] ,

K= l

S. = [( ) . + [() . + ... + [() . = f(,)'

; ,

(.) , ",

(S y), * ,

S::SS , =I,2, ... , =1,2, ... ,

[(,)

. ::::: [( ,) .

\J:! g' [.], ; (.)

(Sy)

1, :

lim Sy= lim

-

+ 00

v- +

= 1(1)

00

( ) . [ ,]
, , ,
,

232

+ 000

 ; .
.

(L1-~

[,)

(Sv) (.),

J:

f(x)dx
.

[.].

Leibniz

1675.

[,] .

f()d ; ,

[.].

( f(x)dx rf(t)dt .

!:f(X)dX, , , <. ~ :

=,

[f(X)dX=O.
[

> , f(x)dx

= !~ x

= - f(x)dx .

2d.x.

f(x)=x

Sv

[0,1].

jlx

2dx

= _1_ .

Pv

[,],

=<<"'<-<= =- _ =

=1,2 ...

,2, ... ., [,], -::;::;" =

1,2, ... ,.

..

"
Xv-1

Riemann

Xv

[,]

R" = [() . + [(2) . + ... + [() .. = [()

[ ,2, ... .,

(.2)

,1

j, ::;:5" = l,,2... ,,

".

[,]

~.

f( ) :5 [():5 [(,,)
=1

= J

234

-\

=1,2, .. . ,

ij

[,] :

y~~", R

v=

l:f(X)dX

(2) f
Riemann f [,].

lim , = lim
-

QO

[( )
(

""

, , .. . , .

[ , -- ,

.. ; ,

xKJ.

= + - , = 1, 2, ... , ,

:f()d= ~~",[~ .

t [(+K~)]

(1)

;
.

1.

:cdx = c ( - )

i)

= ,

i) < , ' f(x) = c [ ,],

: cdx= j:f( X)dX= ~~oo

= c

[t [() ]

~~oo [~~

) , Cd =

CdX=

)r

- c(- ) = c(- )

, c = , ~ Odx = .

c] =

}!~oo [~

. vc] =

2.

R2

xdx=-L- - - -

i) = .
)

< ,

xdx = lim

-+>

ja

lim
V---Q:)

lim

- + >

f(x) =

[ ,],

(1)

[ - . f ( + - )] =

'01

lim

-+>

[- ( +- . ))

K=l

[~- . ( + - )] =

K~I

1\=1

[-~ .(+~ .(+)]=(_)+(-)2

=.l?-~ _~
2
2

"
[ 2 dX=-3-
3. : Jox
, aER.

) = .

ii) >, f(x)

(1)

oc-::

[,],

2
11:\ZdX
= lim [Q. . t f (K'~. )1 = lim [Q: . \;: ) =
1/0
\,~+
=]

J -+,,-,
_"

l) .'" '=
J

..
]
=
-

) < ,

236

\ x~dx =

[]

{+ 1)(2-"- 1)

11m [~ ... -\.-----~._,-- ~ v

6

"

'. ,

i x 2dx

Ja

1=-'
.


r\2dx= lim

-+ '"

J:2dX

(1)

[-,
f(a_K~)]=_a3

K ~'

7.3
,

() ,

;

f,

' .

= ,

( .

).

- 1 x~

. 1

, ;
.

[ , ]

Pv

f(x) 2:0,

= < , <

f(x) 2: .

.
< ,, = [.]

...

, , "
2

" ( . l) .

- f( ) '

[, ) ,..

, ,_

S.. = [ )
;

+ ( ~)x + ... + [( ,.) \

f

[ .] , .

f,

, [,]

lim
+

lim Sv
-

00

00

: f(x)dx.
(5,)

(Sv),

: f(x)dx.
:
() () (.2

3).

.2

. 3

c >0

f(x) = c

[.]

() = J: cdx = c( - ),
.
)
()=

f(x)=x

[.],

1
xdx=
2

(2_ 2)=_ (-)(+),

238

7.4

f .g

[ .] ,

f g.

f (JR).

[. J:.

If\. [ . g.

(g(x):;t:O,

[.]) \f (f(x)~O. [,])

[ .].

[. ].

.

f.g

[.] . IR ,

) :(' f(x) + . g(X))dx = J:f(X)dX + :g(x)dx

.

j . f (x)dx =

ii)

f(x)dx

) [ . ] [ l ,2 .... . , ]
,
(

f + . g)(,) =

. f( ,) + . g( ,).

1.2...'

= (,)

(1)

f,g

(1)

" '-"

K o:: j

+ g( ,)

. . 2

l [' f(x )+ . g(x) ]dx =

ii)

f(x)dx+

Ju

(i)

= .

g(x) d x

239

1.

j:(2X-7)dX,
3

j:(X2-SX+2)dX,

,' 3

(3 - 2 + 3)dx + \ (2 + 2x)dx

,\ \

, \

l(i)

3(2x-7)dx=2 \3 xdx-7 \3 dx=2'-32_12

\
\

2
\

7.2

-7'(3-1)=8-14=-6

23
22
10
=- -5'- +2 2=-3
2
3

) \ > - 2 + 3)dx + 1:(2 + 2x)dx = 1> - 2 + 3 + + 2x)dx =

=

13 (5 + 3)dx = 5 [3xdx + 3 [3 dx = 5 ,32

12 + 3(3 - 1) = 26 .

2.

-2xdx= -48.

l() .

,
.
2X"dx=72

'2

\
2 x 2dx=72

-2xdx= -48

240

\2

-2

2= 16

'
2- =72

xdx= -48

3 '-

=4 .

(2) 2

-2[-2-

=4 = -4.

2 J
-2
= -48

7.2

.. ,

J:f(X)dx = E(X)dx + J:f(X)dx

.

