hils

YS% ,xldf uq,au fudagr r: ;dCIK irdj

fudagrr: kka 1995 ckjd ui isg m%ldYhg
m;au wdrN jQ w;r l,dm 20 lska wjika
lrk ,' fuh Wiia fudagr r: ;dCIKh i|yd
fjka jQjls'

fudagrr: wdorY l,dm folla

Wiia fudagr r: ;dCIKh i|yd fudagrr:

irdj ksl=;a u;a iu mdGl b,a,Su
u; idudkH fudagr r: ;dCIKh i|ydo
irdjla 1996 udr;= ui isg m%ldYhg
m;a lrk , th k flrefka ismar:
kks'

ismar: wdorY l,dm folla

ouq;= ;dCIK m%ldYk wdh;kh ,lay~

.=jka ,sh yd tlaj m%ldYhg m;al,
,lay~ hils jevigyk yd inkaOj
hils hk irdj m%ldYhg m;a flreks'
th l,dm 50 lg miq k;r lrkq ,enqf
fuu fj wvh ilia lsu i|ydh'
bfha kej;;a fuu irdj fjk;a
wdfrlska fukau fjk;a kulska kej;;a
wdrN jkq we;'
hils wdorY l,dm folla

fuu fj msgqj ilid we;af;a hils udisl irdf m<jQ ,agfkagr

ms<sn|j jQ ,sms fm< weiqks'

hils

ir, iy m%;Hdjr:l ,s
Odrd fjki
,s Odrdjla m%;Hdjr:l iy ir, Odrd f,iska
wdldr follg ksmoh yelsf' f w;ka ishu
bf,lafg%dksla mm: ls%hdlrkafka ir, Odrdfjks' (Direct
current) tjf.au fudagr r:j, ,agfkagrfha muKla
fkdj kk fudfg%dksla moaO;sj, *a,hs ,a fikair jeks
fikair /ilska ksmofjkafka m%;Hdjr:l (Alternating
current) Odrdjls' f wkqj bfha wmg wOHhkhg
we;s fudfg%dksla moaO;s" ,agfkagr mm: wdh wOHhkh
i|yd fuu ir, Odrd iy m%;Hdjr:l Odrd fjki uq,skau
ykd.; hq;=fjhs' hdka;s%l kqu muKla we;s ldrlhska
ygo wjfndaO lr.; yels f,ig fuu ,smsh ;=,ska fuu
,s Odrd fojr.h b;d ir,j ia;r flfr'
,sh hkq .,dhk bf,lafg%dak Odrdjls' c,h
.,dhdug ie,eiafuka c, Odrdjla we;sfjk f,igu
bf,lafg%dak .,dhdug ie,eiafuka bf,lafg%dak Odrdjla
tk ,s Odrdjla we;sf' fuys bf,lafg%dak Odrdj
ksmojd .kakd m%Odk wdldr folla jk w;r bka tla
l%uhl ridhksl m%;sls%hdj,shla u.ska th bgqf' ishu
neg ta i|yd ksoiqkah' wfkla m%Odk l%uh fm%arKhhs'
ishu oHq;a fckfrgr ta i|yd ksoiqka f,i .; yelsh'

ir, Odrdj$ Direct current

by; i|yka jq wdldrhg ishu ridhksl lsh
% dj,shka
u.ska ksmofjk bf,lafg%dak Odrdjka iDk w.%fha isg Ok
w.%hg tl .gu .,dhhs' f ksid th frla lrka
(Direct Current) f,i yekaf' isxyf,ka th
yekafjkafka ir, Odrdjla f,isks' fudagr r: neghla
weiqka wms tu Odrdj ielfik whqre jgyd .ksuq'

bf,lafg%dak (B)
+
wefkdavh

lef;davh

wefkdavh

lef;davh

bf,lafg%dak (A)

w,h
neghl fjda,ah;djh we;sfjk whqre
by; A igyfka olajd we;af;a fudagr r: neghl
tla welshqf,agr fldaIhls' thg w,h mqrjd ke;s w;r
fuu wefkdav iy lef;dav j, tl iudk whqka
bf,lafg%dak ms mj;s' f ksid fuu bf,lafg%dv w;r lsis
fjda,ah;d mSvkhla ke;' tfy;a B igyk whqre fuh
i,a*shqla w, djkfhka msrjQ miq we;sfjk ridhksl
m%;sl%shdfjka wefkdavfhka bf,lafg%dk f.k lef;davfha
mqrjkq ,nhs' fuf,i lef;davfha bf,lafg%dk ix;Dma; jQ

miq m%;sls%hdjo k;rjk w;r bf,lafg%dav w;r fjda,ah;d

mSvk wka;rhla mj;shs' tk lef;davh iDk w.%h
f,ig;a wefkdavh Ok w.%h f,ig;a m;aj ;sfnhs'
fuys olajd we;af;a fldaIhl
wefkda
vh iy lef;davh ,s
bf,lafg%dak
Odrdj
WmlrKhlg inkaO l, g
ta yryd ,sh .uka lrk
R
wdldrhhs
' fuys olajd we;af;a
+
bf,la f g% d a k Odrdj .,dhk
idjhs' fuf,i h ld,hla
Odrdj .,dhk g fuu
bf,lafg%dak mSvkh wvq hk
bf,lafg%dak Odrdj
w;r tys m%;sls%hdj kej;
.,dhdu
kej;;a isfjka tu wvqj
mqrjkq ,nhs' fuf,i ridhksl fldgia tla;rd iSudjlg
jeh jQ miq fjda,ah;djh neihk w;r tys fgda
neghla k bj;,s h hq ; = f jhs ' tfy;a f,
welshqf,agrhl k msgia;r Odrdjlska pd lsfuka
tk Ok w.%hg .,d.sh bf,lafg%daka kej;;a iDk w.%hg
fmdm lsfuka negh kej; kej;;a Nd;d l, yelsf'

m%;Hdjr:l Odrdj$ Alternating current

negfhka fuka u oHq ; a cklhls k a tk
fckfrgrhlskao
Odrdj ksmoh yelsj ;sf' iEu
cklhlu ls%hdld;ajh jkafka ikakdhl l orhla
wi, pqnlhla p,kh lr tys fjkia jk pqnl
fCIa;%hla u.ska ikakdhlfha we;s ksoyia bf,lafg%dak tla
fl<jrlg mSvkh lr bf,lafg%dak Odrdjla ksmouhs'
oHq;a ckl ms,sn|j b;d iia;rj bfha ia;r
flfrk neka kg wms ta ms,sn|j iq kqula muKla
,nd .ksuq'
oHq;a cklhl Odrdj
ksmofjk lh fuys a iy
b f,i f.k tys ueo fldgi
a
b
Yd, lr olajd we;' fuh
ikakdhl f,day lhla
neka th ;=,
ksoyia
bf,lafg%dak isr mj;S' wms
ikakdhlhl ksoyia
bf,lafg%dk
a
ksoyia bf,lafg%dak hkqfjka
ykajkafka mrudKq p,kfha lCIh ;=,ska .s,syS ksoyfia
f,dayh ;=,u ieirk fuu ;ks bf,lafg%dakhka f'
fuf,i bf,lafg%dak mrudKq ;=,ska .s,syS we;;a tajd
f,dayfhka msg;g .,d f.dia ke;s neka f,dayfha oHq;a
a
WodiSk;djhg lsiu
s fjkila isj ke;' ksoyia bf,lafg%dk
f,dayh mqrd tlf,i isr we;s neka tys w.% fol w;r
lsis fjda,ah;djhlao we;sj ke;' fuu ikakdhlh
neghlg inkaO l, g ta ;=,ska bf,lafg%dak Odrdjla
.,d hkafka fuys we;s ksoyia bf,lafg%dak neg Ok w.%fha
wvqj msrug tla mfilska ,nd fok w;r wfkla miska
iDk w.%h ikakdhlhg bf,lafg%dak we;=,a lsfuks'
ksoyia
bf,lafg%dak

fuu ,sms fm< hils irdf T,agfkagr ms<sn|j jQ ,sms ;,ska Wmqgd .kakd ,'

nhsisl,a
B
vhskfudaj
nhsisl,a vhskfudaj iy tys ls%hdld;ajh
fuys A igyfkka olajd we;af;a wm fydka okakd
fckfrgrhla jk nhsisl,a vhskfudajls' th ;=, we;af;a
ikakdhl l orhla iy ta wi, N%uKh jk ia:Sr
pqnlhls' B igyfkka tu ikakdhl l fldgila
msg;g f.k tys oHq;a mSvkhla we;sfjk whqre fmkajd
;sfnhs' tys N%uKhjk pqnlh u.ska bf,lafg%dak tla
milg ;,a lr isrlr ;nd.kS' fuf,i tla mfil
bf,lafg%dak wfkla mig f;rmSu ksid igyk whqre tla
me;a;l bf,lafg%dk
a wjmd;hl=;a wfkla me;af;a bf,lafg%dk
a
je ul=;a we;sf' fuu mSvk fjkia u ksid ka a iy
b w.% w;r oHq;a mSvkhla we;sf' tu igyk whqre
msg;ska ikakdhlhlska fuu w.% inkaO l, g ta yryd
fuu bf,lafg%dak .,df.dia mSvkh iu;=,s; lr .ekqug
W;aidy .efka' tys m%;sM,h ikakdhl ueo we;s n,anh
yryd Odrdj .,df.dia th ,auhs'
by; wdldrhg Odrdj ,nd.ekqug pqnlh
ks;ru p,kh fjka mej;sh hq;=f' oahq;a cklhl
tkau fyda grnhskh u.ska flfrkafka tu ldhH_hhs'
fuys ksmofjk Odrdj negfhka ,nd.;a Odrdjg jvd
yd;amiskau fjkiajk w;r ta flfiahs fidhd n,uq'

(A)

ld,h

ir, Odrdj

cklhl ,sh ksmofjk wdldrh

pqnlhl O%ej folla we;s w;r tajd W;=re (N)
iy ol+Kq (S) O%ej hkqfjka yekaf' fuys j igyfka
orh wi,ska pqnlfha W;=re O%ejh .uka lrk w;r
tys fCIa;%h u.ska bf,lafg%dak tys tla mfilg ;,a
we;s kuq;a ol=Kq mi igyk whqre pqnlfha ol=Kq O%ejh
ikakdhlh wi,ska .uka lrk g tu bf,lafg%dak wfkla
mig .uka lrk nj fmkajhs' fuf,i a iy b w.% fol
pqnl p,kh wkqj Ok iy iDk jYfhka tl.gu
udrejk w;r tys ikakdhlh ,s w.%o ks;r Ok iy
iDk jYfhka udref' tk fuh n,anhla fyda fjk;a ,s
WmlrKhla i l,fyd;a ta yryd Odrdj fomig .,d hhs'
fuh lkka isjk neka fuhg i lrk n,anhla
fjkilska f;drj ,ah hq;=h'

