Summary:

Carbohydrates:
Itcanhavetwotypesofreactionsonebeinghydrolysisandtheotherbeingdehydration.
Hydrolysishappenswhenbondsbetweenmonomersarebrokenbywatermolecules.
Dehydrationiswhentwomoleculesbecomecovalentlybondedandendsuplosingwater
molecules.Thethreetypesofcarbohydratesaremonosaccharides,disaccharides,and
polysaccharides.Monosaccharidesarethemostcommonsimplesugarthereis.Disaccharides
havetwosugarsandispresentinthingssuchassucrose.Polysaccharideshavemanysugars
(monomers)andareformedbyglycosidiclinkages,themostcommonexampleofa
polysaccharidewouldbestarchfoundinplants.Thefunctionofcarbohydrateswouldbefor
energy,cellrespiration,energystorage,andstructuralmaterials.Carbohydratesarecomposed
ofcarbon,hydrogen,andoxygen.Theyalsohavefunctionalgroupssuchaswithaldose(which
haveacarbonylgroupattheendofthemolecule)andketosesugars(whichhaveacarbonyl
grouplocatedatthecenterofthemolecule).Undercarbohydratestherecanalsobebranded
andlinearpolysaccharides.Starchisstoredasgranuleswithinplastidsandcantakethefor,of
Amylose(unbranched)orAmylopectin(branched).Withglycogen,withitbeingbranchesit
createsseveralendsforquickreleaseofglucoseavailableforenergy.Itisstoredinmuscles
andinlivercells.Withstructuralpolysaccharidessuchaswithcelluloseitlacksglycosidic
linkageswhichmakesithardertodigest.

Lipids:
Lipidsarenotpolymersbutitdoesincludefats,phospholipids,steroids,waxesandpigments.
Lipidsarealsohydrophobicduetoitsmolecularstructureandtheyarecomposedofhydrogen,
carbonandoxygenbutit'smostlyahydrocarbon.Therearetwotypesoffatsonebeingglycerol
andtheotherbeingtriacylglycerol.Fateshavealonghydrocarbonchainsandfunctionsas
energystorageandasacushionfororgans.FattypesarebasedontheHydrocarbontail.

Saturatedfatsareallsinglebondsbetweencarbonatomsandaresolidatroomtemperature.
Commonexamplesareanimalsfats,lardandbutter.Unsaturatedfatsareusuallyliquidatroom
temperatureandareusuallythefatsofplantsandfish.Phospholipidsare2fattyacidsplusa
glycerolandthemakeuptheboundaryofacellanditsexternalenvironment.Theyalsoself
assembleintodoublelayersinaqueoussolutionsthatshieldhydrophobictailsfromwater.
Steroidsarelipidscomposedofcarbonskeletonsoffourfusedrings.Andtheyvarybasedon
functionalgroupsthatareattachedtotherings.Cholesterolisacomponentofananimalcell
membraneandithelpskeepthemembranefluidandflexible.Itisalsoaprecursortosex
hormonessuchasestrogenandtestosterone.

Proteins:
Proteinsareinstrumentalinnearlyallactionsthatorganismsdo.Proteinsaccountfor50
percentofthedrymassofmostcellsandarethemoststructurallyandfunctionallydiverse
groupofmacromolecules.Proteinfunctionsasseenwithenzymeshelpregulatemetabolismby
actingascatalyst(astimulusthatincreasestherateofchemicalreactionswithoutundergoing
anypermanentchemicalchange).Proteinstructurehasamonomersidewhenreferringtothe
aminoacidpartwhichisconstructedfrom20aminoacids.Italsoconsistsofapolymerside
whenreferringtothepolypeptidesfound.Thepolypeptideshavepeptidebondswhichare
covalentandalsohelpwithdehydrationreactions.Proteinfunctioninthebodydependsonthe
structurewhichallstartswiththeaminoacidsequence.Proteinsarethenfolded,twisted,and
coiledintoaspecializedshape,exampleswouldbewithenzymesandlysosomespresentinour
tears,saliva,andsweattheywerefoldedinaspecificwayinordertopreventinfectioninour
bodies.Fromthereproteinstructurecanbedividedintofourlevelswhichareprimary,
secondary,tertiary,andquaternary.Withprimaryproteinstructurethelinearstructureisbased
ontheorderofaminoacidsandpeptidebonds.Thisendsupgivingeachtypeofproteinhasa
uniqueprimarystructureofaminoacids.Fromthereaminoacidssequenceisdeterminedby
DNAsequence.Withsecondaryproteinstructureitdealswiththefoldingandcoilingofthe
aminoacidchain.Thechaincaneitherbealphaasitiswithkeratinorbetawhichhasapleated
sheetandiscommonlyfoundinspidersilk.Tertiaryproteinstructureisdeterminedbythe
interactionandbindingbetweenRgroups.Withquaternaryproteinstructuretwoormore
polypeptidechainsarejoinedtogethercausingtheoverallproteinstructure.Anexamplewould
bewithcollagenandthefibrousproteinfoundinit.Alsowiththehelicalsubunitsbeingtwisted
intoonelargesubunitasitisinhemoglobinwhenoxygenbindingproteinsofredbloodcellsare
dividedinto4polypeptidesubunitswithtwoalphachainsandtwobetachains.

NucleicAcids:
Nucleicacidsstoreandtransmithereditaryinformation.Theyaretheprimarystoragemolecule
inalllivingorganisms.ExamplesincludeDNAandRNA,whichhasastructureconsistingof
monomers(nucleotides).Therearethreepartstonucleotidestructureonebeingthenitrogen
containingbase(CNring)thenextbeingthepentosesugar,andthethirdbeingthePO4group
(Nucleosidebaseplussugar).TherearetwotypesofbasesonebeingPyrimidinesandthe
otherbeingPurines.PyrimidineshaveasingleringNbasesuchascytosine,thymine,and
uracil.PurineshaveadoubleringNbaseandisfoundinAdenineandGuanine.Therearefour
typesofDNAbaseswhichisthymine,cytosine,adenine,andguanine.Adeninealwaysbonds
withthymineandguaninealwaysbondswithcytosine.Basesarealwaysfoundontheinside
portionoftheDNAmolecule.BasesofonestrandarebondedinthesideportionoftheDNA
moleculetothebasesoftheotherstrandusinghydrogenbonds.Hbondsarebetweenpaired
basesandVanDerWaalsarebetweenstackedbases.DNAisapolymerofpolynucleotides,
eachisbondedonaDNAorRNAstrandusingcovalentbondscalledphosphodiesterlinkages.
Nucleotidesareaddedinthe53directionandareaddedoneatatime.DNAreplicationoccurs
whenacellisaboutofdivideandoccurinanantiparallelarrangement.RNAbasesaresingle
strandedandmadefromDNA.TheRNAbasesarecytosine,uracil,adenine,andguanine.


Reflection:
WiththisartifactIlearnedthatwithouteachmacromoleculeinourbodywewouldn'tbeableto
functionasawhole.Ialsolearnedthatcarbohydratescanhavetwotypesofreactionsandeach
ofthemrequirewaterinorderforthemtooccur.IfthereisanythingelseIwouldliketofuture
studyitwouldbethelevelsofproteinstructurebecauseitisstillaconceptthatIhaveadifficult
timedistinguishingthelevelsfromeachother.