1.

2.

7.2

1= [2 (lxl+2!x-11)dx

J-1

1= r

. ( ! + 2 1 -

J-

= \ [, -

,- j

1!)dx +

( Ixl +21 -

I I)dx +

(2{ + 2 ! -

I I)dx =

J1

x-2(x -1)]dx + \1[X-2(X-l)]dX+ \2[X+2(X -l)]dX=

,

Jl

3 + 2)dx + \'1( - + 2)dx + \2 (3 ,

2)dx =

- 3. 02- ( _1) 2 + 2[0 _ ( _ 1)] _ 12- 02 + 2(1_0)+3. 22- 12 -2(2-1 )=l..?

2
'
2
2
2

241

,/
~ f ,g [ , ] :
.1\,.";)

,
.

[,]

i) [,]

f(x) '"

j:

f(x)dx;.,

f(x) :::;g(X) ,

Ia f(X)d X:::;

Ig(X )dX .

) , " [ . ]

, 2, .. . ," J x~ O [(,)~O, = 1,2, .. . .. '

[(,)x ~O ,

i )

:::;

g (x) -- f(x) ~ , ()

[g (X) - f( x)]dx =

"

j. g(x)dx "

f(x )dx

) [ , )

242

f(x)

f( x)d x :::; g(x)dx

- f(x) :::; f(x):::; f(x )

f(x) , ()

J ~XdX
1

J~XdX

= 1-+ =+

(3)

(iii),

X2
r f (X)dX
JXI

>2.

J~IXldX= - I:XdX= - +

1.

( 1 (X 1 _

J -2

3 + 2)dx ~

- 3 + 2 = ( - l)(x - 2), [ - 2,1]

x2 - 3x+2 ~ O, ( (x 2-3x+2)dx~O.
J-

i)E

x 2+ 2 :=:; 2x 2 + 1
2

<= x2~1

<=

I x l ~ l , [1,3]

+ 2::5 LX 2 + 1, 3)

(3( 2 + 2)dX::5 (3 (2 2 + l)dx.

2.

. J

/2

i) [ , ) l 2 :5 2 , () ()

(3)

243

i)E [, ~

1 +~ 2x ~+ 3()

1t12

1t12

-0)=:

+dX=+.(~

(3)

, .

) m,
ii)

[,], :

, m(-)$ 1>()d$(-).

M EIR

[,] ,

f(x)dx = [()( - ),

m ,M

[ , ]

'

r mdX::5 \' f(x)dX::5 \' Mdx

Jo

<

[ ,],

m$ f(x)$M.

. (1

m( - ) $ r f(x)dX::5 ( - )
Ja

( )

m ::5 - - J f(x)dx$M ,

,' JJ

nl = i\' , -- ( ) d = ( , ) = ( ,, ) ( ( ,) = f(x,, ) = 1'\'1)

.-

m :;t: I\'l ,

..
-

244

.. .

; [ , ] ;

',
\ ()d ; ; ;

 ; (

3.4);

[, ] ,

[()

= -1-.

] f(x)X

f(x)dx

= [()( -

f,

[(x ) ~O , [ , ) .

r:f(X)dX
f,

= , =

' .

= f( X)

18

t--------

- Q

- - - - - - -t

' 11

. \ f)d
~ (J

(} (

- ) .

2+X-l)dX:51

-1:5 1:(X

f(x) =x :+x- l [0,1] ,

f ' (x) = 2x +l> O.

- 1 :5 f(X) :5 1,
- 1' (1-0):5

[ , I]

f(O):5 f(x) :5f(1)

l' l(: + -1 )dx:5] . (1 -0)

,

-1:5 \ I(X 2 + X- l )dX:5 1

,

i)

f(x) = e -
> [ () = _2xe - x2 < .

+ 00),

[,

[ , ]

e -I::;e - / ::;eo,

e -I(l-O) ::;

e -}d ::; (l - ) ~ - I ::; f~e - x2dX::; 1

1.

[ - 1,1]

( .),

(Sv)

lim

v- +

8v =

8, lim Sy=4
-

+ 00

lim
-

::

= lim
-

+ 00

Sy = 6

Sv= 2 + 7; + 2
2

2.

i)

3.

[c2X + 3)dx

) 1:(5X+4)dX

i) 1~IX - 2IdX

4.

f(x) = 2 - 4 + 5, = 1, = 4
.

246

Riemann ,

~.

2
5
J
1
\+ dx+2 - , - dx= 2
+3
3 " + 3

1J.

1
1\I - )

'\

=:;

e- 1 dx=:; e -l

f [f(X)dX = < ,
[, ] , f( )

= .

~ [,] f(xO f ,

1:

f(x)dx >

'

1.

Riemann ,

l :e Xdx =e P--e a.

< < ,

i)

I l ( 2 - -_ )d ,=:;~ +

i)

=:;

[5 ,{-; :': - dx =:; {6

)2~ + 1

\S.

""
.

2+
f(X) = [- X 2X+ 3, <2
-x+S
, ;::2
-

= \ \.

=5

._

-,--'.J
247

\ . f(x) =

i) f(t)<

1
,
1 + 2

'
.

lim

tE[x ,x + 1],

>

i)

1im (
-- + 00

f(t)dt) =

[~ Jr(V't
+ t)dt] =

-- + c

7.5

, , .
, , , .., ()

,
:

S(t)

S(t)

. S ' (t) =

F' () = f(x)
F

241\

F + c, c E IR,

F+c

f, (F(x)+c) ' = F' (x) = f(x).

G f ,

cEIR

F ' () = f(x)

G ' () = f(x),

G' () = F' ()
, c ,

G(x) = F(x) + c

.,

f()=[' ::::;
1,

>

60

, ;
. ,
()

, = , xEIR,

, ;
:

, :

i) ' F ' f,
i)

F+ G

IR .

f + g.

