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Module: 4 Stress-Strain Relations: Ntroduction
Module: 4 Stress-Strain Relations: Ntroduction
s x = Ee x
(4.0)
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Applied Elasticity for Engineers
Module4/Lesson1
{s }= (D ) {e }
where (D ) = Elasticity matrix
{s }= Stress components
ij
ijkl
(4.2)
kl
ijkl
ij
{e kl } = Strain components
Since both stress s ij and strain e ij are second-order tensors, it follows that Dijkl is a fourth
order tensor, which consists of 34 = 81 material constants if symmetry is not assumed.
Therefore in matrix notation, the stress-strain relations would be
s x
s
y
s z
t xy
t yz =
t
zx
t xz
t
zy
t yx
D11
D12
D13
D14
D15
D16
D17
D18
D 21
D 31
D 22
D 32
D 23
D 33
D 24
D 34
D 25
D 35
D 26
D 36
D 27
D 37
D 28
D 38
D 41
D 42
D 43
D 44
D 45
D 46
D 47
D 48
D 51
D 52
D 53
D 54
D 55
D 56
D 57
D 58
D 61
D 62
D 63
D 64
D 65
D 66
D 67
D 68
D 71
D 81
D 72
D 82
D 73
D 83
D 74
D 84
D 75
D 85
D 76
D 86
D 77
D 87
D 78
D 88
D 91
D 92
D 93
D 94
D 95
D 96
D 97
D 98
Now, from s ij = s
ji
D19
D 29
D 39
D 49
D 59
D 69
D 79
D 89
D 99
ex
e
y
ez
g xy
g yz
g
zx
g xz
g
zy
g yx
( 4 .3 )
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Applied Elasticity for Engineers
Module4/Lesson1
s x D11
s D
y 21
s z D31
=
t xy D41
t yz D51
t zx D61
e x
e
y
e z
g xy
g yz
g zx
(4.4)
Equation (4.4) indicates that 36 elastic constants are necessary for the most general form of
anisotropy (different elastic properties in all directions). It is generally accepted, however,
that the stiffness matrix Dij is symmetric, in which case the number of independent elastic
constants will be reduced to 21. This can be shown by assuming the existence of a strain
energy function U.
It is often desired in classical elasticity to have a potential function
U = U (e ij )
(4.5)
U
= s ij
e ij
(4.6)
U
= s i = Dij e j
e i
(4.7)
2U
= Dij
e i e j
(4.8)
U
= s j = D jie i
e j
(4.9)
2U
= D ji
e je i
(4.10)
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Applied Elasticity for Engineers
Module4/Lesson1
s x
D11
s
D
y
12
D13
s z
=
D14
t xy
D15
t yz
t zx
D16
D12
D22
D23
D24
D25
D26
D13
D23
D33
D34
D35
D36
D14
D24
D34
D44
D45
D46
D15
D25
D35
D45
D55
D56
D16
D26
D36
D46
D56
D66
e x
e
y
e z
g xy
g yz
g zx
(4.11)
Or
s x D11 D12 D13
D22 D23
s y
D33
s z
=
t xy
t yz
t
zx
D66
e x
e
y
e z
g xy
g yz
g zx
(4.12)
Further, a material that exhibits symmetry with respect to three mutually orthogonal planes is
called an "orthotropic" material. If the xy, yz and zx planes are considered planes of
symmetry, then equation (4.11) reduces to 12 elastic constants as below.
s x
D11
s
D
y
21
s z
D31
=
0
t xy
0
t yz
t zx
0
D12
D13
D22
D32
D23
D33
0
0
0
0
D44
0
0
0
0
0
0
D55
0
0
0
0
0
0
D66
e x
e
y
e z
g xy
g yz
g zx
(4.13)
Also, due to orthotropic symmetry, the number of material constants for a linear elastic
orthotropic material reduces to 9 as shown below.
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Applied Elasticity for Engineers
Module4/Lesson1
s x
s
y
s z
=
t xy
t yz
t zx
D22 D23 0 0 0
D33 0 0 0
D44 0 0
D55 0
D66
e x
e
y
e z
g xy
g yz
g zx
(4.14)
Now, in the case of a transversely isotropic material, the material exhibits a rationally elastic
symmetry about one of the coordinate axes, x, y, and z. In such case, the material constants
reduce to 8 as shown below.