(B)

fjda,
a h;djh

fjda,
a h;djh

hils

ld,h

m%;Hdjr:l Odrdj

ir, Odrd iy m%;Hdjr:l Odrd fjki

by; m%ia:dr fjki ;=,ska m%;Hdjr:l iy ir,
Odrd fjki fydka meye<sf' fuys ir, Odrdjl
fjda,ah;djh ksh; w.hlska mej;=ko m%;Hjr:l
Odrdjl fjda,ah;d w.h fjkia u muKla fkdj .,k
w;o ks;ru fjkia f' fuhg fmr olajk ,o igyko
Wmldrhg f.k fuu m%;Hdjr:l Odrd fjki we;sfjk
wdldrh jgyd .ksuq'
00

450 900 1350

1800 2250 2700 3150 3600

0
a

w.%h

w.%h

m%;Hdjr:l Odrdj ks;r fjkiajk whqre

fuu igyk ;=,ska m%;Hdjr:l Odrdjl yeisu iy
thg fya;= fydka jgyd.; yelsfjhs' fuys jmi
cklhl ,sh ksmojk wdldrh fmkajdug bm;al,
igyfkau N%uKh jk pqnlh tlajghla ;=, tk wxYl
3600 la ;=, ksmojk ,s Odrdf fjda,ah;djh wxYl
450 ka 450 g uek wdfoaY lsfuka fuu m%ia:dr igyk
ksrudKhj we;' fuu kq igykg f.k we;af;a tla
w.%hl fjda,ah;djh 0 f,i f.k tys isg wfkla w.%hg
we;s fjda,ah;djh uekSfuks' fuys pqnlh ikakdhlhg
imjk g ksmofjk fjda,ah;djho jejk neka B
iy C wjia:dj, Wmu fjda,ah;djh we;s we;' fuys
A isg E olajd a w.%h iDk jk w;r b w.%h Ok w.%hls'
E isg I olajd pqnlfha O%ej udreu ksid a w.%h Ok
w.%hla b w.%h iDk we;' fuf,i pqnlh tla jghla
;=, we;sfjk tl Odrd udreula tla ;rx.hla (Wave)
f,i yekaf' fuf,i tla ;rx.hla ;=, fojrla ,s
w.% O%ej udreu ksid fuys w.% Ok fyda iDk f,i k
lsu l< fkdyels neka tajd fmaia (phase) w.% f,i
yekaf' ;;amrhla ;=, fuf,i we;sfjk f .Kk tu
Odrdf ixLHd;h (Frequency) f,i ye|skaf' th ukskq
,nkafka yria (HZ) j,sks' fuu m%;Hdjr:l Odrdjla
ir, Odrdjla njg yrjk whqre ,nk l<dmfhka ia;r
flfrkq we;'

fuu ,sms fm< hils irdf T,agfkagr ms<sn|j jQ ,sms ;,ska Wmqgd .kakd ,'

hils

ishu bf,lafg%dksla Wmdx. ir, Odrdjlska

ls%hdlrk nj by; i|yka jqj;a TV iy lei hka;% wm
ls%hd lrjkafka ksjfia we;s m%;Hdjr:l Odrdfjka njg
fuys Tng isf;kq we;' th i;Hhla jqj;a we;a;jYfhkau
is jkafka ksjfia we;s m%;Hdjr:l Odrdj tu hka;% ;=,
ir, Odrdjla njg mjr;kh lr .ekquhs' fuu ls%hdj,sh
wm ykajkafka Odrd iDcqlrKh (Current rectification) kks' fuh vfhda fhdod mQrK ;rx. iy wO_ ;rx.
iDcqlrKh (Full wave & half wave rectification)
hkqfjka l%u follg isfjhs' fudagr ldrlhska yehg
fuu l%u folu wm fydka wjfndaO lr.; hq;=fjhs' ukao
,agfkagr j, fuu mm: fhdod .efkk neks'
by; ls%hdj,sh wm
ksru
dKd;aul f,i wOHhkh
lsu i|yd neg lE,s 6
lska tk fjda,a 9 lska
ls%hdlrk lei hka;%hla
i|yd .Dyia: ,sfhka
lsh
% dlrug iqiq iDcqlrK
mm:hla ksrudKh lruq'
fuys uq,skau ksjfia we;s
fjda,a 230 l fjda,ah;djh fjda,a 9 la olajd wvq lr.;
hq;=fjhs' ta i|yd fuys olajd we;s wdldrfha iafgma vjqka

230V

9V
y

230V

(A)
+
R

+
_

(B)
+

9V

_
y

230V

(C)

9V

ir, Odrdjla hkq tlu w;g .,dhk Odrdjla

jk w;r thg fyd|u ksoiqk wm neg u.ska ,nd.kakd
,s Odrdjhs' fudagr r:j,o Nd;d jkafka tu ir,
Odrdjhs' ,s nqnq ,au wd we;e ldhH_hka muKla
fuu Odrd foflkau tl f,i lr.; yels jqj;a
m%;Hjr:l Odrdjlska ls%hdlrjk fndfyda WmlrK ir,
Odrdfjka ls%hdlrh fkdyel' tfukau ir, Odrdjkaf.ka
.kakd we;e ldhH_hka m%;Hdjr:l Odrdjkaf.ka lrjd.;
fkdyel' ksoiqkla f,i hq ,hs ,au" g%dkaiaf*daur
ls%hdlru jeks ldhH_hka lr.; yelafla m%;Hdjr:l
Odrdjlska mu' neg wdfrdamkh iy ishu jr.j,
bf,lafg%dksla mm: ls%hdlru l< yelafla ir,
Odrdjlska mu'

wmg m%Odk jYfhka ir, Odrd iy

m%;Hdjr:l Odrd hkqfjka fldgia follg jr. l< yels
fjhs' fuhska wm ksjfia m%fhdackhg .kafka m%;Hdjr:
Odrdjhs' (Alternating current) wm idudkHfhka A.C
lrka kka th ykajkafkuq' tys w.% ks;ru udreu
ksid wm ksjfia Nd;d lrk fuu Odrdj ;;amrhg 50
jdrhlska fomig .,dhdu isfjhs' wms th tys ixLHd;h
(Frequency) kka ykajkafkuq' 13 l,dmfhka fuu
m%;Hdjr:l Odrdjla ksmofjk wdldrh ia;r flreKs'

,sh

g%dkaiaf*daurhla fhdod .; hq;=fjhs' b.aksIka moaO;s

wOHhkfha fuu g%dkaiaf*daur .ek ia;r jqkq neka
tajdfha ls%hdld;ajh fuys kej;;a ia;r fkdflfr'
flfia fyda fuu g%dkaiaf*daurh u.ska
ksjfia we;s
fjda,ah;djh fjda,a 9 la olajd wvq lr .;a;o thg
iDcqju fuu lei frfldavrh ls%hdlrug yelshdjla
ke;' ukao tys fjda,ah;djh ksh; w.hg wvq jqjo th
;ju;a m%;Hdjr:l Odrdjla neks' vfhdavhla tlla fyda
folla tfia;a ke;ak 4 la fhdod wmg tu Odrdj ir,
Odrdjla njg m;alr.; yelsh' uq,skau fuys b;d ir,u
l%uh jQ wO_ ;rx. iDcqlrK mm:h wjfndaO lr .ksuq'
wO_ ;rx. iDcq lrKh
Half wave rectification

m%;Hdjr:l Odrdjla ir,

Odrdjla njg yeru

_
wO_ ;rx. iDcqlrKh isjk whqre
by; igyk u.ska fmkajd we;af;a ;ks
vfhdavhla u.ska RcqlrKh lrk whqrehs' iafgma vjqka
g%dkaiaf*daurhla u.ska fuys wjYH fjda,ah;djh f;la
m%;Hjr:l fjda,ah;djh wvq lrkq ,ef' oeka by; A
igyk whqre g%dkaiaf*daurfha oa;Slfhka ,efnkafka wmg
wjYH fjd,ah;djfhka hq;a m%;Hdjr:l Odrdjhs' th iDcq
lrKh lsug B igyfka lafjk whqre ;ks vfhdavhla
ilr we;' tg oa;Slfha vfhdavh inkaO w.%h RK
w.%h b;s w.%h Ok w.%h jQ g Odrdj .e,Su k;r
fjhs' vfhdavh inkaO w.%h Ok w.%h b;s w.%h RK
w.%h jQ g Odrdj .,d hhs' fuys Odrdj tla w;lg
muKla .,k nekao" Ok iy RK w.% fjkalr ;eh
yels nekao th ir< Odrdjls' tfy;a lka lv leu
ksid tys iquq njla fkdue;s kuq;a C igyk whqre
lemEisgrhla fhfuka th fndfyda rg iqug lr.; yel'
igyk my;ska olajd we;s whqre fuys msg;g ,efnkafka
Odrd ;rx.hlska wvla muKla nekaa th wrO ;rx.
RcqlrKh (Half wave Rectification) kka yekafjhs'

fuu ,sms fm< hils irdf T,agfkagr ms<sn|j jQ ,sms ;,ska Wmqgd .kakd ,'

hils
fuu mm: ie,iqf wmg g%dkaiaf*daurfhka
,efnk imQrK Odrdju m%fhdackhg .ekSug fkdyels
w;r tys ,efnk ir, Odrdjo t;r iqug fkdfjhs'
fuu imQrK Odrdju iDcqlrKh lr.; fyd;a th jvd;a
iqug jk w;r my; lafjkafka ta i|yd fhdod .; yels
mm:hls'

fmkajhs' fuys uq ;rx.hu iDcqlrKh tl w;g

Odrdj .,d hk fyhska fuh mQK_ ;rx. iDcqlrKh (Full
Wave Rectification) kka yekaf

vfhda folla iys; mQrK ;rx. iDcqlrKh

x

9V

_
+

lemEisgrh fkdue;sj

lemEisgrh fkdue;sj

mQrK ;rx. iDcqlrKh isjk whqre

by; igyfka fmkajd we;af;a m%;Hdjr;l
Odrdjl imQK_ ;rx.hu iDcqlrKh lr we;s whqrehs'
f i|yd vfhda 4 la Nd;d lsug isj we;s w;r tu.ska
imQK_ ;rx.hu iDcqlrKh jk nj my;ska we;s j.=j
fmkajhs' fuu.ska Odrdf wmf;a hdula is fkdfjhs'
lemeisgrhla fkdue;sj jqjo Odrdj fndfyda rg neg
Odrdjla fukau iqugj we;s w;r lemEisgrhla fhfuka
th imQK_fhkau msis Odrdjla njg m;a l, yel'
fuf,i imQrK ;rx.hu iDcqlrKh lr.; yels neka
wo je jYfhkau Nd;d jkafkao fuu vfhda y;rla
iys; mm:hhs' fuys imQK_ ;rx.hu iDcqlrKh jk
whqre oek .ekqug by; vfhda inkaOh jvd;a
meye,s wdldrhg we| .ksuq'
x

+
y

- K
- W +
+

W G
(B)