249



( )

F(x) = c,

f(x ) =

F(x)

() = ', *,

IR

() = " ,

f( x)= -

x E IR,

I _. , !
F( x) = _

\ !-

F(x) = _ I_

}, > ,

< >

. x" +1

F(x) = ln \x l

*>

f (x ) =
f( x) =

F(x)

F(x) = -

f (x) = -

f (x ) = -

F(x ) =

-2

<*)

F(x) = -

1*1

f(x ) = e

f(x) = ',

(*)

250

F( x) = e'

<*l

1= ;

F () =- ' '
n

1.

ii) f(x)

= -L + ,

i) 2
2

2 .

13

f F(x) = 3'"3 -

= -

2 '

- - +C cEIR
2
'

) ~ lnlxl ,

f F(x) = \xl + ,

InJxl ++c ,

cE IR,

ii) f f(x)= e e

x+

<

>

x l12 e' e X

112

'

- 2
3
2

= -2
3

2 -2
,+
F ( ) = e 'e , +
2 =e

-22.
'

-2

+ 2 ,

f
'

c EIR

2. f(x) = 1/ 3
0,2) .

f(x) = 1/ 3 1. . 3
4

~ . 3 + c,

c EIR.
251

F(x) = -

3
3
41J
4 1 +c = 2 "4 +c= 2

F(I) =2

J+-

5
C="4 '

= f(x) dd Y = 3 2 - s.

3.

,
( -1 ,3).

f(x)

3 2

x J -5x+c,

5.

cE IR.

f( -1)=3

4.

( - 1)J- 5( - 1)+c = 3

f(x) = x J -

c= -l .

5 - .

()

1
-

lL
'

(a:;t:O).

(~ ) ' = ,

() " = - (-~ ) ' =

() =

( '")

'"

252

(~eax)

e ax

eILX,
-1 e .

- 1,3),

Jf(x)dx,

1f(x)dx = F(x) + , C IR

(1)

f ' (x)dx

~ f(x) , < 1R

o_.O~ ,
.Q, l1 .,

~', . ' , -v 'p)(~

J(+ + )d= l ( l + + c,
J (eX+ I+ X)dX= ex +I+ 1- x~ + c,

cEIR,

(1) :

> <.

cE IR

( 1)

, :

253

'

1.

) f(x) = 2 2+ 5 + 4

) f(x) = ..;;.

i
,

f(x) = -

) f(x) = + 5 + 3

3 2- 2

f( ) -_

2.

) f'() = + 2 f(~ )=6

)
3.

f "(x) =6x+2, f(1)=5

f ' (x) = e' - e - '

f(O) = 4

f(2)=7 ) " () = __1_, , > , ' (e) = (l

-

) f()=2(5 +~ )
4.

(, )

f(x) = 2e 3' +

) f(x) = _2_

3 +6

) 1 32 -: + 5 dx

) 1(3 2 - + 4)dx

''') j .JX+ d
111

) 1 (2- --h ) 2dx

j(e' + a uvx)dx

) j (2 + + 3)dx

'

1.

254

f(x) = -

+2

f(x) = ----;==:=;=:::=;;;_
.J x2 + 4 + 7

) f(x) = - ~x
.

f(x) = xe' + e'

----- -

- -

+3

---------- -- -- -- -- -----

i)

) 2d, ( -~ ,~ )

- +6+5

"')

111

f ( , + 00)

- --dx

1+ e - X
f' (x) e f (X)=2x +

( 1,f(l) -

' ' 8 -3 .

f f"(x) = 12x
\

7.6

+2

; (1 ,l )

3.

,
.
,

F :

1R

, ,

F( x) = [f(t)dt,

.
,

f(x) = ,
F(x)=

= (-

00,

+ (0)

td t= - ( 2 _ 2 ) ,

;

.

F(x) = [ f (t)dt ,

, .

F'(x)=f(x)

255

(1)

dd ([f(t)dt) = f(x),
x

(1)

..' (1)

.

(1)

, .

1. f(X) =
2

(1)

=1

F(x) = r\2dt=1 (X J _ I J ) = 1 (XJ_l).

J1
3
3
2.

i) f(x) = ntdt

i) f(x) = :tdt

) .J[+X2 JR,
(1) f' () =.J[+X2 .
i)H

(1)

lnx

(,

+ (0),

f'

() = d~ ([ntdt) = : ( - J~lntdt) = -lnx.

i)A g(x) = J~tdt,

(1)

g'()=.

xEJR f(x) = g(x2) , f' () = g' ( 2 ) . ( 2 )' = 2 2

256

/'~o ,

' , ~"~q..i.Q~..<i:~

~ oo .

, ,

: f(x)dx = F() -

F(a)

(1), f
,

[f(l)dt=F(X)+C.

(1)

0= [ f(l)dt = F(a )+ C,

[ f(l)dt

(1)

c=-F(a),

: f(t)dt = F(x)

F(a)

J:f(l)dt=

F() - F(a)

11

F() - F(a) [F()], (2) :

f(x)dx = [F(x)]

[.],

2.
257

1.

i)

, = [ 1 x

) = [ 2 (3 2 + l)dx,

3dx,

J-2

)-2

) 13 = J ~ cruvxdx,

) 14 = J~

=[E]l =1_(-2)4
J

-2

(l +

2)d.

