hils

YS% ,xldf uq,au fudagr r: ;dCIK irdj

fudagrr: kka 1995 ckjd ui isg m%ldYhg
m;au wdrN jQ w;r l,dm 20 lska wjika
lrk ,' fuh Wiia fudagr r: ;dCIKh i|yd
fjka jQjls'

fudagrr: wdorY l,dm folla

Wiia fudagr r: ;dCIKh i|yd fudagrr:

irdj ksl=;a u;a iu mdGl b,a,Su
u; idudkH fudagr r: ;dCIKh i|ydo
irdjla 1996 udr;= ui isg m%ldYhg
m;a lrk , th k flrefka ismar:
kks'

ismar: wdorY l,dm folla

ouq;= ;dCIK m%ldYk wdh;kh ,lay~

.=jka ,sh yd tlaj m%ldYhg m;al,
,lay~ hils jevigyk yd inkaOj
hils hk irdj m%ldYhg m;a flreks'
th l,dm 50 lg miq k;r lrkq ,enqf
fuu fj wvh ilia lsu i|ydh'
bfha kej;;a fuu irdj fjk;a
wdfrlska fukau fjk;a kulska kej;;a
wdrN jkq we;'
hils wdorY l,dm folla

fuu fj msgqj ilid we;af;a hils udisl irdf fldgia jYfhka

m<jQ tIka fldkafg%da,a ms<sn|j jQ ,sms fm< weiqks'

hils

kk fudagr r: i|yd wksjdrh jQ

,evd fikairh
wo

iEu fmg%,a fudagr r:hlu ihs,kairh uq,

i flfrk w,a 4 la muK .jQ ,evd fikairh Tn
oel we;sjdg ielhla ke;' tys jhr inkaOh .,jd
oeuqj;a tkaka ls%hdld;ajfha lsis fjkila oelsh fkdyels
neka wm lsisfjla ta .ek uis,su;a fkdu tla w;lska
idOdrKh' ldrl wm iska ihs,kair w;a jehdjkays
fuu fikairh iys; imQrK fldgiu lmd uq,a,lg
oukafka o ta ksiduh' tfy;a fuh r:fha we;s b;d ixlSrK
bf,lafg%dksla moaO;shla ls%hd lrjk , wl fikairhla
nj Tn okakjdo@ fuys ls%hdld;ajh ldrlhska fjkqfjka
miqj ia;r flfrk w;r wo ,smsfhka f .ek fmd
wjfndaOhla muKla ,nd .ksuq'
bkaOk f msg fjkafka ldnka vfhdlaihs iy
c, jdIam fol jk w;r ta folu wm ;hg iy
mirfha meje;aug wjYH foaj,a' ;jo tajd lsisfia;au
I fkdfjhs' f ksidu f.or fodfr .Eia ,smla" N+ f;,a
,dmqjla ,ajQjdg mirfka f.ka lsis ;yxhla wels
fkdfjhs' tfy;a tkaula ;=, flfrk bkaOk oykfha
;;ajh fjkia fjhs' fuys;a is jkafka bkaOk oykhla
jqj;a thg muKla fu;r ;yx fhdod we;af;a ukao
hkak flfhka wjfndaO lr .ksuq'
by; wdldrhg oykfhka miq c, jdIam iy ldnka
vfhdlaihs muKla msgfjkafka fmg%,a fldgia tlla
ug jd; fldgia 14 la ,enqfkd;a ;rhs' fudagr r:j,
tu wkqmd; w.h ksh;j ;nd .ekSu hqka wma j,
flfrk iSreudre j,ska muKla wmyiq w;r ta fjkqfjka
kk r:j, bf,lafg%dksla md,k moaO;shla fhdod .efkhs'
tu moaO;sfha ls%hdld;ajh i|yd Y%K wkqmd;h
fjkiajk wjia:d md,k tallhg kq u is jkafka
by; i|yka ,evd fikairh u.sks' Tlaiscka fikairh
hkq fuh ykajk ;j;a kuls' f .ek l:d lrkak m<uqj
fmg%,a tkaul Y%K wkqmd;h fjkia jQ g msgfjk I
jdhq fudkjdo hkak uq,skau wjfndaO lr .ksuq'
tkaul fmg%,a ug wjYH jd;h wvq jQ g tk
Y%Kh ire jQ g isjkafka oykhg wjYH ;r
Tlaiscka fkd,efuka wO_ oykhg m;a yhsfv%dldnka iy
ldnka fudfkdlaihs jdhqj msgdr jdhqjg tlauhs' fuhska
wO_ oykhg m;a yhsfv%dldnka HC kka ykajk w;r
th iQhH_df,dalhg ksrdjrKh i;aj iajik moaO;shg
fukau .ia fld,ka j,go I f.k fok ridhk jH
ksmojhs' ldnka fudfkdlaihs (CO) b;d I jk w;r th
0'3] la ;r iq m%udKhla Y%jQ jd;h wdYajdY lsfukaa
ksfil=f.a urKh isug .; jkafka kd 20 la ;r
jQ wvq ld,hls'

by; i|yka wdldrhg fmg%,a jdyk j,ska I msg

jkafka Y%Kh irejQ g muKlau fkdf' Y%Kh nd, jQ
g msgfjk khsg%cka Tlaihsv u.skao msgdr jdhqjg I
tlau isf' fmdf fuu khsg%cka Tlaihsv NOX kka
ykajk w;r th i;aj fmky j, we;s ishq mgl
kdY lrkq ,nhs'
fmg%,a r:hl Y%K wkqmd; w.h jd; fldgia 14g
fmg%,a fldgia 1 wkqmd;hgu ;nd .ekSu wmyiqjk w;r
Odjk ,dYh wkqj th ire fyda nd, u isfjhs' tys
m%;sM,h wjg mirhg I jdhq j._ msgu nj ka
meye<sh' fudagr r: ksIamdolhska iska ,evd fikairh
iys; bf,lafg%dksla md,k moaO;sh fudagr r: i|yd fhd
.kq ,enqf fuu Y%K wkqmd; w.h mir ys;ld
whqka ksh; w.hg mj;ajd f.k hdugh' th is jkafka
fufiah'
ihs,kairh uq,gu ijk ,evd fikairh msgdr
jdhqfjkau fi' wxYl 300 l WIaK;ajhlg m;ajQ miq
ihs,kairh ;=, we;s msgdr jdhqf iy wjg jd;fhaa we;s
Tlaiscka wkqmd;hg idfmaCIj l=vd fjda,ah;djhla
ksmojhs' Y%Kh irejk g msgdr jdhqf wka;r.;
Tlaiscka m%udKh wvqjk w;r tys fuu wkqmd;h
jefuka fuu fjda,ah;d w.ho by< hhs' tf,iu
Y%Kh nd, jk g fuu wkqmd;ho wvqj tu fjda,ah;d
w.ho wvqj hhs' ire fyda ksire fkdjk hym;a Y%K
wkqmd; w.hl fuu fjda,ah;d w.h fjda,a 0'4 la njg
m;afjhs' f wkqj fuu ix fjda,ah;djh ,nd .kakd
bf,lafg%dksla md,k tallh ta weiqka tkaug ,ndfok
fmg%,a jd; Y%K w.h ksj/j ykd .kakd w;r th
nd,jk g fmg%,a je lsfukao Y%Kh irejk g
fmg%,a wvq lsfukao Y%K w.h 14 : 1 wkqmd;hg ks;ru
;nd .kshs' tg ihs,kairh yryd mirhg msgfjk I
k;r jkjd muKla fkdj bkaOk uo l%udKql+, f,i
isu ksid bkaOk kdia;sho msgq lsh yels fjhs'
,evd fikairhla Tnf.a r:hg;a we;ak fldhs;r
w.fkahs ka Tn is;kjd we;' ta;a kg jir 12 l
muK isg wm rgg wdkhkh l, iEu ldhqfrgr fukau
bkafclaIka r:hlu fuh wka;r.;j we;s nj Tn
okakjdk mqu jkq we;' ta;a f ms<sn|j ldrlhska fyda
r: yshka kqj;a fkdlsu ksid wo th ls%hdld
;;ajfhka we;af;a lSfhka lShlo@ b hils l,dm
;=,ska fuu moaO;s b;d ir, whqka ia;r flfrkq we;'