(A)
x

G
- W +
- K W

9V

9V

vfhdav folla u.ska flfrk mQ ;rx. iDcqlrKh

vfhda folla wdOdrfhka mQK_ ;rx. f,i" tk
imQrK m%;Hdjr;l Odrdju ir, Odrdjla njg m;a l,
yels l%uhla by; olajd we;' fuys g%dkaiaf*daur oa;slh
by; igyk whqre uOH w.%hla iys;j T;d ;sh hq;=
w;r tu uOH w.%fha Z (Z) isg fofl<jr tla w.%hlg
(ZX fyda ZY) we;s fjda,ah;djh wmg ir, Odrdjla f,i
,nd .; hq;= Odrdf fjda,ah;djh h hq;=h' tk wmg
wjYH fjda,a 9 l ir, Odrdjla k uOH w.%fha isg ZX
iy ZY fjda,ah;djhka fjda,a 9 ne.ska h hq;=h' tg
xy fjda,ah;djh fjda,a 18 ls' bkamiq x iy y w.% folg
by; igyk whqre vfhda folla fhdod.ekqfuka mQrK
;rx. iDcqlrKhla ,nd.; yel'

zx Odrdj

Zy Odrdj

0
-

zx Odrdj + Zy Odrdj

(x+y)

(C)

mQrK ;rx. iDcqlrKh jvd;a ir, f,iska

by; A igyfka vfhda 4 inkaOj we;s wdldrh
jvd;a meye,s wkaoka fjk;a whqrlska olajd we;' B
igyfka olajd we;af;a x w.%h Ok w.%h jk g;a y w.%h
iDk w.%h jk g;a Odrdj Ok iy iDk w.% fol fj;
vfhda yryd .,d hk whqrehs' b;s wO_ ;rx.fha tk
x w.%h iDk jk g iy y w.%h Ok jk g Odrdj k;r
fkd .,d hdug vfhda inJOj we;s ie C igyk

vfhdav folla u.ska flfrk mQ ;rx. iDcqlrKh

isjk whqre
by; igyfka lafjk whqre ZX Odrdj ;ks
vfhdavhlska iDcqlrKh f ol=Kq miska olajd we;s
wdldrfha wO_ ;rx. f,i iDcqlrKh jqkq Odrdjla msg;g
,ef' tf,iu ZY Odrdjo iDcqlrKh ol=Kq miska olajd
we;s whqre msg;g mefKhs' fuu tla Odrdjla Wmu w.h
.kakd g wfk;a m%;Hdjr:l Odrdj tys wjuh ,nd .ekSu
ksid we;sfjk fjki fuu iDcqlrKh jqkq Odrd fol
ikaikaokh lsfuka n,d.; yel' tu fjki ksidu fuu
Odrdjka fol tlg tlal< g igyk my;ska olajd we;s
mQrK ;rx. f,i iDcq lrKh jqkq Odrdjla ,nd.;
yelsfjhs'

fuu ,sms fm< hils irdf T,agfkagr ms<sn|j jQ ,sms ;,ska Wmqgd .kakd ,'

RS-16
6

hils

,agfkagrfha ysu
fudagr r:hl tkau mk.kajd we;s g fukau
kj;d we;s go ,s mm: ls%hdlrug ,sh wjYH
fjhs' ta wkqj tkau u.ska ls%hdlrjk cklhla u.ska
muKla fudagr r:hl ,s moaO;sh ls%hdlru wmyiq
w;r r:h k;r lr we;s g wjYH iemhqu ,nd .ekqug
kej; wdfrdamkh l, yels neghla Nd;d fjhs' tfukau
Nd;fha neihk negh kej; wdfrdamkh lsugo
l%uhla ;sh hq;=h' fudagr r: tkaug vhskfudaj iy
,agfkagrh tla jQfha tu wvqmdvqj msrugh'
fudagr r: vhskfudaj fyda ,agfkagrh u.ska
isjQfha tkau mk.kajd we;s g r:fha ,s mm: i|yd
wjYH Odrdj imhk w;ru negho wdfrdamkh lsuhs'
fuys fuu cklhlg r:hg wjYH imQrK Odrdj
iemhSu wmyiq wjia:do we;sfjk w;r tjka wjia:d j,
th msrug r:fha negho odhl fjhs'
fudagr r:hl h moaO;shlg klrKhla tla
jkafka tys uq,a moaO;sfha h wvqmdvqjla we;ak mu'
fuf,iu uq,ska fudagr r:j, fhdod .ekqkq vhskfudajo
klrKhlg ,laj ,agfkagrh njg m;aj ;sfnhs' kQ;k
fudagr ldrlfhl= ,s iy hdka;% f,i fldgia follg
fnh fkdyels neka fuu ,agfkagr ms<sn|j fyd|
kqula Tyq i;=h hq;= fjhs' tu oekqu ,nd .ekqf myiqu
u. vhskfudaf .ej ;snQ fodaI ykd f.k tajdg ms<sh
fh wdldrh ykd .ekquhs'

vhskfudajl ksrudKh iy tkau u.ska th lrljk

wdldrh
by; A igyfkka olajd we;af;a ,agfkagrhg
fmr fudagr r:j, oahq;a cklh f,i fhdod .;a
vhskfudajls' B igyfkka olajd we;af;a th r:fha
tkafuka lerlu isl, wdldrhhs' fmr fuu vhskfudafjka
,enqkq Odrdj fudagr r:hlg m%udKj;a jqj;a miq ld,fha
th u.ska neg wdfrdamkh idr:lj is fkdjqks' f ksid
negh neihdu u;u uy u. k;r jk r: ixLHdj je
jQ w;r ta i|yd ms<sh fhu yels blaukska l< hq;=h'
thg fhkq w;s idr:l ms<shu jk wo fudagr r:j,
fhdod .kakd ,agfkagrh wOHhkhg fmr vhskfudafjka
u;=jQ fuu fodaI ms<sn|j kqj;aj isuq'

wdrNfha idr:l fiajdjla iemhq vhskfudajg miq

ld,fha fudagr r:j, ,s moaO;shg wjYH ,sh
iemhSu wmyiqug fya;= folla uq,a h' ka tla fya;=jla
jkafka jdhqilrK" frfhagr *Eka fudagr jeks je
Odrdjka ,nd .kakd ,s moaO;s fudagr r:j,g nyq, f,i
tlauhs' fojk fya;=j jdyk ;onoh jeu ksid fudagr
r: wvq f.fhka .uka lrk iy kj;d isk ld,h by<
hduhs' fuf,i whs, f.fha mj;sk ld,h jefuka
vhskfuda N%uK f.h wvq neg wdfrdamkho wvq h'
vhskfudajl jhskau fjkia lsu iy tys m%udKh
Yd, lsu ;=,ska bka ksmofjk Odrdj je lsu
ksIamdolhska yg wmyiqjla fkdh' tfy;a fuys ish
hq;=j ;snqfka tu Odrdj je lsu fkdj tu je Odrdj
wvq tkaka f.fha ,nd .ekquh' tfy;a vhskfudajl th
myiqfjka bgqlr.; fkdyels jQjla h'
fmr igyfka vhskfudaj tkafuka lrljk wdldrh
olajd we;s w;r fuys iq fjkia lula lr fuu fodaIhg
ms<sh fih fkdyelsoehs fuys Tng isf;kq we;' tk
fuys vhskfuda mq<sfha Yalnh wvq lr fyda l%Ekala mq<sfha
Yalnh jelr tfia;a ke;ak f folu islr wmg
tkaka whs, f.fhau b;d by< f.hla vhskfudajg
,ndh yelsh' tfy;a tjeks W;aidyhlg ksIamdolhska
fm< ke;af;a tg tkaka by< f.fha vhskfuda
f.h b;d by< f.dia tys we;sfjk flaka m%id n,h
ksid wdfprfha l .e, hd yels neks'
fuys olajd we;af;a
vhskfudaj fjkqjg me
l,am ms<shu f,i lah
yels
,agfkagrhl
ks r u dKhhs ' vhs k fuda j l
fukau fuh u.skao msg;g
,ndfokafka ir, Odrdjls'
vhskfudajl nfrka wvla
vhskfudajl ksrudK
muK jk fuu ,agfkagrh
u.ska vhskfudajlska ,nd.;a Odrdj fuka lsysm .=Khlska
jQ Odrdjla ,nd.; yelsfjhs' ta ish,a,gu jvd fuys we;s
jkdlu k tu Wmu Odrdj tkaf whs, f.fhau
,nd.; yels uhs'
fuu ,agfkagrhl Wmu Odrdj wvq tkaka
f.hl ,nd.; yels ug fya;= jQ lreKq lsysmhlau
we;' bkaa tla lreKla fuu igyk ;=,skau l.; yels
fjhs' tk fmr igyfka we;s vhskfudaj yd ii|k g
tys wdfprh fjkqjg fuys lerflk frdagrfha lh
T;d we;af;a kQ,a frdaohl fuka lerflk w;guh' f ksid
th flaka m%id n,hlg ,la jkafka b;du;au wvqfjkah'
;jo th jgd fyd| f,day fldmqjla we;s fyhska l
.e,u fldfy;au is fkdfjhs' f ksidu fuys mq,sfha
Yalnh b;d wvqlr we;s fyhska th wvq f.fha Wmu
Odrdj ,ndug jvd;a fya;= fjhs' thg wu;rj tu Odrdj
,ndfok f.h wvq ug m%Odk jYfhka uq,a jQ fya;=jla
we;s w;r ta ms<sn|jo wjfndaOhla ,nd .ksuq'

fuu ,sms fm< hils irdf T,agfkagr ms<sn|j jQ ,sms ;,ska Wmqgd .kakd ,'

RS-16

hils

*S,a
w.%h (DF)
fmda,a IQ

O%ej folla iys; vhskfudaj iy tys *S,a orh

fuys olajd we;af;a fudagr r: vhskfudajla jk w;r
uq,skau ta i|yd fhdod .ekqfka *S,a fldhs,a tk fCIa;%
or folls' tys ,sh ksmojqkq wdldrh my; oelaf'
Odrdj

fuu A igyfkka
% e j folla iys ;
vhskfudajl n%Ia folla
we;=,;ajk whqreo tu
B igyfka O%ej 4 la
iys; vhskfudajl n%Ia
y;rla
we;= , ;a j k
n%Ia
whqreo olajd ;sfnhs'
vhskfudajl n%Ia fhfok
f wkqj fuhg ej 6
wdldrh
la we;=,;a l,fyd;a ;j;a n%Ia hq.,hla tla lsu b;d
wmyiqjk whqre fmkS hhs' fuu fya;=j;a fmr ia;r l,
whqre wdfpr jhskau ;j rg;a ,xlsug fkdyels u;a
jeks lrekq ksid vhskfudaj kk r: j,g fldfy;au iqiq
fkdh' f wkqj fuu .egj ch .ekSug ;snQ tlu
ms<shu my; olajd ;sf'
(A)

*S,a fldhs,a

(B)