=_~
4

... ) 3=x~=-6=-2
[
]

111

-1 2 ;
2 . -1 2

1 + 2,

2. __

[2

- dx

~ ) ' _()'-()' ,"_-

258

-
2

'

(2x-~x dx=[_X_]2 =_2

j~6

6_=

2
6

_~ =~
3

J-~ 2 d

3.

t', 2 = 1 + 2
\'"

r2

j-

....... .

r 2 1 + 2 dx = r 2 1. dx + 1. r 2
d
= j-
2
j- 2
2
- 2 =

J-

1 (
) +-1 [2]2 = +-1 [ -( =- +2 2
2
4
-
2
4

7.7

) ]

=-.
2

, .

QQ
dt

Qo ( t = t o)

Q(t) .

QQ ,
dt

r t Q (u)du = Q(t) - Q(t o)

j to

Q(t)=Qo+

t Q'(u)du

jto

(1)

259

 , ()

, ) ( ) , (t) = ),

(1),

x(t) =

r u(u)du,
+ ]r 10 (u)du = + ]1
0

(2)

,
'

u(t) =

, + r (u)du = , + r y(u)du
J ,

(3)

jto

, '

S
S = SI + 5 ~ + 5"

[ , ]

11 u(u)du -

5 2 = ( ) - x(U = +

i1

u(u)du =

t2

Jt 2

u(u)du =

Iu(u)ldu ,

J i1

u(u)du - "

.,

JI2 u(u)du = \1 1 u(u)du + J10 u(u)du =

\ [

5, = x( t) - x(U = " +

' u(u)du =

u(u)du =
1

'

u(u) du .

(2

'

5=

u(u) du
) = ( )

( 2)

u() ~

x(t)
U (~O

53

Uf)~O

( )

81
. 1

1. ,
Z
t = t - t - 6
( m/sec).
, ) t = 4 sec. ,

t=

, . = ()

= .

i)

[0,4 ].

260

(2)

'4

(4

(4) = + u(t)dt=O + (t 2-t-6)dt = [~ - ~ - 6t] = _32 .

J

) S = J: It2 _t -6 Idt. t

- t - 6:::;0 <=

[ -

2,3],

t E[O,3] t - t - 6:::;0 [3,4]

2--6 ~0 .

S=

2.

3(-t 2+t+6)dt + J4(t 2 - t - 6 ) d t = [ -~3 + ~2 + 6t] 3+[~3 -~2 -6t] 4=49

32

23

m.

2 tln2 , , t = .

N(t)

N(t) =

(1)

+ !n2 2' dx = + N

d .

' 4$$4

''M''....WO ...,.

ol

I~

n2 2'dx =

"'"""*"

+ N

oln

2[

1~2 . 2' =

_ _:r.ii!IIi!J

'

xEIR

f(x) = j' Xt-t

dt,

f.

' " . f ' . .

-.
F(x) = [f(t)d t

F- G

G(x) = [f(t)dt

261

1\---.-----.".-.-.

_ - -.._-_ -

.-- - -.---- --

- ,

~ f XE IR

j f(t) dt

(r(x)

\ f

~ ( - ,3) 13(2,8)

J 2,[ ' (x)dx .

j
\.

5\

") j23t --5 d t

JI
t

[ ' (2e ' - 3x)dx

) . .. , ( - 2)(

)0

+ 2)d x

f (x ) =

[2

)0

( - 5)d

[2(2 _

)1

-2 2 + 3 ,

<

e' +2 ,

;;::

--

)2

dx

,' j

'

~ (, + 00)

g (X) =O ,

g(X) =

dt + J-;: - - , d t ,
j' I +t, I+ t "
-

- ,

> .

1\
\

f IR

1\

" f(t) d r =
J

f(4).

x E IR

!r!d r =

'2 xlx!

~, " /N' n__I~__+_X_-_~_)_d_X_:=_l_..

262

),

f [o,~ ]
2

[f(t)dt=2 -;-l, E[O,~ ]. ;

~.

'

7.

' cm

[1,4],

f'(x)2:3, f(I)=

f(4)=7.

sec

i)

u(t) = 2t

= x(t o ) = t = 3 sec

_ .
Icm,

) t o

to =

= sec

t = 3 sec.

263

J:f(X)dX

f.

'"
, . ..

- - , e -

-- ,

lnx

e ax
-,

.


. , ,

.

7.8

f,g

[,),

J f(x)g' (x)dx = [f(x)g(x)

-
[

['

(x)g(x)dx

() ,
; , .

265

[ . ]

[ .g

(f(x) . g(x)

[ g

[ .g

[. g

= f(x) . g () + [ () . g( X)

[. g + [ . g.

( 1)

[ , ],

Ja(f(x) g ' () + [ (X)g(x)dx = [ f()g()

Ja

) f(x )g (x)d x +

f (x)g (x)d x =[f(x )g (x.)

\ f(x)g (x)d x = tf(X)g(x)

- J [ (x)g(x)dx

~
A

[ ,g
'

' (f(x)g ' (x)dx = f(x) g(x) - j (x)g(x) d x,

'

'

.
_

g.

1.

i) \ xe' dx,
, (

\1

i) xe ' g () = e ' f(x) = ,

1xexdx =!rlX(e X)ldX=[xe

,)1 [ (x) Ie xdx=e - 11 e"d x=e-- [eX 11I =e-e+}'=1
J
J

1
X

266

[2

(2

g () = ,

]2

(2

g(x) = -

. ,

) d = - ) () dx = - + ) () auvxdx =

=0+ J:

d=[]: =~

-0=1.

,
. .. (i)

( x( 2)1

)OXeXdX= )Oe

dx=

[ 2e ] 1 ( 2e
2 0-2 )ox

Xdx,

2.

Jx

2e X d x =

Jx

2(e

X)1

JX 2e

XdX'

dx=x 2e x - J(X 2)1 e X d x = X 2e X-2JXe X d X =

= x 2e x - 2 JX(eX)1 dx= x 2e x - 2xe x + 2] () eXdx =

= x 2,e

X
-

2xe x + 2 jeXdx = x 2e x - 2xe x + 2e x + c.