hils irdf tika fldkafg%da,a ms<sn|j m<jQ ,sms weiqka fuu ,sms fm< ilia lrk ,

hils

,evd fjda,ah;djh ksh; w.hg nisk f;la Y%Kh

nd, lrkq ,nhs' tfiau tu fjda,ah;d w.h wvq k th
je jk f;la Y%K wkqmd;h je lrkq ,nhs' f wkqj
,evd md,k moaO;shla we;ak bkafclaIka moaO;shl
msgdr I jdhq lsisjla msgh fkdyels nj wmg fmkS hhs'

,evd msgdr
I jdhq md,kh
hils ux., l,dmfha isgu fmg%,a bkafclaIka
moaO;s ia;r lsu wdrN jQ w;r ta hgf;a f jk
g wms L fcfg%dksla moaO;sh olajd ksrudKd;aulj
wOHhkh lr we;af;uq' <Zg wmg fhduq ug we;af;a
tys md,k tallhg jqj;a th uolg k;r lsug isj
we;' thg m%Odk fya;=j jkafka fuu EFI moaO;s ka
bhg ixlSrKj we;af;a msgdr I jdhq md,kh i|yd
lrk ,o klrKhka fya;=fjka neks' ksoiqkla f,i Lfcfg%dksla moaO;sh;a thg miqj me LE- fcfg%dksla
moaO;sh;a w;r m%Odk fjki fuu LE fcfg%dksla
moaO;shg ,evd msgdr jdhq md,k moaO;sh ij ;suhs'

wjg jd;h
fmg%,a bkafclaIka
fldmshqgrh

,evd fikairh

bkafclagr
lg,h

ihs,kair k,h

msgdr jdhqj

,evd laf,daia ma md,k l%uh

,evd msgdr jdhq md,k ie,iqu fuu igyfkka
olajd we;' fuys ls%hdld;ajh wmg fuf,i ir, f,i
ia;r l, yel' tk msgdr I jdhq we;sjkafka Y%Kh
irejk g iy nd, jk gh' fuf,i Y%Kh ire jk
g msgdr jdhqf wka;r.; Tlaiscka m%udKh wvq jk w;r
Y%Kh nd, jk g th je f' ihs,kair k,hg
inkaO Tlaiscka fikairh ke;ak ,evd fikairfha
fYaI;ajh jkafka fuu msgdr jdhqf wka;r.;jk
Tlaic
s ka m%udKh jejk g th ;=, Wmk fjda,
a h;djho
by< hduhs' f wkqj mirhg msgfjk Ijdhq rys;
msis msgdr jdhqjla we;slrk hym;a Y%K wkqmd;hl
fuu ,evd fikair fjda,ah;djh' 0.4V f'
by;ska olajd we;s bf,lafg%dksla md,k bkafclaIka
moaO;sfha bkafclaIka fldmshqgrh u.ska bkafclagr
lg,h yryd tkaug wjYH Y%K wkqmd;h ilikq
,nhs' tu Y%Kh ksh; w.fha we;ak I jdhq msg
fkdfjk w;r tys ,evd fikair fjda,ah;djh fjda,a
0.4V la fjhs' tu ix ;rx.h md,k tallhg inkaO
w;r tys w.h fjda,a 0.4V la f k ;uka ilik ,o
Y%K wkqmd;h ksj/ nj md,k tallh ;SrKh lr
ksy~ fjhs' tu fjda,ah;djh ksh; w.h blaujd
we;ak Y%%Kh irej we;s nj k.kakd md,k tallh

by; wdldrhg ,evd md,k moaO;shla wms ir,j

jgyd .kq ,enQjo we;a;jYfhkau f ;=, wOHhkh l<
hq;= b;d jeo.;a lreKq /ila f' fuys uq,skau Y%K
fjki wkqj we;sfjk I jdhq j._ iy tajd we;sfjk
wdldrh jgyd .; hq;= fjhs' fuh b;d jeo.;a jkafka
EGR leg,sla lkajrgr wd moaO;s wOHhkhg tu
kqu wksjdrh jk neks'

is,skavr ;=< isjk fmg%,a oykh

fuys olajd we;af;a tkaul
imSvk myfr wjidkh iy n,
myfr wdrNhhs' fuu imSvk
myr wjidkfha iamdrla ma,.a
mq<s=j u.ska Y%Kh ,au
isfjhs' tys msgfjk ;dmh u.ska
m%idrKh jk jd;h msiagkh
my<g ;,a lr n, myr we;s
lrhs' ka fuu oykh isjk
n, myfr wdrNh
wdldrh fidhd n,uq'
fmg%,a hkq ldnka (C) iy yhsv%cka (H) hk uQ, jH
fofla tl;=jla neka th HC hk ixfla;fhka oelah
yel' tg is,skavr ;=< is jk oykh fufia oelah yel'

HC + O2
fmg%,a + TlaIscka

CO2 + H2O + ;dmh

ldnkavfhdlaihs + c,h + ;dmh

by; olajd we;s whqre is,skavrh ;=<g weo .kakd

fmg%,a imQrK f,i CO2 iy H2O njg yerug fmg%,a
1 fldgila i|yd jd; fldgia 14la Y%Khg tl;= h
hq;=h' fu;r jd; m%udKhla wjYH jkafka wjg jd;fha
Tlaiscka we;af;a 1/5 la muKla ksidh'
fudagr r: fmg%,a tkaula ls%hd lsf by; olajd
we;s whqre ldnkavfhdlaihs iy c, jdIam muKla
msgfjhs k th wmg jvd;a ys;lrh' ukao fuu
fojr.hu I rys; fukau jh mj;ajd f.k hdug
w;HjYH jQ idOl folla neks' tfy;a ta i|yd 14:1
wkqmd;fhka jd; fmg%,a Y%Kh ,nd u iEu wjia:djlu
ksjer f,i l< fkdyels f' welai,frgr mev,h ls%hd
lrjk ,dih" fjkia jk tkaka Ndrh" tkaka
WIaK;ajh jeks lreKq u; Y%Kh nd, u fyda ire u
idudkH fohls' fuf,i Y%%Kh ire f fukau nd,
fo Nhdkl I jdhq msgdr jdhqjg tlajk nj fmr
ia;r h' tf,i Y%Kh ire jQ g iEfok I jdhq
fukau tajd iEfok wdldrh;a Y%Kh nd, jQ g iEfok
I jdhq fukau tajd iEfok wdldrh;a fuys fjka fjkaj
fidhd n,uq'