360 0

o
W

Odrdj

360 0

ej y;rl vhskfudajl tlajghl Wmk Odrdj

fuhg fmr igyfka olajk ,o ej folla iys;
vhskfudajg ej 4 la fhdod fuys olajd we;' tg tys tla
orhl tla jghla ;=, is jrla tk fmr fuka
fo.=Khla Odrdj ksmofjk w;r th ol=Kq mi j.=fjka
olajd ;sfnhs' fuf,i ilia l, ej 4 l vhskfuda
ie,iqula fmr msgqf uq,a igyfkka olajd we;' f
wdldrhg vhskfudajl wvq f.fha Wmk Odrdj *S,a
fldhs,a .Kk jelr .ekqfuka by< kkajd.; yels jqjo
tu m%udKho klrKh jQ fudagr r: i|yd m%udKj;a
fkdh' ta i|yd tlu l,amh ;j rg;a ej .Kk je
lsu jqjo th fuhg jvd je lsu fldfy;au l<
fkdyels h' fuhg tla fya;=jla by; igyk whqre O%ej
.Kk je lsf wdfpr jhskauo y wvlska
,xlsug isfuka wdfprh t;Su wmyiq uhs' fojekak
tys ;j rg;a n%Ia .Kk jel, hq;= uhs'

(A)

O%ej foll vhskfudajl tla jghl Wmk Odrdj

fuys olajd we;af;a idudkH vhskfudajl Odrdj
Wmk wdldrhhs' igyfka olajd we;s wdldrhg tys
wdfprfha tla orhl Odrdj bmu is jkafka tys tla
jghlg fojrla mu' ol=Kq mi igyfkka th olajd
we;' ukao fuys fhdod we;af;a pqnl ej folla muKla
neks' fuys by< iy my< ysiaj we;s neka thg;a
wu;r ej folla fhh yels w;r tg fuu Odrdj
Wmk jdr .Kk fo.=Khla lr.; yelsfjhs' my;
igyfka th olajd we;'

(B)

fma%rKh u.ska ,sh ksmoh yels wdldr

pqnl fm%arKh u.ska ,sh ksmou is jkafka
ikakdhl orhla u.ska pqnl n, frLd fokh
lsfuka nj wms oksuq' th by; A igyk whqre pqnl
fCIa;%h ksi,j ;nd orh p,kh lsfuka fukau B
igyk whqre orh ksi,j ;nd pqnl fCIa;% p,kh
lsfukao l<yel' fuhska fuf;la wm wOHhkh l,
fudagr r: vhskfudaj i|yd lrkq ,enqf A igyk whqre
fCIa;%h ksi,j ;nd orh p,kh lsuhs' tfy;a wo
Nd;djk ,agfkagrfha is jkafka by; B igyk whqre
Odrdj Wmk orh ksi,j ;nd fCIa;%h f,i oHq;a
pqnlhla lerluhs'
fuys olajd we;af;a
frdagrh
fudagr r: ksIamdolhska iska
wvq tkaka f.fhau Wmu
Odrdj ,nd .ekSug vhskfudaj
klrKh l, wdldrhhs' fuys
wdfprh
fjkq j g Odrdj
iafgrh
ksmofjk fm%r
a K orh ksi,j
,agfkagrhl
iafgrh iy frdagrh ;nd we;s w;r th ;S% fmaia
jhskaulska hq;= jQjls' fuh ksi,j mj;sk neka th
iafgrh (Stator) kka yeka jqk's ksmofjk fjda,
a h;djh
md,k lr .ekqug yels f,i fCIa;%h oahq;a pqnlhla
iys;j ksmojqkq w;r th frdagrh (Rotor) kka
yekajqks' vhskfudajg fhh yels jQfha O%ej 4 la kuq;a
fuhg O%ej 12 la wh;a fuka Wmu Odrdj tkaka whs,
f.fhau ,nd.; yelsh' f wkqj ,agfkagrh hkq
vhskfudaju lkmsg fmr,Sula nj fyd|ska meye<s fjhs'
tfy;a tys .eg /ila u;=jq w;r tu .eg iy tajdg
fhkq ms<sho ,nk l,dmfhka ia;r flfrkq we;'

fuu ,sms fm< hils irdf T,agfkagr ms<sn|j jQ ,sms ;=,ska Wmqgd .kakd ,'

hils

wo

fudagr r:j, tlsfklg fjkia jq ,agfkagr

jr. /ilau Nd;d jk w;r f ish,a, ms<sn|j jQ wx.
imQrK oekqula ,nd.; yelafla fuys ksrudKh ms<sn|j
oekqj;a fuks' f hgf;a ,agfkagrh ykajd ug uQ,sl
jQ lreKq .shjr l,dmfhka ia;r jQ w;r wo tys
ksrudKh ms<sn|j ;j rg;a oekqj;a fjuq'

frdagrh

iafgrh

,agfkagrhl iafgrh iy frdagrh

,agfkagrh ysug uQ,sl f,i fya;= jQfha
tjlg fhdod .;a vhskfudaj u.ska tys Wmu Odrdj wvq
tkaka f.fha ,ndug fkdyels u ksid we;sjQ fodaI
lsysmhlss' wvq f.hlska Wmu Odrdj ,nd .ekqug k l,
hq;= tlu ms<shu jQfha pqnl O%ej .Kk je lsu kuq;a
vhskfudajl ta i|yd Wmu jYfhka ,nd.; yels jQfha
O%ej y;rla mu' tfy;a vhskfudajl isjk fCIa;%h
ksi,j ;nd orh tk wdfprh lerlf l%uh
fjkqjg orh ksi,j ;nd fCIa;%h p,kh lsf l%uh
u.ska O%ej 12 la muK ,ndug yelsjQ whqre by;
igyfkka kej;;a jgyd.; yelsh' f fya;=fjka tkaf
whs, f.fhau ,agfkagrfha Wmu Odrdj ,nd
.ekSug yelsh' oeka wms fuu iafgrh iy frdagrfha
ksrudKh wjfndaO lr .ksuq'

iafgrh (Stator)

S
N

(A)

fuys olajd we;af;a fuhg

fmr igyku jqj;a
tys
pqnl frdagrh jgd or
y;rla ;ekam;alr ;sfnhs' ta
wkqj fuu oZr y;fru
S
N
tlsfklg fjka fjka jYfhka
N
jQ Odrdjka y;rla ksmofjhs'
;jo tajd m%;Hdjr:l Odrdjka
neka tu w.% Ok fyda iDk
fm%arK or
jYfhka lah fkdyels w;r
fmaia .Kk jel<
yels whqre
wms tajd fmaia (Phase) w.%
f,iska yka jkafkuq' 13 jk l,dmfhka fuu m%;Hdjr:l
Odrdjka ms<sn|j ia;r flre'
pqnl O%ej

,agfkagrfha ksrudKh

w;r tfia l, fyd;a tu or j,skao fjka fjka jYfhka

jQ Odrdjka ,nd.; yelsfjhs' ta ;=,ska wmg l=vd
,agfkagrhlska je Odrdjla ,nd .ekSugo yelsfjhs' wms
ta i|yd fuu orh ;j rg;a klrKh lr n,uq'

by; wdldrhg m%;Hdjr:l cklhlska Odrdjka

lsysmhlau ,nd.; yels kuq;a iu; l%uh yehg ,nd
.kafka Odrd ;=kls' tfy;a fudagr r: ,agfkagr j,
fuf,i or fol fyda y;r jYfhka fh wjia:do
l,d;=rlska l .; yelsh' fuys je jYfhka fhdod
.kakd iemhq Odrd ;=kla iys; jhskaula ka bhg
ksoiqkg wr .ksuq'
Odrdj

N S

ld,h

(A)

(C)
(B)
;S% fmaia iafgrhl ksrudKh
fuys A igyfkka olajd we;af;a iu; wdldrhg
cklhlg fm%arK or ;=kla fhdod we;s whqrehs' B
igyfka tu iemhq ;=k fjka lr olajd we;' fjdfha
ksmofjkafka C igyk whqre m%;Hdjr:l Odrdjka ;=kla
nj wms oksuq' f wkqj fuu ,agfkagr ie,iqfuka ,s
iemhq w.% 6 la msg;g tk w;r tajd tlg tla lr ;ks
iemhqula f,i ilia lr .ekSu my; lafjk whqre
bgqlr.; yelsh'

(B)

,agfkagr iafgrhl ksrudKh

fuu A igyfkka olajd we;af;a ,agfkagr
iafgrhhs' tys ksrudKh jgyd .ekqug ol=Kq mi B
igyfkka olajd we;af;a .shjr l,dmfhka wm wOHhkh
l, ,agfkagr wdorY ksrudKhhs' tk tys we;af;a
N%ukh jk ia:Sr pqnl lsysmhla jgd jQ fm%arK orhls'
ka fuu orfha Odrdjla ksmou isfjhs' tfy;a fuu
pqnl frdagrh jgd ;j;a or ;ekam;a lsug bv we;s

(A)
(B)
T
fv,agd jhskau iliajk whqre
fuys olajd we;af;a fmr igyfka jQ iemhq ;=k
tlg tla lr we;s tla wdldrhls' fuys w.% ;=kla tlalr
we;s w;r th oZr foll uOH msysu neka th oHq;a

fuu ,sms fm< hils irdf T,agfkagr ms<sn|j jQ ,sms ;=,ska Wmqgd .kakd ,'

hils
jYfhka WiSk jQ msysuls' tu ksid th kshqg%,a
(Neutral) w.%h f,iska yekaf' th N wl=ka ixfla;j;a
lr we;af;a tneks' fuys b;s w.% ;=k iu; wdldrhg
R, S, T hkqfhka fyda U,V,W f,i olajd ;sh yel' fuu
jhskau ixfla;hla f,iska olajk whqre fmr ;%fhaa B
igyfkka olajd we;' fuu or msysu ;rejl yevhla
.kakd neka th iagdr (Star) jhskaka hkqfjka yka jkq
,ef' ;jo fuu.ska fmaia Odrd ;=kla ,efnk neka tu
iemhqu ykajkafka ;S% fmaia (3 Phase) Odrdjla f,isks'
fuh fv,agd hkqfjka ;j;a wdldrhlgo ilia flfrk
kuq;a fudagr r: ,agfkagr j, th fhdod .kafka
b;du;au l,d;=rlska neka tu l%uh fuys ia;r
fkdflfr'
by; wdldrhg wvq f.fhau je Odrdjla
ksmoh yels f,i ,agfkagrh ksrudKh l, yels jqjo
th fudagr r:hla i|yd f wdldrhgu fhdod .;
fkdyel' ukao fudagr r:hl neg wdfrdamkh i|yd
wjYHjkafka ir, Odrdjla kuq;a fuu ,agfkagrh u.ska
ksmofjkafka m%;Hdjr:l Odrdjla neks' tfia k fuu
,agfkagrh fudagr r:hlg fhug m<uq tys ksmofjk
m%;Hdjr:l Odrdj (A.C.Current) ir, Odrdjla
(D.C.Current) njg yeru l< hq;=h' wm 15 jk
l,dmfhka wOHhkh l, vfhda fhdod .;a frla*hr
mm:hla f i|yd myiqfjka fhdod .; yelsh' <g
fjkia jk tkaka f.h hgf;a fuys fjda,ah;djh
md,kh lsugo l%uhla fhoh hq;=h' uq,skau fuu
m%;Hdjr:l ;S% fmaia Odrdj ir, Odrdjla m;a lr .kakd
wdldrh wOHhkh lr isuq'
,a g fka g rhl ia f gr
jhskaf ksmofjk ;S% fmaia
Odrdj ir, Odrdjla njg m;a
lr.; yels wdldrh fuu
igyfka olajd ;sf' fuh *q,a
f (Full wave) wdldrhg
bgqlr .ekqug fuu tla fmaia
+ w.%hlg vfhda folla ne.ska
fhh hq;=fjhs' fuys tla
;S% fmaia Odrdjla iDcqlrKh fmaia w.%hla ksoiqkg .;
l< hq;= whqre
fyd;a th Ok w.%hla jk g
Odrdj ol=Kq mi vfhdavh yryd ,agfkagr Ok w.%hg;a
iDk w.%hlaa jk g jmi vfhdavh yryd ,agfkagr
iDk w.%hg;a inkaO f' ta wkqj fuu ;S% fmaia Odrdj
ir, Odrdjla njg yeru i|yd igyk whqre vfhda
6 l mm:hla wjYH fjhs'

by; wdldrhg ,agfkagrhlska ksmojd .kakd

ir, Odrdj r:fha neg wdfrdamkhg;a" ,s moaO;sh
ls%hdlrug;a fhdod .ekSu <g l, hq;=fjhs' ;jo wvq
je jk tkaka f.hka hgf;a fuys fjda,ah;djh my<
neiSu fyda by< hdu is fkd ksh; w.hlska mej;Suo
fuys ish hq;=fjhs' fuu wjYH;d bgqlr.;a whqre
< l,dmfhka ia;r flfrkq we;'

fuu ,sms fm< hils irdf T,agfkagr ms<sn|j jQ ,sms ;=,ska Wmqgd .kakd ,'