;
, .

3.

1=

) (e x) ' dx = [e1a - )()' eXdx = e - -

1=

j:ed

Jo eXdx =

=e- \: (e X) d=e-tel: + \:(), eXdx=

= e -

e + 1 - j:ed= e - e + 1-

267

21 = e - eaauva + 1

1=1 (e - eaauva + 1)

= ~
2

e'd=-

(e"2 + 1)

4.

5.

f(x) = Inx,

1= [xlnXdX

= 1,

=e

' .

xE[I,e]

[(x)=lnx~O,

= J:II1XdX.

e
dx = e- (e -1) = 1.
= ( ()' lnxdx = [XII1X] e- x(ll1x) , dx = e - \e . ~
,
] J]
,

, ,
. ;

268

1.

7.9

()

j>(X)dX,

, I~~2X+3 dx

2x+3=u

u- 3

=-2-'

(U -

1 du.
dx= -2-3)' dU=2

, 1 [)U du,
,

u=

2 JK
+ 3. ,

=u=20+3=3, =3 - u=21+3=5,
=

5.

r\/2X+ 3 dx=l j5)U du =11 U

10
2 3
2 -3

25 - )27
3

[.] (u)

1-1

[.] ~().

= (u), F((u) f((u)' ' (),

[F((u)] =F'((U)''(u)=f((U)'' (U)

, ,

= ()

= (),

[f()d=F()-F()=F(()-F(()= [[F((U)], du= [f((u)()dU

,

f(x)

[, ] -

()

dx

'

(u)du,

f()d= [f((u)()d
,

= ()

().

269

1.

= = () , [ - ;
.

= -

-2 '

=2

,; ].

() - ,
dx = (u)du = udu.
.

J ~ 1~ dx =

I-~ .)1- - . udu = I_~ ' =;

( 7.6

3)

:f(() . ' (x)dx,

[,] f ([,]).
,

u = (),

( ) ().

, ,

()

( )

j f(()f (x)dx =

270

f,

f(u)du = F(() - F(()

du = (x)dx,

 j :f(() ()d
()

(x)dx

'

du,

[(() (x)dx = f(u)du,

f(u).

\ f( () (x)dx = Jf(u)du = F(u) + c = F( () + c

")j

) j (3 - 2 ) d,

JI

-2

l+

dx,

ii) ,

f( () ()
.

) v( 3

'

1
- x -)dx = - 2

Jr (3

2) .

(3 - '" ) dx

3 - 2 = u, (3 - 2 ) dx = du

uv(3 -x 2)dx = - -1 udu= - 1 u +c= --(3

1
- 2) + c
Ixa
J
.
2)
2
2
~

i) \ ~
dx = l
l + x
2
,

](1 +)

dx.

+-

1 +x 2= u ,

(1 + 2)' dx =du

d = -1 -1 d \1=-1 1n u + C= -1 ]n 'I1 + x, I+ c = -j llt1+x

2,
1---:;}+ C

J l + x

2 Ju

"

271

ii) ]d= ()'d=

)

2.

]UdU=

~2 +c= 2 + c, (=)

x
1 u+c=-e
12
xe x2 +'dx = -lJ ( 2+1) e 2 +ldx = -] eUdu=-e
+l + c , (u=x 2 + l )
X

1_
r_
dX,
) +

i) ] + )d,

u:;t:O

, ,

f(+) =+, dx=+ du.

f(ux + )d = ~ 1f(u)du .
.
)

) -1- dx=1)1
1
- du=-!nlul
-

1
+c=-!nl+
+c.

i) )( + )d=~ ]UdU =~ (- u) + c = -~ + ) + c.
3.

) I = :+ dx

i) = ): d

i) 13= 1:x..J4-X2 dx

r3

r3

) , = )o.Jl+ x dx= Jo..JT+X (+ )' dx

=r

()

=1

3 4

(3)Wdu=[U2]

J()

272

u = () = 1 + ,

=.!..2
3

.1
2

_l
3

=14.
3

(3)

= 4.

11

1 2=

d=

~ dx= -

u = () =
.

()

dx=

.!.

.!.

_1 (2 (4- x 2) ' .J4- x 2 dx

2 )0
2

.JU du = -

1 J4 .JU du = [-1 U312 ]4 =8

-1 J.JU du=2 4
2
3
3

f ,

) ( f(x)dx = ( f(x)dx + (f(x)dx =

.,

[( _

- [( -

f(x)dx =

)( - )' dx +

= 21:f(X)dX,

(f(x)d x =
)0

( = -)

- [( .

x)dx +

)0

f(-)(-) ' d+ !:f(X)dX=

f(- x)dx+ \:f(X)dX= -

f(x)dx +

( f(x)dx = 2 (f(x)dx

= - l:f(U)dU+ l:f(X)dX = O,

f(x)dx = \0

,], :

.,

Jo

[-

[af(X)dX =

) f ,

u = () = 4 - , () = 4 (2) = .

i)

13= - -1 (2)
. 2 ()

4.

\"2 -1 du= \ -1 du= [

] =lnl-1n-1 =ln2.
n

i01 3= (2x.J4 -x 2
)0

()" dx

-1 du= -

, () = 1 (~ ) = 1

~~ )
=

11

x)dx +

l f(x)dx =

lf(x)dx = f(u)du + f(x)dx =

( = - )
273

S.

f(x) =

2x-l
---=-=-=-----(

-l)(x + 2)( - 3)

i) ,,,

2x-l

+ 2)( -

( -l)(x

--
-+- +-- -3
+2

3)

r
]

2x-l

( - l)( + 2)( -

d
3)

) ,

2 - 1 = (

2- = ( +

6) + ( 2 -

+ )+ ( -

4 +

3) + ( + - 2)

-4+ ) -6

+ 3 -2

-4 +

2,
- 1

- 6 + 3 - 2 =

i)

- --

+ 2)( - 3)

2 - 1
J)(x +

2)( -

= - l. ln ix - l i- l.

