CONTACT ANGLES

ARVIND TOMAR
Sr-08471

Contact angle

FACTORS AFFECTING CONTACT

ANGLE

SURFACE TENSION

SURFACE ENERGY OF SOLID SURFACES

INTERACTION FORCES BETWEEN LIQUID

MOLECULES

SURFACE ROUGHNESS

TEMERATURE OF LIQUID

SURFACE TENSION

SURFACE TENSION IS A CONTRACTIVE TENDENCY OF

SURFACE OF A LIQUID
THIS ALLOWS IT TO RESIST AN EXTERNAL FORCE
DUE TO SURFACE TENSION A LIQUID ACQUIRE MINIMUM
SURFACE AREA
DUE TO SURFACE TENSION LIQUID SURFACE BAHAVES AS
A STRECHED SKIN
SURFACE TENSION IS CAUSED BECAUSE OF MOLECULER
ATTRACTION FORCES
IN GENERAL DISSOLVED CONTAMINATION IN WATER
REDUCES SURFACE TENSION, HENCE ALSO THE CONTACT
ANGLE

DUE TO SURFACE TENSION A NEEDLE CAN FLOAT

ON A LIQUID

SURFACE TENSION =FORCE/LENGTH

=WORK DONE /AREA

TO SEPRATE TWO LIQUID SURFACES WE

HAVE TO DO WORK
THIS PER UNIT AREA WORK IS CALLED
SURFACE TENSION
THIS WORK INCREASES POTENTIAL
ENERGY OF LIQUID

AS SURFACE TENSION REDUCES,

DROPLETS TENDS TO SPREADS AND
CONTACT ANGLE DECREASES
GREATER THE PORTION OF POLAR
GROUPS,HIGHER THE ATTRACTIVE
FORCES,HIGHER SURFACE TENSION AND
HIGH WILL BE THE CONTACT ANGLE
EX. WATER HAS HIGHER CONTACT ANGLE
AS COMPARED TO OILS

SURFACES BENDS TO BALANCE

FORCES

YOUNG-LAPLACE EQUATION

P=[1/Rx +1/Ry]

HIGHER THE SURFACE TENSION HIGHER WILL

BE CONTACT ANGLE

SURFACE ENERGY

HIGHER THE SURFACE ENERGY LOWER

WILL BE CONTACT ANGLE
HIGH SURFACE ENERGY OVERCOMES
SURFACE TENSION AND LIQUID DROPLET
SPREADS OVER SURFACE
HIGHER THE SURFACE ENERGY HIGHER
THE ADHESION
SURFACE IS ALWAYS AT HIGHER ENERGY
AS COMPARED TO BULK

ANGLE ON SURFACE ENERGY

AND SURFACE TENSION

SURFACE ENERGY DEPENDS ON CHEMICAL

COMPOSITION AT SURFACE
POLAR GROUPS CAUSES HIGH SURFACE
ENERGY
CLEAN METALIC SURFACES HAVE HIGH
SURFACE ENERGY
BONDING BETWEEN HYDROCARBON
MOLECULES IS LESS
POLYETHYNES HAVE LESS SURFACE ENERGY
AND HIGHER CONTACT ANGLE

FOR UNPOLISHED SURFACE THERE ARE

SO MANY POLAR GROUP(EX. O-H) SO HAD
HIGHER ENERGY
SURFACE ENERGY OF SURFACE CAN BE
REDUCED BY POLISHING WAX

WATER PROOF FABRICS

FLOURINATED FABRICS, WHICH ARTIFICIALLY

MAKE A SURFACE LOW ENERGY ONE
THUS MORE CONTACT ANGLE AND SURFACE IS
NON-WETTING
BY FORMING OXYGEN CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS AT SURFACE A LOW ENERGY
SURFACE CAN BE CONVERTED INTO A HIGH
ENERGY ONE
THIS CAN BE ACHEIVED BY EXPOSURE TO UVRADIATION,CORONA/PLASMA DISHCHARGE, ACID
TREATMENT etc.

NON-WETTING FABRIC

INTERACTION FORCES
BETWEEN LIQUID MOLECULES
CONTACT ANGLE
(IN DEGREES)

DEGREE OF
WETTING

SOLID-LIQUID
INTERACTION

LIQUID-LIQUID
INTERACTION

=0

PERFECT
WETTING

VERY STRONG

VERY WEAK

0<<90

HIGH WETTING

STRONG

STRONG

WEAK

WEAK

90<180

LOW WETTING

WEAK

STRONG

=180

PERFECTLY NONWETTING

VERY WEAK

VERY STRONG

SURFACE ROUGHNESS

WITH INCREASING SURFACE ROUGHNESS

CONTACT ANGLE DECREASES FOR
HYDRO-PHILIC SURFACE
WITH INCREASING SURFACE ROUGHNESS
CONTACT ANGLE INCREASES FOR HYDROPHOBIC SURFACE

TEMPERATURE

WITH INCREASING OF TEMPERATURE

SURFACE TENSION DECREASES AS
INTERMOLECULER FORCE DECREASES
THUS WITH INCREASING OF
TEMPERATURE CONTACT ANGLE
DECREASES

BALANCE OF FORCES

YOUNG'S EQUATION

sl +lg*cosc =sg

TWO DIFFRENT LIQUIDS

METHODS FOR MEASURING

CONTACT ANGLE

THE STATIC SESSILE DROP METHOD

THE DYNAMIC SESSILE DROP METHOD

DYNAMIC WILHELMY METHOD

POWDER CONTACT ANGLE METHOD

Young-dupre equation
(1+cosc)= Wsl
Here,

Wsl=solid-liquid adhesion energy per unit area

CALCULATION FOR CONTACT

ANGLE
c=arcCOS[rAcosA+rRcosR/rA+rR]
Where,

A= advancing angle
R= receding angle
ADVANCING ANGLE:- largest contact angle
possible without increasing solid-liquid
interfacial area by adding volume dynamically
RECEDING ANGLE:- if in above case you start
removing volume then smaalest possible angle
is called receding angle

Calculation of a and r on a tilted

plane

Hysteresis angle

H=a-r
Hysteresis angle for an ideal solid surface is
zero i.e. a=r
With increasing roughness H increases
With increasing roughness a increases and
r decreases

Increased liquid penetration leads to increased

hysteresis

THANK YOU