RS-18
10

hils

frdagrh

vfhda maf,a

negh

iafgrh

iafgrh

F
frdagrh

b.aksIka iaph

fudagr r:j, ,s moaO;s .Kk jeu;a" wvq

f.fhka r:h .uka lrk ld,h jeu;a ksid negh
irckh u je jQ w;r th wdfrdamkh uo j_,
h' f ksid thg ms<sh
f,i tka ka whs ,
f.fhau Wmu wdfrdamk
Odrdj ,nd fok ,s
cklhla fudagr r: i|yd
wjYH h' ta fjkqfjka
ksmojqkq idr:l oHq;a
cklh fuu igyfkka
olajd we;s ,agfkagrhhs'
miq.sh l,dmh f;la th
wms ksrudKd;aul f,iska wOHhkh l, w;r ;j rg;a
th ta wdldrfhkau bhg;a wOHhkh lruq' fuu
,agfkagrh m%Odk fldgia ;=klg fjkal< yels w;r tajd
fjkalr ixfla; igyka iys;j my;ska olajd we;'

r:fha ,s moaO;shg

,agfkagrfha ksrudKh

,agfkagr jr. /ila ysj we;s w;r ta ish,a,

tljr wOHhkhg we;s myiqu u. ksrudKd;aul f,i th
wOHhkh lsuhs' ta wkqj fuys lajqkq ,agfkagr
fldgiao wmg wjYH wdldrhg ilr tys wvq mdvq
fidhka idr:l lr .ekqug W;aidy .ksuq' tu.ska
myiqfjkau Nd;fha we;s ,agfkagr j,g im h yel'

,agfkagr mm:h ilia l, yels wdorY igykla

fuys olajd we;af;a ,agfkagrh r:fha ,s
moaO;shg;a inkaO lsug .;a W;aidyhls' fuh fldf;la
rg idr:loehs wjfndaO lr .ekqug W;aidy .ksuq'
igyk whqre b.aksIka iaph inkaO l, miq md,khlska
f;drj Odrdj frdagrhg ,efnk w;r tu.ska m%n, pqnl
fCIa;%hla we;sf' f wkqj tkau u.ska frdagrh
lerlSf iafgrfha Odrdj ksmofjk w;r m%;Hdjr:l
Odrdjla jq tu Odrdj vfhda maf,a tfla *q,a f
wdldrhg inkaO lr we;s vfhda yryd ir, Odrdjla
njg m;afjhs' fuf,i ksmofjk ir, Odrdj iDcqju
neghg inkaO fyhska negh wdfrdamkh u isfjhs'
ta iu.u r:fha ,s moaO;shgo Odrdj imhkq ,nhs' ka
wms fuys fodaI we;sh yels ia:dk fj; keUqre fjuq'
F

vfhda maf,a

,agfkagrhla ie,iq lr we;s whqre

wo ,smsfha uq,skau olajd we;s ,agfkagrh tys m%Odk
fldgia j,g fjka lr fuu fojk igyfkka olajd we;'
fuys ol=Kq miska olajd we;af;a tu fldgia jk w;r j
miska tajdfha ixfla; igyka olajd ;sfnhs' tu ixfla;
igyka u.ska tu fldgiaj, mm: ie,iquo olajd ;sfnhs'
fuu iEu fldgilau miq.sh l,dm ;=,ska wm fydka
wOHhkh lr we;s ksid fuu ,agfkagr mm:h ilia
lr r:fha ,s moaO;shg inkaO lsug W;aidy .ksuq'

,s moaO;shg

D+
B+

vhskfudajl lgjq mm:h

fuhg fmr fhdod .;a vhskfuda j, neg Ok w.%h
vhskfuda Ok w.%hg inkaO lrkq ,enqf lgjq tlla
yrydh' by; igyfka tu fldgi muKla olajd we;'
vhskfuda fjda,ah;djh fjda,a 13 la muK jQ g olajd
we;s lgjq f,a tl inkaO neg Ok w.%h vhskfuda

fuu ,sms fm< hils irdf T,agfkagr ms<sn|j jQ ,sms ;=,ska Wmqgd .kakd ,'

hils

(A) tkaka wvq f.h

Ig+

Ig+

(B) tkaka je f.h

,agfkagr fjda,ah;d md,kh l<yels whqre

by; olajd we;s wdorY ksrudKfhka neg
fjda,ah;djh f.hg tfrysj ksh;j ;nd .; yels oehs
fidhd n,uq' fuys fjda,af fr.shqf,agrhla f,i
ie,lsh yels f,a tallhla yryd Odrdj frdagr *S,a
w.%hg imhd we;' tu f,a tallhg imhk fjda,ah;djh
fjda,a 14 blauu;a iu. lkagEla u isf' ta wkqj
fuu j igyk whqre tkaka wvq f.fha fjda,ah;djh
wvq neka f,a lkagEla neu is fkdjk w;r inkaOj
we;s lkagela yryd Odrdj ,e fjda,ah;d ckkh u
Wmu whqka isfjhs' tfy;a tkaka f.h jejk g
neg fjda,ah;djho jeu ksid B igyk whqre rsf,a
lkagEla my;g weo .ekqfuka *S,a Odrdj kq ,nhs'
tg f,a lkagEla w;r jQ m%;sfrdaOlh yryd Odrdj
inkaO fuka frdagrhg ,efnkafka wvq *S,a Odrdjls'
f wkqj fCIa;%h j_, u ksid ,agfkagr fjda,ah;djh
by< fkdhhs' tys fjda,ah;djh wvqjk g orh u.ska
we;sl, fCIa;%ho j_, kej;;a A igyk whqre
lkagEla w; yefuka Odrdj f,a lkagEla yryd
inkaOj fCIa;%h m%n, fuka fjda,ah;d w.h jefjhs'
f w;r fuu m%;sfrdaOlh u.ska ;j;a b;d jeo.;au jQ
fiajdjla is fjhs' tk lkagEla f tu fmdhska
mqvq w;r we;sh yels iamdrla u fuu m%;sfrdaOlh u.ska
imQrKfhkau bj;a lr tys meje;au je lsuhs'
by; ie,iqu hgf;a tkau jvd;a fria l,fyd;a
m%;sfrdaOlfhka imhk wvq *S,a Odrdj hgf;a jqjo je
f.h ksid ,agfkagr fjda,ah;djh kej;;a jeh
yelsh' my; lafjk wdldrhg fuu fr.shqf,agrh
ksrudKh lsfuka tu fodaIh u.yerh yelsh'
fuu ie,iq f uka
f,a ta l lhg ;j;a
F
lkagEla tlla my;ska
ilr th wr;a lr
we;' f wkqj fmr
igyfka whq r e je
Ig+ f.fha lkagEla |
fCIa;% Odrdj m%;sfrdaOlh yryd wvq lr ;sh;a f.h
je k lkagEla mh ;j;a my;a fuu igyk whqre
th wr;a f' f wkqj *S,a frdagrfha w.% folu wr;a
fuka Odrdj ksmou k;r kej;;a uq, isg Odrdj
ksmou wdrNf' f wkqj fuu fr.shqf,agrfha lsis
wvqmdvqjla fkdue;s w;r th ,agfkagrhg inkaO lsu
<Z l,dmfhka is lruq'
R

by; ,agfkagrfha Wmu f.h .ek i,ld tys

fjda,a 14 l mSvkhla ,efnk f,i m%;sfrdaOlhla yryd
Odrdj frdagrhg ,ndk fyd;a by< f.fha negh
jr pdu j<lajd r:fha ,s moaO;sfha fldgiaj,g
ydks isuo je<lah yelsh' tfy;a tg tkaka whs,
f.fha fCIa;%h j_,u ksid pdu is fkdfjhs'
tfiak wmg fuhg ms<shula f,i ksrudKhla ielish
hq;= jkafka tkaka wvq f.fha imQrK neg
fjda,ah;djhu *S,a Odrdj f,i imhd tkaka f.h
jejk g muKla th wvq lsfuks' me/ vhskfudaj,o
fjda,ah;d md,kh isjQfha ta wdldrhgu jk w;r
,agfkagr i|ydo th w;ayod n,uq'

neghl tla fldaIhl fjda,ah;djh fjda,a 2 la

jk w;r thg ydkshla fkdjk f,i wdfrdamkh l, hq;af;a
0.4V jQ fjda,ah;djhlsks' tg tla fldaIhla wdfrdamkh
h hq;af;a 2.4V la jQ fjda,ah;djfhks' ta wkqj fldaI
tk fi,a 6 la we;s 12V neghla wdfrdamkh h hq;af;a
2.4X6=14.4V la jQ fjda,ah;djhlsks' wdikak jYfhka
th fjda,a 14 lg iSudlr ;sf' f wkqj wm iska ie,iq
l, ,agfkagr mm:fha tkaka f.h jejk g
fjda,ah;djh by< hduo 14V lg iSudl, hq;=j ;sfnhs'

by; ,agfkagr mm:fha ;S% fmaia jhskaul

ksrudKh" tys Odrdj ksmofjk wdldrh" fukau vfhda
u.ska frla*hr mm:h ls%hdlrjk wdldrh jeks lreKq
fmr l,dm ;=,ska wjfndaO lr.;a ksid fuys kej;;a ta
.ek ia;r fkdflfr' kuq;a tys frdagrhg iDcqju neg
Odrdj iemhSu ;=,ska Yd, fodaIhla we;sh yels w;r ta
flfiahs wjfndaO lr .ksuq'

ka wms fuhg fmr igyfka ,agfkagrh

neghg inkaO l, wdldrh wjOdkhg .ksuq' tys
negh ,agfkagr Ok w.%hg inkaO lr we;af;a lgjq
tlla fkdue;sj iDcqjuh' tfy;a tu.ska Odrdj wdmiq .,d
hdula is fkdfjhs' ukao vfhda yryd Odrdj .,d hkafka
tla w;lg muKla neks' fmr fhdod .;a vhskfuda mm:
yd ii|k g fuys we;s jdis folla fjhs' bka tlla k
Odrdj ug lgjq tlla wjYH fkduhs' fojekak neg
fjda,ah;djhg jvd ,agfkagr fjda,ah;djh oYuhlska
je jqj;a ta hgf;a neg wdfrdamkh isuhs' ksoiqkla
f,i iagdgr fudagrh lsh
% dlrfuka miqj neg fjda,
a h;djh
fjda,a 11 lg muK wvqjk w;r tys fjda,a 11 ka miqj
neg wdfrdamkh wdrN fjhs' tfy;a vhskfudajl k
fuys fjda,a 13 la muK olajd jejk f;la bjish
hq;=fjhs' fuh whs, f.fha neg wdfrdamkh jO_kh
lr .ekqug jvd;a myiq fjhs'