274

'

1
3 '

=- -

1
2

= - .

2-

( .- )(

'j ( -

1
6 '

=--

3)

1 - -1
._3

. _-

+2

, 1

---

'--,
- 3

1 \' - -1 dx+ -1 -1- dx=

dx= - -1 [-1 - dx-6 J
3 ,
+2
2
- 3

In1Ix + 2I+ l. ln lx -3 1+c .

.

'

----~- - -- -- - --~- -~ -

--~~~

1.

\:

\:

(2 + 1)e' dx

2.

f(x) = - 2 2 + 2,

"
.,.

....

--

g(x) = lnx,

x = e.
3.

f ,
i) 1= \

4.

2 d

i)

f(O) = 2

1= \

( 2 + I)e 'dx

[( 1) = 7e.

) : (2X +~ )d X ) \:2 dX
X

e ' +2dx

- 1

5.

i)

1 .JX2+6

dx

) \~ 2xau vxdx

')

-(1nx)
- d

L1

6.

[ [0,1],

[[(1-

x)dx = [f(X)dX

7.

. - ,

1:"(1-)d = [ (1

x)"dx

275

8.

") 13- 3- -d
2

) x~ dx

o ~

8'

1.

, = ()"dx , *, ~ 2
l = (1n)" -_ '

2.

f(a) =

\ (1nx)Jdx

[,]

f(),

J:xf "(x)dx = f' () - af ' ()

3.

')

" ')

111

4.

2- 5

-5+6

] 1

2 + 1

-5 + 6

,.

11)

dx

5 +6

17 + 31 d

J
,

--5+6

) J;

\ auv7xauv3xdx

S.

6.

~
276

f(a ) =

f()

2 1 +

--=--:.....:J..!=.:..:...

] +

eXdx = e"2

f,g
= g(a ) = g() = ,

] f" (x)g(x)dx =

1~ f(x)g" (x)dx

[ .]

I = J~Vd, *, :::::3

7.

I v = - - - Iv _ 2
-

8.

'2

11)

1-2

7.10

- dx
2

, ,
.

7.3

f,

= , = .

)

)

f(x);:::O,

[,].

[,],

7.3

(.)

() = l:f(X)dX

. 1

277

f(x):::;O ,

!:f(X)dX :::;0,

[ , ] ( .2),

y = - f(x)

. ,
,

- f,

= ,

' . -

(i)

() = :

= t()

(-

f(x))dx = -

. 2

: f(x)dx.

( ) ,

() =
)

n(X) dX

[,] (.3),

f,

= , = ,

= ,

fI

() = : f(x) dx

, ,

() = j/(X)dxj/(X)dx
+ j/(X)dx.

1.

f(x) = 3 , = - 2, = 1

= J 121x 11 dX= [ / - X )dX+ J> JdX = -[ ~4

3

278

J::[ ~4

17
4

- - -

- 8

2.
.

'

[n

[ 2

[2n

= ) l ld =) d - Jn d ~

== [ -

r- ]

==

+ + 2 - = 4.

3. 2 + 2 = ' , >0

( )
;
~
, -,

= -

[(x) = ~ " -x ", [ -, ).

= 2 ,
.

f(x) ~ O
=

'

[
,---

, ),

--

. \/ " - "

(1)

dx,

.' ~

= u=g(u) , [ -

,~.),

g - ! [-; , ; ] , g( -;)= - g(; )=,

= "2 ' " - >

11

. pauvud u =

[ "2 [

du

J-}

11

! "2

, d

= -
J

dx=pauvudu .

"\"2
= ,, _

1+

2 du == " [~ + 2 ] 2" =
2

_~

279

f, g

= , =

) [,]

f(x)

~ g(X) ~o

(.4), ()

.4

, = ,
= ' .

() = J: f(x)dx -

J>(X)dX = J:(f(X) - g(x))dx

.5

ii) [,]

f(x) ~ g(x),

(.5),

f,g

k , [,]
f(x) ~ g(X) ~ k.

F(x) = f(x) - k G(X) = g(X)- k (.5)

;

-4-0------~-~

() = J: (F(x) -

.5

G(x) )dx = J:(f(x) - k - g(x) + k)dx = J: (r(x) - g(x))dx.

() = J: (f(x) 2

g(x))dx

ii

f(x) - g(x)

[,] (.6),

() = : f(x) - g(x) dx

.6

() = 1:(f(x) -

g(x))dx +

:(g(x) -

f(x))dx .

1.

= 2 -
2

Y= X
f = 2 -

2 2 - 2

0(0,0)

(-1)

=0 ,

A(l , 1)

[ , l], 2. -

2;:::: 2,

= f l(2X-X 2_X 2)dX=2f\x-X 2)dX=2[X 2 _ ~]I =1

Jo

2.

Jo

= ,

= = = ~

= , (, ~

28\

'

= + , = J : ( - )d + ~ (

= [ + ]4 + [ -

()

Ec ,

a uvx)d x

1: = 212 -

1+

2.

= 2 = 2 \ '4 ( - )d
,

. . .

()

3. =

":1

( 1, 1) .

( ,])

}' - ] = 2( -

)' = 2 -

(~,o) .

=, + = ! : X CdX+!~ .

282

C
(x - 2x + ]) dx
,

-"2

= ]2

. .