hils irdf tika fldkafg%da,a ms<sn|j m<jQ ,sms weiqka fuu ,sms fm< ilia lrk ,

hils

Y%Kh ire jQ g I jdhq iefok wdldrh

HC + O2 CO2 + H2O + CO + HC
fmg%,a + Tlaiscka

ldnka vfhdlaihs
c,h
ldnka fudfkdlaihs
yhsfv%d ldnka

ire Y%Khl fmg%,a m%udKh je w;r Tlaiscka

m%udKh wvqh' f ksid Y%Kfha wvx.= ishu fmg%,a wKq"
c,h iy ldnkavfhdlaihs njg yerug ,enqKq Tlaiscka
m%udKh m%udKj;a fkdf' f ksid by; oelafjk whqre
ldnkavfhdlaihs jdhqjg wu;rj wvq Tlaic
s ka m%udKhlska
ilia jk ldnka fudfkdlaihs (CO) keue;s I jdhqj o
h m%udKhla we;s fjhs' fuh fld;r I jdhqjlao h;a
0'3] la CO iys; jd;h kd 20 l ld,hla wdYajdi
lsu flfkl=f.a urKh is ug fyd|gu m%udKh;a fjhs'
rerfha we;s Tlaiscka f.k hk ysfud.af,dka mgl CO
u.ska kdY u thg fya;=jhs'
Y%Kh ire jQ g CO j,g wu;rj Tlaiscka uo
fkdoe b;s jQ HC m%udKhlao fjhs' fuh fl<skau fmg%,a
kQk;a h bkaOk fYaIhls' th wdr:sl jYfhka mdvqjla
muKla fkdj" fkdoejqKq fuu bkaOk iQrhd f,dalhg
ksrdjrKh jQ g ridhl m%;sls%hdjkag Ndckh .ia
fld<ka we;= ishu fldgia j,g I iys; ridhksl
jH idohs'

(N2) + HC + O2 H2O + CO2 + (N2) + O2

by; ilrKfha (N2) hkqfjka olajd we;af;a
jd;fha Yd, m%udKhlska we;s" oykhg inkaO fkdjk
khsg%cka jdhq m%udKhhs' fuh wlS%h jdhqjla f,i wjg
jd;fha mej;=K;a tkaul is,skavrh ;=< we;s jk fi'
20000 la muK jQ WIaK;ajh hgf;a oykfhka miq b;s
jQ Tlaiscka we;ak ta yd m%;sls%hd lrhs' j_, Y%Khla
tkaulg ,nd kag tys fuf,i oykfhka miq Tlaiscka
b;sjk neka tys fuu m%;sls%hdj isj tu.ska khsg%cka
Tlaihs" khsg%cka vfhdlaihs jeks I jdhq .Kkdjla
ksmof' fudagr r: Ys,amfha fmdf tajd NOx hkqfjka
yekaf'

kqj;a h hq;=h' b mdv /il yuqjk ixlSrK

fmg%,a bkafclaIka moaO;s /il fuu mirh iq/lSug
fh Wmdx. iy moaO;s fldgia yuqjk neka fuu mdvfuka
ta ms<sn|j kqula ,nd .ksuq'

msgdr jdhq md,kh

mirhg ydks fkdjk fia fudagr r:hl msgdr
jdhqf ixhq;sh ieliSu msgdr jdhq md,kh (EMISSION
CONTROL) kka yekaf' fuh wdldr follg l< yel'
bka tla l%uhla" Y%K wkqmd;h ilid is,sxvrh ;=,u
I jdhq we;su je<elauhss' wfkla l%uh k oejqkq jdhqj
ihs,xirh ;=< I rys; jk fia ;j rg;a m%;sls%hd
lruhs' fuu msgdr jdhq md,kfha" wOHhkhg iy
.Kkh ls j,g myiq jk fia Y%%K wkqmd;h ixfla;
w.hlska oelaf' tu ixfla; wl=r f,i .S%la wl=re
fydafha ,evd wCIrh ( ) f.k we;' ,evd wCIrfhka
ykajkafka tkaulg imhk h lsis fmg%,a jd;
Y%Khl wvx.= fmg%,a m%udKhla .;a g th oeug
imhka we;s jd; m%udKh iy iemhsh hq;= jd; m%udKh
w;r inkaO;djhhs' tk h fmg%,a jd; Y%Khl
,evd w.h fidhkqfha my; i|yka wdldrhgh'

tkaug imhka we;s jd; m%udKh

ffiOdka;sl f,i iemhsh hq;= jd; m%udKh

f wkqj = 1 hkqfjka yekafjkafka kshudldrj

ilia jqKq Y%Khls' tk fuh ksjer Y%Khla ksid
imhk jd; m%udKfha w.h" ffiOdka;sl f,i iemhsh hq;=
jd; m%udKhg iudk fjhs' iudk w.hla" iudk w.hlska
fn g W;a;rh 1ls' tf,iu Y%Kh ire tlla k tys
jd; m%udKh ffiOdka;sl w.hg jvd wvq jk neka tys
= 0.8
w.h 1g wvq fjhs' ksoiqkla f,i =0.9,
hkqfjka 1g wvq w.hkaf.ka ,evd w.h olajhs k" th
ire Y%Khls' tf,iu rj, Y%K j, jd; m%udKh je
neka tys ,evd w.h 1'1" 1'2 jeks w.hla .kS'

N2 + O2 NOx
fikair hq

fuu NOx jdhq j._ o i;aj fmky j, ishq mgl

kdY lrk w;r .ia fld<ka jeks j fldgia j,go ydks
muqKqjhs'
wm fuf;la W.;a lreKq wkqj fudagr r: fmg%,a
tkaul Y%Kh ire u fukau ksire uo wjg
mirhg ;ka ydks muqKqjk nj fmkS hhs' bf,lafg%dksla
;dCIKh fhdod .kska kk r:j, fuh b;d idr:lj
ch f.k ;sfnhs' ta i|yd ixlSrK moaO;s /ila kk
r:j, tl;=lr we;s w;r tajdg ydks fkdmefKk f,i
w;ajehdjka j, fhug iEu ldrlfhl=u ta ms<sn|j

,evd fikair

,evd fikairhla
f wkqj = 1 hkqfjka yekafjkafka mir
ys;ld Y%K w.h jk w;r tu w.h ukskq ,nkafka
ihs,kairhg i l, Tlaiscka fikairfhks' by;
igyfka th olajd we;' fuhu ,evd fikair kka yeka
ug fya;=j ka Tng meye,s h hq;=h' ,nk l,dmfha
isg wm mirhg b;d ys;ld jk fuu moaO;sh ia;r
flfrkq we;

hils irdf tika fldkafg%da,a ms<sn|j m<jQ ,sms weiqka fuu ,sms fm< ilia lrk ,

hils

5
msgdr jdhqj

,evd msgdr I jdhq md,kh

fu`gr r: fmg%,a tkaul isjk fmg%,a oykh
kshudldrj isjqks k msgfjkafka ldnka vfhdlaihs iy
c, jdIam mu' th mirhg fyda i;aj ; j,g lsisu
ydkshla f.k fkdfohs' tfy;a f i|yd jd; fmg%,a
Y%Kh 14:1 la f,i mej;sh hq;=h' fuhg jvd Y%Kh
ire jqjfyd;a fkdjqkq yhsfv%dldnka (HC) iy udrdka;sl
ldnka fudfkdlaihs (CO) msgdr jdhqjg tlafjhs' Y%Kh
nd, jQ g i;aj fmkyZ j, ishq mgl kdY lrk
tfukau W.=fr wdidokj,g fya;=jk khsg%cka Tlaihsv
(NOX) msgfjhs' tfy;a kk r:j, ihs,kairhg ijk
Tlaiscka fikairh fyj;a ,evd fikairh u.ska Y%K
wkqmd;h 14:1 w.fhka mj;ajd .; yels nj;a tu.ska
msgdr jdhqjg I tlau je<elah yels nj;a .shjr
l,dmfhka b;d fyd|ska ia;r h' wo wms fuu ,evd
fikairfha ksrudKh iy ls%hdld;ajh ykd .ksuq'
,evd fikairh