Ok w.%hg inkaO lrk w;r vhskfuda fjda,ah;djh

wvqjk g iajhxlS%h f,i lgjq f,a tl ika fuu
inkaOh | ouhs' tfia lr we;af;a fjk lsisjla ksid
fkdj vhskfuda fjda,ah;djh wvqjk wjia:dj, fukau
tkau k;r lrk wjia:dj,o negfhka Odrdj vhskfudajg
.,df.dia tys wdfprh ms<siaiS hdu je<elaugh'

11

fuu ,sms fm< hils irdf T,agfkagr ms<sn|j jQ ,sms ;=,ska Wmqgd .kakd ,'

12

hils

,agfkagrfha ksrudKh
,agfkagr ms<sn|j ksrudKd;aul f,iska wm
l, wOHhkfha ;S% fmaia ,agfkagrhl ksrudKh;a tys
fjda,af fr.shqf,agrh;a ms,sn|j fjka fjkaj wjfndaO
lr.;a w;r wo tu fldgia fol tlg tlal< wdldrh;a
tys we;s wvq mdvq;a fidhd n,uq'
R

B+

V
4

1'
2'
3'
4'

iafgrh
frdagrh
fjda,af fr.shqf,agrh
fjda,a grh

5'
6'
7'
8'

b.aksIka iaph
fmdis vfhda
fk. vfhda
negh

vfhda 6 la iys; ,agfkagr mm:h

by; olajd we;af;a
vfhda 6 la iys;
,agfkagrhla tys fjda,af fr.shqf,agrho iu. fudagr
r:hl neghla pdca u i|yd ms<sfh< lr we;s
whqrehs' fuh fmr fYaIfhkau cmdkfha ksIamd; fudagr
r:j, nyq,j fhdod .;a ksrudKhls' fuys b.aksIka iaph
inJO l< miq fr.shqf,agrfha lkagEla yryd Odrdj
frdagrhg ,e fCIa;%h we;s lrhs' tkau mk.ekafuka
miq lerflk frdagrfha fCIa;%h fjkia fuka iafgrfha
Wmk ;%S fmaia m%;Hdjr;l Odrdj fmdis vfhda 3 iy
fk. vfhda 3 u.ska mQrK ;rx. f,i iDcqlrKh
neg wdfrdamkh fukau r:fha ,s moaO;sh lsh
% dlrugo
wjYH Odrdj imhkq ,nhs'
tkaka f.h je f ,agfkagrfha
fjda,ah;djh je u j<lajd th fjda,a 14'5 lg (12V
fudagr r:hla k) mj;ajd .ekSu fjda,afc fr.shqf,agrh
u.ska is flfrhs' tys ls%hdldFjh .shjr l,dmfhka
ia;r h' tk wdrNfha b.aksIka iaph yryd
,efnk neg fjda,
a h;djh tf,iu fjda,fa ca fr.shfq ,agr
lkagEla yryd frdagrhg ,e m%n, fCIa;%hla we;s lrhs'

tu.ska Wmosk Odrdfjka negh wdfrdamKh f

fjda,ah;djh jejk g fr.shqf,agr pqnl ner,fhao
m%n,;djh je lkagEla fuka tys frisiagrh yryd
*S,a Odrdj .,d hdfuka fCIa;%h rj, fjda,ah;d
md,kh isfjhs' fuh .shjr l,dmfha b;d ir, f,i
ia;r h'
by; ,agfkagrh idr:l f,iska fudagr r:j, fhdod
.ekqko fuys m%Odk fodaI ;=kla h' bka tlla k fuu
,agfkagrfha iafgrfha fyda fjk;a ;ekl fIdar ula
jeks fodaIhla we;sjqjfyd;a th kej; w;ajehd l,
fkdyels f,i kdY hduhs' fuh wdrNfha isg fudagr
r:j, fhdod .;a vhskfudajlj;a fkd;snQ fodaIhls'
ksoiqkla f,i vhskfudajl fCIa;%h tk *S,a Odrdj ,nd
.kafka vhskfudafu Wmk Odrdfjka neka tys vhskfuda
wdfprfha fIdar
ula isjQ g ksmofjk fjda,
a h;djho
wvqu ksid bka ,nd.;a *S,a Odrdjo j_,j f.dia ,sh
ckkh u k;rj vhskfudaj wdrCId fjhs' bkamiq th wvq
uqo,lska w;ajehd lr.; yels h' by; i|yka
,agfkagrfha tu jdish fkd,enqfka iafgrfha fyda
vfhda maf,a j, fIdar ula is jqj;a negfhka Odrdj
frdagrhg tl .gu ,eu ksid ,sh tl .gu ksmo
fodaI iys; fldgi yryd wl Odrdjla .,d f.dia th
kdY hdu ksidh' f ksid fmr fuu jr.fha
,agfkagrhla w;ajehdjla i|yd jD; lrk g tys
jhskau w=re ;su idudkH isula h'
by; ,agfkagrfha we;s jQ <Z fodaIh b.aksIka
h;=r inkaO lr tkau mk fkd.kajd uo f,djla
;enqjfyd;a frdagrh yryd tys Wmu Odrdj .,d f.dia
th r;a kdY hduhs' fuhg fya;=j th ls%hdlsf
Wrd.kakd Odrdj wvq u;a tfia ,nd .kakd Odrdj jqjo
fCIa;%h we;s lsug Yla;sh f,i fhduq u;a ksid frdagr
jhskau r;a fkdjqko tkau ls%hd fkdlrk g tu Odrdj
Wmu whqka .,d f.dia frdagrh iy tu jhskau
wkjYH f,i r;auhs'
vhskfudaj

D+

B+

G
pdka
bkaflagrh

vhskfuda pdka bkaflagrh ls%hdlrk whqre

fuys f;jk fodaIh fuu ,agfkagrfha we;sjQ
Yd,;u wvqmdvqjlao h' tk fuhg pdka bkaflagrhla
i l< fkdyels uhs' tho vhskfudaf mjd fkd;snQ wvq
mdvqjls' vhskfuda l%ufha pdka bkaflagrh i flrefka
tu n,anfha tla w.%hla b.aksIka iaph yryd neg Ok
w.%hg;a b;s w.%h vhskfuda Ok w.%hg;a i lsfuks'
iaph inkaO lrk vhskfudaj ls%hd fkdlsu ksid tys
Ok w.%h wdfprh yryd iDk w.%hla njg m;afuka
pdka n,anh oe,au isjqks' tfy;a vhskfudaj ls%hdlrk

fuu ,sms fm< hils irdf T,agfkagr ms<sn|j jQ ,sms ;=,ska Wmqgd .kakd ,'

hils
g th Ok w.%hla fuka pdka n,anfha w.% folu Ok
w.% njg m;a fuka n,anh ks wdfrdamkh isjk nj
kq fok ,' tfy;a by; ,agfkagr mm:fha
,agfkagr Ok w.%h;a neg Ok w.%h;a ia:Sr f,i tlg
inkaO lr ;su ksid n,anfha D+ w.%hg inkaO l,
hq;= w.%h inkaO l< fkdyels fuka pdka n,anh i
lsu l< fkdyels h' f ksid fudjqka iska lrkq ,enqf
igyk whqre fjda,a grhla vEIa fnda tlg ilr ta
yryd neg wdfrdamkh n,d .ekqug ie,eiauhs'

13

h' fuf,i fuh idr:l jQ ksidu miq ld,fha cmka jdyk

j,o vfhda 9 ,agfkagr fhdod .ekqu wdrN jqks' my;
igyfka olajd we;af;a fuu vfhda 9 la iys; ,agfkagrfha
ie,iquhs'

vfhda 9 la iys; ,agfkagrh

R

pdka bkaflagrfha wjYH;djh

fuys olajd we;af;a pdka
Green
Yellow
bkaflagrh fjkqjg fh fjda,a
Red
grhhs' tys mdGdxl fhdod fkdue;s
w;r fjda,a 12 olajd ly
jrKfhkao tys isg fjda,a 14'5
Battery
olajd tk wdfrdamk fjda,ah;d
iSudj fld< jrKfhkao igyka jQ
w;r
bka tydg tk jr pd
neg pdka grh
jk iSudj r;= jrKfhka olajd ;snqks'
by; olajd we;s wdldrhg bkaflagr n,anh
fjkqjg pdka fjda,a grh fldfy;au r:hlg iqiq
fkdh' vhskfudajla fuka fkdj ,agfkagrhla jir
.Kkdjla hk;=re;a fodaIhla f.k fkdka neka fuu
grh foi href.a wjOdkh l%u l%ufhka wvq hduhs'
fuhg fya;=j iEu klu th mCId l,o tys orYl
lgqj iEu gu fld<mdg fmfofiys mj;sk neka ta
ms<sn|j we;s wjOdkh miqjk g bj;a uhs' bkamiq h
fkl ,agfkagrfha fodaIhla we;s jqjo hre th oek
.kafka negh fyd|gu neif.dia r:h tljr kej;Sfukao
miqjh' tfy;a bkaflagr n,anhla we;s g fodaIhl th
r;= mdka ,ajkq .iu hre wjOdkh ta fj; fhduq
fjhs' f ksid jel,a fkdf.diau fuhg l,am ms<sh
fhdod bkaflagr n,anhla fhkq w;r ta i|yd ner,a
folla iys; fr.shqf,agrhla fhdod .ekqks' ;jo ta i|yd
;S% fmaia jhskaf kshqg%,a w.%ho Nd;hg .ekqks' tu
mm: miqj ia;r flfrkq we;'
by; i|yka whqre cmka ;dCIKh hgf;a uq,skau
idr:l ,agfkagrhla ys fkdjqko cruksfha Bosch
wdh;kh;a wfuldf GM wdh;kh;a vfhda 9 la fhdod
imQrKfhkau idr:l jq ,agfkagr wdrNfha isgu
ksmojd .kakd ,' tys frdagrfha fCIa;%h i|yd fhdod
.ekqfka ,agfkagrfhau ksmofjk Odrdj neka wNHka;r
fIdar ul jydu ,sh ckkh u iajhxlS%h f,iu
k;r ,agfkagrfha fiiq fldgia wdrCId jqks' fCIa;%h
i|yd neg Odrdj fhdod fkd.ekSu ksid b.aksIka h;=r
inkaO lr tfy;a tkau mk fkd.kajd isk wjia:dj,
frdagrhg Odrdj .,d f.dia th r;auo is fkdjqks' ;jo
fuys wu;rj fhdod .;a l=vd vfhda ;=k u.ska fjku D+
w.%hla ilid .;a neka th u.ska frdagrhg wjYH Odrdj
imhk w;ru pdka bkaflagr n,anho ls%hdlrh yels