,
.

[.] ( . 7) .

= ,

' .

' \. )'1 :

','u

1: \ ' (1 ( .8) .

.7
. 8

, , I))~ ' \ ' ~ )/. ) l1\ ' . )

1)\' .

"

= "

< < : < . < \ . .,

; . .

9 .; -

f(x ,) ., ; (( ,) : , .
; ;

v" = ()'(

- )

+ (( ,) 2( : -

,) + (( :)'(, - :)

+ (( . ) -

).

( )'
" ,
; 9.
,

, = ( ) ) '( x l

) + ( :) ) '( : - ) + ( , ) ) '( , - :)

+ (() )'( -

( f(x)'

),

" .

. 9

....

......

....
283

'
-

, ([() [,]

' ,

= ~2 - 2

',

'.

' ,
' ,
.

= .

f(x) = F

(.lO), ,

W=F

(-),

24

. 1

W=

\~FdX

; (.),

=<<

...

<= [,], =- _ =--, =1,2... .

, = [-, ]
,

= f(x K ) ,

[().

... =

a=x o

X v-1

Xv

. 1 1

[.].

Riemann

f,

J>(X)dX

[,].

M'm
F(r)=k 2r

r = R + h.

W=

R+ h
\

Mm

[ l]R + h
(1
1)
kMmh
dr=kMm -~ R =kMm R - R+h = R(R+h)

285

1.

, '

) f(x)

2.

= + 2

) f(x)

= -

) f(x) = -x

l+4x

f,g

g(x)=x l -4x+6

) f(x) =x

3+

g(X)=X+ 1

f(x) =

4.

= , = 2,

3.

) f(x) = 2x

+ 2 + 3 2 - -

=.

f(x) =

eX

= , = 1 / ,

= .

5.

' -

f(x) = J;.
6.

= 4.

f(x) = ", / = -

7.

1,

1.

cm

F = kx, k . F = 5dyn
1 cm,
3 cm.

1.

2.

f(x) = lnx , = - 1, = 1.

286

f (x) = , g(x) = - = , = .

3.

;
(

C,

4:

,e),

f(x) = e'

, ' = -

1.

5.

) /

= - +4

2 =

) 2 = + - -

6.

= .

f(x) = ~ , = , = 3 ,
.

= .

7.

,
, -

f(x) = 2
8.

g(X) = j;.

' ,

= ().

W=

\ r

PdV

J
9.

'

~-- - ----~

F = 2 , .

2 .

287

7.11

,
, '

, ..

! =3 ,

" , ..

" +2' + y = e'.

1. '

) ; (, . .),
; , ; ,

= ()

dP
dt

' = ,

()

t =

2.

, ,

,
.

dT ,
dt

dT
dt

'

= _ k(T(t) - )

' = - k(T - ),

(2)

, ; .

.. ; (1) (2) ; ! =2 ,

' +2 '

+y=e'.

. ..

" +2'

+y=e '

' =2 2

, ;
=

f(x),

f(x),

' =2

288

(3)

+c

, ( 2 + c)

= 2.

'

,
(.).

f(x,c)

(4)

IR,

= (,))

(4)

(5)

. 1

(5).

= 2 + ,

(3)

2-1

c IR,
c = -

f(x),

(,) ,

f(x o) = '

1 .
,

f( -

=3

= 2

+ , = - 1 = 3,
3=(-I)2+ c 3=I+c c=2.
=

+2

(.)

g(y)' '

= f(x),

,
' .
..

-'

= 2

(1)

. -

; ; (() = _1. ,

2 9

 ; F(x) = 2

[G(Y(x)]' = [F(x)]' G'(y)=F'(x).

G(y)=F(x) +c

+C

c = -

,
'

(1)

-x2 + c

= - -21- .

+C

= - - 2-- .

;
, :

G(y)

g(y)' '

= f(x)

g(y)

F(x) ; f(x) ,

G'(y)y' =F'(x)

[G(y(x)] ' = [F(x)] ,

G( y) = F(x) + c

(*)

(*)

c,

g(y) . ~
dx

= f(x)

g(y)dy = f(x)dx

(*)

g(y)dy = f(x)dx + ,

.

1. e Y dy - - 3 =
dx

()

290

= 1.



e Y

dy =+ 3

dx

e Y e Y + 3 -

(e Y) ' = (~2 +

~. ) '

'

+- .
2
4

()

=1

1 = n( + c)

c = e,

2.

+ (l + 2) =

~ ' ' = -

1 + 2

~dy= -d,
+

] 1: /

d Y=]

-d+C 12

ln(y 2+ ) = 2 + c

!(2+ ) '

dy= _

2 + 1

d+C

= ;Je <'e20U
vx-1

'

+ ./ ' e2ouvx _ I

_ C

c >0

1.

2.

IR, e<

( ,

eC,cEIR,

CI

>0,

).

291

3.

c
c,
(*) .

IR. , c
,

x EIR ec - Zou," ~ = e o

c +2cruvx ~0

c~2

CI ~ e Z .

3. (t) = ( 1,
) .

.
( )
) > ,

. ' =

j;

In ,

InP (t) = at+ c, c EIR,

P (t) = e t + c, c EIR,

P (t)=e c' e t, cE IR.

P (t) = C I e t ,

CI

>

t=

= () = c e . = C

P(t ) = Po'e t ,

(1)

.
(1 )
,
:

t,

'=P

oe

" ,

at , =l n-

= - -

,
, ,

= -l in2

= 2 ,

11

, , =-~2

35 .

= 0, 02.

35
1986 5 .
t 1986,
P(t)= 5 10 ge O,02t .
2501 ,
, 148

. 149 2
m
1 m 2 .
.

( , ,
. .)
.