1' ZrO2 iys;

firla fikairh
2' bf,lafg%dav
3' lkagEla w.%
4' ihs,kair n|
5' ihs,kair mhsmamh
6' wdrCIs; firla
f,ahrh

wjg jdhqj

,evd fikair fldgfia ksrudKh

fuys olajd we;af;a ,evd fikairfha ihs,kairh
;=,g ijk fldgihs' tk fikair n,anhhs' th ;=<
(ZrO2) irfldaksh vfhdlaihs k ridhk jHfhka
iEkq fldmqjla fjhs' tu fldmqj we;=,;ska iy msg;ska
isre iys; ma,ek ( porous platinum) f,ahrhlska
wdjrKh lr ;sfnhs' bkamiq msgdr jdhqjg jD; jk fuu
n,anh bka wdrCId ug ;j;a firla fldmqjlska
wdjrKh flfrhs' fhdodf.k we;s fuu ma,ek iy
firla f,day j, fYaIh tajdfha we;s l=vd isre ;=<ska
TCIscka whk j,g .uka lsug we;s yelshdjhs'
ZrO2 fldmqj fomi we;s ma,ek f,ahr fol
oHq;a bf,lafg%dav folla f,ig yeisfrhs' .e,ajdks
fldaIhl isjk ls%hdj,shg iudk jQ ixlSrK ridhksl
ls%hdj,shla fuys we;s fjda,ah;djhla ksmofjk w;r
fudagr ldrl wm yg jeo.;ajk kqu muKla fuys
wms ,nd .ksuq'
ire Y%Kh

1' Ok bf,lafg%davh
2' iDk bf,lafg%davh
3' fikair firla
4' fikair n,anh
5' fikair yjqisu
6' lkagEla nqIa

nd, Y%Kh

7' ndysr fldmqj

8' lkagEla iams%ka
9' wjg jd; ljqj
10' ,s w.%
11' bkaishqf,agrh
12' ihs,kair n|

,evd fikairhl we;=,; ksrudKh

,evd fikair j._ folla Nd;djk w;r by;
olajd we;af;a bka je jYfhkau Nd;d jk j._hhs' tk
fuys fikair n,anh msg; ;a;sh ihs,kairh ;=< msgdr
jdhqjg;a" tys we;=<; ;a;sh wjg jd;hg;a inkaO
fjhs' wjg jd;h we;=ug l=vd isrla fuys o ;sfnhs'
fikair n,anh msgdr jdhqfjkau fi' wxYl 300 la muK
olajd WKqiq jQ miq msgdr jdhqf;a wjg jd;fha;a we;s
TCIscka wKq j, fjki u; fjda,ah;djh ksmofjhs'
kk;u r:j, fuu fikairh blaukskau WKqiq lr
.ekqug ,s ySgrhla fuh ;=, ilr ;sfnhs' tu is.ak,a
fjda,ah;djh ksmofjk whqre my; igyfkka ;j rg;a
meye<ss lr we;'

jd; fmg%,a Y%K wkqmd;h

Y%K wkqmd;h wkqj ,evd fjda,ah;djh fjkia jk

whqre
fuys olajd we;af;a Y%K wkqmd;h wkqj ,evd
fikairfha Wmk fjda,ah;djh fjkia jk wdldrhhs'
fuu fikair n,anh we;=,;;a msg;;a tl iudk
wkqmd;fhka TCIscka wKq% msysghs k fuu bf,lafg%dav
fofla Wmk fjda,ah;djh 0 f' tfy;a bka tla me;a;l
TCIscka m%udKh wvq je fjhs k Wmk fjda,ah;djho
ta wkqj fjkia f' tkaug imhk Y%Kh ireg
TCIscka ish,a, m%fhdackhg .ekSfuka msgdr jdhqf

hils irdf tika fldkafg%da,a ms<sn|j m<jQ ,sms weiqka fuu ,sms fm< ilia lrk ,

hils

TCIscka jvd;a ys f' tg fikair n,anh fomi

Tlaic
s ka wkqmd;h jvd;a je neka Wmk fjda,
a h;djho
jeh' Y%Kh nd, g TCIscka je m%udKhla b;s jk
neka fuu wkqmd; fjki wvq Wmosk fjda,ah;djho
wvq fjhs' Y%Kh = 1 w.h jQ g tk ksh;
wkqmd;fhka hq;a Y%Khla oefjk g fuu fjda,ah;djh
fjda,a 0'4la muK jk nj fmr olajd we;s j.=fjka
meye,s fjhs'

wO_ ikakdhl Tlaiscka fikair j._

,evd fikair j._ folla Nd;djk w;r by;
i|yka jQfha thska tla j._hls' f fjkqjg fhd .kakd
wfkla j._h;a msg;ska f wdldrhgu ia jqk;a tys
we;=,; we;af;a ghsfksh Tlaihs (TiO2) j,ska ;ekQ
bf,lafg%davhls' my; lafjkafka tys we;=,; ksrudKhhs'
TiO2 t<suka

f,day wdjrKh firla

grk,a w.%
bkaishqf,agrh

f,da y wdjrK
k,h

Bh jhrh

firla
isfuka;s

wO_ ikakdhl ,evd fikairhl ksrudKh

by; olajd we;s ,evd fikair j._h ;=,
isjkafka wO_ ikakdhl ls%hdld;ajhla jk w;r tys
msg; jd;h ,ndu wjYH fkdf' fuys fhdod we;s
ghsfksh Tlaihs (TiO2) wO_ ikakdhlfha ls%hdld;ajh
jkqfha th idudkH jd;fha mj;sk g tys Wmu
m%;sfrdaOl w.h olajk kuq;a jd;fha we;s Tlaiscka
m%;sY;h wvqjk g thg idfmaCI f,i tu m%;sfrdaOl
w.ho wvq lsuhs' f wkqj fuu fikairh ,evd
fikairhla f,i ihs,kairfha we;s msgdr jdhqjg inkaO
l, g Y%Kh ireg msgdr jdhqf Tlaiscka wvqu ksid
fikairfha m%;sfrdaOl w.h wvqu;a Y%Kh nd,jk g
m%;sfrdaOl w.h jeu;a isfjhs' fuu fjkia jk
m%;sfrdaOl w.fhka md,k tallh Y%Kfha ire ksire
Ndjh ykdf.k ta wkqj Y%K w.h ,evd } 1 w.fhka
mj;ajd .kshs' fjkiajk Tlaiscka m%;sY;hg wkqj
lkka m%;sfrdaOl w.h fjkiau ksid fuu fikair
jvd;a iqiq fjhs'
bkafclaIka
fldmshqgrh