D+

2
3
1

5
D-

D+

D+

B+
8

D+

1' iafgrh
2' frdagrh
3' fjda,afca fr.shqf,agrh
4' fmdis vfhda
5' fk. vfhda

6' tlaihsgr vfhda

7' b.aksIka ia
8' negh
9' pdka bkaflagrh
vfhda 9 la iys; ,agfkagr ie,iqu
fuys olajd we;af;a vfhda 9 ,agfkagr mm:hhs'
frdagrfha fCIa;% we;s lsu tk Exite lsu i|yd wu;r
l=vd vfhda 3 fhdod .;a neka tajd tlaihsgr vfhda kka
yekajqks'
by; ,agfkagr mm:fha pdka n,anh
vhskfudajl fuka D+ iy B+ w.% j,g inkaO jqj;a th
ls%hdlrkafka vhskfudajl pdka n,anh ls%hdlrk wdldrhg
fkdf' by; mm:hu ksoiqkg f.k th wOHhkh lruq'
fuys b.aksIka iaph inkaO l, g n,anfha
tla fl<jrlg Ok w.%h ,efnk w;r th ,aug
wfkla w.%hg iDk w.%h ,eh hq;=h' vfhda ilr we;s
idj wkqj th tlaihsgr vfhda u.ska fkd,efnk w;r
tu mm:h inkaO jkafka fr.shqf,agr lkagEla iy
frdagrh yrydh' f wkqj b.aksIka iaph inkaO lrk
g n,anho ,afjhs' fuf,i n,anh yryd frdagrhg
,efnk iq Odrdj ,sh yg .ekSug uq,skau fCIa;%h we;s
lsugo Wmld fjhs' ,agfkagrh ;=, ,sh ksmofjk
g fuu D+ w.%ho fjku Ok w.%hla jk neka thg
inkaO pdka n,anh ks hdu isfjhs' fuu ,agfkagrfha
b;s lsh
% dld;ajh iy fjda,
a h;d md,kh fmr ,agfkagr
j, wdldrhgu isjk neka th fuys kej;;a ia;r
l, hq;= fkdf' tfy;a fuu ,agfkagrho miqj wdldr
lsysmhlg klrKh jQ w;r ta ms<sn|j miqj ia;r

flfrkq we;'

fuu ,sms fm< hils irdf T,agfkagr ms<sn|j jQ ,sms ;=,ska Wmqgd .kakd ,'

RS-20
14

hils

bf,lafg%dksla
fjda,af fr.shqf,agr
,agfkagr i|yd idudkH jhsf%gr wdldrfha
fjda,af fr.shqf,agr wdrNfha fhdod .ekqko wo th
imQrK
fhkau mdfya Nd;fhka bj;aj ta i|yd bf,lafg%dksla
fjda,af fr.shqf,agr fhdod .efkhs' my; lafjkafka
tjka bf,lafg%dksla fjda,af fr.shqf,agr lsysmhls'

wdrNfha fuu fjda,af fr.shqf,agr ksrudKh

jQfha PNP jr.fha g%dkaisiagr j,sks' tfy;a miqj th
imQrKfhkau NPN g%dkaisiagr fhdod ksmojqkq w;r ka
th IC ;dCIKh olajd hqKq ;sfnhs' f wkqj wmf.a
bf,lafg%dksla kquo ;j rg;a jO_kh lr .kakd w;ru
fuu fjda,af fr.shqf,agr ms<sn|jo kqj;a ug wms
fuh uq, isgu wdrN lruq'

D-

B+

D+

DF

bf,lafg%dksla md,k fjda,af fr.shqf,agr j._

wdrNfha by; wxl 1 iy 2 igyfkka olajd we;s
wdldrhg ,agfkagrfhka msg; ijk f,i fuu
bf,lafg%dksla fjda,af fr.shqf,agr ksIamdokh jQjo miq
ld,fha th wxl 4 iy 3 igyfkka olajd we;s wdldrhg
n%Ia hq.,ho iu. ,agfkagrh ;=,u il< yels f,i
ksmojqks' fuf,i ,agfkagrhl f.hk tlu fldgi jQ
n%Ia hq.,h iu. fuu fr.shqf,agr fldgio udrelrk
f,i ksrudKh jqj;a fuh f,ka b;d by< Wmdx.hla
neka tys n%Ia fol muKla udrelr kej; Nd;d lsug
l,am l%u ldrlhska iska Nd;d l, ksid r: yshka
yg ta i|yd Yd, houla oeug wjYH fkdh'
iEu fudagr r: iud.ulau tl f,i idOdrK
fkdjk w;r fuys we;e widOdrK ksIamdok iud.
iska fuu bf,lafg%dksla fr.shqf,agr yrydo ;j rg;a
Tjqkaf.a wdodhu je lr .ekqug l+g Wml%u fhdod .kq
,enqks' tys Tjqka iska lrkq ,enqf n%Ia foflka tll
w.%hla mEiaiSfuka miq th u;u fuu bf,lafg%dksla mm:
fldgio IC ;dCIKh hgf;a ia:Sr f,i i lsfuka n%Ia
hq.,h iu. wksjdrhfhkau fuu bf,lafg%dksla fldgi
udre lrk f,ig th ksrudKh lsuhs' ta iu.u re' 200$lg;a jvd wvq houlska ksrudKh l< yels fuu
fjda,af fr.shqf,agrhl , remsh,a oi oyio blaujd
, lsu fld;r widOdrKhlaoehs is;d.; yels jkq
we;' f ksidu fuu ,smsh ;=,ska ldrl Tngu fuu
fr.shqf,agr ksrudKh lr.; yels fjk f,ig ir,
whqka fuu mm: ksrudKh ia;r flfrkq we;'

R1
ZD

R3

D+

R2

T1
T2

1' negh
2' b.aksIka iaph
3' pdka bkaflagrh
4' fjda,afca fr.shqf,agrh
5' ,agfkagrh

bf,lafg%dksla fjda,af fr.shqf,agrh ,agfkagrhg

tl;= lsu
fuys olajd we;af;a uq,k
s u
a fudagr r: ,agfkagr
i|yd fhdod .;a bf,lafg%dksla fjda,af fr.shqf,agrhl
wdorY mm: igykls' wm .shjr l,dmfhka wOHhkh
l, ,agfkagrhgu fuh inkaO lr we;' fuh PNP
j._fha g%dkaisiagr fhdod ie,iq lr we;af;a uq,a wjfha
je jYfhkau Nd;d jQfha PNP g%dkaisiagr muKla u;a
fuys T1 iaka g%dkaisiagr lf,lagrhg frdagrh yryd
,e we;af;a iDk w.%hla u;a ksidh' tys D+ hkq
,agfkagrfha tlaihsgr vfhda ;=k yryd ,efnk Ok
w.%hhs' fuh fjda,a 12 ,agfkagrhlg wh;a jQjlahhs
is;d tys ls%hdld;ajh wOHhkh iu.u mm: ksrudKh
lsu ms<sn|jo kqula ,nd .ksuq'
fuys T1 mjr g%dkaisiagrh yryd *S,a Odrdj
iemhSu iy fjda,ah;djh by< hk g th u isf'
*S,a orfha tla fl,jrla ia:Srj wr;a lr we;s neka
fuh fmdis *S,a ,agfkagrhls' *S,a Odrdj f

fuu ,sms fm< hils irdf T,agfkagr ms<sn|j jQ ,sms ;=,ska Wmqgd .kakd ,'

RS-20

hils
we;sfjk iajhx fm%arK Odrdfjka T1 g%dkaisiagrh frd
.ekqug D1 vfhdavh fhdod we;' fuu mm:h fldgia
jYfhka f.k ;j rg;a wOHhkh lruq'
D-

DD1

D1

R3

R3

T2

E
E

T1

(A)

(B)

T1

D+

D+

v%hs g%dkaisiagrfha ls%hdld;ajh

fuys A igyfkka olajd we;af;a bf,lafg%dksla
fr.shqf,agrfha wjqmq mm: fldgi jk w;r fuf,i
R3 yryd T1 fia Odrdj iemhQ g th ls%hd;aulj *S,a
Odrdj imhkq ,nhs' tg ,agfkagrfha Odrdj ksmou
isf' tf,i ksmofjk ,agfkagr fjda,ah;djh ksh;
w.h tk 14.5V blaujd hdu;a iu. th wvq lsug
*S,a Odrdj h hq;=f' ta i|yd T1 fia w.%h Ok
w.%hla lr tu g%dkaisiagrh wlS%h l, hq;=f' B igyfka
olajd we;af;a tf,i *S,a Odrdj u i|yd T2 hkqfjka
;j;a g%dkaisiagrhla fhdod we;s whqrehs' tk th wlS%hj
we;s wjia:d j, R3 yryd fia Odrdj imQrK T1
ls%hd;aulj *S,a Odrdj imQrK f' tk ,agfkagr
Odrdj ksmof' tfiau T2 ls%hd;aulj ta yryd T1 fia
w.%h Ok w.%hla lr th wlS%h lsfuka Odrdj ksmou
k;r f' ta wkqj T1 fia w.%h u.ska fr.shqf,agr
mm:h myiqfjka ls%hd;aul l, yelsf' tk T2 fia
w.%h iDk w.%hla lr th ls%hd;aul jQ g T1 wlS%h
,agfkagr Odrdj ksmou k;r f' T1 fia Odrdj
ika lr th wlS%h l, g T1 ls%hd;aulj ,agfkagr
Odrdj ksmof' ;jo fuys T1 ls%hd;aul jkafka v%hs
g%dkaisiagrhla f,i neka f i|yd b;d wvq fldkafg%da,a
Odrdjla fhdod .; yelsf' f wkqj wms 18 jk
l,dmfhka W.;a fjda,af iage,hsia lrk fIkr
vfhdavhla T2 fia w.%hg inkaO lr fuu mm:h
ls%hdlrh yelsf' ukao fIkr vfhdavhla fhug
fuf,i wvq fldkafg%d,a Odrdjla ;sh hq;= neks'
D-

