Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lec 19 PDF
Lec 19 PDF
What are the ways by which one may control real power flows?
An important feature of interconnected AC systems is that power flow control through specific control paths is
often quite difficult. This is because power flows in these paths as per Kirchhoff laws: the line parameters,
topology of the network, generation and load location determine the value of flows. The power flows are not
directly dependent on transmission line ownership, contracts, thermal limits or losses!
Inability to control power flows may result in situations wherein, some paths may be lightly loaded and some
overloaded (to understand what one means by loadability see the discussion on line loadability in module 2).
Tie line power flow control by AGC was discussed in the previous module. While cumulative power exchange
between the two areas through both tie lines may be controlled by adjusting the generated power in areas A and
B, independent power flow control in each individual line connecting the 2 areas is not possible by generation
control alone. In the above figure, cumulative power flow in the two tie lines is zero. It can be changed by
reducing generated power in one area and increasing in another. However, the individual power in each line
cannot be controlled in this fashion and depends on line parameters and Kirchoff's laws.
Therefore, special measures have to be taken in order to control power flow through individual transmission
paths. Some of these are considered in the following lectures.
Power Flow control can be achieved by changing effective line parameters by connection of lumped series
capacitors.
One of the major consideration of any series connected device is the need to bypass the device when faults occur
nearby. Faults cause large overcurrent in a line, which in turn results in overvoltage across a capacitor. Therefore,
Metal Oxide Varistors (which are nonlinear devices which have very low resistance when voltage magnitude is greater
than a particular value) and circuit breakers are generally connected across series connected devices. Note that during
faults, a series connected device is bypassed. However, immediately after the fault is cleared, it is necessary to insert
maximum capacitive reactance in order to improve the stability of the rotor angular deviations which occur due to the
fault.
Examples of controlled series compensation installations in India are the Raipur - Rourkela TCSC and the Kanpur
Ballabhgarh TCSC. Details of the Kanpur-Ballabhgarh installation are given in the next module.
You may simulate the working of a TCSC using the MATLAB/SIMULINK file (TCSC3.mdl).
Devices like a TCSC or the device shown above are often called "Flexible AC Transmission Systems" controllers,
because they increase the flexibility of AC system operation by allowing additional control.
Series connected inductors can be connected to thermally limited lines to reduce power flow through them.
AC-DC-AC conversion
Power Flow can also be controlled by converting AC to DC by thyristor bridges or Voltage Source Converters and
reconverting the DC to AC (at another bus) again by the same means. The converters are connected in shunt with
the AC transmission system at 2 buses. If a substantial distance between the 2 buses is involved, then high voltage
DC transmission is done. The power flow is a function of the converter firing angles and is practically independent of
the voltage phase angle and frequency at either end.
Recap
Series compensation of line parameters by capacitors and phase-shifting transformers are conventional ways
to control power flow.
Power electronics based HVDC converters and controlled series compensation may also be used.
Congratulations, you have finished Lecture 19. To view the next lecture select it from the left hand side menu of
the page.