,evd fikairh

wjg
jd;h

msgdr jdhqj
bkafclagr
lg,h

ihs,kair k,h

fmr igyfka olajd we;af;a wm .shjr l,dmfhka

wOHhkh l, ,evd msgdr jdhq md,k moaO;shhs' fuu
ie,iqu wkqj Y%Kh nd, ug fyda ire ug ,evd
fikairh bv fkdfohs' ukao tu ,evd ixj weiqka
Y%Kh nd,jk g th ire lsu;a ire jk g th nd,
lsu;a bkafclaIka md,k fldmshqgrh u.ska is lrk
neks' tfy;a fuys wmg tla .egjla we;sfjhs'
tkaula isis,a wjia:df" whs, f. iy *q,a
f,da wjia:dj, Y%Kh wksjdrhfhkau ire l, hq;= w;r
ta i|yd tla tla moaO;s lsysmhlau we;=,;a nj wms oksuq'
tfia k fuu ,evd md,k moaO;sh ;sh tjeks Y%K
ire lsula l, fkdyels fjhs' ukao tu moaO;s u.ska
Y%Kh ire lrk g fuu ,evd md,k moaO;sh u.ska
th nd, lrk neks' tfiak ,evd md,k moaO;s iu.
fuu Y%K ire lrk moaO;s ilr ;sfnkafka flfiao@
by; .egj i|yd ksj/ ms<s;=rla ksIamdolhska
iska imhd we;s fudagr r: ;dCIKfhka ,nd.; fkdyels
f' tfy;a th wmg is;d.; yelsh' mir fka iska
fudagr r: I u ms<sn|j y~ ke.Sf fuu ,evd
md,k moaO;sh bosm;a lr ksIamdolhska iska mjikq
,enqf tu moaO;sh u.ska ks;ru 14:1 wkqmd;hg Y%Kh
;nd .kakd neka msgdr I jdhq msg fkdfjk njh' tfy;a
r:hla Odjkh lsf fmr i|yka wjia:dj,
wksjdrhfhkau Y%Kh ire l, hq;=f' f i|yd
ksIamdolhska iska lrkq ,enqf tjka Y%Kh ire l, hq;=
wjia:dj, ,evd md,kh ire Y%Khla i|yd fjku fuda
tllg fmr,d .ekSuls' tfy;a th msg;g Tjqka lsi
s fgl;a
fmkakqf ke;' ,evd md,k bf,lafg%dksla tallh i|yd
tkaka WIaK;ajh iy whs, iy *q,a f,da wjia:d
ixjka f,i imhd we;af;a fuh bgq lr.ekqugh'
*q,a f,da iaph

whs, iaph

f;%dg,a jE,a iaphl ksrudKh

,evd md,k moaO;s iys; r:j, Y%Kh ire l,
hq;= whs, iy *q,a f,da wjia:d ,nd .kafka by;
igyfka olajd we;s wdldrhg f;%dg,a jE,ajhg iaphla
i lr .ekqfuks' kk r:j, ldrl Tn fuh ks;r l
ke;sjdg ielhla ke;' tfy;a fuys we;sfjk ;j;a
.egjla f' tk fuu ie,iqu hgf;a whs, iy *q,a
f,da jeks Y%Kh irel, hq;= wjia:dj, Y%Kh ire ksid
msgfjk I jdhq j<lajkafka flfiao hkakhs' ihs,kairh
w. leg,sla lkajrgrh k fldgila i jkafka fuu
ldhH_h i|ydh' ,nk l,dmfhka fuu leg,sla lkajrgr
ia;r flfrkq we;'

44444

hils irdf tika fldkafg%da,a ms<sn|j m<jQ ,sms weiqka fuu ,sms fm< ilia lrk ,

hils

leg,sla lkajrgr
Catalytic converter systems
fmg%,a

tkaulg jd; fldgia 14 lg tla fmg%,a

fldgila f,iska fmg%,a jd; Y%Kh ilid ,nd ka g th
oykfha msg lrkafkaa lsis Ila ke;s tfukau wmg b;d
wjYH jk c,h iy ldnka vfhdlaihs mu' tfy;a
fuf,i ,ndfok fmg%,a m%udKh jejk g ldnka
fudfkdlaihs (CO) udrdka;sl I jdhqj iy I yhsfv%d
ldnka ixfhda.o msgdr jdhqjg tlafjhs' fmg%,a m%udKh
wvq jQ g khsg%cka Tlaihsv /ila msgfjk w;r tajdo
i;aj ; j,g ;on, wdidok we;s lrhs' f ms,sn|j
imQrK ia;rhla miq.sh l,dmfhka bm;a flreKqq
w;r my; lafjkafka ta i|yd kk r:j, fhdod we;s
msgdr jdhq md,k moaO;shhs'
bkafclaIka
fldmshqgrh

,evd fikairh

wjg
jd;h

msgdr jdhqj
bkafclagr
lg,h

ihs,kair k,h

,evd laf,daia ma md,k l%uh

by; olajd we;s fmg%,a bkafclaIka tkaf md,k
tallh u.ska tkaug imhk jd; fmg%,a Y%Kh tys we;s
,evd md,k moaO;sh u.ska iEu gu 14:1 wkqmd;fhka
;nd .ekqu ksid I jdhq lsisjla msgdr jdhqjg tla fkdfjhs'
tfy;a whs, iy *q,a f,da wjia:dj, wjYH je n,h
,nd .ekqug Y%Kh irel, hq;= w;r tys fuu md,kh
u.ska Y%Kh ireug bv yhs' tys I jdhq msgu
isjk w;r tu I jdhq bj;a lsug leg,sla lkajrgr
fhdod .efkhs' tfy;a leg,sla lkajrgrh fudagr r:
i|yd Nd;d jQfha ,evd md,k moaO;s ysug fndfyda
fmr isgh' fuf,i fudagr r:j,g ijqkq leg,sla
lkajrgr isx.,a fn" vn,a fn iy ;S% f hkqfjka jr.
;=klg fnod ;sfnhs' wo wms fuu leg,sla lkajrgr
(Catalytic convertor) ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd .ksuq'
wms ridhk oHdf W;afm%r
a lhla f,i ykajkafkao
leg,sla ls%hdj,shhs' hula ridhksl m%;sls%hdjlg inkaO
tu ls%hdj,sh blauka lr m%;sls%hdfjka miqj;a ta whqkau
fjkia fkd mj;shs k th tu m%;sls%hdjg inkaO jQ
W;afm%arlhla f,i wmg ir,j yekah yelsh' fudagr
r:j, fhdod .kakd leg,sla lkajrgrho tys fkdjqkq
fldgia ug ridhkslj Wmld jk kuq;a tu ls%hdfjka
miqjo fkdfjkiaj mj;shs' f ksid th tl .gu CIh
fkd Nd;d lsugo mqjk' fudagr r: j, I u wju
lsug fuu leg,sla lkajrgr uq,skau fhdod f.k

we;af;a 1975 jifr tk by; i|yka ,evd md,k

moaO;s fhdod .ekqug jir oyhlg muK fmr isgh'
fuys uq,skau fhdod .;a leg,sla lkajrgrh weulka
jdyk j,ska ysjQ w;r th fhdod .ekqfka my;ska olajd
we;s whqre oykfha Tlaiscka uo fuka msgfjk ldnka
fudfkdlaihs iy yhsfv%dldnka bj;a lsug mu'
jd; fmdmh