R1
ZD

T1
R2

FIELD

D1

R3

D+

T2
D+

fjda,ah;d fr.shqf,agr ie,iqu

15

fmr igyfkka kej;;a olajd we;af;a wm iska

wdorYhg .;a fjda,af fr.shqf,agr mm:hhs' fuys
T2 wlS%h jQ g ,agfkagr Odrdj ksmofjk nj;a th
ls%hd;aul jk g Odrdj ksmou k;r jk whqre;a fmr
ia;r h' ta wkqj fuu mm:h ksrudKh lr we;af;a
,agfkagr fjda,ah;djh 14V la jk g fIkr vfhdavh
yryd T1 v%hs g%dkaisiagrh ls%hd;aulj tu.ska T2 wlS%h
Odrdj ksmou k;r jk f,ig;a tys fjda,ah;djh
14V g jvd wvqjk g fIkr vfhdavh yryd T1 wlS%h
fuka T2 ls%hd;aulj Odrdj ksmou kej; wdrN jk
f,ig;ah' tg ,agfkagr fjda,ah;djh jefjk
tkaka f.hg tfrysj fjda,a 14 la f,i ksh;j mj;shs'
fuu fIkr vfhdavh iys; fjda,ah;d md,k fldgfia
ls%hdld;ajh ;j rg;a wms wOHhkh lruq'
fuu igyfka olajd we;af;a
bf,lafg%dksla
fjda,af
R3
R1
fr.shqf,agrfha fjda,ah;d md,k
ZD
fldgihs' olajd we;s ZD fIkr
A
vfhdavh u.ska th bgqf'18
l,dmfhka ia;r l< whqre
R2
fuu fIkr vfhdav ls%hdld;ajh
T2
jkafka tys b w;g idudkH
vfhdavhl fukau Odrdj .,dhk
fjda,
a h;d md,k fldgi
kuq;a miq w;g tys tla;rd ksh;
fjda,ah;djhla olajd idudkH vfhdavhla f,i Odrdj
.e,Su wjysr lr ;nd .ekquhs' tu iSudj blau jQ g
Odrdj miq w;g .,dhk uq;a tys idudkH vfhdavhla fuka
th kdY jkafka ke;' tu ksh; fjda,ah;d w.h wvq jQ
iekska vfhdavh kej;;a wlS%hj fmr ;;ajhg m;afjhs'
fuu fjda,ah;d iSud w.h tla tla fIkr vfhdav j,
fjkia w.hla .kakd w;r th tu vfhdavfha f%la vjqka
fjda,
a h;djh f,i yekaf' ksoiqkla f,i wm wOHhkhg
.;a fuu fr.shqf,agrfha fhdod we;s fIkr vfhdavfha
f%la vjqka fjda,ah;djh fjda,a 8 la hhs is;d fuys
ls%hdld;ajh fidhd n,uq'
fuys fhdod we;s fIkr
Dvfhda v fha f% l a vjq k a
fjda,ah;djh fjda,a 8 la
R1
6V
14V
neka R1,R2 m%;fs rdaOl fhdod
we;af;a, D- iy D+ w.% w;r
A
fjda,ah;djh fjda,a 14 la
8V
R2
jk g fIkr vfhda A
ia:dkh iy D+ w.% w;r
D+
fjda,
a h;djh fuu f%la vjqka
fjda,ah;d md,k fldgi
fjda
,

a
h;djh iu jk f,igh'
tlalsu
tg th ls%hd;aulj fmr i|yka wdldrhg g%dkaisiagr
mm:h yryd *s,a Odrdj k;r lrhs' ta iu.u
,agfkagr fjda,ah;djh wvqfuka fIkr vfhdavh
kej;;a wlS%h *S,a Odrd inkaOh we;s lr fuu
fjda,ah;d md,kh is lrhs' ,nk l,dmfha fuu mm:h
;j rg;a klrKh jQ wdldrh ia;r flfrkq we;'

fuu ,sms fm< hils irdf T,agfkagr ms<sn|j jQ ,sms ;=,ska Wmqgd .kakd ,'

16

hils
;ks vfhdavh fjkqjg vfhdav folla iudka;r.;j
inkaO lr ta yryd .,k Odrdj je lr .ekquhs' tg
fuu fYaI ,agfkagrhg vfhda 15 la wh;a h'

,agfkagr
klrK

vfhda 17 la iys; ,agfkagrh

vhskfudaf ;snQ ms<sh fkdue;s fodaIhla ksid

th imQrKfhkau wu;l lr ,agfkagr j,g fudagr
r: ksIamdolhska fhduq jQ wdldrh;a tys fhdod .;a
,agfkagr w;=ka jvd;a idr:lu l%uh jk tlaihsgr
vfhda iys; vfhda 9 ,agfkagrh;a wms wOHhkh
lf,uq' ;jo wdrNfha tys fhdod .;a jhsf%gr j._fha
fjda,af fr.shqf,agrh fjkqjg bf,lafg%dksla fjda,af
fr.shqf,agrh fhdod .;a wdldrh;a tu bf,lafg%dksla
fjda,af fr.shqf,agrhl ksrudKh;a wms b;d .eUqka
wOHhkh lf,uq' flfia kuq;a h h wjYH;d hgf;a
fuu vfhda 9 ,agfkagrho ;j rg;a klrKh jQ
w;r tjka wjia:d lsysmhla <g wOHhkh lruq'
fudagr r: hqKq u;a iu. tajdfha ,s
Wmdx.o jejQ w;r tys negfha m%udKh Yd, l, hq;=
h' ta iu.u th wdfrdamkh lrk Odrdjo jel, hq;=
h' f wkqj r:fha we;s Yd, ,s moaO;s m%udKhg
wjYH ,sh imhk w;ru negho wdfrdamkh lsug
fuu r:j,g b;d je Odrdjla ,nd.; yels ,agfkagr
wjYH h' iafgrh iy frdagrh muKla Yd, lr fuu
je Odrdj ,nd .; yels jQ w;r tys iDcqldrl vfhda
yryd .,k Odrdj je jk neka ta i|ydo ms<sh
fhug wjYH h' my; olajd we;af;a tu klrKhhs'
vfhda 15 la iys; ,agfkagrh
F

D-

D+

B+

fuys by<ska olajd

we;af;a wm W.;a vfhda 9 la
iys; ,agfkagrhl vfhda
inkaOhhs' je Odrdjla ,nd
.ekqu i|yd iafgrh iy
DD+
frdagrh Yd, lsu;a iu.
B+
tu je Odrdj .,d hdug vfhda Yd, lsu wmyiq jQ
w;r ta i|yd lrkq ,enqf fuu ol=Kq mi igyk whqre

D-

D+

B+

kk fuda g r r:
fndfyduhl Nd;djk
,agfkagr i|yd kshqg%,a
w.%hg;a vfhda folla i
lrkq ,efnhs' f wkqj fmr
igyfka olajk ,o vfhda
15 ,agfkagrhgo kshqg%,a
w.%hg vfhdav folla i
l, miq fuu igyfka
oelafjk whqre vfhda 17la
iys; ,agfkagrh ysh'
fuh Nd;fha we;s vfhda
.Kk jeu ,agfkagrh
f,i lah yelsh' fuf,i
kshqg%,a w.%hg vfhda 2 la
tla lsfuka tys f.h 'jg
2000 l tu ,agfkagrfha
m%;sodkh(Output) 15] lska
jelr.; yels nj
ksIamdolhska iska fmkajd
;sf' ta flfiaoehs fidhd
n,uq'

idudkHfhka ;S% fmaia fckfrgr j, we;sfjk

Third harmonic k fodaIh .ek Tn iuyr g wid
;sfnkakg mqjk' fckfrgrfha kshqg%,a w.%h oHq;a
jYfhka WodiSk h hq;= kuq;a tys frdagrfha iy
iafgrfha iq jYfhka we;s
Iu;d fukau fmaia Odrdjka
;=k ksj/j ne,kaia fkdu
ks i d ia f grfha ks h q g % , a
w.%fhao fjda,ah;djhla yg
.efkk w;r tu fodaIh
Third harmonic kka
yekafjhs' ,agfkagrho ;S%
fmaia fckfrgrhla neka
thgo fuu fodaIh fmd
jQjls' fuu igyfka olajd
,agfkagr kshqg%,a w.%h
WodiSk fkdjk whqre
we;af;a tf,i ,agfkagr
kshg
q ,
% a w.%h WodiSk fkd tyso m%;Hdjr:l fjda,
a h;djhla
yg.kakd wdldrhhs' tkaka by< f.fha fuu
fjda,ah;djh fmaia w.% fjda,ah;djho blaujd hk w;r
tu Yla;sh ;dmh f,iska ,agfkagr wNHka;r mm:h
yryd irckh u tod isgu isjqks' tfy;a miq ld,fha
kshqg%,a w.%hg;a vfhda folla fhdod .ekqu ;=,ska tu
wmf;a .sh Yla;sho neg wdfrdamkhg fhdod .ekqug;a
kshqg%,a w.%h WodiSkj ;nd .ekqug;a yelsh'

fuu ,sms fm< hils irdf T,agfkagr ms<sn|j jQ ,sms ;=,ska Wmqgd .kakd ,'

hils
,agfkagrhl W w.%h
we;e ,agfkagr j, W
hkqfjka w.%hla msg;g we;s
w;r tu grk,a w.%h fuys
olajd we;' fYaIfhkau i,a
r:j, RPM grh lsh
% dlrug
ix w.% h la ,nd.ekS u g
fkdyels neka fuu ,agfkagr
W w.%h yryd ,nd .kakd fmaia
Odrdjl ixLHd;h u.ska th
lsh
% dlrug fhdod ;sfnhs' we;e
,agfkagrhl W w.%h i,a tkaka j, whs,ska
iage,hsiska moaO;sh ls%hdlrug tkaka f. ixj
,nd .ekqugo fuh fhdod .efkhs' fuu grk,a w.%h;a
vfhda 17 mm:h;a kk ,agfkagrhl we;=,;aj we;s
whqre ksIm
a dolhska iska imhd we;s igyklskau <g
wjfndaO lr .ksuq'

vfhda 17 la iys; ,agfkagrhl mm: ksrudKh

fuys olajd we;af;a fndIa iud.u u.ska ksrudKh
lrk ,o kk;u ,agfkagrhls' wemshr 140 l
m%;sodkhlska hq;a fuu ,agfkagrh vfhda 17 la wvx.=
we;' fumuK vfhda m%udKhla wjYH jkafka l=ulghs
ka wmg jegyS hd hq;=h' tk bka 3 la tlaihsgr vfhda
f' folla kshqg%,a w.%hg inkaO w;r b;s vfhda 12
;S% fmaia Odrdj iDcq lrKh lsug fhdod ;sf' f i|yd
wjYH jkafka vfhda 6 la kuq;a je Odrdjla ,nd .ekqug
vfhda fol ne.ska iudka;r .;j inkaO lsfuka
vfhda 12 la fh ;sf' ta wkqj vfhda ish,af,a tl;=j
17 ls'
fuu ,agfkagrfha W w.%h m%;sfrdaOlhla
yryd fmaia w.%hlg inkaOj we;s wdldrho olajd ;sf'
fuh bf,lafg%dksla fjda,af fr.shqf,agrhla iys;
,agfkagrhla jk w;r tu fr.shqf,agrho ,agfkagrh
;=,u ilr ;sf' miq.sh l,dmfhka fuys fhdod we;s
yhs% ;dCIKfhka hq;a fjda,af fr.shqf,agrh wms
wOHhkh lf,uq' frdagrfha wr;a w.%h fjkqjg th D+
w.%hg inkaO lr we;af;a fuh fk. *S,a
,agfkagrhla neks'

fuu ,sms fm< hils irdf T,agfkagr ms<sn|j jQ ,sms ;=,ska Wmqgd .kakd ,'

17