D12 D13
0
sx D11
s
D22 D23
0
y
D33
0
sz
1
=
(D11 -D12)
txy
2
tyz
Symmetry
tzx
0
0
0 0
0 0
D55 0
D66
0
0
ex
e
y
ez
gxy
gyz
gzx
(4.15)
Further, for a linearly elastic material with cubic symmetry for which the properties along
the x, y and z directions are identical, there are only 3 independent material constants.
Therefore, the matrix form of the stress strain relation can be expressed as:
D12 D12 0 0 0
sx D11
s
D11 D12 0 0 0
y
D11 0 0 0
sz
=
D44 0 0
txy
0
t yz Symmetry
D
44
tzx
D44
e x
e
y
ez
g xy
g yz
g zx
(4.16)
4.1.3 ISOTROPY
For a material whose elastic properties are not a function of direction at all, only two
independent elastic material constants are sufficient to describe its behavior completely.
This material is called "Isotropic linear elastic". The stress- strain relationship for this
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Applied Elasticity for Engineers
Module4/Lesson1
D11
y
s z
=
t
xy
t Symmetry
yz
t zx
D12
D12
D11
0
0
0
1
(D11 - D12 )
2
0
0
0
0
1
(D11 - D12 )
2
0
e
x
0
e y
e
0
z
0
g xy
0
g yz
1
(D11 - D12 ) g zx
2
(4.17)
1
2
(D 11
constants", where G is also called shear modulus of elasticity, equation (4.17) can be written
as:
s x 2G + l
l
l
s
2G + l
l
y
s z
2G + l
=
t xy
t Symmetry
yz
t zx
0
0
0
0
0
G
0
0
0
0
0
e x
e
y
e z
g xy
g
yz
g zx
(4.18)
0
0
0
0
0
e x
e y
e z
g xy
g
yz
g zx
(4.19)
s x 2G + l
l
s y
s z
l
=
0
t xy
t
0
yz
0
t zx
l
2G + l
l
0
0
0
l
l
2G + l
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
G
0
0
0
0
G
0
Therefore,
s x = (2G + l ) e x + l (e y + e z )
s y = (2G + l )e y + l (e z + e x )
s z = (2G + l )e z + l (e x + e y )
(4.20)
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Applied Elasticity for Engineers
Module4/Lesson1
Also, t xy = Gg xy
t yz = Gg yz
t zx = Gg zx
Now, expressing strains in terms of stresses, we get
l +G
l
(s y + s z )
sx G (3l + 2G )
2G (3l + 2G )
l +G
l
(s z + s x )
ey =
sy G (3l + 2G )
2G (3l + 2G )
l +G
l
(s x + s y )
ez =
sz G (3l + 2G )
2G (3l + 2G )
ex =
g xy =
g yz =
g zx
(4.21)
t xy
G
t yz
G
t zx
=
G
ex =
sx
l +G
=
sx
E
G (3l + 2G )
or
1
l +G
=
E G (3l + 2G )
or
E=
G (3l + 2G )
(l + G )
(4.22)
ey = - nex = - n
sx
E
ez = - nex = - n
sx
E
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Applied Elasticity for Engineers
Module4/Lesson1
l
n
sx = sx
2G (3l + 2G )
E
Therefore,
n
l
=
E
2G (3l + 2G )
(4.23)
n (l + G )
l
=
G (3l + 2G )
2G (3l + 2G )
Therefore, 2n (l+G) = l
or n =
l
2(l + G )
(4.24)
l = G ( 2G - E ) =
( E - 3G )
or
G=
4G 2n
(E - 6Gn )
E
2(1 + n )
(4.25)
sx = sy = sz = -p
- 3(1 - 2n ) p
E
E (e x + e y + e z )
Therefore, ex+ey+ez =
or
-p =
3(1 - 2n )
2G
= (l +
)(ex+ey+ez)
3
or -p = K (ex+ey+ez)
2G
Hence, K = l +
(4.26)
- 3 p(1 - 2n )
- p = K
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Applied Elasticity for Engineers
Module4/Lesson1
or
E = K [3(1 - 2v )]
Therefore, K =
E
3(1 - 2n )
(4.27)
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Applied Elasticity for Engineers