jd;h
msgdr jd;h
fmg%,a Y%K
iemhqu

leg,sia
CO iy HC

isx.,a fn leg,sla lkajrgr l%uh

fuys olajd we;af;a uq,skau fudagr r: i|yd fhdod
.;a isx.,a fn leg,sla lkajrgrh jk w;r ire Y%K
oykfha Tlaic
s ka uo fuka msg fjk ldnkaa fudfkdlaihs
I jdhqj I rys; ldnka vfhdlaihs njg m;a lsu;a
fkdjqkq yhsfv%dldnka ixfhda. ;j rg;a oykhg ,la
lr c,h iy ldnka vfhdlaihs njg yeru;a fuu.ska
ish' fuh i jQfha ihs,kairh ueo jk w;r fuu
TlaislrK ls%hdj,sh i|yd wu;r Tlaiscka ,nd ug
tkau u.ska fjku jd; fmdmhla ls%hdlrjkqq ,ek' bka
,efnk jd;fhka isjQfha Tlaislrk ls%hdj,shla neka
fuh TlaisfIka leg,sla lkajrgrh (Oxidation
talytic convertor) kkao yekajqks' flfia fyda fuh
u.ska md,kh jQfha ire Y%Khl msgfjk I jdhq
muKla neka Y%Kh nd, g msgfjk khsg%cka Tlaihsv
md,khg fjku leg,hsghla fuhgu tla lrk ,' my;
lafjkafka tu ksrudKhhs'
jd;h

leg,sia
NOx

fmg%,a Y%K
iemhqu

msgdr jd;h

leg,sia
CO iy HC
jd; fmdmh

vn,a fn leg,sla lkajrgr l%uh

by; ksrudKfha Y%Kh nd, jkg ksmfok
NOX ixfhda. bj;a lsug w;sku
a leg,sla lkajrgrhla
ihs,kairh uq,skau i jqks' thg miqj ire Y%K
wjia:df msgfjk CO iy HC i|yd fmr Nd;d jQ
TlaisfIka leg,hsgh tys jd; fmdmh iu. i
flre' f ksid fuh vqfj,a fn leg,sla lkajrgr
kka yeka jqks' flfia kuq;a fuh idr:l fkdjQfha fuu
khsg%cka Tlaihsv bj;a lsf ls%hdj,sfha wefudakshd jeks
(NH3) I jdhq w;ska msgdr jdhqjg tla jQ neks' f ksid
fuu leg,sla lkajrgr fojr.hu fjkqjg wo Nd;djk
;S% f leg,sla lkajrgrh (3 way ctalyst) ;ks tallhla
f,iska fhdod .ekqks' ixlSrK ridhksl ls%hdj,shlska hq;a
tu leg,sla lkajrgrh ms<sn|j imQrK ia;rhla
< l,dmfhka bm;a flfrkq we;'

hils irdf tika fldkafg%da,a ms<sn|j m<jQ ,sms weiqka fuu ,sms fm< ilia lrk ,

hils

f;uka
leg,sla lkajrgr
Three Way Catalyst
msgdr jdhqf we;s I jdhq bj;a lsug
ihs,kairh w. ijk leg,sla lkajrgr j._ ;=kla
Nd;fha we;s w;r ta w;=kaa isx.,a fn iy vn,a fn
leg,sla lkajrgr j._ folu miq.sh l,dmfhka ia;r
h' tfy;a tajd Nd;fhka bj;aj hka mj;sk w;r kg
Nd;d jkafka fudagr r:j,ska msgfjk m%Odk I jdhq j._
;=ku bj;a l, yels ;ks fn tllska hq;a leg,sla
lkajrgrhls' fuf,i m%Odk I jdhq j._ ;=ku ;ks
ridhksl iels,a,lska bj;a flfrk ksid fuh ykajkq
,nkafka Three Way Catalytic Converter kks'
bf,lafg%dksla
md,lh

,evd fikairh

iq hlv f,day ljrh

firla iels,a,

f;ux leg,hsghl ksrudKh

fuys olajd we;af;a f;ux leg,sla lkajrgrhl
yria lvls' tys wdjrKh iq hlv f,dayfhka ;kd we;'
tys we;=,; we;s firla iels,af,a l=yr ma,ek iy
frdah ridhkslhka wdf,am lr we;' fuu ma,ek
ridhkslh msgdr jdhqf we;s HC iy CO I jdhQ
TlaislrKh lr c, jdIam iy ldnka vfhdlaihs idohs'
frdah u.ska NOX I jdhqj khsg%cka jdhqj njg yrjhs'
iq hlv wdjrKh

fmg%,a Y%K
iemhqu
f;ux leg,hsgh
CO"HC iy NOx

f;ux leg,sla lkajrgrh r:hlg ijk whqre

f;ux leg,sla lkajrgrh iys; msgdr jdhq
md,k moaO;shla fuu igyfka olajd we;' fuh u.ska
CO, HC,NOX hk I jdhq ;=ku ;ks tallhlska bj;al,
yels fjhs' b;d < wl" ridhksl ls%hdld;ajhlska hq;a
fuu WmlrKh by; igyfka olajd we;s whqre ,evd
fikairhla iu. Nd;d l, hq;=h' tg leg,hsghg
we;=,ajkafka jvd;a ire fyda nd, fkdjQ Y%Khl wvq Ie;s
msgdr jdhqjla ksid isjk ridhksl m%;sl%shdj u.ska fuh
jvd;a WKqiqj kdY fkdhhs'
;kslr iq hlv wdjrKhlska iEkq fuu
le,sla lkajrgrh ;=< johl yevhg ieliqkq
firla iels,a,la fjhs' tys (Rhodium) frdah iy
ma,ek (Platinum) hk ridhksl wdf,amhka .,ajd
;sfnhs' fuu ridhksl wdf,am fkdoejqkq fmg%,a fukau Bh
ixfhda. ksido kdYhg m;afjhs' f ksid fuu leg,hsgh
iys; fudagr r: i|yd Bh rys; fmg%,a ksIamdokh jQ
w;r Bh iys; fmg%,a lsis fgl;a fkdfhh hq;=h'
fkdjqkq fmg%,a msgdr jdhqj yd tlafukao fuu
leg,sla lkajrgr kdY h yels neka fuu fYaI
leg,hsgh fhdojk ,oafoa bf,lafg%dksla b.aksIka moaO;s
iu. mu' thg fya;=j bf,lafg%dksla b.aksIka u.ska ia
*hka we;s fkduhs' ia *hka j, fkdjqkq fmg%,a
ihs,kairhg we;= leg,hsgh kdY lrhs' ldhqfrgr
l%uh bj;a lr fmg%,a bkafclaIka l%u kk r:j,g
fhugo fya;= we;af;a fuf,i fkdjqkq fmg%,a msgu
je<elaugh'

ma,ek iy frdah wdf,amh

f;ux leg,sla lkajrgrh ;=, ls%hdld;ajh

f;ux (Three way) leg,sla lkajrgrhla ;=,
we;s firla iels,a, Yd, lr fuys olajd we;s w;r tys
we;s ridhksl jH u.ska we;s lrk m%;sls%hdj u.ska
CO,HC.NOX hk I jH c,h ldnka vfhdlaishs iy
khsg%cka njg yerfjk wdldrho fmkajd ;sfnhs'
leg,sla ls%hdj,sh isug th fi' wxYl 300
l muK WIaK;ajhlg m;a h hq;=h' msgdr jdhqfjkau tu
WIaK;ajh b;d iq ld,hla ;=, ,nd .efka' <g th
;=, ridhksl m%;sl%shdjla is jqk;a ridhksl jH CIh
hdula is fkdf' my; lafjkafka fuu fYaI ls%hdj,sh
isjk wdldrhhs'

leg,sla ls%hdj,sh

HC+O2+N2

H2O+CO2+N2

HC = yhsfv%da ldnka

O2

= Tlaiscka

CO2 = ldnka vfhdlaihs

N2

= khsg%cka

H2O = c,h

by; ilrKfhka fmkajd we;af;a fmg%,a

tkaula ;=, ksj/ Y%Khl isjk oyk ls%hdj,shhs'
khsg%cka (N2) jdhqj oykhg inkaO fkdjk neka th
ta wdldrfhkau ihs,kairfhka msgf' fuys we;sfjk

hils irdf tika fldkafg%da,a ms<sn|j m<jQ ,sms weiqka fuu ,sms fm< ilia lrk ,

hils
ldnka vfhdlaihs (CO2) iy c, jdIam (H2O) I rys;
tajd f' uq,skau Y%Kh nd,fuka I jdhq iEfok whqre
iy leg,hsgh u.ska th md,kh jk whqre fidhd n,uq'