. .
.

292

4.

Prof. Dr. Harro Heuscr

Gewoehnliche Differentialgleichungen.

= - k ( -

) (

2,

()

= .

1
-

=-k

_1_ lnlT - ] = n( - ) ( - >0)

-

- k

- kt.

In((t)-)= -kt+c

T(t)-a=e- kt + c

(t)=+eCe-kt, cEJR.

(t)=+ce- k, cj>O

() =
= () = + Cje = + Cj, . Cj = - ,
T(t) = + ( - )e -kt

S.

L,

> ,

= L . di + iR

dt

L . di = - iR
dt

(1)

, ()

*-:

= .

di

--.--E-iR dt
L

_1_di=_1dt
E-iR
L'

-_I-lnIE-iRI =_1t+c j

Rt
IE-iRI=e-r e- cjR

I
-

l- .- di =
E-IR

_dt+cj
L

Rt
IE-iR!=C2e- L,
293

Rt
. + -Cze --L

Rt

E-iR= cze- r

1=-

R - R

+-e
R

l=~

_~

(2)

c*O

t = () = ,

(2)

0= +~ eO

c.

C= -

=~ (l-e-~)
= ~
)'
L. R

- R
R ,

"

'

(1),

, '.

' ' = f(x)g(y),

1.

g(y) = , . . . -

'

2.

"

1=

,
,

g(y) = f(x#

dy

f(x)x'

= g(y),

.
.

294

'

1.

) '

2.

=x+e- x

iii)

'

-,

>

' =2x.Jy 2+9 , xEIR, =

=4.

3.

i)

' = _ 2

f(x)

f'(f)

=~

)'

4.

f(O) = 1.

) ' =(1 +)

) ~ =_1_, x~1 f(1)=2

1 --

=e x - y

(1 + )' = ,

(,)

f(;) = 2

2 + 2 -

5.

' .

(l,I)i ' .; '(,),

2

>0. 3

6.

.
.

120.000

160.000

8'

1.

)'=, x(o,~),
ii)eY'y'=lnx,x~e,

x=~ =2.

x=e

295

"

.,

"

'"

2. = f(x) ' =

(,+ ).
3.

ux , u , = f(x),

i) ' = + ,

>

f(e) =0

= ()
,

dy

= -

dx

1 < < 20,

. , .

300

10.000.000 , 1200
5.000.000 ,
2.000.000 .

______

70

'

' 1.

f ,g [ , ],

f(x) . g(x)dx )2~ \ (f(x)) 2dx \ (g(x)) 2dx

(
\

2.

f(x)

296

Schwarz)

x EIR

2 +

g(t )d t ,

[ ' () = 2g(2x + 1) - g(X).

3.

i)

4.

[ ( IX!+3IX-I1)dX

\'= f

x\'euxdx, aEIR*

\'
5.

1\, -1

'

i)

[-1,1],

) r"f()d = ~ ("f()d
Jo
2 Jo

(~ [ .Jt .Jt

- +

'*

Jo

x E IR

i)

dt)

lim (_1_ [
- 3 - 3 J3

dt)

f(x)dx= - -r

f- 2

a f(x) + f( -

=,

10.

I~f()d = f:f(aUVX)dX

i) 'lim

. --9 .

\, - 1

8.

\' - 2 - -

7.

Jx 4e uxdx.

\' = j \' d, , ~3
\'= - - -

6.

, ~2,

- - dx
J + e x

[2 e

" '< + ' -' ~A

R
=
(

e -X

J - --dx

< R).

r\

__~~ ---

/1\

- - - -0- - r - 'i-

297

-_.~L.,---11.

__---

1,

'.

12.

y =f(x)

' = + 2 , >

( , - ~ ).
)

13.

f,

' =5.

, ,

")

i)y ' - y = ylnx

11

________

'
1.

-'

=-

---

..

. ;
.

) '

f' (, f

) f '

f' ( ) = .

) '

f(x)=g(x)+c,

f ' () = g' (),

f' ( ) =

) f (xo,f(x o
f " ( ) = .

) f f"(x o) = , (xo,f(x o
.

298

vii) f ' , ,

jJ:f(X)dXj ~ : f(x) dx.

2.

f(x) =

i
t

+ 1, <

-2+ 1,

x~o

i)
.

3.

f,

f(x) =

- 1,

=2

: 1

g(X) = + ( +

) .

), IR*.

f.

) =_1_ ,
2

4.

f, g,

f(x)=i

2+4,

<2

x~2

2+,

) ,

- 1

ii) ., f.

5.

f(x) = --:---

f.

f,

6.

-1,

f(x) =

32 ,

<

3
-,

x~l

) ()

f,

299

 )
( ) ' .

7.

[, + (0)

f '(xO

( ,

+ (0)

F( x) = ['f(t)dt,
J (J

F(x) < F ' (x).

8.

'

i)

[()
In x
=- -

' ; f .

) =

g(x)

' =

9.

= f(x)

f(x)

,3).

'

= ( + 2)e'

[()

= .

10.

f,

' , ' = .

[ ,]

[(-x

+ X+ 2)dX

11.

xE IR

e'

~x

+1

x EIR '~x+ 1, > , a = e.

f(x) = e' ( 2 + 2) ,

12.

g(x) = 3 + 2 + 2 + 2,

< ,

- .

i) ()

t.

i)

= = 3

10 sec = 2 ,
= 20 sec.

Iim
-

300

+ cr

) .

13.

'
'

f( ) =--2lnx

) ) ;

f.

i) ) .

Iim
-

(), () -

00

; f = , = >

' .

014.

5f'(x)+3f(x)= 10
)

xEIR

f(O) =0

i)

f,

= ~ . = 5 ' .
3

301