Y%Kh nd, jQ g

HC+O2+N2 H2O+CO2+N2+O2
by; ilrKh whqre Y%Kh nd,jQ g th
oykhg Tlaiscka jeh u wvq oykfhka miqjo h
Tlaiscka m%udKhla is,skavrh ;=, b;s f' oykhg
inkaO fkdjQ khsg%cka iu. fuu Tlaiscka inkaO u
is,skavrh ;=, we;s wl WIaK;ajh hgf;a isf' tys
i;aj fmkyZ ;=, we;s ishq mgl kdY lrk iy kdih
iy W.=fr wdidok j,g fya;=jk khsg%cka Tlaihsv
lsysmhla iEfok w;r fmdf tajd NOX kka yekaf'
tk"

N2+O2 NOX

fuys I jdhq folg ,efnk w;r tys tajd ;j rg;a

TlaislrKh c, jdIam iy ldnka vfhdlaihs njg
m;af' f wdldrhg ;S% f leg,hsgh u.ska I jdhq
msgu Y%Kh ire iy ksire wjia:d foflau k;r f'
tfukau fuys we;sfjk ridhksl ls%hdj,sh ;=,ska
leg,hsgfha f.hdulao is fkdf'

f;%dg,a iaph
msgdr jdhq md,k tallh

,evd fikairh
lg,sla lkajrgrh

nd, Y%Khl leg,sla ls%hdld;ajh

we;sfjk I jdhq

leg,hsg miq

NOX (N2+OX ) N2
leg,hsgh ;=,
by; olajd we;af;a nd, Y%Khla fjk g
msgfjk NOX I jdhQka leg,hsgh ;=, msis jk
wdldrhhs' jgyd .ekqf myiqj ;ld msgdr jdhqfjka fuys
olajd we;af;a Y%Kh j_, jk g msgfjk I jdhqj tk
NOX mu' leg,hsgh WKqiq jQ miq th ;=, fidah
Ys%; ma,ek wdf,amh yd .efgk NOX fj;ska khsg%cka
b;s jkakg yer tys we;s Tlaiscka leg,hsgfha we;s
frdah ridhksl mg,h u.ska Wrd .kq ,ef' fuf,i
b;sfjk khsg%cka wKq tl;= khsg%cka jdhq wKq f,i
(N2) msgdr jdhqj iu. msgf' f wdldrhg Y%Kh nd,
g NOX mirhg msg u ;S% f leg,hsg ;=,
imQrKfhkau j<lS' tfy;a fuys leg,hsgh NOX j,
we;s Tlaiscka Wrd .kakd neka th Tlaiscka j,ska
ix;Dma; jQ miq m%;sls%hdj k;r h hq;=h' ;jo ta f,i
frdah imQrKfhkau m%;sls%hdjg ,la fkd fjk;a
ixfhda. njg yereKq miq leg,sla lkajrgr udre
lsugo isjkq we;' tfy;a tjekakla fuu leg,hsgh ;=,
is fkdf' ukao tkaf Y%Kh ire wjia:dj, fuu
Tlaiscka tys we;s CO iy HC u.ska Wrd .kakd neks'
tu m%;sls%hdj my; laf'

ire Y%Khl leg,sla ls%hdld;ajh

leg,hsg miq

we;sfjk I jdhq

HC+CO HC+CO+OX H2O +CO2

leg,hsg ;=,
fuys j miska olajd we;af;a ire Y%Khl
Tlaiscka uo fuka msgfjk I jdhq fojr.hhs'
leg,hsgh ;=, Y%Kh nd, wjia:dj, ,nd.;a Tlaiscka

f;ux leg,hsghla iu. il< hq;= Wmdx.

fuys olajd we;af;a ;S% f leg,sla lkajrgrhla
fudagr r:hlg inkaO flfrk wdldrhhs' fuys ,evd
fikairho ta iu.u wksjdhH_fhkau i h hq;=fjhs'
leg,sla lkajrgrhla fi' 9000 lg jvd WKqiq fkdh
hq;= w;r th j<lajd .ekqug fuh fhfok whqre wo ,smsh
wdrNfhau ia;r h' fuys ;j;a tla .egjla mek
ke.sh yelsh' tk ,evd md,k moaO;shla r:hlg
fhdokafka 14:1 wkqmd;fhka jd; fmg%,a Y%Kh imhd
msgdr I jdhQka we;s u je<elaugh' tfia k ta iu.
leg,sla lkajrgrhla fhdokafka l=ulgo@ ukao h;a
leg,sla lkajrgrh u.ska is jkafkao msgdr I jdhqj
bj;a lsu neks'
,evd md,kh hgf;a 14:1 wkqmd;fhka Y%Kh
iemhQ g msgdr I jdhqj bj;a jk kuq;a whs, iy *q,a
f,da wjia:d j, tu Y%K wkqmd;fhka tkaula
ls%hdlrh fkdyel' ukao tys tkaug fhfok nr je
fyhska Y%Kh ire l< hq;= neks' f ksid by;
igyfkau olajd we;s wdldrhg f;%dg,a iaphla u.ska fuu
wjia:d fol ykd .kakd md,k tallh tys muKla
Y%Kh ire lrk nj fmr ,sms u.ska ia;r h' ta wkqj
tys msgdr jdhqjg I tl;= jk w;r th bj;a lsug
leg,hsgh fhh hq;=f' f leg,hsgh iu. ,evd
fikairho i lsug tla fya;=jls'
leg,sla lkajrgrh fld;r jeo.;a jQ
WmlrKhla jqj;a th kdY h yels udr. /ila
;sf'tjka wjia:d iy tajd u.yrjd we;s whqre <
,smsfhka ia;r flfrkq we;'

hils irdf tika fldkafg%da,a ms<sn|j m<jQ ,sms weiqka fuu ,sms fm< ilia lrk ,

10

hils

ldhqfrgr i|yd ,evd md,k moaO;s

,evd md,k moaO;s u.ska fmg%,a jd; Y%Kh 14:1 wkqmd;h hgf;a ;nd .ekqu ;=,ska msgdr jdhqf I wju
lr.;a wdldrh wjia:d /il wm wOHhkh l, w;r f i|yd ixlSrK bf,lafg%dksla md,k tallhla fhdod .ekqug
ish' flfia fyda fuys idr:l;ajh ksidu fndfyda rgj,a i|yd wdkhkh lrk r: i|yd fuu ,evd md,k moaO;s
wksjdrh wx.hla h' f wkqj ldhqfrgrh fudagr r: j,ska bj;au bfu is jqkq kuq;a fndfyda iud. u.ska
ldhqfrgrhgo ,evd md,k moaO;s tlalsfuka th ;j rg;a kk r: iu mj;ajd .ekqu is jqks'
ldhqfrgrhlg ,evd md,k moaO;shla tla lsf bf,lafg%dksla md,k tallhlao wksjdrhfhkau tlal,
hq;= h' bf,lafg%dksla md,k tallhla tla lsf tys ;j ;j;a moaO;s thg wka;r.; lsug yels jQ w;r tjka
ldhqfrgr miq ld,fha bf,lafg%dksla md,k ldhqfrgr f,i ye|skajqks' f hgf;a wms uq,skau wm W.;a fhn,a
fc ldhqfrgr i|yd fuu ,evd md,k moaO;sh we;=,;a lr bf,lafg%dksla md,khg .;a whqre wjfndaO lr .ksuq'

bf,lafg%dksla md,k fhn,a fjkapQ ldhqfrgr

,evd fikair

tkaka jryS
,hs
tkaka WIaK;aj
grh

b.aksIka
fudhq,h

tkaka WIaK;aj
fikairh

whs, ia

bf,lafg%dksla
md,k tallh

fmg%,a l *a
jE,a

iafgmr fudagr

tia'hQ ldhqfrgrhla i|yd fhdod .;a bf,lafg%dksla md,k moaO;shla

fhn,a fc tia' hQ' ldhqfrgrhlg bf,lafg%dksla ;dCIKh uq,skau tla l, wdldrh fuys laf' fuys
uQ,sl ls%hdld;ajh msgdr jdhqjg inkaO ,evd fikair ixj u.ska imhk ixj wkqj fmg%,a jd; Y%Kh ksh;
w.hlska ;nd mirhg msgdr jdhqj iuZ msgfjk I jdhq m%;sY;h wju lsuhs' fuys bf,lafg%dksla md,k tallhg
tkaka WIaK;ajh ixjla f,iska imhd we;s ksid tkaka fgmfrpr f.a tl fukau jr yS fjdarkska ,hs tlo
ldhqfrgr md,k tallh u.skau ls%hdlrug mm:h ilid ;sfnhs' fmg%,a l *a jE,ajh u.ska tkaug imhk fmg%,a
tljr lmd yeh yels w;r th jr rka fmg%,a l *a i|yd fhdojd ;sfnhs' tk r:h m,a,ul hk g frdao
u.ska tkau lerlu isjk w;r tys fmg%,a lmd yefuka bkaOk b;sh jelr .efka' md,k tallhg f;%dg,a
whs, iaph;a b.aksIka fudhQ,h;a inkaOj we;af;a fuu jr rka fmg%,a lmdyeu i|ydh' f;%dg,a iaph u.ska
tkaf whs, wjia:dj md,k tallhg kq fok w;r tys tkaka f.h h hq;af;a ' jg 750 la jeks w.hls'
tfy;a tys tkaka f.h jej we;ak th r:fha frdao u.ska tkau t<jk wjia:dj fyj;a jr rka wjia:djhs'
fuf,i tkaka f.h jejk g bkaOk lmd yeho kej; f.h 'jg 1000 l muK w.hlg wvqjk g fmg%,a
inkaO lr tkau mk .ekau iajhxlS%h f,i isf'

hils irdf tika fldkafg%da,a ms<sn|j m<jQ ,sms weiqka fuu ,sms fm< ilia lrk ,

hils
bf,lafg%dksla md,kh i|yd fuu ldhqfrgrh ksru
dKh
lr we;af;a tys idudkH fmg%,a uksk fc tlg wu;rj
;j;a fmg%,a iemhq udr.hla imhd ta yryd imhk
fmg%,a md,k tallh yryd md,kh ug ie,iafuks'
my; igyfka tu ie,iqu olajd we;'

11

fmg%,a bkafclaIka
iy
fudfg%dksla moaO;s
Fuel Injection and Motronic

iafgmr fudagrh

*af,da fnrh

fmg%,a jd; Y%Kh

jd;h

iafgmr fudagrh u.ska md,kh jk oa;Sl fmg%,a

iemhq udr.h
by; igyfka olajd we;s fhn,a fc
bf,lafg%dksla ldhqfrgr ie,iqug wh;a
iafgmr
fudagrh u.ska isjkafka kS,a fc mm:hg iudka;r.;j
jq ;j;a fmg%,a mm:hla ls%hd lruhs' iafgmr fudagrhla
hkq md,k tallhla u.ska wxYl .Kklska mshjfrka
mshjr lerlh yels fYaI fudagrhls' Y%Kh md,kh
i|yd fuu iafgmr fudagrh fhdod we;s whqre by;
igyfkka olajd we;' ldhqfrgrh my<ska thdr fc
tlla iys; fYaI fldgi u.ska fmg%,a jd; Y%Khla
ilik w;r iafgmr fudagrh u.ska tys jE,ajh
lerlfuka tu fmg%,a iemhqu wvq fyda je l< yelsh'
f wkqj ,evd fikairh u.ska Y%Kh ire fyda nd, nj
oek.kakd md,k tallh ta iuu fuu iafgmr fudagrh
yryd Y%Kh ire fyda nd, lr ,evd md,kh mj;ajd
.kS' tkaka WIaK;ajh my< w.hl f k fuu mm:h
u.ska je fmg%,a m%udKhla imhd Y%Kh irelr fpdala
ls%hdld;ajho ,ndfoa'
uq,skau idudkH fhn,a fc ldhqfrgr
fudagr r: i|yd jvd;a fhdod .ekqu is fkdjQfha tla tla
;;aj hgf;a Y%Kh wjYH whqre ire lr .ekqu wmyiq
jQ ksid nj wms oksuq' tu wvqmdvq i|yd fuu ldhqfrgrh
klrKh lr.;a whqre .shjr l,dmfhka ia;r jQ w;r
tho t;r idr:l fkdjqfka thg ,evd md,k moaO;sh
we;=,;a fkdjQ fyhsks' tfy;a fuu ldhqfrgrfha
bf,lafg%dksla md,k tallh u.ska tjka wjia:d ykd f.k
iafgmr fudagr ls%hdld;ajh hgf;a ta iEu wjia:djlgu
iqiq Y%Kh iemfhk neka fuh b;d idr:l h' fuf,i
bf,lafg%dksla ;dCIKh hgf;a klrKh jqkq ldhqfrgr
ms<sn|j ,nk l,dmfhkao ia;r flfrkq we;'

K-Jetronic

't't'oikdhl

fuys olajd we;af;a ouq;= ;dCIKsl m%ldYk u.ska

m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,o fmg%,a bkafclaIka ms<sn|j jQ
;dCIK lD;shhs' oekg f,dj ysj we;s ishu jr.j,
fmg%,a bkafclaIka l%u ldrlhska yg wjfndaO lr.;
yels whqre b;d ir, whqka isxy, niska fuu
lD;sfhka bm;a lr we;' tfukau leg,sla lkajrgr
we;= ishu tIka fldkafg%da,a l%uo fuys ia;r lr
;sfnhs' fuh msgq 600 lska hq;a Yd, lD;shls'

hils irdf tika fldkafg%da,a ms<sn|j m<jQ ,sms weiqka fuu ,sms fm< ilia lrk ,